PHYSICAL RISK FACTORS
Objective • To provide information about physical risk factors that affects health and safety in the workplace negatively. • To teach occupational health and safety measures againts to these factors.
Content •
Noise • Vibration • Thermal comfort (Temperature, Humidity, Airflow) • Lighting • Radiation (ionizing and nonionizing rays) • High and low pressure
Noise Noise is generally defined as unwanted and bothered sound. Noise is loud sound which results from irregular vibrations and has a negative effect on living creatures.
Noise Industrial noise: It can be defined as sound which affects workers physiologically and psychologically and decreases work efficiency.
Noise Industrial Noise Sources • Liquid and gas pusher effect of pumps, compressors, turbines, fans, valves, jet engines. • •
Ignition noise of oven and engine.
Magnetic noises of transformer and dynamo
• Sounds of converters gear, vibration and friction from motors and machines. • Sounds of hammered, riveting, nailing, cutting, crushing and shaping machines. (metal work)
Noise Audio frequency measurement unit is Hertz (Hz) Noise intensity measurement unit is Desibel (dB) in application. Decibel is a physics term, is a logarithmic expression. This expression in the sound field is known as dB=10log Wo: Reference sound power. (The hearing threshold of a healthy ear) W: It is measured sound power.
Noise The effects of noise on human health : Physiological effects Hearing loss, sensation of pain, nervous system and circulatory system disorders and hormonal balance system dysfunction arises. By blocking conversations decreasing job performance and safety. People who work at noisy environments is higher to see work accidents.
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Noise In addition to hearing loss, noise causes circulatory disorders mentioned below: • Narrowing of the arteries • Muscle tensions • Hypertension • Adrenaline increases • Irritability
Noise The effects of noise on human health :
Psychological effects Nonconcurrence, late fall asleep, can not sleep, fatigue. When noise exist, people requires more time to fall asleep. Moreover, it disrupt sleep duration and causes waking up while sleeping. It makes difficult to sleep again after waking up. 10
Noise The Effect of Hearing (Occupational Deafness) Noise effects on hearing divided into two. Temporary Hearing Loss People who entered a noisy environment will encounter with temporary loss of hearing after leaving from the noisy environment. This is called temporary threshold shift caused by noise. 11
Noise Permanent hearing loss There are three stages to permanent deafness: First Stage Worker is not aware of the decreasing hearing ability of the ear. This can only be detected with audiometric examination methods. The frequency of daily life speech is 500-2000 Hz. These frequencies do not deteriorate for the ability of hearing in the first phase of deafness. Disorders can happen between 4000-4500 Hz. 12
Noise Second Stage When permanent deafness progresses, disorder does not stay at the 4000 Hz. It spreads to voices below and above frequencies. Voice of whisper can be barely heard. The level of the defect can be understood by audiometry. Third Stage Interval of frequencies of sounds which cannot be heard is very large. The disorder has progressed to the frequency of speech sounds. Therefore speech cannot be heard. In addition there are buzzing in the ears. Even if worker leaves from the noisy environment, healing cannot be done. Yet, the progress of deafness will be stopped. 13
Noise Types of hearing loss • •
Conductive type hearing loss Perception type hearing loss
Conductive type hearing loss arises from losses in eardrum and middle ear bones. Perception type of deafness is the loss in the hearing cells of inner ear. 14
Noise Effects on Productivity: Weston and Adams have examined the amount of average weekly output of workers wearing headphones and not wearing headphones for a year in a textile factory. Wearing headphones decreases the noise from 96 dBA to 10-15 dBA. Thus they found out that output increases averagely 12% with decrease in noise.
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Noise Hearing losses caused by industrial noise are occupational diseases which are part of the group occupational diseases caused by physical factors.
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Noise To Consider Noise Damages As Occupational Disease; Determination Procedures Regulation For Working Power And Occupational Gain Power Loss Rate (Group E: Occupational diseases caused by physical factors) • At least two years at noisy work. • It is required to work at noisy workplaces which its noise level is constantly upper than 85 dB at least 30 days. • Liability time is specified as six mounths for noise. 17
Noise Definition of Liability Period For using benefits provided by law, maximum period between insured employee’s date of leaving of employement which caused occupational disease and the date of occuring the occupational disease is called liability period.
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Noise Factors affecting hearing loss 1 - Intensity of Noise 2 - Frequency of Noise 3 – Exposure Time from Noise 4 - Personal Sensitivity for Noise 5 - Age of Person Who is Exposed to Noise 6 - Gender of Person Who is Exposed to Noise
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Noise Young and healthy human ear is sensitive to sound frequencies between 20 Hz and 20000 Hz. The frequency of the human voice is between 175 Hz and 7500 Hz. The conversation severity is between 25 dB and 65 dB under normal conditions.
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Noise Noise Level
145dB(A) 110dB(A) 100dB(A)
50dB(A) 20dB(A) 0dB
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Noise NOISE LEVEL 0 dB 20 dB 30 dB 40 dB 50 dB 60 dB 70 dB 80 dB 90 dB 100 dB 110 dB 120 dB 130 dB 140 dB
FACTOR Hearing threshold A quiet forest Whispered conversation A quiet room An office in the city A dialogue Vertical drill Talking loud Yelling vigorously Weaving halls Air hammer, woodworking Ball mill Beside of aircrafts Pain threshold 22
Noise DÄ°FFERENCES BETWEEN SOUND LEVELS (dB) 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 16
AMOUNT WILL BE ADDED TO HIGH LEVEL VOICE (dB) 3.0 2.6 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 23
Noise
Noise level meter (decibel meter)
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Noise Noise Dosimeter
This device can be carried easily and it can be used alone. The measurement is done by attaching it to the employees. Thus, the device allows us to determine the noise incurred during the working day.
Noise Points to Consider While Measurement: • Avoid reflective surfaces. • Do the measurement at appropriate distance from noise source. • Do the measurement at workplace, beside the worker. • Make sure that there are no obstacles around the sound source. 26
Noise Regulation On The Protection Of Workers From Risks Related To Noise (2013) Lowest Exposure Action Value: 80 dB Ptepe = 112 Pa (The maximum sound pressure) Maximum Exposure Action Value: 85 dB Ppeak = 140 Pa (Weekly) Exposure Limit Value : 87 dB Ppeak = 200 Pa
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Noise According to (Occupational Safety & Health Administration), durations under effect of continuous noise at different level are as follows;
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Noise According to ILO and EU standards :
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Example: During the 8-hour shift, employees are exposed to noise level as follows.
08:00-09:30
95 dBA
09:30-11:30
90 dBA
11:30-13:00
75 dBA
13:00-15:00
95 dBA
15:00-16:00
90 dBA
For each noise levels, Ci and Ti= PELi values are given in the following table.
Dozaj D 100i 1 3
Ci
Ti= PELi
75 dBA
1.5 hours
64 hours
90 dBA
3.0 hours
8 hours
95 dBA
3.5 hours
4 hours
Total
8 hours
Ci 1.5 3 3.5 100( ) 127% Ti 64 8 4
Here, D value is risky for employees. D values more than 100% can employ risk on workers.
Noise Preventing noise is possible with precautions at 1- source 2- environment in which the spread of noise (Between source and person)
3- people who affected by noise
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Noise Precautions to be taken at noise sources : •
Replacing used machines with new machines having lower noise level. •
•
Replacing processes having high noise level with processes which have less noise level. Carrying noise sources to a separate compartment.
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Noise
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Noise Precautions to be taken in a noisy environment : •
Taking sufficient measures against noise and vibration on the ground where machines are placed.
•
Placing anti-noise barrier between person exposed to noise and noise source.
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Noise Precautions to be taken in a noisy environment : • •
Increasing distance between people exposed to noise and noise source. Covering the place where sound can pass and echo with sound-absorbing material.
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Noise Acoustic Cabinets They are cabins, formed from modular panel, which bounds the noise source (such as presses) into an enclosed space in order to ensure sound insulation or isolate ambient noise from the working places .
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Noise Precautions to be taken for workers who are exposed to noise :
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Moving workers to a compartment which is wellisolated against noise.
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Shortening working hours in a noisy environment.
•
Using effective personal protection against noise.
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Ear Protectors Type Cotton Paraffinic Cotton Glass wool Earplug Headset
Reducing Degree 5-16 dB 20-35 dB 7,5-32 dB 20-45 dB 12-48 dB
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Noise Instead of trying to reduce the noise after occurence, preventing noise at the beginning is much more effective and easier. Planning noise control includes all precaution at production areas such as factory, workshop, etc. during determining the process and workbench and settlement of machines, which minimize noise to be occur in the future. 39
Noise Planning noise control can be divided into three parts: • Process and machine selection • In-plant settlement • Taking anticipatory measures
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Noise Medical Protection Audiogram of candidate workers must be taken before employment for noisy jobs.Healthy employees should be employed. Considering noise intensity, the frequency distribution and duration of exposure, ear audiogram of employees in noisy work should be taken at certain intervals/periods (advised by doctor of business / job security expert). 41
Vibration Vibration is an oscillation movement formed during tools, equipments and machines working. Active and unbalanced tools and equipments generally create more vibrations than necessary. 42
Vibration Vibration is expressed by two physical variables :
• Frequency • Violence
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Vibration Vibration Frequency : The number of vibration in unit time is called the vibration frequency. (Unit: Hertz (Hz).)
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Vibration Vibration Violence: Current strength per unit area and per unit time in an environment where vibrations occur, perpendicular to the direction of vibrating energy is called vibration violance.
(Unit:m/s2) 45
Vibration Resonance: Rising of the amplitude of the oscillating movement to very large value when frequency of the force applied from outside is equal to the natural vibration frequency of system.
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Vibration Vibration is examined in two ways in terms of effect on body:
Hand-arm vibration The whole body vibration
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Vibration Hand-Arm vibration: When transferred to the human hand-arm system, it poses a risk to the health and safety of workers and causes some disorders on ,especially, blood vessels, bone, joint, nerve and muscle. 48
Vibration Vibration sources have effect on hand and fingers such as: • Crushing plants • Pneumatic hammers used in coal mining • The saws used in forestry •
Polishing and rendering machines
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Vibration Hand-Arm vibration : Regulation on the protection of workers from risks caused by vibrating (2013)
The daily exposure limit value for an eighthour working time 5 m/s2 The daily exposure action value for an eighthour working time 2,5 m/s2 50
Vibration The whole body vibration: When transferred to whole body, it possesses a risk on health and safety of workers and causes some disorders such as spine trauma in addotion to discomfort in the waist. 51
Vibration Vibration sources that having effects on whole body: • Driving tractor or truck • Weaving looms • Road construction, maintenance and repair machinery
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Vibration The whole body vibration Regulation on the protection of workers from risks caused by vibration (2013)
• The daily exposure limit value for an eighthour working time 1,15 m/s2 • The daily exposure action value for an eighthour working time 0,5 m/s2 53
Vibration Medical and biological effects of vibrations depends on exposed duration and intensity. People are able to perceive vibrations in the range 1 - 1000 Hz. The frequency of vibration having a significant effect on the human body is in the range 1 100 Hz. 54
Vibration When exposed to low-frequency vibrations, people may feel tremors. (<1 Hz) a feeling of seasickness. (4-8 Hz) chest pain, shortness of breath, pain in the lower back, visual disturbances.
When exposed to high-frequency vibrations, tingling can occur. At some instances, it can even turn into burning feeling. (8-1000 Hz) reduction of sensitivity and dexterity in the fingers. White finger disease.
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Vibration Some more effects of vibration: • Causes deformation of some tissue structures • Increases the breathing rate • Increases the oxygen and energy consumption • Decreases performance • Causes corruption in subjective perception
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Vibration â&#x20AC;˘ Increases the number of heart beats the heart pressure, (It is observed that more than 50 percent of people deal with increas blood pressure when they are exposed to vibration at 5Hz. frequency)
â&#x20AC;˘ Causes disruption on the function of the central nervous system cells.
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Vibration • If vibration exposure continues, pain in shoulders, fatigue, more sensitivity to cold can be observed. • In a short time of exposure to vibration with 8-10 ° C temperatures, the fingers and palm can be whiten.
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Vibration Effects on whole body or hands and arms exposure to vibration depend on: • Vibration frequency • Vibration violence • Direction of vibration • Exposure period • Region where the vibration is applied and the size of these regions • Age and gender of the person exposed to vibration • Personal sensitivity •General health conditions
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Vibration Methods can be used to prevent or reduce exposure: â&#x20AC;˘ Other working methods that reduce exposure to mechanical vibration. â&#x20AC;˘ Considering the work to be done,bchoice of appropriate work equipment and ergonomic design to create the least possible vibration. 60
Vibration â&#x20AC;˘ Minimizing exposure to mechanical vibration, by providing appropriate information, training and instruction about the use of work equipment correctly and safely to worker. â&#x20AC;˘ Appropriate maintenance programs for workplace, workplace systems and work equipment.
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Vibration • Limiting the exposure time and intensity. • Organizing an appropriate work program which allows sufficient rest time. • Providing clothes which can protect workers from exposure of cold and humidity.
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Vibration • Working Power And Gaining Power of in Profession Loss Rate Determination Procedures Regulation • (Group E: Occupational diseases from physical factors) • “Bone and knuckle damages and angioneurotic disorders in result of vibration” • Liability duration of occupational diseases from vibration is 2 years 63
Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort is comfortable work for employee in terms of climatic conditions such as temperature, humidity, airflow while continuing its physical and mental activities.
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Thermal Comfort There are four factors affecting the exchange of heat between human and environment : • Air Temperature • Air humidity • Air flow velocity • Radiant heat 65
Thermal Comfort Air Temperature: A measure of heat and cold of the environment.
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Thermal Comfort Humidity: The amount of water vapor in the air. There are three types of humidity. Absolutehumidity : The weight in grams of amount of water vapor in the 1air is defined as the absolute humidity. 67
Thermal Comfort Maximum humidity : Under certaintemperature and pressure,the maximum amount of water vapor in 1iris called the maximum humidity. Relativehumidity : The rate of amount of watervaporat a specifictemperatureandvolumetomaximumamo unt of watervapor at samecondition. 68
Thermal Comfort In terms of workers' health, the importance of relative humidity is great. In assessing the relative humidity of the workplace, the other thermal comfort conditions such as air flow velocity, temperature should be taken into consideration. In general, the relative humidity should be kept between 30%-70%in a workplace and must not exceed this limit. High relative humidity (70% -100%) at high temperature causes a feeling of suffocation and reduces the working power of person. High relative humidity at low temperatures gives a sense of the cold and chill. 69
Thermal Comfort Radiant heat : Heat energy emitted from surrounding objects. As a requirement of the job hot surfaces can be found in the workplace and heat radiation can be emitted from these surfaces. Significant amounts of radiant heat are emitted by the furnace and oven. 70
Thermal Comfort Air flow velocity: In order to ensure thermal comfort in the workplace and keep away from the harmful gas and dust in the workplace, an appropriate air flow velocity must be provided. However, the air flow velocity should be set well.
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Thermal Comfort Temperature: Thermometer Humidity: Hygrometers Radiant Heat: Globe thermometer Air flow rate: Anemometer
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Thermal Comfort
Depends on the temperature, humidity and air flow rate, temperature felt by workers is called effective temperature.
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Thermal Comfort Corrected Effective Temperature Effective temperatures does not consider radiant temperature. By addition of radiant heat to the effective temperature component, "corrected effective temperature" value is obtained.
Effective temperature nomogram is used here. 74
Thermal Comfort In order to measure the effective temperature, •Air flow velocity in the environment, •Dry bulb temperature, •Wet bulb temperature, •Designed nomogram for this study, are needed. 75
Thermal Comfort Equivalent effective temperatures
Temprature (C)
Relative Air flow velocity Effective Humidity (%) (m/s) Temperature (C)
25
100
0,1
26
100
0,5
28
100
2,0
30
100
5,5
27
75
0,1
29
50
0,1
32
25
0,1
28
80
0,5
32
45
2,0
37
10
3,0
25
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Thermal Comfort According to the work done, the working environment temperature (50% humidity level): Activities Sedentary light crafts
Air temperature (C) 21
Sedentary light arms and hands Works
20
Standing heavy arm works
17
Super heavy duty
15-16 77
Thermal Comfort Activities Works involving mental activity Doing manual work while seating in the light tempo Doing manual work while standing in the light tempo Heavy physical work Working in hot work environments
Air Temprature Ë&#x161;C min max 18 24
Humidity %
Airspeed m/sn
min 40
max 70
0.1
18
24
40
70
0.1
17
22
40
70
0.2
15
21
30
70
0.4
14
20
30
60
0.5
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Thermal Comfort Overtemperature has also a negative impact on production. 29 째C causes reduction on performance 5%. 30 째C causes reduction on performance 10%. 31 째C causes reduction on performance 17%. 32 째C causes reduction on performance 30%. 79
Thermal Comfort Region Thermal comfort zone is called to range when 80% of workers in different workplaces feel comfortable. It is defined in terms of heat sensation.
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Thermal Comfort • Environment temperature • Humidity condition of the environment • Airflow in the environment • Property of work characteristics (light-duty, medium work, heavy work) • Clothing of employees • The age and gender of employees • Nutrition of employees • The physical condition of employees • The general health condition of employees 81
Thermal Comfort Net heat exchange between a person and the environment is defined as follows :
H = M ± R ± C - E ± D (Thermal Stability) Here : H: Body heat storage charge M: Metabolic heat gain R: Radiant or infrared heat load C: Convective heat load E: Evaporative (evaporation - transpiration) heat loss D: conductive heat load (direct contact) {swimming, diving} 82
Thermal Comfort H: Heat charge of body If H is positive, heat gain occurs otherwise heat loss occurs. At H is zero, balance of body temperature remains constant and provides a comfortable environment for employees. 83
Thermal Comfort M: metabolic heat gain It emerges during basal and physical operation of body and affects H positively.
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Thermal Comfort R: Radiant energy This occurs in the form of electromagnetic energy gleaming from heat center spread. Depending on the environment, people emit heat as radiant energy source(cold environments) or gain heat (hot environments). Therefore, R can be positive or negative. 85
Thermal Comfort C: Convective heat load It occurs as a result of diffusion of heat energy through air molecules. If environmental temperature is more than skin temperature, skin temperature will increase. On the other hand,skin temperature will decrease when environmental temperature is lower . Convective heat affects H positively or negatively.
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Thermal Comfort E: Amount of evaporation (transpiration) or heat discharged from the body. It always negatively affects the thermal load and allows the body's heat loss.
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Thermal Comfort D: Gaining or losinng heat by contacting with an item. D can be positive or negative.
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Thermal Comfort In order to provide thermal comfort • The heat source must be isolated. • Appropriate ventilation system must be done. • Heat protective clothing, gloves, gowns should be given to workers. 89
Thermal Comfort For Thermal Comfort â&#x20AC;˘ While radiant heat is present,heat resistant and reflective screen should be placed between heat source and workers. When it is not possible, a bottom-up air curtain with compressed air must be employed. â&#x20AC;˘ In places with high temperature, workers must be operated in shifts. 90
Thermal Comfort
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Lighting In context of sensual and perceptual data, visual perception and lighting have significant importance. 80-90 % of all sensing is performed by sight. Therefore, working in the optimal lighting conditions is important to protect emplooyesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; eye health and eyesight.
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Lighting Light intensity: Light emission of the sources designated as point to determined direction (candle).
Light flux : The amount of light emitted by a source in a specific angle (lumen).
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Lighting Illuminance (lux): The density of the luminous flux falling on a surface. If amount of luminous flux falling on an area of 1 square meter is 1 lĂźmen, Illuminance is called 1 lux.
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Lighting The result of bad lighting: • Oculomotor changes [1] • Ocular pain [2] • Itching • Watery eyes • Reduction of harmony and convergence ability of the eyes [3] • Headache, color misconceptions • Diminishing returns, increased scrap, increased work accidents • Reduced human performance, increased fatigue [1] oculomotor change: Change the eye's reflex action [2] Ocular Pain: Pain in the eye muscles [3] Convergence Capability: Closer(short distance) focus 95
Lighting Positive impact of good lighting on employees: • Good lighting increases visual acuity, things appear better, • The number of accidents at work with good lighting is reduced, • Good lighting enhances the success of workers, • Good lighting provides quickness in business,
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Lighting Characteristics of a Good Lighting Layout 1- ) Illuminance – Illuminance is depend on the work done, – Increasing of illuminace causes; • Increase human performance, fatigue reduction, • Less scrap and a work accident • Increase between 15-40% in the performance in some jobs – The increase in the light needs with age should be considered.
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Operations The proposed lux Assembly and quality control - Rough works 200 - Mediocre fine works 400 - Fine work 900 - Very fine work 2000 Weaving (cotton and wool) - Lightweight weavings 400 - Dark-colored weavings 900 - Quality control in weaving 1300 Sheet metal works 400 Plastic forming görme and sheet work 400 Normal için önerilen aydınlatma düzeyi Woodworking örnekleri - Rough woodworking 200 - Sophisticated machine works at planing machines 400 - Fine stall works, machine and polishing works 600 Microelectronics 7500
Aydınlatma
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Lighting 2-) Co-Level Lighting – Bright differences in an environment that stays constantly can cause eye adaptation and this situation causes a decrease in seeing performance. – Lighting by daylight is prevented because of the different light intensity between the outdoor working area and indoor working area. • Technical measures in the window (blinds or private glass) • Appropriate coloring the ceiling wall
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Aydınlatma
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Lighting 3-) Limiting the glare •
In addition to very high light intensity differences in the visual field – Looking directly at the light source – Reflections from shiny surfaces causes the glare.
•
The glare depends on location in the visual field of the light source and visible surface of the light source.
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Aydınlatma
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Lighting Lighting Types 1- Daylight: â&#x20AC;˘ A) Direct lighting (sunlight comes directly workspace) or â&#x20AC;˘ B) Indirect lighting (emmitted and reflected rays coming to the workspace)
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Lighting Lighting Types Daylight: â&#x20AC;˘ Experts indicate that the best light is white light (daylight). Therefore, white light must be used as much as possible. The light similar to daylight must be used when dayligh is insufficient or when working at night.
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Lighting Lighting Types 2- Artificial Lighting: â&#x20AC;˘ Illuminating a place sufficiently with daylight is not always possible. â&#x20AC;˘ Because of the architectural features of buildings, daylight may not be sufficient or even may not be exist in some place . In such case, using artificial lighting beside daylight or only artificial ligting must be necessary. 105
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Lighting Suggestions for Lighting : â&#x20AC;˘ The sunlight entering directly should be avoided (windows should be in the right place, the use of matte glass, curtains being light color and light transmission coefficient more than 30%). â&#x20AC;˘ Painting windows, columns, ceilings, walls and the surfaces of the compartment by using light color.
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Lighting Suggestions for Lighting : • Floor is also lighter in color, but that may not be lighter than color of dust from outside or process • Except the general safety signs, painting möble and machine pieces by using matte and lighter color • artificial light sources must be placed out of sight of the workers or required shade must be used.
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Lighting Suggestions for Lighting : â&#x20AC;˘ Lighting should be uniform. Lighting around the working place must be equal. When uniformity is not achieved, eyes have to adjust itself to different lighting levels and it will tire more quickly. â&#x20AC;˘ To ensure uniformity, using light source emmiting widespread light and placing these close each other is necessary.
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Lighting Regulations Relating to Lighting Accordance with Article 18 in Occupational Health and Safety Regulation (Abolished); • Courtyards, open spaces, external paths, walkways etc. at least 20 lux, • Transportation of coarse material, transfer, storage, gateway corridor road and stairs at least 50 lux, • Rough assembly, opening the bales, grain milling and similar operations place and boiler room, engine room, people and freight elevator cabin, material storage room, dressing and bathing areas, cafeteria and toilets at least 100 lux, 110
Lighting Regulations Relating to Lighting • Normal assembly rough work done machines, canning and packaging place etc. at least 200 lux, • The place where details must be selected closely at least 300 lux, • Dark-colored weaving, offices and similar place where fine work required continually attention is done at least 500 lux, • Places where the precision work is required must be brightened with at least 1000 lux.
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Radiation Radiation at workplaces causes • a feeling of dryness in the throat, • eye problems, • headache, • allergies, facial redness, • sleeplessness, • sensitivity to sound, • hearing difficulties • Fatigue some more discomforts like these. 112
Ionizing and non-ionizing rays Classification of radiation: A) ionizing and B) non-ionized It is divided into two part.
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Ionizing Rays â&#x20AC;˘ Imposing ionizing rays to cells causes some chemical changes and it leads to form oxideoxidant which is undesirable products in body. â&#x20AC;˘ Biologically, ionizing radiations are alpha, beta, gamma and x-ray (s).
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Non-ionizing Rays • Non-ionizing radiation has not sufficient power to be ionized atoms in the cell structure.However it can creat induced-atoms . • Non-ionising rays (infrared, radio / TV waves, microwaves, mobile) don’t cause a change in cell structure unless there exists long-term exposure. • Radiation emmitted by electrical appliances and by our body to keep body temperature at a constant level is in this group.
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RADIATION IONIZING RADIATION
PARTICAL TYPE
NON-IONIZING RADIATION
WAVE TYPE WAVE TYPE
Fast electrons
X-Rays
Beta particles
Gamma rays
Alpha particles
Radio waves microwaves Infrared waves Visible light
Indirect ionizing Neutron particles
Radioactive rays Radiation types: 1. Particle Properties: Alpha, Beta 2. Electro Magnetic properties: X and gamma rays Diagnosis; Gamma rays and x-rays, Treatment; Beta rays are used
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Pressure A vertical force to the unit area is called pressure. There is a pressure at each point of applied force. Unit: Bar or Newton/cm2.
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Pressure Definition of pressure according to occupational health and safety :It is a pressure having higher or lower pressure than normal air pressure in workplace. Under normal conditions, the air pressure equal to 760 mmHg.
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Pressure Worker in workplace having higher or lower pressure than normal air pressure may be suffering from Heart Circulation Respiratory
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Pressure The pressure effects on human : Normally, 4.5 N / cm2 pressure change does not cause health problems except discomfort. With decreases in atmospheric pressure, symptoms occur such as tingling, and pain in the legs, arms, blurred vision, ear pain.
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Pressure The pressure effects on human: The pressure on human body increases toward the deep sea. When this pressure exceeds the 4 atmospheres, people will take more nitrogen with the breathing and can fall into nitrogen narcosis. Decision-making, thinking and voluntary movement may deteriorate and if does not rise above the water, people may lose consciousness. 123
Pressure The negative effects created by low and high pressure on workers is an occupational disease. Working Power And Gaining Power of in Profession Loss Rate Determination Procedures Regulation (Group E: occupational diseases created by physical factor) "Diseases as a results of the sudden change in air pressure" is given in this title. Due to pressure change, the durations of liabilities in the acute event are 3 days, in other evets, the durations of liabilities are 10 years. 124
Pressure Protection Methods Employees should be selected, if possible, young and experienced people at work requiring high or low pressure. In addition, people employed in these jobs should not be obese, alcoholics and chronic diseases related to the respiratory system.
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Pressure Protection Methods During the continuation of the work in these jobs, periodic inspections should be maintained quite sensitively and worker having accute symptoms related to ear, nose, throat or respiratory system should be kept away from work until healing. In inspection at recruitment, full systemic examination should be done, lung and sinus radiographs should be taken. Radiologically, large joints should be inspected in 126 recruitment and periodically each year.
Pressure Protection Methods Considering findings related to the effect of pressure, it can occur even after two years. Information that allows user to do first aid and emergency response must be taught to workers. In addition, during wprking hour under pressure, smoking,drinking especially carbonated beverages should be forbidden. 127
Pressure Protection Methods Decompression chamber must be reside in workplace where workers work under high pressure.
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