{
Cel estial Beings
a poetic and scientific a n a ly s i s o n t h e l i f e o f s ta r s a n d h u m a n s
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Cel estial Beings a poetic and scientific analysis on the life of stars and humans
{R} 01 02 03 04
copyright Š 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, and other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except for case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses only permitted by the copyright law. Some images and text have been used exclusively for inspiration and educational purpose only.
Yvonne Michelle Anaya “this book is dedicated to all those stars that guide me in my journey�
{contents}
06 07 08
11 13 14 15 16 18 19
23 24 26 27 28
INTRODUCTION celestial connection The Star Inside Us Inside the Body
CHAPTER 01 gems of the universe A Star is Born The Birth of a Star Formation of a Star Stellar Nursery Protostar Stellar Classification
CHAPTER 02 main sequence Stars and the Soul Stellar Adulthood Main Sequence: Internal Structure H-R Diagram
33 35 37 38 40 42
47 48 50 51 52 56
CHAPTER 03 middle aged giant Meditation Under the Stars Middle Aged Star Inside a Red Star Red Giants and Supergiants Star Comparison
CHAPTER 04 white dwarf Song of the Star An aging soul Evolution of Longevity The Life Cycle
BIBLIOGRAPHY
C E L E S T I A L B E I N G S • i n t r o d u c t i o n { Celestial Connection }
Karel Schrijiver We are, indeed, stardust, in a very literal sense.
p a g e • 07
T H E STA R I N S I D E U S
o u r h u m a n b o d y i s i n s e pa r a b l e f r o m n a t u r e a l l a r o u n d u s a n d i n t e r t w i n e d w i t h t h e h i s t o ry o f t h e u n i v e r s e . we are linked to the sun’s furnace, collision of asteroids a n d t o t h e c y c l e o f t h e b i r t h a n d d e a t h o f s ta r s .
Despite the universe’s appearance as a timeless,
same as the most common elements in our bodies,
permanent fixture, individual objects in space have
albeit with some notable exceptions that we can
different ages too. We can trace back the universe
easily understand. R Not only the elements in our
as a whole to moments after the Big Bang, but most
bodies, but all processes on the Earth are directly
of the stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies
connected to those in our solar system, to our
that make up the uncountable galaxies have not
Galaxy, and to the universe beyond. We usually do
existed since the beginning of time. Instead, early
not stop to think that some of the stars that twinkle
generations have “died” while new ones have been
in the midnight sky were extinguished eons ago,
formed. Stars are formed in nebulae, interstellar
their light having left the very distant star perhaps
huge clouds of dust and gas. R Realizing how fluid
thousands of years before that, still traveling
we are and how impermanent everything around
toward us as the star itself exploded and vanished
us truly is, we should think differently about the
The most massive stars have the shortest lives just
materials that we take into our bodies to quench
stars like our Sun live for about 10 billion years. Stars
our thirst and feed our hunger: this material does
less massive than the Sun have even longer life spans.
not simply flow through our gut, but is assimilated
From that perspective, it becomes understandable
into the very structure of our bodies until, then after
not merely the fact that the life on Earth reflects the
some time, it abandons it again in some other form.
very elemental makeup of the immense solar system.
Our bodies are very complex chemical machineries,
R The solar system and it’s complexity turn reflects
as are those of all living things on this planet, but
the very elemental makeup of the Galaxy around it.
the mixture of the elements used in our chemistry
Once mankind learned the true nature of stars and
simply reflects what is readily available around
realized that they are vast nuclear furnaces that shape
us in a chemically very useful form and quantity.
and destroy the planets around them, and when a
From this, it follows quite logically that the most
better understanding emerged of the central role
common elements in the planetary system are the
of stars in establishing the contents of the universe.
{R} 01 02 03 04
C E L E S T I A L B E I N G S • i n t r o d u c t i o n { Celestial Connection }
I N S I D E T H E B O DY chemical composition
O T H E R
K E Y
E L E M E N T S
calcium 1.5% Lends rigidity and strength to the bones and teeth. It is also important for the function of nerves and muscles.
phosphorus 1.0% Needed for building and maintaining bones and teeth, also found in the molecule ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) which provides energy in cells.
sulfur 0.3% Found in cartilage insulin (the hormone that enables the body to use sugar).
chlorine 0.2% Needed by nerves to function properly; also helps produce gastric acid.
sodium 0.2% Plays a critical role in nerves electrical signaling; it also contributes to the regulation of water in the body.
magnesium 0.1% It has an important role in the structure of the skeleton and muscles.
iodine (trace amount) Part of the hormone produced in the thyroid gland.
iron(trace amount) Part of the hemoglobin and carries oxygen in blood cells.
zinc (trace amount) Forms part of the enzymes involved in digestion.
p a g e • 09
oxygen
65.0%
Critical to the conversion of food and energy
carbon
18.5%
The backbone of the building blocks of the body.
hydrogen
19.5%
The backbone of the building blocks of the body.
nitrogen Found in amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, and essential part of the nucleic acids that constitute DNA.
65.0%
{R} 01 02 03 04
CHAPTER
01
GEMS OF THE UNIVERSE A Star is Born • The Birth of a Star Formation of a Star • Stellar Nursery Protostar • Stellar Classification
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 1 { Gems of
the Universe }
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A STA R I S B O R N karen logan Precious little moments Impede our earthly body Pulling, Feeding, Suckling the essence we share. One blessed dew drop To caress thy cheek For that glorious day Of unfolding. One beam of light Warming a droplet, One moon beam Brilliantly passes through Each ventricle, Each vein, Time and again. Passion, love, beauty, All to behold In the brilliant Precious little moment A star is born.
{R} 02 03 04
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
p a g e • 13
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 1 { Gems of
the Universe }
T H E B I RT H O F A STA R
s ta rs a r e t h e m o s t w i d e ly r e c o g n i z e d a s t ro n o m i c a l objects, and represent the most fundamental building blocks of galaxies. the study of the birth, life, and death o f s ta r s i s c e n t r a l t o t h e f i e l d o f a s t r o n o m y. Stellar Nebulae Stars are the most widely recognized astronomical
Stellar Nurseries. R These dark molecular clouds
objects, and represent the most fundamental building
of gas described above can become stellar nurser-
blocks of galaxies. The age, distribution, and composi-
ies, providing an environment which allows stars
tion of the stars in a galaxy trace the history, dynam-
to be born. When pockets of the dark nebula have
ics, and evolution of that galaxy. RNebulae come in
sufficient density, hydrogen molecules will begin
an extraordinary variety of shapes, colors and sizes
to condense, this is possibly triggered by the shock-
making them some of the most spectacular and fas-
waves of a nearby supernova explosion. Clumps
cinating objects in our Universe. Thanks to the mod-
of hydrogen will grow large enough to begin col-
ern techniques of astrophotography the breath-tak-
lapsing under their own weight, heating up and
ing beauty of these clouds of gas and dust are being
creating the early stage of a star called a Protostar.
revealed. The names they are given often reflect the
Over thousands of years the young star continues
familiar shapes they form into, such as the Butterfly
to grow and heat up until its core is hot enough to
Nebula, Lemon Slice Nebula or North America Nebula.
allow nuclear fusion, this is when hydrogen atoms
Nebulae are not just a pretty face, they provide the
are fused together producing enormous amounts
material and environments from which stars are
of energy. RThe star is now in its main sequence
born, forming the basis from which entire plane-
and will remain in this state for most of its life.
tary systems can take shape, such as our own solar
Around 5 billion years ago such a process produced
system. R The abundance of hydrogen gas within nebulae provides the platform from which stars are created and the tiny dust particles eventually form into orbiting bodies around the new stars such as planets and asteroids. When those very same stars die the process will continue as the matter they eject into interstellar space will form into new nebulae.
Carl Sagan “we are a way for the universe to know itself �
p a g e • 15
F O R M AT I O N O F A S TA R internal structure
gas clouds The process starts with two gas clouds colliding.
collision Produces a shock front of high density.
star cluster It forms at the shock region and the young energy heats and dissipates the cloud.
a yellow dwarf star which was located several thou-
reflect light from a nearby star. The energy emit-
sand light years from the center of our galaxy. Out
ted by the nearby star or stars is not sufficient to
of the large disk of gas and dust that was formed
ionize the surrounding gas, so we don’t get the
around the new star a small and important rocky
range of colors emitted by other nebulae. Instead
planet was created. This may seem insignificant but
the light is reflected off the dust in the nebula so
the conditions were just right to allow water to flow on its surface. RThis planet was our very own Earth
it is similar to the visible light given off by stars . The planetary nebulae are formed when stars sim-
and through the process of evolution these condi-
ilar to the size of the SunRThe hydrogen in their
tions ultimately allowed life to flourish on our world.
core is all used up and instead begin fusing hydrogen
The emission nebulae emit their own light due its
in an outer shell surrounding the core. This results
star forming regions. The ultra violet light emitted by
in them expanding to hundreds of times in their
clusters of large, young stars ionize the surrounding
original size and becoming the famous red giants.
gas into various colors. The light emitted will depend
Eventually the core heats up enough to begin fusing
on the type of gas, many emission nebulae appear red
helium, when the helium runs out the star becomes
due to the presence of large amounts of hydrogen gas.
unstable and its outer layers are ejected leaving only
Dark NebulaeRDark nebulae are dense areas of gas
the core remaining in the form of a white dwarf. The
and dust that block out any light coming from behind.
radiation emitted by the white dwarf ionizes the sur-
They are often seen in conjunction with emission or
rounding gas, producing spectacular color displays.
reflection nebulae. Very large dark nebulae can often
Supernova Remnants. RWhen these stars become
be seen with the naked eye as dark patches against
unstable and violent, explosion rips them apart scat-
the brighter areas of the Milky Way. The famous
tering matter in all directions at incredible speeds.
Horse-head Nebula (pictured left) is a dark nebula.
The material ejected will eventually form into a
Reflection Nebulae, as the name suggests reflec-
nebula fertilization, the egg has finished meiosis,
tion nebulae do not emit their own light, they
and become a mature oocyte when it’s fertilized.
{R} 02 03 04
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 1 { Gems of
the Universe }
ST E L L A R N U RS E RY fetus development
It's only been a week, but already your newborn knows she can rely on you. By now, she can recognize your voice. and lets her know that she's not alone. So the more you talk to her, the better.
This week, your baby can focus on objects 8 to 14 inches away just about the distance between his blue eyes and yours during feedings. In fact, babies this age prefer faces to other objects. When you feed him or her, move your head slowly from side to side and see if the eyes follow you helps them .
Though her movements are still random and jerky, your baby can control her body in one amazing way by this week. As you hold her, watch how she adjusts her posture towards you. She finds your arms and even your scent is calming and comforting.
Have you noticed your baby using his vocal chords in ways other than crying? They may coo and make an "Ahh" sounds this week, especially when he sees the parents. Babies learn this by mimicking so go ahead and replay his favorite sounds back to the loves the attention.
1
2
3
4
This week, their movements are smoother and more purposeful. The random, and jerky motions are beginning to disappear. She's not ready for gym class, but try to give her time each day for using her body. "fly" by resting on you.
5
At about this age, the baby will flash an adorable gummy grin that is his first genuine smile. How can you tell? His eyes will brighten and widen as their moves his mouth upwards. By smiling back and cooing to him, you'll do more than get another smile.
6
p a g e • 17
7-8
Your baby's world now alive with the sound of music this week. Sounds fascinate them, especially the high tones and pitches. She's also interested in hearing you talk, and will stare intently at your mouth as you speak to her.
Your four-month-old is getting stronger by the day. She may protest when she's placed on her stomach, but she needs tummy time every day for exercising her neck, chest, rib cage and arm muscles. These muscle groups are necessary for rolling over, sitting up, and crawling all over.
By week 20, your baby will now measure around 16.5cm long, head to rump and around 25cm from head to heel. They are around the size of a banana and growing quickly! Still having fun turning over.
At around nine months, a baby can create many memories from his experiences. He might look at a ball, remember how it moves, then push it or bounce it. He's even able to set fun goals for himself like making noise from a pan by crawling to it and even banging it.
9
16
20-36
38
age (weeks)
Your baby is busy this week. Their starting to make sense of their senses so they can look at a rattle and connect to the sound it makes. She's also developing more sophisticated tastes in color, too, preferring bright colors and three dimensional objects over at black and white ones.
{R} 02 03 04
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 1 { Gems of
the Universe }
Protostar Stars are cosmic energy engines that produce heat,
these stars in a galaxy trace the history, dynamics,
light, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, and other forms of
and evolution of that galaxy.
radiation. They are composed largely of gas and
in an extraordinary variety of shapes, colors and
R Nebulae
come
plasma, a important superheated state of matter
sizes making them some of the most spectacular
composed of subatomic particles. Stars are the
and fascinating objects in our Universe. Thanks to
most widely recognized astronomical objects, and
the new modern techniques of astrophotography
represent the most fundamental building blocks of
the breath-taking beauty of these clouds of gas and
galaxies. The age, distribution, and composition of
dust are being revealed every day. The names they
STELLAR SPECTRAL TYPES t y p e
p r o m i n e n t
s p e c t r a l
l i n e s
c o l o r
O
H +, He, H, O 2, N 2,, C 2, Si 3+
Blue
B
He, H, C +, O +,, N +, Fe 2+ , Mg 2+
Bluish White
A
H, ionized metals
White
F
H, Ca +, Ti +,Fe +
Yellowish White
G
Ca +, Ti, Fe, Mg, H, some molecular bands
Yellow
K
Ca +, H, molecular bands
Orange
M
TiO, Ca, molecular bands
Red
p a g e • 19
are given often reflect the familiar shapes they
gas within the nebulae provides the platform
form into, such as the Butterfly Nebula, Lemon
from which stars are created and the tiny dust
R Thee
particles eventually form into orbiting bodies
Nebulae are not just a pretty face, they provide
around these new stars like the planets and
the material and environments from which stars
asteroids. When those very same stars die the
are born, forming the basis from which entire
process will continue as the matter they eject
Slice Nebula or North America Nebula.
planetary systems can take shape, such as our
into the vast interstellar space will form into
own solar system. The abundance of hydrogen
new nebulae c ollapsing under their own weight.
Stellar classification The classification of stars based on their spectral
a Av Ve Er Ra Ag Ge E t Te EmMp Pe . r a t u r e
e x a m p l e
characteristics. Light from the star is analyzed by splitting it with a prism or diffraction grating into a complex spectrum exhibiting the rainbow
80,000°F.(45,000°C)
Regor
of colors interspersed with absorption lines. Each line indicates an ion of a certain chemical element, with the line strength indicating the abundance
55,000°F.(30,000°C)
Rigel
of that very ion. The relative abundance of these different ions varies with the temperature of the
22,000°F.(12,000°C)
photosphere. The spectral class of a star is a short Sirius
code summarizing the ionization state, giving an objective measure of the photosphere's high tem-
14,000°F.(8,000°C)
Procyon
perature and density. R Most of these stars are currently classified under the Morgan Keenan (MK) system using the letters O, B, A, F, G, K, and M,
12,000°F.(6,500°C)
The Sun
a sequence from the hottest (O type) to the coolest (M type). Each letter class is then subdivided using a numeric digit with 0 being hottest and 9 being
9,000°F.(5,000°C)
Aldebaran
coolest (e.g. A8, A9, F0, F1 form a sequence from hotter to cooler). The sequence has been expanded
6,500°F.(3,500°C)
Betelgeuse
with classes for other stars and star-like objects that do not fit in the classical system, such as class D for white dwarfs and class C for carbon stars.
{R} 02 03 04
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 1 { Introduction }
Name:The Pilla
Ty p e : E m m i s i o
Distance from the su
Age:5 , 0 0 0 , 0 S i z e : 70 light year Discovered:
1764
p a g e • 12
ars of Creation
on Nebula un:7 , 0 0 0 l i g h t y
000 years
rs by 55 light years. {R} 01 02 03 04
by Charles Mes
CHAPTER
02
MAIN SEQUENCE Stars and the Soul • Stellar Adulthood Main Sequence: Internal Structure • H-R Diagram
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 2 { Main Sequence }
STA R S A N D T H E S O U L
henry van dyke “Two things,” the wise man said, “fill me with awe: The starry heavens and the moral law.” Nay, add another wonder to thy roll, The living marvel of the human soul! Born in the dust and cradled in the dark, It feels the fire of an immortal spark, And learns to read, With patient, searching eyes, The splendid secret of the unconscious skies. What knows the star that guides the sailor’s way, Or lights the lover’s bower with liquid ray, Of toil and passion, danger and distress, Brave hope, true love, and utter faithfulness? For lessons brighter than the stars can give, And inward light that helps us all to live. The star-discoverer’s name with high renown; Accept the flower of love we lay with these For influence sweeter than the Pleiades!
p a g e • 25
01 {R} 03 04
UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 2 { Main Sequence }
S T E L L A R A D U LT H O O D
w e u s ua l ly d o n o t s t o p t o t h i n k t h a t s o m e o f t h e s ta r s that twinkle in the midnight sky were extinguished eons a g o, t h e i r l i g h t h av i n g l e f t t h e d i s ta n t s ta r t h o u s a n d s o f y e a rs b e f o r e t h at, s t i l l t rav e l i n g t o wa r d u s . The Human Body We usually do not stop to think that some of the stars
simply reflects what is readily available around us.
that twinkle in the midnight sky were extinguished
This process uses atoms of carbon, nitrogen and
eons ago, their light having left the distant star
oxygen as techemically useful form and quantity.
perhaps thousands of years before that, still traveling
Once a protostar starts burning hydrogen in its
toward us as the star itself exploded and vanished.
core, it quickly passes through the T-Tauri stage (in
Despite the universe’s appearance as a timeless,
a few million years) and becomes a main sequence
permanent fixture, individual objects in space have
star where its total mass determines all its structural
different ages too. We can trace back the universe
properties. R The three divisions in a stellar interior
as a whole to moments after the Big Bang, but most
are the nuclear burning core, convective zone and
of the stars, planets, and other heavenly bodies
radiative zone. Energy, in the form of gamma-rays, is
that make up the uncountable galaxies have not
generated solely in the nuclear burning core. Energy
existed since the beginning of time. Instead, early
is transferred towards the surface either in a radiative
generations have “died” while new ones have been formed.
R Realizing
manner or convection depending on which is more
how fluid we are and how
efficient at the temperatures, densities and opacities.
impermanent everything around us truly is, we
Main-sequence stars employ two types of hydrogen
should think differently about the materials that
fusion processes, and the rate of energy generation
we take into our bodies to quench our thirst and
from each type depends on the temperature in the
feed our hunger: this material does not simply flow
core region. Astronomers divide the main sequence
through our gut, but is assimilated into the very
into upper and lower parts, based on which of the
structure of our bodies until, after some time, it
two is the dominant fusion process. In the lower main
leaves it again in some other form. R Our bodies
sequence, energy is primarily generated as the result of
are very complex chemical machineries, as are
the proton-proton chain, which directly fuses hydrogen
those of all living things on this planet, but the
together in a series of stages to produce helium.
mixture of the elements used in our chemistry
Stars in the upper main sequence have sufficiently
p a g e • 27
high core temperatures to effi ciently use the CNO
main sequence stage of their lives, a point in
cycle. (See the chart.) R This process uses atoms of
their stellar evolution where they’re converting
carbon, nitrogen and oxygen as intermediaries in the
hydrogen into helium in their cores and
process of fusing hydrogen into helium. At a stellar
releasing a tremendous amount of energy. Let’s
core temperature of 18 Million Kelvin, the PP process
example the main sequence phase of a star’s life
and CNO cycle are equally efficient, and each type
and see what role it plays in a star’s evolution.
generates half of the star's net luminosity. As this
A star fi rst forms out of a cold cloud of molecular
is the core temperature of a star with about 1.5 M,
hydrogen and helium. R Mutual gravity pulls the
the upper main sequence consists of stars above this
stellar material together, and this gravitational
mass. Thus, roughly speaking, stars of spectral class
energy heats it up. The star first goes through a
F or cooler belong to the lower main sequence, while
protostar phase for about 100,000 years, and then
A-type stars or hotter are upper main-sequence stars.
T Tauri phase, where it shines only with the energy
The transition in primary energy production from one
released from its ongoing gravitational collapse.
form to the other spans a range difference of less than
Stars begin their lives as 74% hydrogen, 25% helium
a single solar mass. In the Sun, a one solar-mass star,
and 1% everything else on the periodic table (by
only 1.5% of the energy is generated by the CNO cycle.
mass). Fusion has been ongoing in the core of the
By contrast, stars with 1.8 M or above generate almost
Sun for 5 billion years, and its core is now about
their entire energy output through the CNO cycle.
29% hydrogen, 70% helium and 1% everything else,
Most of the stars in the Universe are in the
It takes thousands to billions of years to run out.
MAIN SEQUENCE internal structure
radioactive zone o star
g star
m star
{60 solar masses}
{1 solar mass}
{0.1 solar masess}
convective zone nuclear burning zone
01 {R} 03 04
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 2 { Main Sequence }
O -10
H E RT ZS P RU N G RU S S E L L
-5
In the early 1900’s the Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell developed the very important Hertzsprung Russell diagram (H-R diagram) is an essential astronomical tool that represented a major step towards understanding how stars evolve over time. Stellar evolution can not be studied by observing individual stars as most changes occur over several millions and billions of years. The astrophysicists observe numerous stars at various stages in their evolutionary history to determine their changing properties and probable evolutionary tracks across the H-R diagram. R The H-R diagram
absolute magnitude
diagram
0
+5
is a scatter graph of stars a plot of stellar absolute magnitude or luminosity versus surface temperature
1/10
or stellar classification. Stages of stellar evolution
SOL
occupy specific regions on the H-R diagram and exhibit similar properties. One class of stars – the pulsating variables which include Cepheids, RR Lyraes, Semiregulars and Miras occupy regions
+10
of instability on the H-R diagram and represent
1/100
transitional periods between stages of evolution.
+15
1/100
0 SO LAR
DIA
SOL
MET
+20 40,000
20,000
ER
AR D IAM
ETE
LAR
p a g e • 29
spectral class
B
A
F 1 000
1 00
SOL
AR D IAM E
G
K
M 100,000,000
SOL
AR D IAM E
TER
TER
10,000
10 S OLA R
DIA
MET
ER
100
1 SO L
AR D IAM
ETE
R
luuminosity(sun=1)
red giants
1
DIA
MET
ER
main sequence
0.01
ER
0.0001
white dwarfs
10,000
7,000
5,000
surface temperature (k)
3,000
2,500
01 {R} 03 04
0.0001 14,000
Ty p e : y e l l o w D A g e : 4 . 6 B i l l i o n Ye a r s Circumference Mass:1,989,10
00,000,000 billi
S u r f a c e Te m p e r a
warf (G2V) Diameter:
1,390,000 km
e: 4,370,005.6 00,000,000,00
ion kg (333,060 x
ature: 5500째C
p a g e • 12
CHAPTER
01
MIDDLE AGED GIANT Meditation Under the Stars • Middle Aged Star Inside a Red Star • Red Giants Supergiants •Star Comparison
{R} 01 02 03 04
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 3 { Middle Aged Giant }
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M E D I TAT I O N U N D E R S TA R S
george meredith What links are ours with orbs that are So resolutely far: The solitary asks, they give radiance as from a shield: Still at the death of day, The seen, the unrevealed. Implacable they shine To us who would of Life obtain An answer for the life we strain To nourish with one sign. Nor can imagination throw The penetrative shaft: we pass The breath of thought, who would divine If haply they may grow As Earth; have our desire to know; If life comes there to grain from grass, And flowers like ours of toil and pain; Has passion to beat bar, Win space from cleaving brain; The mystic link attain, Whereby star holds on star.
01 02 {R} 04
X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X
p a g e • 35
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 3 { Middle Aged Giant }
George Bernard “You don’t stop laughing when you grow old, you grow old when you stop laughing”
p a g e • 37
M I D D L E AG E D STA R
a red giant star is a dying star in the last stages of s t e l l a r e v o l u t i o n . i n o n ly a f e w b i l l i o n y e a r s , o u r o w n s u n w i l l t u r n i n t o a r e d g i a n t s ta r , e x pa n d a n d e n g u l f t h e i n n e r p l a n e t s , p o s s i b ly e v e n e a r t h . Red Giant When a star like our sun reaches the end of its life,
Once a star exhausts this fuel source, it no longer has
it enters one last phase, ballooning up to many times
the outward light pressure to counteract the gravity
its original size. Astronomers call these objects red
pulling in on itself. And so, the star begins to collapse.
giant star, they are very important and you will want
Before the star can collapse too far, though, this
to learn more about them, since this is the future fate
contraction heats up a shell of hydrogen around the
for the sun. R Don’t panic, we’ve got another 7 billion
core of the star to the point that it can support nuclear
years or so before the sun becomes a red giant star.
fusion. The higher temperatures lead to increasing
As you probably know, stars shine because they’re
reaction rates, and the star’s energy output increases
converting hydrogen into helium in their cores
by a factor of 1000 to 1000x. This new extreme light
through a process called nuclear fusion. Our own
pressure pushes out the star’s outer layers beginning
Sun has been performing fusion at its core for 4.5
its life as a red giant star.R A red giant will expand
billion years, and will continue to do so for another
outward many times its original size. Our own Sun, for
7 billions years, at least. The helium byproduct from
example will grow so large that it engulfs the orbits
this fusion reaction slowly builds up in the core of a
of Mercury, Venus and even Earth; although, it’s not
star, and they have no way to get rid of it. Eventually,
certain if Earth will actually be destroyed when this
billions of year down the road, a star uses up the
happens. The core of the star will become so hot and
last of its hydrogen fuel.
R Realizing
how fluid
dense that the leftover helium fuel will no able to star
we are and how impermanent everything around
fusing into heavier elements. Stars with the mass of our
us truly is, we should think differently about the
Sun will stop with helium, but more massive stars will
materials that we take into our bodies to quench
keep going, fusing carbon and even heavier elements
our thirst and feed our hunger: this material does
together. The temperature and pressure at the core of
not simply flow through our gut, but is assimilated
the star will eventually reach the point that helium can
into the very structure of our bodies until, after
be fused into carbon. Once a star reaches this point,
some time, it leaves it again in some other form.
can continue on in this process, moving up the table.
01 02 {R} 04
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 3 { Middle Aged Giant }
I N S I D E A R E D S TA R chemical reactions
p a g e • 39
fusion of iron
fusion of silicon
fusion of nitrogen
fusion of carbon
fusion of helium
non-fusion hydrogen
01 02 {R} 04
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 3 { Middle Aged Giant }
Red Giant When a star like our sun reaches the end of its life,
by a factor of 1000 to 1000x. This new extreme light
it enters one last phase, ballooning up to many times
pressure pushes out the star’s outer layers beginning
its original size. Astronomers call these objects red
its life as a red giant star.R A red giant will expand
giant star, they are very important and you will want
outward many times its original size. Our own Sun, for
to learn more about them, since this is the future fate
example will grow so large that it engulfs the orbits
for the sun. R Don’t panic, we’ve got another 7 billion
of Mercury, Venus and even Earth; although, it’s not
years or so before the sun becomes a red giant star.
certain if Earth will actually be destroyed when this
As you probably know, stars shine because they’re
happens. The core of the star will become so hot and
converting hydrogen into helium in their cores
dense that the leftover helium fuel will no able to star
through a process called nuclear fusion. Our own
fusing into heavier elements. Stars with the mass of our
Sun has been performing fusion at its core for 4.5
Sun will stop with helium, but more massive stars will
billion years, and will continue to do so for another
keep going, fusing carbon and even heavier elements
7 billions years, at least. The helium byproduct from
together. The temperature and pressure at the core of
this fusion reaction slowly builds up in the core of a
the star will eventually reach the point that helium can
star, and they have no way to get rid of it. Eventually,
be fused into carbon. Once a star reaches this point,
billions of year down the road, a star uses up the
can continue on in this process, moving up the table.
last of its hydrogen fuel. R Realizing how fluid we are and how impermanent everything around
SuperGiants
us truly is, we should think differently about the
A star that is larger, brighter, and more massive
materials that we take into our bodies to quench
than a giant star, and is unbelievably thousands of
our thirst and feed our hunger: this material does
times brighter than the Sun and having a relatively
not simply flow through our gut, but is assimilated
short lifespan of only about 10 to 50 million years
into the very structure of our bodies until, after
as opposed to around 5 billion years for the Sun.
some time, it leaves it again in some other form.
Supergiants have masses from 8 to 12 times the Sun
Once a star exhausts this fuel source, it no longer has
(M) upwards, and luminosities from about 10,000 to
the outward light pressure to counteract the gravity
over a million times the Sun (L). RThey vary greatly
pulling in on itself. And so, the star begins to collapse.
in radius, usually from 30 to 500, or even in excess
Before the star can collapse too far, though, this
of 1,000 solar radii (R). They are massive enough
contraction heats up a shell of hydrogen around the
to begin core helium burning gently before the core
core of the star to the point that it can support nuclear
becomes degenerate, without a flash, and without the
fusion. The higher temperatures lead to increasing
strong dredge-ups that lower-mass stars experience.
reaction rates, and the star’s energy output increases
They go on to successively ignite heavier elements,
p a g e • 41
usually all the way to iron. Also because of their high
supergiants can also turn blue if their own rate of
masses they are destined to explode as supernovae.
nuclear fusion begins to slow down. In fact, a star
Supergiants come in a huge variety of sizes and
can actually continually switch between being a
temperatures, but they are only generally classed
red and blue supergiant over its lifetime. Between
as being either red or blue. R Red supergiants have
the two extremes it becomes a yellow super-giant
a mass at least eight times that of our Sun, and are
such as the north star, Polaris. The largest known
generally old stars that were once similar in size to
supergiant star, VY Canis Majoris, is up to 2,100
the Sun. They form when a star more than 10 times
times the size of the Sun (based on upper estimates).
mass of our Sun runs out of its hydrogen fuel in
If it were put in the position of the Sun, it would
its core, preventing fusion from occurring there. It
extend out to the orbit of Saturn. R However, stars
subsequently begins collapsing but, as it does so,
of this nature generally spend the majority of their
the hydrogen in its outer shells begins fusion of its
time as red supergiants rather than blue or yellow.
own. At this point the entire star experiences fusion
This period in life is usually satisfying, tranquil.
and begins to burn through the rest of its hydrogen
Personality characteristics remain stable throughout
at an astounding rate. In fact, they can burn all of
this period. It quite often that a middle aged family
their remaining hydrogen in just a few million years,
member must experience the death of one’s parents.
compared to the several billion year lifetime of stars
This makes the issue of mortality irrefutably.
like our Sun. R During this time they will shine at
As children grow and leave the one’s role as caregiver.
least 100,000 times brighter than the Sun. At the
Those in middle adulthood come to the realization
end of their life, red supergiant stars often explode
that life will not last forever and that there are
as a supernova, producing either a neutron star or a
limitations to what one might accomplish or achieve.
black hole in the process. The nearby red supergiant
As children grow and leave the one’s role as caregiver
Betelgeuse, which is 1,000 times the mass of the
and provider changes. The relationships in middle
Sun, is only 8.5 million years old but it is expected
adulthood evolve into connections that’s stable.
to go supernova within the next 1,000 years. Blue supergiants are considerably hotter than red supergiants, but generally much smaller, only about 25 times the size of the Sun. R Supergiants they have very short lifetimes of only a few million
Criss Jami
“As long as I am breathing, in my eyes, I am just beginning”
years. They usually form when a star more than 10 times the mass of the Sun heading towards its own demise enters a slow burning phase. However, red
01 02 {R} 04
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 3 { Middle Aged Giant }
S TA R C O M PA R I S O N from dwarf to hyper giants
neutron star Dead remains of huge stars.
white dwarf The sun and other dwarfs corpses
blue supergiant These stars are (class I) of spectral type O. With surface temperatures of between 20,000 - 50,000Ëšc
brown dwarf Failed Star
red dwarf The most common star. Either K or M class.
blue hyper-giant A star with an enormous mass and luminosity, showing signs of a very high rate of mass loss.
yellow dwarf The sun G class Main Sequence star. The sun is 92.96 million mi.
p a g e • 43
blue dwarf Is a predicted class of star that develops from a red dwarf after it has exhausted much of its hydrogen fuel supply.
red giant Develops from a red dwarf after it has exhausted much of its hydrogen fuel supply.
blue giant star A hot star with a luminosity class of III (giant) or II (bright giant).
red hypergiant red supergiant They are the largest stars in the universe in terms of volume,although they are not the most massive.
All Magellanic Cloud red hypergiants detected around a dozen M class stars Mv−7 and brighter, around a quarter of a million times more luminous than the Sun.
01 02 {R} 04
Ty p e : R e d G i a n t ( G D i a m e t e r : 100 m Distance from M a ss : 0 . 3 – 8 s o l S u r f a c e Te m p e ra S i z e : 100 million
G2V)
Sp e c t r a l C l a s
illion to 1 billion km.
s u n : 65 light-years lar masses a t u r e : 6 , 7 4 0ËšF
kilometers to 1 billion
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 1 { Introduction }
CHAPTER
01
W H I T E DWA R F Song of the Star • An Aging Soul Evolution of Longevity • The Life Cycle
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 4 { White Dwarf }
S O N G O F T H E STA R
suzy kassem I am nothing but Oxygen and hydrogen, A luminous sphere of plasma Held together By helium and gravity, And like a balloon I float on earth, Waiting to be released back into the sky, Waiting to go back in the reverse direction From which I came, Traveling through a warm tunnel of light, And out into a dark, cold abyss Where I will explode into a thousand pieces. I shall leave behind my body, Just like air abandons the skin of A shattered balloon, And the magnetic dust that carries my Heart and spirit will lift us back To congregate and shine with the stars. Home again, In the fluorescent Kingdom of the constellations, I will once again be called by My soul’s true name. And my heart, It will flicker again, With every memory From its many Lifetimes, And with every wish Made by a child.”
p a g e • 49
01 02 03 {R}
UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU UUUUUUUUUUUUUU
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 4 { White Dwarf }
AN AGING SOUL
the stars in the sky may seem ageless and unchanging, but e v e n t u a l ly m o s t o f t h e m w i l l t u r n i n t o w h i t e d w a r f s , the last stage of evolution. these dim stellar corpses d o t t h e g a l a x y, l e f t o v e r s f r o m b r i g h t ly b u r n i n g s ta r s .
Ancient Stars In addition to internal tissue dynamics, the process
remnant might start out hot, but it unfortunately
of aging is also considerably influenced by the
has no fusion reactions taking place inside it any
local environment as well as by a person’s lifestyle.
more. R It will eventually cool down over hundreds
These effects can either accelerate or slow the
of billions of years, eventually becoming the
effects of aging. This can be seen under the best of
background temperature of the incredible Universe.
circumstances, however, the rate overall of aging
When they reach the end of their long evolutions,
rapidly increases with the number of years since
smaller stars—those up to eight times as massive
birth. R In the end, we do not simply die of old
as our own sun—typically become white dwarfs.
age, as it is often said, but rather of an unfortunate
These marvelous ancient stars are incredibly dense.
decline in cellular vitality, which in turn permits
A teaspoonful of their matter would weigh as much
diseases to develop when cell damage accumulates
as on Earth as an elephant will—5.5 tons. White
and prevents cells from being efficiently replaced.
dwarfs typically have a smaller radius just .01 times
Nevertheless, given that we do not seem to all age at
that of our own sun, but their mass is about the same.
the same level, there must be individual differences.
R The main sequence transition in primary energy
The rate at which we age and that at which age-
production from one form to the other spans a range
related diseases manifest themselves are moderated
difference of less than a single solar mass star like
by internal reactions. R These reactions regulate
our very sun fuse hydrogen in their cores into helium.
the body’s healing and the body’s response to
The very faint white dwarfs are stars that have burned
conditions that cause stress to our tissues and cells.
up all of the hydrogen they once used as nuclear fuel.
A star with the mass of our Sun doesn’t have the
The fusion in a star’s core produces a lot of
gravitational pressure to fuse carbon, so once it runs
heat and a huge amount of outward pressure,
out of helium at its core, it’s effectively dead. The star
but this pressure is kept in check and balance by
will eject its outer layers into space, and then contract
the inward push of gravity generated by a star’s
down, eventually becoming a white dwarf.This stellar
mass. When the hydrogen used as fuel vanishes.
p a g e • 51
Stars begin their lives as 74% hydrogen, 25% helium and
effects of aging and the collective experiences and
1% everything of everything else on the periodic table
shared values of that generation to the particular.
(by mass). Fusion has been ongoing in the core of the
There is not any universally accepted age that is
Sun for 5 billion years, and its core is now about 29%
considered old among or within societies R Those
hydrogen, 70% helium and 1% everything else. Fusion
in a binary star system like the white dwarfs may
alters the chemical composition of stellar interiors.
have a strong enough gravitational pull to gather
Note that since the cores of the stars are so massive,
in material from a neighboring star. When a white
it takes anywhere from 100's of thousands to billions
dwarf takes on enough mass in this manner it
of years to run out of hydrogen fuel.R For statistical
reaches a level called the chandrasekhar limit. At
and public administrative purposes, however, old age
this point the pressure at its center will become so
is frequently defined as 60 or 65 years of age or older.
great that runaway fusion occurs and the star will
This is the main last stage in the life processes of
detonate in a thermonuclear supernova. The so called
an individual, and it is an age group or generation
senescence, in human beings, the final stage of the
comprising a segment of the oldest members of a
normal life span. The definitions of old age are not
population. The many social aspects of old age are
consistent from the views and standpoints of biology,
influenced by the relationship of the physiological
demography, employment and retirement, sociology.
EVOLUTION OF LONGEVITY
Human Aging
young
Genetic basis of human aging (dark purple)
old
long lived models
short lived models Age-related changes in gene expression (blue) short lifespan
long lifespan
01 02 03 {R}
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 4 { White Dwarf }
T H E L I F E C YC L E
MIDDLE AGE
ADULTHOOD
ADOLESCENCE
RED GIANT
MAIN SEQUENCE INFANCY
PROTOSTAR FETUS
HUMAN LIFE
PREGNANCY
S TA R L I F E
NEBULAE
of stars and humans
SUPERNOVAE
BLACK HOLE DEATH
OLD AGE
WHITE DWARF
p a g e • 53
Franklin Gillette “Birth and death are words we chose to describe the doorways in and out of a cycle. This cycle is connected to a larger cycle which awaits our return”
01 02 03 {R}
Ty p e : w h i t e D w
A g e : 120 million years a Circumference Mass:4.018E3
Surface tempera
Radius: 1,190
warf
-1.4 e: 4,370,005.6 0 kg (2.02 Sol ature: 9,940 K ,000 km (1.71
ago.
Magnitude:
CELESTIAL BEINGS• bibliography
{bibliography}
IMAGES www.chandra.harvard.edu www.corysmithphotography.com www.dollarphotoclub.com www.hubblesite.org www.nasa.gov
WEBSITES www.abyss.uoregon.edu www.astronomyonline.org www.authorsden.com www.britannica.com www.chandra.harvard.edu www.denoyer.com www.goodreads.com www.justmommies.com www.nasa.gov www.poemhunter.com www.science.nationalgeographic.com www.solarsystemquick.com www.spaceanswers.com www.thinkingwithtype.com www.universetoday.com
p a g e • 57
TEXT anderson, and van der marel “Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram Animation.” www.spacetelescope.org. Nasa, n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2015. b r e c h e r , k e n n e t h . “Star Astronomy.” Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 8 Aug. 2015. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. c a i n , f r a s e r . “Fusion in the Sun.” Universe Today. Universe Today: Space and Astronomy News, 26 Sept. 2008. Web. 17 Jan. 2016. d y k e , h e n r y v a n . “Stars And The Soul.” Poemhunter.com. N.p., 2015. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. g i l l e t t e , f r a n k l i n . “Quotes About Cycle Of Life.” Good Reads. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. h u n t e r , d a y a n a n d a n “The Birth Of A Star
l u p t o n , e l l e n . Thinking with Type: A Critical Guide for Designers, Writers, Editors, & Students. 2nd ed. New York: Princeton Architectural, 2004. Print. 30 Dec. 2015 r e d d , n o l a t a y l o r . “Red Giant Stars.” Space. N.p., 21 Aug. 2013. Web. 21 Nov. 2015. rees, martin, and robert dinwiddie. Universe: The Definitive Visual Guide. London: Dorling Kindersley, 2005. Print. Sagan, Carl. “Quotes About Stardust.” Good Reads. Carlsagan.com/, n.d. Web. 17 Nov. 2015. s c h n e i d e r , s t e p h e n e . , a n d t h o m a s a r n y. Pathways to Astronomy. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2007. Print. schrijver, karel, and iris schrijver.
Poem.” Poemhunter.com. N.p., 15 Sept. 2015. Web.
Living with the Stars: How the Human Body
13 Nov. 2015.
Is Connected to the Life Cycles of the Earth, the
l i m a t o l a , l u c a . “Cosmic Cloak of Red.” NASA. Ed. Karl Hillie. NASA, ESA, and D. Gouliermis (University of Heidelberg), 30 July 2015. Web. 14 Nov. 2015. l o f f, s a r a h . “Celestial Fireworks.” NASA. Ed. Sarah Ramsey. NASA, 23 Apr. 2015. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. l o g a n , k a r e n . “A Star Is Born.” Authors Den. authorsden.com, 21 Apr. 2011. Web. 17 Dec. 2015
Planets, and the Stars. Kindle. Oxford University Press. Web. 8 Aug. 2015. s e r g e , m e u n i e r . “The Butterfly Nebula.” Nasagov. NASA/ESA/Hubble, 7 June 2013. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. s m i t h , c o r y “Portraiture .” Cory Smith Photography. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2015. v o l k , k e v i n ; k w o k , s u n ( July 1, 1989). “Evolution of protoplanetary nebulae”. Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. Web. 9 June 2015.
this book was designed by: Yvonne Michelle Anaya Academy of Art University Typography 3 Fall 2015 fonts: Clifford Nine Italic Clifford Eighteen Roman Clifford Eighteen All Caps Mr. Eaves Sans OT software: Adobe Indesign CC Adobe Photoshop CC Adobe Illustrator CC printer: Imagink Printery &Bindery 100lb Uncoated Paper This is a student project and has not been published. Some text and images have been used with the sole purpose of inspiration.
CELESTIAL BEINGS• chapter
0 1 { Introduction }
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