ENVS10003 LOGBOOK 2014 SEM 1 636166

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS Log Book

YOUNG WOOK CHANG 636166

CONTENTS Week One.................................................................5 Week Two.................................................................8 Week Three.............................................................12 Week Four...............................................................19 Week Five................................................................25 Week Six..................................................................29 Week Seven............................................................34 Week Eight..............................................................37 Week Nine...............................................................41 Week Ten................................................................48 Construction Workshop......................................53 Glossary..................................................................56 References.............................................................58

WEEK ONE_ INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK ONE_INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY: COMPRESSION Figure 1.1 Blocks were place with a gap in the middle, so one block would be placed on top of two blocks to minimise the use of material and to spread the force around the structure- similar to how bricks are placed on exterior of buildings.

Figure 1.2 Space was deliberately left in the front to make the doorway later on. So is the problem where the tower was getting narrower as it got taller. So blocks had to be placed tightly without a consitant gap in between the blocks in attempt to build hight around the sturcture.

Figure 1.3 Too much blocks were placed in the frontal part of the structure- both left and right wing. In a result, too much load was being placed at the front. As seen in the photo, there is a huge difference in the placement of blocks in different parts of the structure.

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.4 To create a arch shaped doorway, is not an arch but it is called 'carbelling'- where elements cantilever out supported by the weight of streching aobve pushing down on the parck part; dead weight.

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK ONE_INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY: COMPRESSION Figure 1.5 More blocks were placed and the tower gradually become more higher. Though we saw that the tower was leaning towards the side where the carbelling was. If the placement of the block was consistant, forming a cylinder shape, it may have not leaned as the whole structure would be more balanced.

Figure 1.6 To test the stability of tower, mutiple blocks were take out from the centre of rear part of the tower. The structure it self did not collapse, but the tower started to lean even fruther towards the front like the Tower of Piza. This shows that the more load is being transferred towards the front.

Figure 1.7 The diagram represents the load part, how loads in the structure would be transferred through to the ground, where it meets reaction force that is equal and oppotite to the load.

Live load was applied by pushing the structure with finger to check the stability of the structure and to see whether it can hold foreign weither other than its own structure.

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7

Figure 1.8

Figure 1.8 Load is transferred from the centre of the carbelling then it travels to the right and left thourhg to the ground. Some load is being transferred to the surrounding blocks. Also the loads are spread widely through the arch structure, which helps to stabilise the structure without collapsing.

Possible Improvements: - First build a cylinder shaped structure with all ends closed.

-Then take out blocks from the centre of the tower to the bottom to create a doorway.( We saw that the tower did not collapse as seen in Figure 1.6) - Attempt to build a structure with closed roof and see if existence of a roof makes a difference.

The material Material called the mdf (medium density fibreboard) was used to create this structure. It is relatively hard but can be scratched with metallic object. The surface is smooth and flat, which enables stacking.

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK ONE_INTRODUCTION TO CONSTRUCTION KKOWLEDGE MAP

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WEEK TWO_ STRUCTURAL LOAD & FORCES

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK TWO_STRUCTURAL LOADS & FORCES ACTIVITY: FRAME Figure 2.1 Inspired by the Eifel Tower and Indian teepees, a structure was created by using the skeletal structure system. It is know to be efficient and transfers load to the ground. Thus from thin wooden sticks were used to create four legs that support the structure.

Figure 2.2 A tape- live load was placed on top of the structure. The structure managed to take the live load without collapsing.

Series of arrows were drawn (Figure 2.2.1) to represent the frames of the structure. The first layer on the bottom (in blue), the sticks were crossing over; resembling a shape of a teepee. However in the second layer (in red), the sticks were not crossing over. Thus the structure was not balanced and was leaning to one side.

Figure 2.3 When the another layer was add on top of the second layer, the structure was leaning over to the left even more. This shows that the load was not distributed evenly to the bottom of the structure. When the tape was put on the top of the tower, it collapsed.

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.2.1

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK TWO_STRUCTURAL LOADS & FORCES ACTIVITY: FRAME Figure 2.4 By crossing over the sticks we tried to create a fixed joint through out the structure, in attempt to distribute load through the structure evenly. But it was difficult to balance the structure straight because the balsa wood strips were not evenly cut and there were slight differences in length as well.

Figure 2.5 To fix the joints, super glue was applied with tapes wraped around the sticks. However, the sticks were not tightly held together and this allowed some movement which also contriuted to the tower not being balanced. Such alternative as masking tape or glue gun would have provided much stronger hold.

Figure 2.6 Long strips of tape was used to balance the tower straight.

It was to mimic how truss system works. Although it did help the tower to straighten up, when loaded with tape at the top, it did not provide extra support.

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Truss system in the diagram in figure 2.7, it uses a wire to stop the movement of a structure when it has been loaded, using the force tension.

Possible Improvements: - Try building the structure using other structural systems and shapes.

-Cut the balsa woods evenly in same length and width so the load is transferred evenly through out the structure.

-Use other materials like a glue gun to hold the balsawoods together for increased stability.

The material Balsa wood is a light and fast growing tree ("Interesting facts about balsa wood", 1995). It was easy to cut the wood vertically but noticed that it would snap if cut horizontally.

And therfore the material is ANISOTROPIC.

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.6

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK TWO_STRUCTURAL LOADS & FORCES KNOWLEDGE MAP

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WEEK THREE_ FOOTINGS& FOUNDATION

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK THREE_FOOTINGS & FOUNDATION ACTIVITY: ON SITE (TAKE ONE) Figure 3.1 The extension part of the new architecture building that hangs in the air is called the 'cantilever'. The cantilever is built after the main part of the building is constructed then the cantilever part is added on to the building. It 'floats'without out any colums supporting the edge of the cantilever. Its load is transferred to the main part of the building as shown in figure 3.1.1. The cantilever lends over 15mm towards the end because of the dead loads applied on to the building. To resolve this problem the cantilever was constructed 15mm up which was calculated before hand.The cantilever is now balanced (refer figure 3.1.2). Thus the main building is holding significant amount of loads. Also under the cantilever, set of beams are found to carry vertical loads using its bending resistance.

Figure 3.2 The photo shows the interior of the South Lawn car park. It is a underground carp park located under the South Lawn Area. It consits of concrete walls and columns that support the walls and floors. An interesting fact about the coloumns is that the part that joints to the roof of the carpark is cone shaped. (Figure 3.2.1It accomodates the roof of the trees on the South Lawn. It it did not allow any space for the roots to grow, it would have enough power to penetrate the concrete and create fractures.

Figure 3.1.1

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.1.2

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.2.1

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK THREE_FOOTINGS & FOUNDATION ACTIVITY: ON SITE (TAKE ONE) Figure 3.3-3.5 The staircase on the exterior of the west end of the Union House is made of galvanised steel (factory casted, then dipped into iron) to prevent oxidation and rusting, to resist harsh weather conditions such as raining. As shown in Fig 3.4, some parts of the stair is sprayed galvasied (parts where it is welded) and this can be identified by the difference in colour (more paler and whiter). The Stair is held up by the support that is connected to the ground. The steel cable (Fig 3.5) which is attached to a cantilever that is connected to the beam inside the buidling. It restricts the stair from swaying from side to side. The in reality the load is being transferred to the ground through the steel supports, which are fixed and welded to the stair.

DARKER

Figure 3.6 The old club house was not destroyed and instead it was left there to remain as a historical icon. The club house was joined to the new Pavillion building therefore the interior was renovated as well as some asthetic aspects of it was fitted with new materials.

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.6

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Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

PALER

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK THREE_FOOTINGS & FOUNDATION ACTIVITY: ON SITE (TAKE ONE) Figure 3.5 On the Art's West building there are series of pre-cast concrete to create a nice asthetic qualities to the building.

The pale white colour of the concrete created a nice modern finished to the buildings. The concrete was polished exposing some aggregates on the outside. These cements were known to be pre-casted in South Australia, where there are best cement makers in whole of Australia. So transport system has to take into consideration when using high quality pre-cast concrete.

Often steels bars are added for reinforment- when it is requried to take load. Concretes can be scratched with metaliic object but generally quite hard-it is not flexible. It can be recyclable by breaking it into rocks. Concretes are considered to be cost effective but it depends on intensive labour.

Figure 3.6 Outside the Union House building, bricks were used as materials. The red adobe finish of the brick creates a nice 'Melbourne' feel to it. Bricks are made of clay of shale which is shaped then it goes through the firing process

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6 There are some gothic buildings around the university. This particular building is an example of a masonry. It cositst of natural monolithic materials; sand stones and bassalts(blue rock). These materials are strong in compression but weak in tension. The sand stones are extremely smooth and the details are quite exquisite(the natural patterns embbeded in the rock). Also the use of bassalts which originates from the volcanic rocks around Victoria, it historically connects the building to other histrocial buildings around Melbourne e.g.

The City Hall.

Figure 3.5

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK THREE_FOOTINGS & FOUNDATION KNOWLEDGE MAP

TIE Opposite to a "STRUT", load produces tension

STRUT When load is applied, compression force is produced

BEAM

Horizontal elements, carries vertical load using its bending resistance Supports both compression and tension forces

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS (Newton, 2014)

PANEL SLAM/PLATES Carries vertical load (by bending), and is supported by beams

Masonry Buildgins with units of varios natural or namufactured products... usually with use of mortars as a bonding agent • Bond: Pattern of arangement of the units • Course: A horizontal row of masonry units • Joint: the way units are connected to each other • Mortar: Mixture of cement or lime, sand and water used as a boding agent

Deep vertical elements, carries vertical or horizontal loads

MONOLITHIC MATERIALS Stone: Pyramid, Earth: clay, Clay: Chinese, Concrete: Roman concrete

MASS CONSTRUCTION (Newton, 2014)

MASONRY MATERIALS Stone: slabs/ashlar blocks, Earth: mud bricks/ adobe, Concrete: blocks/corridors, Clay: bricks/ honeycomb

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Carries load parallel to its long axis

Modular Clay brick, mud brick (adobe), conrete block, ashlar stone NON-Modular Concrete, ramned earth, monolithic stone (columns & beams)

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK THREE_FOOTINGS & FOUNDATION KNOWLEDGE MAP EQUILIBRIUM Is the state of balacne or rest resulting from the equal action of opposite forces.

Supporting elements & load must react with equal but opposite forces

MOMENT OF FORCES Tendency to make an object or a point to rotate •

A force will only produce a moment about a point if applied at a distance from that point along a line of action that does not pass through the point •

•

Are measured by the product of the forces magnitude and the perpendicular distance between the line of action of the force and the point Moments also have magnitude and sence.

Since moments are product of force + distance, the units are expressed in Newton-meter (Nm) or Kilonewton-`meter (KNm)

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS GEOMETRY & EQUILIBRIUM (Newton, 2014)

CENTRE OF MASS - Point where an object is balanced - Where entire weight of object is concentrated -Location of CoM depends on object's geometry -Also called 'centre of gravity'

FOUNDATIONS Bottom of buildings where it meets the ground, and are substructures; transfers loads to the ground

SETTLEMENT Overtime, the building tends to 'sink' into the earth, footings and foundations should be designed to ensure that settlement occurs evenly the 'bearing capacity' should not be excedded. This differential settlement can result in cracking

Must resist force of soil pressing against the walls of the foundation

DEEP FOUNDATIONS Used in unstable soil conditon & soil bearing capacity is inadequate Load transferred to level where bed rock, stiff clay, dense sand / gravel is located

FOOTING & FOUNDATIONS (Newton, 2014)

RETAINING & FOUNDATION WALLS used when sites are excavated to create basement or where site levels need to be stabilised. The pressure load of the earth behind the wall needs to be considered to prevent the wall from overturning

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS Used in stable soil condition & bearing capacity is adaquate, close to the ground.

Load is transferred vertically to the ground.

PAD FOOTINGS or isolated footings, help to spread a point load over a wider area of ground STRIP FOOTINGS When loads from a wall or series of columns spread in a linear manner RAFT FOUNDATION

Provides increased stability by joining the individual strips together as a single mat

END BEARING PILES Extend the foundations down to rock or soil that will provide support for the loads FRICTION PILES Rely on the resistance of the surrounding earth to support the strcuture.

Refer to Ching for diagrams

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK THREE_FOOTINGS & FOUNDATION KNOWLEDGE MAP DUCTILITY & FLEXIBILITY- Very low

CONDUCTIVITY- POOR

HARDNESS- Medium high, can be stretched with metallic objects

CLAY BRICKS Manufactured from clay or shale- shaped then hardened by firing

FRAGILITY- Midium can be broken with metallic objects

BRICKS

POROSITY- Medium Low

1.Extended wire cut 2. Machine moulded 3. Hand made -Variation in colour, shape- MgO produces darker colour

(Newton, 2014)

DENSITY- Medium 2-2.5 x more than water SUSTAINABILITY- tends to be locally produced

COST- Generally cost effective

CONCRETE VS BRICKS Concrete: Can shrin- cement paste reduces in volume as it hydrates and drying shrinkage occurs due to evaporation of water

CONDENSATION Bricks are permeable Advantages: Joined with water based mortar, adequately ventilated- wetness can excape Disadvantes: Can absorb moistur- expansion joint required, salt + lime can be drwan up through the blocks when in contact with the ground. May cause pathlogies and aesthetic problems.

Bricks: Tends to absorb moisture in atmosphere and gradually expand i.e. movment joint require for both materials TYPES- Ingenous- granite, bassalt, bluestone (formed by molten lava when it cools) DUCTILITY & FLEXIBILITY- Very low HARDNESS- Medium high, can be stretched with metallic objects

CONDUCTIVITY- POOR

FRAGILITY- Midium can be broken with metallic objects POROSITY- Medium Low

CONCRETE

(Newton, 2014)

DENSITY- Medium 2-2.5 x more than water COST- Generally cost effective, but involves intense labour

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MANUFACTURE Made from cement, sand, gravel, water.

Insulation, reinforcements placed in holes

USES- construction of walls- both load bearing and non-load bearing. Sometimes steel bars added for reinforcement

SEDIMENTARY- lime stone, sandstone formed when accumulated particle are subjected to moderate pressure

STONE

(Newton, 2014) USES- Paving, classing, aggregates and deign

METAMORPHIC- Marble, slade- formed when ingenous or sedimentary stone changes when subjected to pressure, high temperature, chemical processes

WEEK FOUR_FLOOR SYSTEMS & HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK FOUR_FLOOR SYSTEMS & HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS ACTIVITY: SCALE, ANNOTATION & WORKING DRAWING CONVENTIONS

1. Title Block List the types of information found in the title block on the floor plan page: • Drawing Title/Number • Documnet Control Status • Project Arthitect/Director • Scale • Date Why might this information be important?

All the relavant informatione required to understand the drawings are in the box.

Whay are some parts of the drawing annotated? Illustrate how the annotations are assosiated with the relavant part fo the drawing.

• Further exaplanation of the element is required. Therefore directs the viewer to the specific drawing number.

• Less drawing and writing on the page (more efficient) Illustrate how references to other drawing are shown on the plan. What do these symbols mean?

1

A40.01

• •

1 repersents the section number 40.01 represents the drawing number 1

2. Drawing Content- Plans What type of information is shown in this floor plan?

• Windows, doors, walls, plan/abbreviation legend, notes and other relevant informations Provide an example of the dimensions as they appear on this floor plan? What units are used for the dimensions?

A unit shown in this drawing is m2, which is used to show the floor area of the spaces (e.g. room sizes). Also mm is used to show the dimensions of the building.

Is there a grid? What system is used for identifying the grid lines?

Letters(alphabets) and numbers are used, almost like a map.

These coordinates are used in construction for alingment.

What is the purpose of the legend?

The purpose of the legend is to show what the symbols and abbreviations actually mean, and so that the viewers do not have to go back and foward between pages to find their meanings.

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1

A40.01

•

A40.01

When there is a line in between the two symbols (plan in the middle) the line shows where the cut is for the sections 6 A64.01

•

Similar to the symbols shown above, this particular symbol guides the viewer to more detailed drawings of a particular element

How are windows and doorrs identified? Provide an example of each. Is there a rationale to their numbering?

What do these numbers mean? Can you find the answer somwhere in the drawings?

Doors and windows are shown using the above symbols. The door span of the radius of its swing is also represent using curved lines.

D01 1.16

Doors

W01 1.16

Windows

Each door and windows are taged with the above symbolD01 marks the door number and 1.16 shows the room number.

Multiple doors could have the same D01 when the same type of door is used.

Illustrate how floor levels are noted on the plan 1

BASEMENT PLAN SCALE 1:100

The number represents the plan number. Then the floor level (Basement plan) and the scale of the drawing.

Are some areas of the drawing clouded?

• The cloud shows that there has been a change to the drawing/detail recently.

3. Drawing Content- Elevations What type of information is shown in this elevation? How does it differ from the information shown on the plan?

The elevations show how the building will actually look from different directions; north, south, east, west. The drawings are not cut like the plan(except for the ground) instead it shows the building as we would look at it. Also the elevation reveals some of the existing vegetations and built forms.

Are dimensions shown? If so, how do they differ from the dimensions on the plan? Provide an example of the dimensions as they relate to the elevation.

FFL 4.500

FINISHED FLOOR LEVEL (METERS) ABOVE DATUM

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK FOUR_FLOOR SYSTEMS & HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS ACTIVITY: SCALE, ANNOTATION & WORKING DRAWING CONVENTIONS

Find where this elevation is located on the plans.

Drawing Number: A21.02

• • •

4. Drawing Content- Sections

5. Drawing Content- Details

What types of levels are shown on the elevations? Illustrate how levels are shown in relation to the elevation.

What type of information is shown in this section? How does it differ from the information shown on the plan and elevation?

The sections cut through certain part of the building or structures to show more details. Building materials e.g. timber, steel, insulation and etc are shown.

What sort of things are detailed?

A detail shows more detailed drawings of a section which shows the dimensions and the materials used for that particular structure. Materials and places to be sealed & welded are indicated.

Different views are shown on the elevation; south, north east and west elevations. Levels are shown in perspective from the exterior of the building.

Illustrate how the section drawing differentiates between building elements that are cut through and those that are shown in elevation.

RL 4.500

SPOT LEVEL- REDUCED LEVEL (METERS) ABOVE DATUM FCL 4.500

SPOT LEVEL- FINISHED CEILDING LEVEL (METERS) ABOVE DATUM

Is there a grid? If so, how / where is it shown?

Grid is used in the same manner as the grid used in plans. The grid numbers match to the numbers on the plan. So the point indicated by the grid number in sections would be the same point as the point on a plan.

Is there a grid? What system is used for identifying the grid lines?

Letters(alphabets) and numbers are used, almost like a map.

These coordinates are used in construction for alingment.

What types of information on the elevations are expressed using words? Illustrate how this is done.

Different hatchings are used for different types of timber.

Insulations shown in series of geometrical shapes.

Different line weights used.

Are the details compressed using break lines? Why? A detail is a zoomed version of part of a section. Thus a vreak line is used to show that certain drawings are from the same section or from the same structure.

Elevation is to show the space e.g. details of the whole role whereas sections cut through building to show details of the structures of the building.

Provide examples of how different materials are shown on the sections.

•

Different materials are differentiated by using the standard construction drawing symbols which helps the viewer to understand and identify different materials. In addition code of the materials are printed so that the viewers can look at the material reference page for more detailed information on the material used.

SOLDIER COURSE TO TOP OF WALL

•

Additional information that cannot be represented in a drawing is explained in words.

Illustrate how the doors and windows are identified on the elevations.

D01 1.16

•

Doors

W01 1.16

Windows

Same symbols are used to label windows and doors and represented by drawings of how they would look like.

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK FOUR_FLOOR SYSTEMS & HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS KNOWLEDGE MAP

STEEL SYSTEMS • Take various forms, with some utilising heavey gauge structural streel members and using light gauge steel framing.

CONCRETE SYSTEM Slabs of various types are used to span between structural supports

FLOOR SYSTEMS (Ching, 2008)

How do people decide which structure to use? : Depends on the Load, function of the building

•

•

CONCRETE

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•

Combination of member types and materials are bomined (heavy and light members)

•

Sometimes used with concrete slab systems to used shallow floor slab systems.

•

The spanning capabilities of the particular materials help to determine the spacing requirements of the supports.

TIMBER SYSTEM Traditional timber flooring sytems use a combination of beareres(primary beams) and joists(secondary beams) The span of the bearers determines the spacing of the piers or stumps and the spacing of the bearers equals the span of the joists

TIMBER

STEEL

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK FOUR_FLOOR SYSTEMS & HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS KNOWLEDGE MAP CEMENT MIX 1 part cement : 2 parts find aggregate : 4 parts coarse aggregate :0.4-0.5 part water When cement is mixed with water it binds the sand and gravel aggregates together to make the hard solid material.

Cement: portland or lime Fine aggregate: sand Coarse aggregate: crushed rock

PROVENANCE Chemical reaction occurs when water + cement is mixed and heat is released (hydrolysis). Cyrystals are formed that interlocks & binds the sand, aggregates and cemeber/water pastes together.

•

•

If too much water- product would not be strong (weak) • If too little water- too stiff and not workable

•

Concrete cured on site

Limited time to work before it hardens

•

Generally Used for structural purposefootings retaining walls and bespoke structural elements SHOT-CRETE Sprayed into place using pressure hose e.g. swimming pools and walls

•

•

Framework may be removed (and be reused) or may stay in place forever (sacrificial framework) • Types: Sand blasted, exposed aggregate, raked finish, bush hammered, board marked and beaten

•

REINFORCEMENT Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension. Steel reinforcement which is strong in tension is added to the concrete in the form of bars.

PERMEABILITY •

This is the main problem for concretes.

If steel bars are place too closely to the surface, they will be exposed to moisture and oxidation which causes asthetic and structural degradation PRE-CAST

IN_SITU

•

Itakes about 7 days for concrete to reach 75% of its compression strength and 28 days for it to reach required strength for testing.

(Newton, 2014)

When the concrete is dried and hardened, the framework is removed.

•

•

CONCRETE

Framework- temporary support or module used to mould liquid concrete.

•

Wet cement is very heavy and this need to be supported by props and bracings.

•

PROCESS Concrete is fluid and shapelss (before hardening).

•

CURING PROCESS •

• •

IN-SITU CONCRETE (Newton, 2014)

CONTROL JOINTS Required to absorb expansions and contractions that thermal vibrations cause and long tendancy of concrete to shrink over time. The shrinkage is proportional to the temperature differential, the material coefficient and the dimension of the piece.

Both construction and control joints are potential crack points and must ensure that it is detailed appropriatele especially in terms of water and moisture control

PRE-CAST CONCRETE

Fabricated in a controlled environment and then transported.

More standarised outcome- avoids many quality control issues of in-situ concrete •

(Newton, 2014)

•

Process is much faster USES

Structure of building, bridge, civil works, forming part of the primary structure or self-supporting panel type elements, retaining walls and columns.

STRUCTURAL JOINTS The type and performance of the structural connections joining the precase elements to each other and to other parts of the structure and critical for the overall performance of the building.

•

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK FOUR_FLOOR SYSTEMS & HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS KNOWLEDGE MAP

Measured centre line to centre line

Is not necessarily the same as the length of a member.

SPACING

SPAN

(Newton, 2014)

(Newton, 2014) The distance between two structural supports

Repeating distance between as series of like or similar elements

Can be measured between vertical supports or horizontal supports

Often associated with supporting elemtns (e.g. beams, columns) and can be measured horizontally or vertically.

SPACING of the supporting elements depends on the SPANNING capabilites of the supported elements.

CANTILEVER

BEAMS

(Newton, 2014)

When a structural element is supported at only one end (overhanging)

Function: carry loads along the length of the member and transfer these loads to the support. e.g. New Melbourne school building.

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•

(Newton, 2014) Can be: Horizontal • Vertical • Angled

Can be: • At both ends of the beam • Supported at numerous points along the length of beam • Supported at oints away from the ends of the beam • Supported at only one end of the beam

horizontal structural element

Function: carry loads along the length of the beam and transfer these loads to the vertical suports.

WEEK FIVE_ COLUMNS, GRIDS & WALL SYSTMES

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK FIVE_COLUMNS, GRIDS & WALL SYSTEMS ACTIVITY: STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS

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Figure 5.1 The dimensions were measured to the nearest mm. The scales had to be converted to 1:20, thus some calculations had to be done.

Figure 5.2 The balsa was cut into 5mm thickness along its grain(Anisotrophic). At this stage the structure is lied flat on the desk.

Figure 5.5 The structure was then joined to other group's structure which was the other half of the strucutre. Sizes were quite similar to each other and looked similar to the drawings.

Figure 5.6 The Load will be distributed & transferred down to the ground taking the most direct route.

Figure 5.3 The balsawood pieces were glued with superglue then taped with masking tape for extra stability.

Figure 5.7 The structure is a truss system. The trusses would go under compression and the surrounding structures would go under tension. The forces are balanced out thus making the structure very stable- movement is reduced.

Figure 5.4 The structure was able to stand up with some support

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK FIVE_COLUMNS, GRIDS & WALL SYSTEMS KNOWLEDGE MAP

STEEL FRAMES Uses a grid of steel columns connected to steel girders and beans. For example, Architecture Building- cantilever section has a braced diagonal member (steel frame used to put less load). Temporary props hold the section, then removed once bracing is able to take the loads back to the building, then down to the ground.

STRUCTURAL FRAMES

TIMBER FRAMES

Concrete frames typically use a grid of columns with concrete beams connecting the columns together.

(Post & Beam): Typically uses a grid of timber posts or poles connected to timber beams. Bracing of members between bays or at the corners of post/beam junction is required to stabilise the structure.

WALL SYSTEMS (Ching, 2008)

CAVITY MASONRY WALLS

STUD FRAMING Metal and timber framing walls

Consists of two skins of masonry.

Advantages: Better thermal performace (insulation within the cavity & better water proofing), able to install service cables in the cavity.

Presence of damp proof course and weep holes in a wall, distinguishes itself from solid walls.

Example of cavity wall- Exterior: brick work, Interior: conrete work

LOAD BEARING WALLS

CONCRETE WALLS: can be manufactured either in-situ and pre-casted. Provides support for SPANDREL PANELS which could link into other structural elements (e.g. floor slabs, roof structures).- Used in apartments, stairwells.

REINFORCED MASONRY WALLS: Can be core-filled hollow concrete blocks or grout filled cavity masonry. Bond beams over openings can be created- concrete blocks which are filled with grout to bond the horizontal units together. Bond beams act alternative to steel or concrete lintels.

SOLID MASONRY WALLS: Created with single or multiple skins of concrete masonry units or clay bricks. The skin of masonry units are joined together using a brick (with header showing in face of wall) or with metal wall ties placed with the mortar bed.

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK FIVE_COLUMNS, GRIDS & WALL SYSTEMS KNOWLEDGE MAP EARLY WOOD: Rapid growth at beginning of growing season- thin large cells with lighter colour.

LATE WOOD: Slower growth often limited by lack of water thin small cells with darker colour which gives the growth ring.

SAWING

GROWTH Usually one ring per year. In some climates more than one ring or fire/disease may produce an extra ring.

SEASONING Seasoning is a drying process to adjust the moisture content to improve increased dimensional stability.

FROM WOOD TO TIMBER

Free moisture is removed from the voids in cells.

Bond moisture is removed from the cell walls.

STRUCTURE OF WOOD

• • •

AIR SEASONING- chaep but slow process. 6 months to 2 years per 50mm.

KILN SEASONING- Fast process 20-40 hours to dry with moisture content of 12%.

SOLAR KILN SEASONING- Less expensive to run.

(Newton, 2014)

'direction', 'strength', 'stiffness' The grain direction determines the strutural performance of wood. Strong parallel to grain & stiff parallel to grain.

But weak perpendicular grain (compression)

GREEN SAWING- Quater sawn- growth rings parallel to short edge.

• Advantages: Best grain shown on the face, good wearing surface for floors, furniture, radical face preferred for coatings, lower width shrinkage on drying, less cupping and warp than other cuts. Disadvantages: slower seasoning, nailing on face move prone to splitting.

BACK SAWN- Rings parallel to long edge of piece • Advantages: Seasons more rapidly, less prone to splitting when nailing, wide sections possible dew knots on edge.

• Disadvantages: Shrinks more across width when drying more likely to warp and cup, collapsed timber is more difficult to condition.

RADIAL SAWN- Face is always a radical cut Advantages: Dimensional stability, less prone oto wapping, cupiing, less wastage in milling • Disadvantages: Wedge shaped cross section, more difficult to detail, more difficult to stack.

•

Moistre in wood cells- 100%(unseasoned timber) 25%(partially seasoned timber) 15%(seasoned timber)

HARDNESS- Medium-low, most can be easily marked.

Moisture content- seasoned- <15%, any timber >15% is considered unseasoned.

POROSITY- high, depending on seasoning and finishing DENSITY- Varied depengin on timber type FRAGILITY- Midium can be broken with metallic objects SUSTAINABILITY- Low embodies energy, can be fully renewable if correctly sourced.

28

(Newton, 2014) CONDUCTIVITY- POOR COST- Generally cost effective DUCTILITY-Low

SIZE: Depth x breadth- length (0.3m increments common max 6.0m) Longder length in limited sizes.

•

STRENGTH GRADE- F grade & mgp grading are used to identify the strength of timber elements

KNOTS- weak points, cause slope of grain. Ariss knot, centre knots, edge knot, slope of grain.

•

TIMBER

Flexibility- high

•

• • •

GOOD PRACTICE- When water content >20%, fungal attack could occure. Swelling and shrinkage can cause cracks.

Protection against water- avoid expore, seal against moisture- e.g. painting.

Protection against insects(termites, borer)chemical barriers or physical barriers.

Protection against heat & light- Direct sunlight can cause excessive drying/shrinkage. Also could breakdown wood. Keep away from fire & chemicals.

WEEK SIX_ SPANNING & ENCLOSING SPACE

29

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK SIX_SPANNING & ENCLOSING SPACE STUDIO_ STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS

Three-Wheeled Forklift used to lift up light-med heavy materials GENERAL Site fenced

Pin Joints

Bracing (Vertical

The site is also being used to store building materials

T-Beam (Truss System called Warren Truss System)

WOODEN BEAMS

STRUCTURAL Brick Ties

Williamstown (Stonehendge)

Withstand its own load, horizontal forces e.g. wind

FOUNDATION

Weatherproof

BRICK VENIRE

Temporary beams used to hold up the brick work until the mortar dries up

CONCRETE BRICK MASONARY Rendered for asthetics

MORTAR JOINTS Straight seal

30

Reinforced Concrete Slab

Polyethylene Moisture Barrier

Skin/Cladding (Non- Structural) WEEP HOLE

Beam Hanger

V-Joint

Concave Joint

Cantilever

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK SIX_SPANNING & ENCLOSING SPACE STUDIO_ STRUCTURAL CONCEPT

WEEP HOLE Temporary toilet installed

Site fenced

BRICK VENIRE

GENERAL

Skin/Cladding (Non- Structural) CONCRETE BRICK MASONARY

Work delayed due to bad weather.

Work delayed for almost a week, as roofs are yet to be closed

Withstand its own load, horizontal forces e.g. wind

Williamstown (Pasco Street)

Joist Girders Fixed Joints

Joist Hangers Wood Joists

Allows passage of mechanical services

Grain direction determines the structural personmance of the wood

OPEN WEB JOIST FRAMING STRUCTURAL Should withhold, vertical load, withstand wind and seismic forces from any direction

TEMPORARY SCAFFOLDING For Roofing and cladding work

WOOD Weak perpendicular to grain

Strong and stiff, parallel to grain

PLYWOOD Used insteand of angle bracing when window needes to be placed.

31

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK SIX_SPANNING & ENCLOSING SPACE KNOWLEDGE MAP

FLAT ROOFS Pitch 1-3 degrees

• • •

Concrete slabs

•

sloped towrads drainage points and finished with waterproof membranes.

•

Beam and decking •

Joist decking

PITCH AND SLOPPING ROOFS • >3degrees rafters

STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMED ROOFS FLAT- comination of primary and secondary roof beams- heavier roof finishes, metal deck/concrete. Roof beams and purlins for lighter sheet metal roofing.

•

Flat trusses, space frames •

•

CONCRETE ROOFS generally flat plates: reinforced conrete slabs.

•

•

PORTAL FRAMES- Consists of braced rigid metals (two columns and a beam) with purlins for the roof and girts for the walls.

Usually finished with sheet metal.

SPANNING & ENCLOSING SPACES

Beams and Purlins, Trusses •

•

•

32

SLOPPING- Steel roofs consists of roof beams and purlins and lighter sheet metal roofing.

TRUSSED ROOF FRAMED ROOFS: Constructed from a series of open web type steel or timber elements TRUSSES: Timber of steel componentsfixed together to span long distances.

• •

SPACE FRAMES 3D frame type structures that are long spanning in two directions.

LINEAR STEEL sections of various cross section types are welded, bolted or threaded together to form matrix structures.

•

LIFE FRAMED ROOFS GABLE ROOFS: Are a vertical triangular section of wall at one or boths ends of the roof. Consists of common rafters, ridge beams and coiling joists.

HIP ROOFS: Vertical traingular sections of wall at one or both ends of the roof.

Consists of common rafters, hip rafters, valley rafters, jack rafters, ridge beams + coiling joists. Material: Timber Cold formed steel sections

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK SIX_SPANNING & ENCLOSING SPACE KNOWLEDGE MAP

STAINLESS STEEL ALLOYS: Chromium main alloying element (min 12%).

• Milled into coils, sheets, plates, bars, wire and tubing.

• Used in harsh environments (corrosion, weatherprrof) • Expensive (generally not used as primary structure.)

IRON ALLOYS: Steel, alloy of iron & carbon.

Other alloying elements: Mg, Cr, Br, Ti. • Very strong • Transfers heat&electricity • Malleable • Long lasting and wear resistant.

FERROUS METALS

HOT ROLLED STEEL: shaped when metal is hot. Often protected from rusting and corroding by coating (paint or hot dipping). Used for primary strcuture.

FRAMING: Columsn, beams, purlins, stud frames STEEL SHEETINGS: uses: cladding, roofing (corrogated iron or galvanised) REINFORCED BARS: good tension resistance, used in concrete slabs.

METALS

COLD FORMED STEEL: Folded from sheets from previously formed metals and collded down, used as secondary structure.

CAST IRON: iron melted into molten liquil, parled in moulds. Not commonly used because of its weight and brittleness

Magnetic, very reactive, good compressive strength WROUGHT IRON: iron heated + hammered into deshed shaped, used in bars for windows, doors and for decoration

CONSIDERATION: Reacts with other metals by giving up on another metal's ions. Ion transfer happens when metals are in direct contact or in envrionment that fascilitates the transmission of ions(electrolysis). --> May result in corrosion. To reduce the risk, metals should be seperated by e.g. rubber gasket or kept away from moisture.

BRASS: • Tough • Used for elements requiring friction: locks, gears, screws, knobs, lamps • Low melting point: easy to cast.

BRONZE: • Copper + tin • Tough, used for bearings, clips, conductors • Resistant to corrosions TITANIUM: • Very expensive • strong, light, attractive • corrosion resistant • high strength to weight ratio • easily fabricated, appears pillowy rather than flat

LEAD: • Lead pipes, drains in baths • Toxic to humans • Bluish white lustrous material • Very soft, malleable, ductile.

TIN: -toxic -malleable, ductile

ANODIC END (PRONE TO CORROSION) Mg Zn Al Structural steel Cast iron Lead Tin Cu, Brass, Bronze Nickle Titanium SS 430/304/316 CATHODIC END (LESS PRONE TO CORROSION)

ZINC: • Used in galvanising (plating thin layer of zinc onto iron or steel) • Bluish white, lustrous material • Brittle but malleable at 100-150 degrees celcius.

ALUMINUIM: • Very light, non magnetic, no sparking • Pure Al, soft & lacks strength • Allow with small amounts of Cu, Mg or Si could be very useful.

• Uses: window frames, other glazed structure • Reacts with oxygen, preventing further oxidisation.

NON-FERROUS METALS Metals + Alloys COPPER: • Turns green when oxidised • Very malleable & ductile • Good conductor of heat + electricity.

• Used as roofing (natural weathering)

33

WEEK SEVEN_ DETAILING STRATEGIES ONE

34

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK SEVEN_DETAILING STRATEGIES ONE KNOWLEDGE MAP CONTROLLING HEAT Heat gain and heat loss occurs when: • Heat is condctued through the building envelope • The buidling envleope and building elements are radoat heat sources • Thermal mass is used to regulate the flow of heat • Effective heat control- saves money, increase comfort levels for users.

CONDUCTION • • •

Thermal insulation (reduce heat conduction) Thermal breaks (rubbers and plastics to refuce heat transfer) Double glazing (air space between glass panels) RADIATION

•

Refelctive surfaces (low-e glass, refelctive materials) Shading systems (verandahs, eaves, solar shelves, blinds, screens and vegetation)

•

THERMAL MASS •

Exposed thermal mass absotre and store heat, then when temperature drops stored heat is released (DAY & NIGHT, large temperature difference) • e.g. masonry, concrete, water bodies CONTROLLING AIR LEAKAGE

•

If a building has: • An opening • Air present at the opening A force to move air through the opening

TO STOP AIR LEAKAGE (refer to Ching 7.46) • Eliminate causes above (any one) • Wrapping the building in polyethylene or reflective foil sarking to prove an air barrier • Weather stripping around doors and windows

CONTROLLING MOISTURE Water can enter through the building when there is:

•

• An opening • Water present at the opening A force to move water through the opening

If one condition is removed, water cannot enter.

But this is very difficult to achieve.

To prevent water entering into a building, Three different conditions must be present • Remove openings, OR • Keep water away from openings, or • Neutralise the forces that move water through openings. (Newton, Detailing for heat and moisture) • One is sufficient but two or more strategies would be securities if one fails.

DETAILITNG FOR HEAT AND MOISTURE (Newton, 2014)

STRATEGIES • •

OPENINGS can bePlanned:windows, doors, skylights

Unplanned: poor construction, deterioration of materials (over time caused by incorrect use of materials)

Openings can be removed by: sealants (silicon), gaskets (artificial rubbers)- These rely heavily on correnct installation and weathering may cause them to deteriorate.

KEEPING WATER FROM OPENINGS •

Sloping roofs- water collected in guyyers when discharge the water to downpipes and stormwater systems.

• Overlapping cladding and roofing (weatherboards and roof tiles) refer ching p.7.23 • Slopoing window and door sills and roof/wall flashings • Sloping the ground surface away from the walls at the base of buildings NEUTRALISING THE FORCES •

Gravity (Slopes and Overlaps)- refer Ching 7.18, 7.22 • Surface tension and capillary action (When water slips through a tiny space in between the roof and the walls, how strawers work), (typically use a Drip or a Break to prevent water clinging) • Momentum (windblown raind, snow) • Air pressure differential (Outside air pressure much higher than inside) RAIN SCREEN ASSEMBLIES

Water is pumped from the high pressure (outside) to low pressure (inside) To prevent this, air barrier is installed in the internal side of the wall, which creates a PRESSURE EQUALISATION CHAMBER (PEC).

35

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK SEVEN_DETAILING STRATEGIES ONE KNOWLEDGE MAP HARDNESS- Harder rubber: resists abrasions, softer

USES NATURAL RUBER: seals, gaskets&controal joints, flooring (labs), insulation(electrial wiring), hosing & piping SYNTHETIC- MAIN TYPES: EPDM- Gaskets and control joints NEOPRENE- Control Joints SILICONE- seals

CONSIDERATION: Exposure to sunlight can damage rubber and can lose its properties. Sunlight should be avoided or minimised when possible.

rubbers provides better seals FRAGILITY- Low, generally goes not shatter but can wear out.

DUCTILITY- High when hot FLEXIBILITY/PLASTICITY- High POROSITY/PERMEABILITY- Waterproof

RUBBER

DENSITY- 1.5x of water

(Newton, 2014)

CONDUCTIVITY- Very poor DURABILITY- Very durable

RUBER: can be natural, sourced from trees sap, but synthetic rubber is more commonly used as properties are very similar. Rubber can be made into a plastic in the laboratory.

REUSABILITY- High SUSTAINABILITY- Low embodies energy Natural<Synthetic.

COST- Cost effective

HARDNESS- Medium-Low

FRAGILITY- Low-Medium, plasitc does not shatter they way glass does, but can degrade over time DUCTILITY- High when hot

SOURCE: Carbon, silicon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, chloride. These monomers are chemically reacted to form polymers (long chain of molecules).

FLEXIBILITY/PLASTICITY- High POROSITY/PERMEABILITY- Waterproof (Many are) DENSITY- 0.65x of water CONDUCTIVITY- Very poor DURABILITY- Can be durable

PLASTIC

(Newton, 2014)

REUSABILITY- High for thermoplastics and

petrochemical derives.

COST- Cost effective

36

THERMOSPLASTICS- mouldable when heated and become solid when cooled- recyclable.

• Polyethene • Polymethyl methacrylate (perspex, archrylic) • Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC, vinyl) • Polycarbonate THERMOSETTING PLASTICS- can only be shaped once.

•

elastomers, low for thermosetting plastics.

SUSTAINABILITY- Varies, but not renewable as it is

TYPES:

CONSIDERATION: Can be degrades when exposed to weatehr- requires maintanance. Exposure to sunlight should be avoided.

Melamide Formaldehyde (laminex)- finishing surfaces • Polystyrene- Insulation panels.

ELASTOMERS (SYNTHETIC RUBBERS) EPDM, Neoprene, Silicone

WEEK EIGHT_STRATEGIES FOR OPENINGS

37

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK EIGHT_STRATEGIES FOR OPENINGS STUDIO_IN DETAIL

Figure 8.1 I was assigned to draw the section of the top part of the skylight. I did not that this would have been a complex structure; flashing, insulation, different types of timber and etc..

Figure 8.2 When comparing the real life structure with the perspective drawing, it nearly the same but the section was not recognisable at first.

Figure 8.3 Two different types of timber is represented on the drawing above. One is represented by a cross in a box as it is not really significant (important structure wise). The other timber shows some more detail as it is more imporant- it is the ceiling that people would be able to see from the inside.

38

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK EIGHT_STRATEGIES FOR OPENINGS KNOWLEDGE MAP

GEOMETRY, MOMENT OF INERTIA & DEFORMATION (Ching, 2008)

•

"Sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its distance from a poplnar axis of rotation. It is a geometric property that indicates how the cross-sectional area of a structural member is distributed and does not reflect the intrinsic physical properties of a material" (Ching, 2008) •

(Refer Ching 2.14-2.15)

Entrance & exit for buildings

DOOR OPERATION & ITS USE:

Consider accessbility (size), and ease of operation

OPENINGS: DOORS (Ching, 2008)

Consider aesthetic qualities

(refer Ching Chapter 8)

Security (Lock, strength)

• •

•

Swinging (Exterior & interior) Bypass Sliding (Exterior & interior) Surface Sliding (Exterior & interior) • Pocket Sliding (Interior) • Folding (Interior) Performance (light, glazing,

Door Frame (Types & sizes)

Finishing (materiality, painting)

Weatherproof (rain, wind and etc)- weather stripping

39

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK EIGHT_STRATEGIES FOR OPENINGS KNOWLEDGE MAP TYPES FLAT GLASS: sheets or clear or tinted float, laminated, tempered, wired SHAPED GLASS: curved, blocks, channels, tubes, fibres COMPONENTS FORMERS: basic ingredients, any chemical melted then cooled into a glass is a former. (silica)

HARDNESS- High POROSITY- NON- POROUS (Waterproof) DENSITY- Medium-high. Approx. 2.7x than water FRAGILITY- High SUSTAINABILITY- High embodies energy and carbon foorprint, but easy to reuse

FLOAT GLASS: Most common glass production process.

CLEAR FLOAT GLASS The simplest and cheapest glass, no further treatment after the float fabrication.

FLUXES: help FORMERS to melt at lower and more practical temperatures. (Soda Ash/ Potash/ Lithium Carbonate)

Ideal in low rick/cost/ small size glazing situation. Breaks into very sharp and dangerour shards.

Stabilizers: Combie with formers and fluxes to prevent glass from dissovling or crumbling. (Limestone/ Alumina Magnesia)

LAMINATED GLASS Plastic interlayer(tough) is bonded between two glass panes. Improves security and safety of glass, when cracked, sharp fragments tend to adhere to the plastic.

TEMPERED GLASS Annealed glass is heated to spprox. 650'C, to the point where it softens. Then it is cooled, rapidly creates a state of high compression in the outer surface of the glass. Bending strength increased by 4.5times that of annealed glass and makes it break into small pellet pieces. Used in (balustrades, partitions, facades)

GLASS

(Newton, 2014) Flexibility- high wheen molten but low when cooled

CONDUCTIVITY- Transmits heat and light but not electricity COST- Generally expensive to make and transport

DUCTILITY- Very low

OTHER TYPES TINTED GLASS: Reduces visible ligh transfer WIRED GLASS: Similar to laminated glass, but steel wire mesh is used.

PATTERNED GLASS: Roolled glass process- used when pricay and light are required CURVED GLASS: Produced in moulds, created to meet spesific design requirements, it is expensive.

PHOTOVOLTAIC GLASS: With integrated solar cells GLASS CHANNELS: used in gacade systems SLUMPED AND FORMED GLASS: used as design features GLASS FIBRES: Hair like strauds- used in telecommunications

40

WEEK NINE_ DETAILING STRATEGIES TWO

41

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK NINE_DETAILING STRATEGIES TWO STUDIO_OFF CAMPUS

Figure 9.1.1 Temporary structure for pedestrian protection.

Also used for lifting building materials and structures by using the crane. Colums are load bearing structures, thus fixed securely o the ground.

Figure 9.1.5 Every floor in this building is fire rated and must withstand fire for 2 hours without collapsing. Special coating is sprayed on the main core structures of the building.

42

Figure 9.1.2 Diesel crane used. Speed is much faster than electic crane. Also better efficiency (cost, cheaper to buy diesel than using electricity).

Figure 9.1.6 Most scaffoldings are temporary. It should be easy to assemble and disassemble.

Figure 9.1.3 Machines like the above are called 'mechanical plants'. In this case the airconditioning unit is lifted from groud floor to the top floor, using crane.

Figure 9.1.4 To use the road to park the truck and transport materials, permit from the local council must be issued. This process involves cost and work is under time contraint.

Figure 9.1.7 Loading bay is used to lift materials up from the ground floor and place them on to the bay. It has a maximum weight limit the structure can withhold.

Figure 9.1.8 Floors/ceiling are acqustic proof. Due to the nature of the chambers used by lawyers, it was requested by the firm so sound does not transfer outside the chambers.

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK NINE_DETAILING STRATEGIES TWO STUDIO_OFF CAMPUS

Figure 9.1.9 The glazing is screwed on to a strcuture joined on to the building then concrete is poured to reinforce stability.

Figure 9.2.5 Cableboard runs aroun the floor in a ring. All service cables are placed on the board.

Figure 9.2.1 Windows/... are designed in Australia and order is placed in China. They are made in China and shipped directly to Melbourne. It is much more cost effective this way than manufacturing locally.

Figure 9.2.6 In each floor there is a cabinet for electrical/ service cables(including fire cables).

Figure 9.2.2 Facades- glazing to glazing. Thus non load bearing. Load is concentrated on the primary structures of the building around the center.

Figure 9.2.3 There is slight difference in the level in the floor where the toilet will be placed- For drainage.

Figure 9.2.7 Light weight concrete produced in Sydney.

Although it is quite brittle and has a lot of air bubbles (to reduce weight), it is strong enough to withstand the load.

43

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK NINE_DETAILING STRATEGIES KNOWLEDGE MAP

AGEING GRACEFULLY -needs to consider materials carefully according to the environment e.g. near beach side -wood: fading out -copper turning green when oxidised

MOVEMENT JOINTS (minor movemtns potentially causing cracking): -Compressed -As installed -Elongated (refer Ching p.7.50)

CLEANABLE SURFACES -Butt cove: resisilent clooring -Straight base: for carpeted floors -Top set cove: any flooring type -Cove and cap strips (refer p10.19,10.23) -bathrooms- consider resistance to moisture)

CONSTRUCTION DETAILING (Newton, 2014)

44

CONSTRUCTABILITY

HEALTH & SAFETY

- Off the shell items(cheaper): for cost related issues.

-Detailing to suit construction expertise -Consider how easy is it to access the materials?

-meeting standards/building code (size requirements) -fire safety- spraying coatings on main structures, as seen in site visit)

REPAIRALE SURFACES & RESISTANCE TO DAMAGE -surfaces of materials -consider daily life actions- movement of users, vacuum cleaning etc. (refer p7.50,10.11)

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK NINE_DETAILING STRATEGIES KNOWLEDGE MAP

MONOLITHIC - a single material or when materials are combined, not distinguishable.

Source: (http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yp-Ia6H43lY/TjlUYjouo7I/AAAAAAAAASM/ nLnRYQMwxBw/s1600/composite.JPG)

ALUMINIUM SHEET PRODUCTS -Made from aluminium and plastic.

Forms: a plastic core of phenolic resin (or a honeycomb sheet) lined with two external skins of thin aluminium sheet -Use: Cladding material in interior and exterior applications -Benefits: Reduces aluminium use thus lighter weight.

Weather resistant, unbreakable and shock resistant.

Vareity of detailing can be achieved; cutting, folding, bending and fixing.

FIBREGLASS -Made from mixture of glass fibres and epoxy resins -Forms: flat and profiled sheet products -Use: Transparent or translucent roof/wall cladding and preformed shaped products (water tanks, baths, swimming pools) -Benefits: fire resistant, weatherproof, light weight and strong

COMPOSITE MATERIALS (Newton, 2014)

FIBRE REINFORCED POLYMERS -Made from polymers (plastics) with timber or carbon fibres.

-Forms: often associated with moulded or pultrusion processed products -Use: decking & external cladding), structural elements; beams and columns.

-Benefits: High strength FRP materials with glass or carbon fibre reinforcements provide a strength to weight ratio greater than steel. FRP composite materials are corrosion resistant.

COMPOSITE -Two or more materials, materials easily distinguishable.

-remain bonded together -retain their identities.

TIMBER COMPOSITES -Made from combinations of solid timber, engineered timber, galvanised pressed steel -Forms: timber top and bottom chords with galvanised steel or engineered board/ plywood webs -Use: Beams (floor joists & roof rafters) and trusses -Benefits: minimum amount of material is used for maximum efficiency, cost effective, easy to install.

FIBRE REINFORCED CEMENT (FRC) -Made from cellulose, portland cement, sand & water -Forms: Sheet & board -Use: cladding for exterior or interior (wet area) walls, floor panels (under tiles) -Benefit: Will not burn, resitant to water, tmermite damage, rotting & warping -Inexpensive material

45

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK NINE_DETAILING STRATEGIES KNOWLEDGE MAP

EFFICIENCY- Increased by configuring the cross section to prodive the required moment of inertia, by making the section deep.

DEFELCTION- Perdendicular distance a spanning member deviates from a true course under transverse loading, increasing with load and span.

BEAMS

Designed to carry and transfer transverse across space to supporting elements.

(Ching, 2008)

ECCENTRIC LOADS- When load is not placed on the centre.This can produce bending and cause uneven stress distribution in the section. (Ching, 2008)

SHORT & THICK- fails by crushing than buckling.

This happens when direct stress from an axial load exceeds the compressive strength of the material available in the cross scetion. (Ching, 2008)

COLUMNS

Designed to support axial compressive loads, which is applied to the ends of structure.

(Ching, 2008)

BENDING MOMENT- Is an external moment tending to cause part of structure to ratae or bend.

BUCKLING- Sudden lateral or torsionl instailibity of a slender structural member induced by the action of an axial load before the yield stress of the material is reached. If load is applied further, it will cause the oclum to deflect until it fails.(Ching, 2008).

RESISTING MOMENT- Internal moment equal and opposite to a bending moment, creates equilibrium

BENDING STRESS- combination of compresssive and tension stresses, to resist a transverse force.

46

KERN AREA- central area of any horizontal section of a column or wall. Compressive load must passes through this part of the structure if only compressive stresses are present. A compressive load applied beyond this section will cause tensile(stretched) stress to develop in the section. (Ching, 2008)

LONG & SLENDER-Fails by buckling. Primary aim for this column is to reduce its slenderness ratio by shortening its length, or maximising the radius of gyration of its cross section.

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK NINE_DETAILING STRATEGIES KNOWLEDGE MAP JOINT MOVEMENTS: -Compressed -As installed -Elongated

EXPANSION JOINTS- gaps (hollow or filled with elastic material) between walls e.g. bricks to allow movement; thermal, or moisture.

ISOLATION JOINTS- divies large or geometrically complex structure into sections. Allows differential movments or settlements to occure.

TYPES

TYPES- Low/Medium/High Range Sealants (refer Ching 7.50)

CONTROL JOINTS- Grooves or seperations formed in concrete masonary to regulate cracking resulted from drying.

MOVEMENT JOINTS (Ching, 2008)

EXAPNSION JOINT COVERS

JOINT SEALANTS

CONCRETE FOUNDATION WALL WALL & ROOF JUNCTURE FLAT ROOF COLUMN AND WALL JUNCTURE

CONSIDERATIONS: -Substrate must be dry and compatible with the sealant.

FINISH WORK

-Primer may be required.

PLASTERS PLASTERS LATH PLASTERS PARTITION

-The joint filler controls the depth of the sealant contact with the joining parts. (refer Ching 7.50)

TERRAZZO CERAMIC TILE GYPSUM BOARDS

WOOD

RESILIENT FLOORING STONE

47

WEEK TEN_ WHEN THINGS GO WRONG

48

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK TEN_DETAILING STRATEGIES STUDIO_IN DETAIL (PART TWO)

cade

er Fa

Timb

Glazin

g (win

dow) Figure 10.1 Isometric view of the section was created by extending the lines on a 45 degree angle. By doing so the shape of the structure became much more obvious where as i the 2D section drawings did not really look realistic. Although the isometric view does not represent elements in proper scale, it gives an idea of the actual shapes and understandings of the structure.

When we went to the pavillion to have a look at my structure, it was quite difficult to take photograph of the structure as it was on the rooftop. Also only the elements on the exterior was visible; the timber facse and the glazing.

49

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK TEN_DETAILING STRATEGIES KNOWLEDGE MAP

LATERAL FORCES

LATERAL BRACING

SIGN -Earthquake: the whole structure moves -Wind: The sign part of the structure moves substantially.

-Presences of bracings on a building for horizontal forces. The movement of the building becomes more even.

DIAPHRAGMS

DEISNG CONSIDERATIONS -Small, thin concrete blocks on the edge of the building could significantly affect the movement (wind) -Cantilevered awnings affected by wind hugely.

-Flat roof is uplifted by wind like an airplane.

Different effects on different buildings.

BUILDING ON A HILL

WATERTOWER -Earthquake: the whole structure moves substantially -Wind: winds flows through the structure.

LATERAL SUPPORTS (Newton, 2014)

-Part of the building (where it meets the ground) would move more vigorisuly. Solution: Horizontal bracing, horizontal columns to resist movements

IRREGULAR STIFFNESS -Movement is higher where it is more open.

Solution: making the building more symmetrical.

SPLIT HEIGHT (ASYMETRICAL)

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SOFT STOREY

DISCONTINUOUS STRUCTURAL MEMBERS

-Ground floor/foyer very opened (windows and etc). Solution: Horizontal bracing.

-Re-entrant corner. Internal corner where the two buildings meet could be the break point when they move at a different rate. Solution: stiffning the corner, the loads would be more easily resisted.

-Discontinuos columns: When columns are discontinuos. Solution: other colums needs to be designed so that they can resist the loads.

Seismic Torsion: When there is shear wall at one end, the two ends of the building would move at different rate. Solution: Placing shear wall at both ends of the building to resist torsion..

-The different part of the building would move at a different rate. Solution: Structuraly seperating the building so that the movment become independent.

U-BUILDING -The less stiffer side of the building will move more. Solution: horizontal bracing so that the building moves as one entity.

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

WEEK TEN_DETAILING STRATEGIES KNOWLEDGE MAP

TIMBER FASCIA • •

Suitability Exposure • Compatibility • Strength & deflection Long term performance & maintanence • Construction + detailing

TIMBER FASCIA •

Black plaint: exposure to sun and facing north.

• Too wide and thin • Causes warping(bending), cracking • Needs to be replaced.

•

HEALTH •

COLLAPSES & FAILIURES

•

(Ashford, 2014)

HEROS & VILLAINS Long term performance, considering its location: beachside • Flat sheet cladding (no visible fastening) • Is the glue strong enough?, right material?

• Gaps sealed with sealand (but poor finishing; workmanship) • Sheets are starting to blistering exposed to northerly sun.

• Edges coming off; moisture entering the building.

• Asthetic, perfomance quality lost.

VILLIAINS paints, adhesives (oil based, aerosol) • carpet •

(Hes, 2014)

EXTERNAL CLADDING

avoid harmful materials (e.g. oil based materials) • minimuse dust captures (carpet) • Minimum cleaning

HEROS bamboo- no finish required • Paint- water based

•

ENERGY

SOURCE & WASTE • • • •

• •

May contribuite to climate change Look at material's embodied energy

•

VILLIAINS Aluminium, light bulbs(downlights)

• Limited resource Avoid buying too much material

VILLAINS Timber (Some take 100 years to grow) excessively large materials (tiles, timber) HEROS Bamboo(only takes 3-4 years to grow: almost grass like) • Carpet made out of grass

•

HEROS • Timber Local materials (less transport energy used) • LED

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS GALVANIC CORROSION

WEEK TEN_DETAILING STRATEGIES KNOWLEDGE MAP

•

•

• •

Shellac- Impregnated Asbestos Cloth Stopped contact between the two metals

However it became porous, and moisture is held between the two metals Thus electrical conduction between two metals

TALE OF CORROSION STATUE OF LIBERTY (Cameron, 2014)

• •

Iron Structural system + • Copper Cladding

•

• Caused galvanic corrosion iron corroded, thus size increased.

COPPER OXIDATION Beautiful, distinctive cladding Brown--> Green when oxidised

Source: (www2.cnrs.fr) •

Replaced by teflon coated stainless steel • Teflon does not hold water

•

Iron structure removed.

Source: http://www.atp.cx/statue-of-liberty/

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CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP DURING WEEK 8

Source: (http://www.alltradetools.com/catalog/ blades/351-831407-15-hand-saw.html)

Figure 11.1.1 Hand saw and hammer were the main tools used during the workshop. It was crucial for us to take care at all times when using these tools.

Figure 11.1.5 Using this machine, the load was applied (amount of load increased slowly unil the structure failed). The maxiumum load (weight) and deflection was measured and recorded.

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Figure 11.1.2 At first we did not know in what way the load was going to be applied to the structure.

Therefore we initially did not think about the orientation of the structure.

Figure 11.1.6 The structure cracked where the load was applied. Although the pinewood cracked, the plywood survied.

Result: 55cm_330kg (Best in the group)

Figure 11.1.3 This image shows the section of the structure.

This is was the orientation of the structure we have initially thought to be placed when the load is applied.

Figure 11.1.7 The pinewood cracked from the bottom, where it experienced more tension(stretching), while the plywood was just strecthing which did not crack. When the load was removed, the plywood returned(deflected) to its original state.

Figure 11.1.4 However the load was applied with the plywood on the bottom because it was stronger in tension while the pinewood was stronger in compression.

Figure 11.1.8 Also the crack started where the nail was.

Initially we though that it was fine to place as many nails we could in order to make the structure more secure. However it actually made the pinewood more weaker, actually breaking the grain (similar to faulty/poor quality woods)

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP DURING WEEK 8

compression + tension

Tension (bending observed)

Tension (greater)

Figure 11.1.9 This image shows the load path we have thought initially. We thought that the load would be distributed evenly through out the structure, with the small wooden pieces acting as bracings.

Figure 11.2.1 However we believe that the load was not distributed evenly. The load would have gone right through the middle which made the wooden bracings redundant.

SPAN

JOINT

MATERIAL

SCALE

Figure 11.2.4 If span was shorter (the distance between the wooden pieces our structure was placed on), the structure would have experienced less in compression thus allowing more load to be applied.

Figure 11.2.5 The joints in this structure were all fixed be steel nails. As nail was one of the aspects that caused the crack, other materials should be considered such as nail plates which holds the structures sturdily, but the creating less deep damages to the wood.

Figure 11.2.6 Every material used to build the strcuture was wood. Metal could have been used as it is strong in both tension and compression compared to wood. But metal is generally costly and not a favourable material to use in a workshop situation like this one.

Figure 11.2.7 It was my first time building a 1:1 structure with real building materials. At first it was difficult to apply my general knowledges thus the properties of the materials were not identified correctly. It was easier to see how joints work as opposed to working with scaled drawings where usually symbols are used.

Figure 11.2.2 However we believe that the load was not distributed evenly. The load would have gone right through the middle which made the wooden bracings redundant.

Figure 11.2.3 The two pinewood at the top and the bottom would go under both tension and compression. The plywood was under tension which means that they were not effective as bracings. The pinewood at the bottom would be under a greater tension and was not able to hold heavier load than our group's structure.

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

GLOSSARY Alloy- A combination of two more element. At least one should be a metal. E.g. Stainless steel- alloying meterial + chromium Axial Load-The longitudinal force acting on a structural member (Dictionary of Construction, n.d.).

Beam- A horizontal load-bearing structural member. ("Common construction terms", 2002).

Bracing- A member, usually a diagonal, which resists lateral loads and/or movements of a structure ("Common construction terms", 2002).

Braced Frame- A wooden structural framing system in which all vertical members, except for corner posts, extend for one floor only. The corner posts are braced to the sill and plates (Dictionary of Construction, n.d.).

Buckling- Sudden lateral or torsionl instailibity of a slender structural member induced by the action of an axial load before the yield stress of the material is reached (Ching, 2008).

Cantilever- When part of a building or structure overhands without any extra support. Thus load applied onto the cantilever is transferred to the ground.

Column- Freestanding vertical load bearing member ("Common construction terms", 2002).

Composit Beam- A beam combining different materials to work as a single unit, such as structural steel and concrete or cast-in-place and precast concrete (Dictionary of Construction, n.d.).

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Compression- A force that is opposite to tension.

Occurs when a structure is pushed in or squeezed.

Concrete plank-A hollow-core or solid, flat beam used for floor or roof decking. Concrete planks are usually precast and prestressed (Dictionary of Construction, n.d.).

Cornice- An ornamental molding of wood or plaster that encircles a room just below the ceiling. Or an exterior ornamental trim at the meeting of the roof and wall. This type of cornice usually includes a bed molding, a soffit, a fascia, and a crown molding (Dictionary of Construction, n.d.).

Corrosion- Rusting or oxidation of a metal. Can be galvanic corrosion due to contact between different materials.

Defect- Any condition or characteristic that detracts from the appearance, strength, or durability of an object (Dictionary of Construction, n.d.).

Down Pipe- Pipe connected to the gutter so that the water can run down into the drains or stormwater tank.

Eave- Part of the roof which extends beyond the walls of a building. Usually to let the water run down.

Fascia- A board used on the outside vertical face of a cornice. Or the board connecting the top of the siding with the bottom of a soffit. Or a board nailed across the ends of the rafters at the eaves (Dictionary of Construction, n.d.).

Flashing- A thin metal piece used on roofs and walls, to prevent water from entering the building.

Frame- The skeleton of a structure.

Girder-A large principal beam of steel, reinforced concrete, wood, or a combination of these, used to support other structural members at isolated points along its length (Dictionary of Construction, n.d.).

Gutter- Bucket like structure at the bottom of the roofs or under the eaves to collect water off the roof.

IEQ- Indoor environmental quality. An important criterion for green, or sustainable, building design, this refers to general overall building occupant comfort. Includes humidity, ventilation and air circulation, acoustics, and lighting (Dictionary of Construction, n.d.).

Insulation- Insulation is creating space between two areas e.g. walls and roofs. Can be thermal(prevents heat loss; insulation batts), acoustic(sound) and etc.

Joist- 1. A piece of lumber two or four inches thick and six or more inches wide, used horizontally as a support for a ceiling or floor. Also, such a support made from steel, aluminum, or other material. See also random lengths.

2. Parallel beams of lumber, concrete, or steel used to support floor and ceiling systems(Dictionary of Construction, n.d.).

Lintel-A horizontal supporting member, installed above an opening such as a window or a door, that serves to carry the weight of the wall above it (Dictionary of Construction, n.d.)

Life Cycle- A term often used to describe the period of time that a building can be expected to actively and adequately serve its intended function.

CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

GLOSSARY Load Path- Diagram to represent how load is transferred in a structural system Masonry- Buildings with units of various natural or manufacture products. Usually with the use of mortars as a bonding agent ("Common construction terms", 2002).

Moment- Tendency to make an object or a point rotate. A force will only produce a moment about a point if it's applied at a distance rom that point along a line of action that does not pass through the point. (e-learning, 2014) Nogging-The process of filling the space between timber framing members with bricks (Dictionary of Construction, n.d.).

Pad Footing- A thick slab-type foundation used to support a structure or a piece of equipment (Dictionary of Construction, n.d.).

Parapet- An extension added on top of the roof, usually for aesthetic purposes especially in Vicotrian buildings to look formal.

Point Load- concentrated load on a structural member ("Point load", n.d.)

Reaction Force- Equal and opposite to applied load for the structure to remain static/stalbe. If the two froces are not equal part of the structure could move.

Retaining Wall- Wall structure used to hold soil in slopes. e.g. gardens with uneven slope of soil.

Sandwich Panel-A panel formed by bonding two thin facings to a thick, and usually lightweight, core.

Typical facing materials include plywood, single veneers, hardboard, plastics, laminates, and various metals, such as aluminum or stainless steel. Typical core materials include plastic foam sheets, rubber, and formed honeycombs of paper, metal, or cloth.

(Dictionary of Construction, n.d.)

Sealant- Material used to seal something e.g. cracks, holes, joints, blocking moisture.

Seasoned Timber- Dried timber with moisture contect of approximately 15% and below.

Shadow Line JointShear Wall- Wall that could resist lateral forces, e.g. wind, earthquake.

Purlin-One of several horizontal structural members that support roof loads and transfer them to roof beams (Dictionary of Construction, n.d.).

Slab on Grade(Ground)-A concrete slab placed on grade, sometimes having insulation board or an impervious membrane beneath it.(Dictionary of Construction, n.d.)

Rafter- One of a series of sloping parallel beams used to support a roof covering.(Dictionary of Construction, n.d.).

Soffit-The underside of a part or member of a structure, such as a beam, stairway, or arch.

(Dictionary of Construction, n.d.)

Reaction Force- Equal and opposite to applied load for the structure to remain static/stalbe. If the two froces are not equal part of the structure could move.

Soft Storey- Form of building where the ground floor is very opened (usually glazed) for aesthetics.

Spacing- The repeating distance between a seies of like or similar elements.

Span- The distant between two structural supports.

Stability- Is when the load and the oppostie reaction forces are equal.

Strip Footing- A continuous foundation of which the length considerably exceeds the breadth. (Dictionary of Construction, n.d.)

Structural Joint- A point where strcutural members are joined together and load is transferred.

Sometimes a joint must be ealed from weather and does not take load.

Stud-A vertical member of appropriate size (2" x 4" to 4" x 10") (or 50 mm x 100 mm to 100 mm x 250 mm) and spacing (16" to 30") (or 400 mm to 750 mm) to support sheathing or concrete forms (Dictionary of Construction, n.d.)

Substructure-The foundation of a building that supports the superstructure-(The part of a building or other structure above the foundation.) (Dictionary of Construction, n.d.).

Tension- A force that stretches and elongates the matreial Top Chord- The top or bottom members of a truss (typically horizontal), as distinguished from the web members.(Dictionary of Construction, n.d.)

Vapour Barrier-Material used to prevent the passage of vapor or moisture into a structure or another material, thus preventing condensation within them (Dictionary of Construction, n.d.).

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CONSTRUCTING ENVIRONMENTS

REFERENCES Ashford, P. (2014). W10_c1 Collapses and Failures. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNEl-fYRi_I&feature=youtu.be Cameron, R. (2014). W10_m2 A Tale of Corrosion. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be Ching, Frank. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc. Common construction terms. (2002). Retrieved from http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/construction/glossary/3246/common_terms.htm#S Grose, Margaret (2014). Melbourne's Bluestone. Retrived from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGMA71_3H6o&feature=youtu.be Hes, D. (2014). W10_m1 Heroes and culprits. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.be Interesting facts about balsa wood. (1995). Retrieved from http://www.mat.uc.pt/~pedro/ncientificos/artigos/techbal.html Newton, C. (2014). W01 c1 Construction Overview. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHqr-PyAphw&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W01 m1 Introduction to Materials. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CJ8o_lJbg&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W01 s1 Load Path Diagrams. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y__V15j3IX4&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W02 s1 Structural Systems. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l--JtPpI8uw&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W02 c1 Construction Systems. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zTarEeGXOo&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W02 ESD and Selecting Materials. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luxirHHxjIY&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W02 s2 Structural Joints. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxRdY0jSoJo&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W03_c1 FOOTINGS & FOUNDATIONS. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W03_m1 INTRODUCTION TO MASS CONSTRUCTION. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W03_m2 INTRODUCTION TO MASONRY. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W03_m4 STONE. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vn5_dk4RtQ&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W03_m5 CONCRETE BLOCKS. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W03_s1 STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be

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REFERENCES Newton, C. (2014). W03_s1 W03_m3 BRICKS. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lYlQhkMYmE&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W04_c1 FLOOR SYSTEMS. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W04_m1 CONCRETE. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1M19C25MLU&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W04_m2 IN SITU CONCRETE. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3zW_TBGjfE&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W04_m3 PRE CAST CONCRETE. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scYY-MMezI0&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W05_c1 WALLS, GRIDS AND COLUMNS. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W05_m1 From Wood to Timber. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJL0vCwM0zg&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W05_m2 Timber Properties and Considerations. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul0r9OGkA9c&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W05_m3 Engineered Timber Products. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W06_c1 Roof Systems. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W06_m1 Introduction to Metals. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W06_m2 Ferrous Metals. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQy3IyJy-is&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W06_m3 Non Ferrous Metals. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W07_c1 Detailing for Heat and Moisture. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.beu.be Newton, C. (2014). W07_m1 Rubber. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W07_m2 Plastics. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pfnCtUOfy4&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W08_c1 OPENINGS: DOORS & WINDOWS. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W08_m1 GLASS. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W09_c1 Construction Detailing. Retrieved from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be

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REFERENCES Newton, C. (2014). W09_m1 Composite Materials. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uem1_fBpjVQ&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). W10 s1 Lateral Supports. Retrieved from: https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/webapps/blackboard/content/listContentEditable.jsp?content_ id=_4336783_1&course_id=_271852_1 Point load. (n.d.). Retrieved March 21, 2014, from DictionaryOfConstruction.com

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