Cruising the Island by Zachary Calbo-Jackson

Zachary Calbo-Jackson B.Arch Spring 2019 This thesis is presented to the College of Architecture, Art & Planning of Cornell University in partial fulfillment of the requirements fro the degree of Bachelor of Architecture, May, 2019.

Advisors Danica Selem Kent Hubbell

I would like to dedicate this thesis to all of the wonderful people who, without their guidance, I would not have been able to complete this work.

To my loving parents and brother, I am eternally grateful for the guidance you offer me every day. My fearlessness in pursuing my passions, I owe to you all. Thank you for your constant love and support throughout my five years here, without which I could not have made it so far away from home. I love you so much.

To all of the Black and Brown faces on the Milstein plate, thank you for being present. You were a constant reminder that I was in the right place and I deserve to be here just as much as anyone else.

To Danica and Kent, thank you for sticking with me on my outlandish ideas and for never making me feel as though I should change my topic. Thank you for meeting with me every week and dedicating your time outside of our meetings to think about my project. I am so grateful for your commitment to my work and I wish you the best.

To my lovely thesis helper, Nkirote Kirimi, your assistance in was vital and without you I literally would have had nothing to pin up. I am so grateful for your help at any crazy hour of the night and the interest and dedication you had toward my project.

And finally, to my thesis section, my crew: Eduardo, Ada, Roong, Tara, Luciana, Maria, William, Charly and Rachael . Your endless advice and contributions to my project are only mirrored with your endless contributions to my state of mind. I could not have gotten through this semester without you and could not have asked for better people to close out my final semester here at Cornell.

Gay men have always had to rely on a hidden vernacular in order to navigate the outside world. In Britain in the 1900s to the 1970s, Polari was a secretive slang that served as a way to determine someone’s sexuality as well as allow gay men to freely speak without fear of exposure. Today, dating apps on online chats allow for a completely anonymous form of communication. These codified means of communication vary from generation to generation. Various forms of identity can be expressed through vocabulary, subtle accessories and the spaces which gay men choose to occupy.

Cruising, the practice of seeking sex in public spaces, has long since been written into urban history. Public bathrooms, parking lots, and city parks have long been enlisted for the cause despite their planner’s intentions, while darkrooms and some bathhouses are designed specifically for it.

In today’s day and age, the use of geosocial dating apps, such as Grindr, have begun to create a new “architectonic of digitally interconnected bedrooms” thus changing the landscape of queer space. Years of previously experienced knowledge is available at the edge of our fingertips. Sizing up a person is done remotely rather than in the moment. Locations for a rendezvous are predetermined and planned. The circulation of bodies in digital space can only travel so far before it requires a physical location.

Through small-scale interventions, I will explore the architectural implications of using churches, grocery stores, and other non-sexual locales as subversive spaces to accommodate gay cruising. Given the varied typologies that I will be analyzing further, the location of the project is yet to be determined. The research should develop, rather than a specific site, a methodology that can attach itself to various space

Essay By Zachary Calbo-Jackson

According to architect and queer theorist, Aaron Betsky, queer space can be broken down into four overarching categories: Space made by queer men and women, space made for queer men and women, spaces where queer acts take place and spaces that for whatever reason are queer.

Gay men have always had to rely on a hidden vernacular in order to navigate the outside world. In Britain in the 1900s through the 1970s, Polari was a secretive slang that served as a way to determine someone’s sexuality as well as allow gay men to freely speak without fear of exposure. Combined with a spatial understanding of where this language could be used, gay men have to learn how to safely navigate the heteronormative world. The growth of the metropolis has developed a lexicon of spaces that promote same-sex interactions. Today, dating apps allow for a completely anonymous form of communication, yet they cannot facilitate physical social interactions. In today’s day and age, the use of geosocial dating apps, such as Grindr, have begun to create a new “architectonic of digitally interconnected bedrooms” (Cruising Pavilion) thus changing the landscape of queer space. Sizing up a person is done remotely rather than in the moment. The circulation of bodies in digital space can only travel so far before it requires a physical architecture. Through the growth of technology and a new digital and experiential understanding of space, these codified means of communication vary from generation to generation. Various forms of identity can be expressed through specialized vocabulary, subtle accessories and the spaces which gay men choose to occupy. Architecture, though it does not often manifest as an explicit intervention, facilitates how queer identities have developed throughout history. What is queer space? According to architect and queer theorist, Aaron Betsky, queer space can be broken down into four overarching categories: Space made by queer men and women, space made for queer men and women, spaces where queer acts take place and spaces that for whatever reason are queer. These spaces, through history, have developed as places that allowed for non-normative sexualities to develop. Because of the nature of these practices, these architectures had to establish a strong sense of privacy. Architecture, like the queer people who occupied

it, had to “pass” in order for it to maintain it’s identity. By that, it had to develop an artificial zone of security by exhibiting behavior deemed appropriate to the masses. Through both literal and metaphorical facades, these queer spaces began to grow. There is little that makes an architecture inherently a queer architecture. By its nature, queer space is not a built space but rather, constructed by its use. Unlike other categorized or labeled spaces such as bars or libraries, queer spaces do not exhibit a distinct architecturally ordered space. There is no distinguishing characteristic, no set ornamentation to secure the architecture as such a space. Often, these spaces arise in places of select privacy; the bathhouse being a prime example of such an architecture. With the criminalization of same-sex relations, “sexual outlaws” were forced to “become experts at stealing moments of privacy and at finding cracks in society where they could meet and not get caught” (Bérubé, 2003). The gendered nature of the

The circulation of bodies in digital space can only travel so far before it requires a physical architecture. Through the growth of technology and a new digital and experiential understanding of space, these codified means of communication vary from generation to generation. bathhouse played a crucial factor in its elevation to a queer space. By separating men and women, the spaces offer a quasi-public place where queer men can meet others seeking similar experiences and engage in sexual activities. The bathhouse provides men with “space to define, support, or flaunt their sexual interests” (Tewksbury, 2002). The programmatic design of the bathhouse allows an environment with varying levels of privacy as one progresses through. Varying degrees of nonsexual open spaces such as gyms and

locker rooms transition into, charged saunas and steam rooms with limited visibility. This continues further with gay as there is a deeper level of private rooms, sex paraphernalia and opportunities for group activities. The privacy of a bathhouse, that is the added level of protection, provided a place in which gay men could freely interact with other men. The realms of sensuality offer respite for queer men and generate the growth of the queer identity.

Queer space is not a physical, formalized space, but rather seeks opportunity in the dominant frameworks of society. It manifests itself in urban institutions such as coffee shops, bars, parks, gyms, and baths by the allowance of free circulation. This circulation between queer individuals flies under the radar in that these programs. It is through coded patterns, concealed languages and hidden typologies, that queer persons may navigate. Cruising culture developed, in part, from the flaws found in architecture in heteronormative society. These places that are [r]elegated to the realm of depravity, [feed] off its most structuring disciplinary features. In the bathrooms built for cleanliness and the parks made for peacefulness, and also through the figures of the policeman and the flĂ˘neur, the modern city is cruised, dismantled and made into a drag of itselfâ&#x20AC;? (Cruising Pavilion).

Queer subversion of existing architectures offers an insight into what standardized architecture lacks.

The bathhouse as a designed space that offers freedoms to queer men that previously were pushed to the outskirts of society. Hidden in plain sight, they offer an urban intervention into atypical formworks. These adaptations are considered simultaneously with the foundation of the building, the program is considered with the design of the building.

Exposed concrete or brick, industrial lights, minimalist ornamentation all shaped the way these spaces were experienced.

The architecture firm, Studio Karhad, does not design explicitly for the queer community, but the execution of their projects welcomes appropriation by the community. The firm designed the Berghain nightclub, an infamous club that prides itself on its mystery and privacy. There are no official architectural drawings available, the firm has little to advertise on the interiors of the building and the club does not allow its guests to take pictures. Yet it has become a beacon for queer people worldwide. The building is a renovation project that occupies a former East German power plant that is a few blocks away from the Berlin Wall. This Stalinist architectural behemoth does not exude warm and welcoming architectural elements. Its facade remains simple and powerful, the lack of ornamentation, a strategy whereby the building adopts a serious, to the point function, is juxtaposed with its transgressive interior. Never could the original architects of the building have imagined it to become a haven for sex dungeons or multistory bars in their space. The secrecy

of this architecture lends itself to the culture of similar queer spaces. As these were often found in deserted, neglected, industrial spaces, a vernacular of gay spaces began to grow. Exposed concrete or brick, industrial lights, minimalist ornamentation all shaped the way these spaces were experienced. This vernacular is translated worldwide, in the piers of New York City, the alleys and factories in the Castro and nested in old cellars in Europe. Today, theorists and architects have worked to describe the implications homosexuality plays on an Architecture through various methods. The Cruising Pavilion, curated by Pierre-Alexandre Mateos, Rasmus Myrup, Octave Perrault, and Charles Teyssou, was an installation art exhibition for the Venice Architecture Biennale in 2018 that sought to explore Architectureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s role in sexuality and how gay men subvert their heteronormative surroundings. Though the curators were all from different countries, they found that their experiences as gay men were shaped through spatial implications of the architecture they inhabited. Places deemed safe, accepting or private can fluctuate given their occupants, despite having no change to the physical architectural program. An architecture can offer an opportunity for the manifestation of queer space, but without an actual designation or specifications as such, the space will always remain transient. Queer subversion of existing architectures offers an insight into what standardized architecture lacks. Architecture, through its manifestations in both designed and opportunistic spaces, advocates a new queer space. Its representations can be seen in quasi-public architectures such as bathhouses and bars which have developed because of their sense of privacy. Queer space germinates in these environments. It seeks the outskirts, the private, the hidden to flourish. These spaces begin to transcend cultural representations of standardized architecture to create a worldwide typology of queer space. Through architecture, these spaces will continue to grow and remain.

PALTRY SLANG

Cryptolect 1530

Pedlarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s French

THIEVES CANT ANTI-LANGUAGE

Devils Arse

C10th

YIDDISH

Ashkenazi

LINGUA FRANCA

ROMANY

THE MOLLIES

C17th-C18th London

PARLYAREE

C17th- Onwards ENG. Italian

Traveling Showmen

EAST END LONDON

PALARI

THEATER SLANG

Fairgrounds Circus

CAMP COMEDIANS Homosexual Law Reform

ROUND the HORNE PARTRIDGE E.

SISTERS of PERPETUAL INDULGENCE

1979 - (San Francisco) Manchester, London

POLARI MISSION

DRAG QUEENS PROFESSOR PAUL BAKER

POLARI MISSION

Polari is a form of cant slang used in Britain in the early 1900s by gay men in order to communicate in private. Because of it’s many influences of origin, use of made up words and modified sentence structures, the language can be spoken freely, as one would have to be fluent in order to discern any meaning from it. In the years that homosexuality was illegal, this form of communication was vital for gay men, whether it be to warn Gay, Straight, Cruise, Trade are just some examples of Polari words from that era. The association of certain words with adjusted meanings continues to be a crucial aspect to the gay community and serves as a means of selectively passing on certain aspects of the culture.

“If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart.” Nelson Mandela

“If you parlare to an omee in a lingo he parlares, that goes to his loaf. If you parlare to an omee-palone in Polari, that goes to his strawberry.”

Cruising for sex, or cruising, is walking or driving about a locality in search of a sex partner, usually of the anonymous, casual, one-time variety. The term is also used when technology is used to find casual sex, such as using an Internet site or a telephone service.

In a specifically sexual context, the term “cruising” originally emerged as an argot “code word” in gay slang, by which those “in the know” would understand the speaker’s unstated sexual intent, whereas most heterosexuals, on hearing the same word in the same context, would normally misread the speaker’s intended meaning in the word’s more common (and presumably less threatening) nonsexual sense

Cruise

A hole in a wall, or other partition, often between public lavatory stalls or adult video arcade booths and lounges, for people to engage in sexual activity or observe the person in the next cubicle while one or both parties masturbate.

In addition to the penis, fingers or the tongue may be inserted into the hole. Some are furnished with ducktape.

Gloryhole

Used predominantly on gay dating apps, Hosting means someone can have people over for a sexual experience. â&#x20AC;&#x153;You hostâ&#x20AC;? means potential dates will only come to you.

Hosting

Tea is all about exchanging hot gossip. You can get tea, spill tea, and give tea. Often, the term is simply interchangeable with the letter T.

Tea

A kiki is a party or festive gathering, though it can be used as a verb. To kiki, for instance, has a double meaning: either to celebrate, or to share gossip.

Kiki

Jeffery Gent

The urban decay of mid-century New York provided gay men with not only a place to sunbath nude in the heart of Manhattan, but also an opportunity for sexual exploration. The Gay Liberation Movement awakened a generation of gay men who had spent most of their lives

feeling isolated and oppressed; the piers became their playground. Abandoned for decades, the piers along the elevated West Side Highway became part of the Christopher Street gay scene when men began wandering a few blocks over to the dark and seedy area to cruise. Every pier, dark corner or loading dock in the area was used for a sexual encounter. The piers were dangerous; several men fell to their deaths through the rotting floors and there was also the ever present threat of being robbed by drug addicts, attacked by gay bashers or arrested by the NYPD.

These photos and a few oral histories are all that we have left to document the golden age of New York Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Gay Piers.

Presented by Central Intelligence Agency - Released 1999

In 1980, it appeared to activists as if a small bit of progress was finally being made in the push for LGBT civil rights, with the Democratic Party becoming the first major political party to endorse a gay-rights platform. That same year, the CIA appears to have released a three-page memorandum on how to recognize and ferret out homosexuals during investigations, perhaps for the purposes of blackmail.

Homosexual Investigations: There are few, if any, types of personnel investigations which are more complex, more sensitive, or more specialized than the investigation of homosexuals. These cases often, in fact, require the exercise of the full range of investigative techniques; they demand the utmost in tact, discretion, and investigative ingenuity. During every step of a homosexual investigation, the responsibility to protect the innocent must be kept constantly in mind. The Subject: One of the most common mistakes made by the average person is the conviction that he can recognize a homosexual on sight. This is similar to recognizing a Communist. The subject has a mental or emotional problem rather than a physical one. There is no way to spot a homosexual. The homosexual has a problem. He may not consider himself “queer,” he may accept his psychological deviation from the normal, but he recognizes that society frowns on him; his associations and activities are, from a social standpoint, something other than “nice.” He often uses the word “problem” in discussing his own homosexuality or that of one of his friends. Recognizing the existence of his problem and living with it require certain adjustments, and certain cover in the day to day life of the higher class homosexual who is our usual subject. Very few employees come to work wearing eye makeup of “My Sin.” That type of homosexual, needless to

say, rarely gets by the Personnel interviewer. If he does, the interviewer may bear greater scrutiny. The homosexual subject is usually regarded as an above average employee. His work habits are good, he is punctual, responsive to authority, cooperative, friendly, a credit to the organization. In character background investigations, the average interview elicits “no derogatory information” from supervisors and fellow employees. But our subject leads a Jekyll-Hyde existence, constantly cautious, constantly aware that his “Mr. Hyde” will be exposed. He frequently uses a Post Office Box to receive mail from trusted friends, although bill, ads, junk mail, and letters from relatives are received at his residence. His telephone number is often unlisted; he does his own shopping, avoiding where possible delivery people or other outsiders coming to his home. His car (preferably foreign) is often reserved for weekends, rarely driven to the office. Our subject is intimately acquainted with a life totally unknown to society in general. He has his own language, his own social customs, and mores. He reacts acutely to certain words, certain physical habits, certain affectations of dress. These he knows instinctively; their existence he will deny almost to his last breath. The homosexual has “pass words” or auditory signals with which to test a chance acquaintance. As in the field of narcotics investigations, the investigator of homosexuals must know the proper language before attempting any close contact of pretext operations. Here are some of the

One of the most common mistakes made by the average person is the conviction that he can recognize a homosexual on sight. This is similar to recognizing a communist

popular terms of today’s homosexual society: Gay- This remains as the most common term in the deviate’s vocabulary. “Gay” means homosexual. It is used to describe people, places (favorite hangouts), parties and groups. Any uses of the word is significant and it may be used as a test by one homosexual to see if a stranger reacts to it properly.

If our subject is “married” he will be much more difficult to detect. Many “upper-class” homosexuals seek permanent living arrangements with others of their

Straight- This word means “normal,” not homosexual and the opposite of gay. Bi- Bisexual, interested equally in homosexual and heterosexual activities. The question “Are you gay, straight, or bi?” has been used with marked success in interviews of suspected homosexuals. Because of its odd wording, any reaction or recognition of its true meaning will tell an investigator that the person he’s interviewing is probably a homosexual. Those are but a few. There are many others. One of the recently popular introductory remarks is “Aren’t you Jack from the North?” This question varies as to name and area, but it is always phrased the same way. The other party is supposed to answer, “No, I’m Joe (or any other name) from the North.” The word “North” (or South, East, West Coast, etc.) is the code word. It means homosexual. The person asking the question knows at once from the response whether the other person is or is not homosexual and whether continued conversation may be profitable. What is a Homo? There is a popular misconception that homosexuals fall into two distinct categories of male and female. This is not true. Although this is a common breakdown, many homosexuals fall into both categories. It is not uncommon for two extremely effeminate (or extremely masculine) homosexuals to participate in sex relations with each other. It is also not uncommon for two homosexuals to live together and NOT engage in mutual sex activity but to have completely separate sex partners. Investigatively, it is a serious error to believe that these people fall into set patterns or categories they are abnormal mentally and emotionally; their behavior patterns are, therefore, completely abnormal and unpredictable.

kind. There is much less possibility of detection, trouble with the law or susceptibility to robbery or blackmail. If our subject and “spouse” have many neighbors, they can be expected to move often. If the neighborhood is tolerant, they will settle down to domestic bliss of the highest degree. Landlords often encourage rentals to homosexuals since they are neat, generally quiet, interested in keeping their apartments in good condition, and dependable when it comes to finances. The “happily married” homosexual wants trouble with no one and conducts himself accordingly. This can hamper an investigator in developing true facts during a neighborhood check. He must be alert for something more than a good neighborhood reputation. Many homosexuals are actually married. Informants have advised that they estimate at least fifty percent of homosexuals are either married or divorced. Motives of these marriages vary. Some are honest efforts to solve the “problem;” most are for the sake of convenience, to buy respectability, to provide a “front” behind which the homosexual can exist free of public criticism. Numerous instances have been encountered wherein homosexuals are married to lesbians. These are truly “front” or “cover” marriages and often cloak activities disgusting beyond the wildest imagination. A suspected homosexual should never be cleared of suspicion, therefore, simply because he is married. The homosexual is a complex, intelligent, interesting and mixed-up individual. He may not possess all the traits and characteristics mentioned above, but he undoubtedly will possess some of them. He is a man with a problem. Character Investigations: No greater opportunity will ever present itself for the

successful exposure of homosexuals than that furnished by the character investigation. The detection of a homosexual in a character investigation depends wholly on awareness of the possibility that the subject may be a homosexual. The warning signs are invariably present. Alertness to them is a necessity. The Subject’s Biography furnishes the first indications that he is a homosexual. To detect him it is vital that the investigator be inquisitive. What is his age? What is his marital status? Is he 35 years old, single and never been married? Why? What were his previous employments? What is his education background? Are his references all women? What are his hobbies his outside interests? Does a male reference have the same address as the employee? Is the subject well-educated yet have no history of menial positions? Has he moved around the country for no apparent reason? What reasons are given for leaving past employments? Is there any extreme physical characteristic such as a small stature, obesity, deformity, etc? These are details available to every Agent. They can open many doors that are clearly marked. Of primary importance in developing information in these cases is alertness to the availability of first hand knowledge of a subject’s habits, character, and associates. If an important states that the subject is quite a ladies’ man, he should be asked tactfully how he knows this. If his answer indicates he knows because the subject told him, it should be obvious that further steps will be necessary before the conclusion is reached that the subject is, in fact, a ladies’ man. Extreme care must be taken to ascertain that informants, particularly neighbors and fellow employees, knowing of their own knowledge just how the subject spends his time. There is a wide difference and, all too often, an investigator will accept an informant’s statements without ever determining the basis for those statements.

Over the years, gay men have had to develop various ways to ensure certain safeties while cruising. Non-verbal communication has been a historically significant component to the queer community. One coded form of communication is tapping one’s foot. The signal has been around for decades in the United States and Europe. Generally, one person initiates contact by tapping his foot in a way that’s visible beneath the stall divider. If the second person responds with a similar tap, the initiator moves his foot closer to the other person’s stall. If the other person makes a similar move, the first will inch closer yet again. The pair usually goes through the whole process a few times, just to confirm that the signals aren’t an accident. Next, one of the men will slide his hand under the divider. This usually means he’s inviting the other person to present himself, as if to say, “Show me what you got.” The partner can respond by kneeling on the floor and presenting his penis or rear end underneath the divider. Or he can swipe his own hand under the divider, as if to say, “You go first.” Some married men make a point of displaying their wedding band (like Sen. Craig allegedly did) to make themselves more alluring. Positions vary depending on the space, but one classic setup has one man sit on the toilet while the other straddles his legs and receives oral sex.

(16mm film transferred to video, color, silent, 56 minutes, 1962/2007)

Tearoom consists of footage shot by the police in the course of a crackdown on public sex in the American Midwest. In the summer of 1962, the Mansfield, Ohio, Police Department photographed men in a restroom under the main square of the city. The cameramen hid in a closet and watched the clandestine activities through a two-way mirror. The film they shot was used in court as evidence against the defendants, all of whom were found guilty of sodomy, which at that time carried a mandatory minimum sentence of one year in the state penitentiary. The original surveillance footage shot by the police came into the possession of the artist while researching the cases. The unedited scenes of ordinary men of various races and classes meeting to have sex were so powerful that the director decided to present the footage with a minimum of intervention. Tearoom is a radical example of film presented â&#x20AC;&#x153;as foundâ&#x20AC;? for the purpose of circulating historical images that have otherwise been suppressed.

A gay bathhouse, also known as a gay sauna or a gay steambath, is a commercial space for men to have sex with other men. In gay slang, a bathhouse may be called just “the baths,” “the sauna” or “the tubs”. In general, a gay bath is used for having sexual activity rather than only bathing. Not all men who visit a gay bathhouse are considered gay. Bathhouses offering similar services for women are rare, but some men’s bathhouses occasionally have a “lesbian” or “women only” night. The layered complexity of a typical gay bathhouse today shows the most secure spaces in the front of the building and progressively increases in privacy and intimacy. Bathhouses vary considerably in size and amenities – from small establishments with 10 or 20 rooms and a handful of lockers to multi-story saunas with a variety of room styles or sizes and several steam baths, Jacuzzi tubs, and sometimes swimming pools. Most have a steam room (or wet sauna), dry sauna, showers, lockers, and small private rooms. Many bathhouses are, for legal reasons, “membership only”, though membership is generally open to any adult who seeks it, usually after paying a small fee. Unlike brothels, customers pay only for the use of the facilities. Sexual activity, if it occurs, is not provided by staff of the establishment but is between customers, and no money is exchanged.

Records of men meeting for sex with other men in bathhouses date back to the 15th century. A tradition of public baths dates back to the 6th century BC, and there are many ancient records of homosexual activity in Greece. In the West, gay men have been using bathhouses for sex since at least the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a time when homosexual acts were illegal in most Western

countries and men who were caught engaging in homosexual acts were often arrested and publicly humiliated. Men began frequenting cruising areas such as bathhouses, public parks, alleys, train and bus stations, adult theaters, public lavatories (cottages or tearooms), and gym changing rooms where they could meet other men for sex. Some bathhouse owners tried to prevent sex between patrons while others, mindful of profits or prepared to risk prosecution, overlooked discreet homosexual activity.

The Ramble remained a highly popular, secluded spot for outdoor sex for decades, despite the numerous arrests and gay-bashings there. NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project

Central Park has had numerous associations with the LGBT community since its creation. The Angel of the Waters sculpture on the Bethesda Fountain was designed by sculptor Emma Stebbins. George Chauncey, identifying the park as a major LGBT social center and cruising ground in his book Gay New York, found that at the turn of the 20th century men met next to Belvedere Castle, by the 1910s benches near Columbus Circle had become a prominent pickup site, and in the 1920s the lawn at the north end of the Ramble was so popular that it was nicknamed “the Fruited Plain.” In the 1920s and 30s, heavily trafficked by gay men were the areas south of 72nd Street, near Columbus Circle, Bethesda Fountain, and the walkway from the southeastern corner of the park to the Mall, known as “Vaseline Alley” or “Bitches’ Walk.” Chauncey also noted that, as early as 1921, police were sent into the park to entrap and to arrest gay men, including in mass sweeps. Among those arrested in the park were diarist Donald Vining in 1943 and future gay rights leader Harvey Milk, who was then a high school student, in 1947.

Beginning in 1970, the first Gay Pride Marches (then known as the Christopher Street Liberation Day March) followed a route from Greenwich Village to Central Park. In 1973, the march began in Central Park and ended in Washington Square Park. In 1974, the march was moved back to Sixth Avenue, once again traveling uptown, where it ended at Central Park’s Sheep Meadow. By 1981, the march was going north up Fifth Avenue to 79th Street, ending on the Great Lawn. It was later moved again, beginning at Columbus Circle and following Fifth Avenue south to the Village. By the 1980s, Central Park was in desperate need of landscape restoration. Integral to the planning and implementation were two gay landscape architects, Philip N. Winslow and Bruce Kelly, who were two of the authors of Rebuilding Central Park: A Management and Restoration Plan (1985). Winslow designed the landscape restorations of Bethesda Terrace, Cherry Hill, the Mall, and the Point, while Kelly was also involved in the restoration of the Point, the Ramble, the Great Lawn, the Dene, and the Shakespeare Garden. He also designed Strawberry Fields, a gift of Yoko Ono in memory of her husband John Lennon, dedicated in 1985. Winslow and Kelly both succumbed to AIDS.

Where there was once just physical cruising, the invention of virtual communication has expanded the realms of queer interaction. What was once the hankie code, handkerchiefs worn in back pockets to represent sexual preferences is now dating apps which all cater to certain demographics.

The dating apps allow gay men to find other gay men near them as close as one foot away, yet this geospatial online presence offers little to nothing with regards to physical implications. Websites dedicated specifically to cruising and gay hookup culture allow gay men to forum their experiences as well as offer advice for fellow cruisers

Written By India Block For Dezeen Magazine

The practice of cruising is changing the way that buildings are designed, according to the curators of a Venice Architecture Biennale exhibition that brings together sex and architecture. Featuring a flatpack maze containing a glory hole, and artefacts from famously secretive Berlin nightclub Berghain, the Cruising Pavilion explores the subversive architecture of, and architectures subverted by, casual sex. The Cruising Pavilion explores the subversive architecture of, and architectures subverted by, casual sex. The term cruising refers to the practice of moving through a space to find a casual, sometimes anonymous, sexual partner. According to exhibition curators Pierre-Alexandre Mateos, Rasmus Myrup, Octave Perrault and Charles Teyssou, cruising has shaped the design of numerous types of buildings and spaces, from public toilets and parks, to bathhouses and nightclubs. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Cruising is a topic that is present in architecture, but is always latent or silenced, or never expressed fully,â&#x20AC;? Perrault told Dezeen.

However the group claim that the historical model of cruising is “evolving and perhaps even dying”, and that sex is starting to impact other types of architecture. For instance, the use of dating app Grindr is moving sex out of gay bars and into contemporary condos. They are calling for architects to embrace this culture, rather than trying to sanitise or expunge sex from building design, but also to respect its secretive nature. “I think it’s a very ambiguous position to occupy,” said Perrault. “Homophobia and homophobic crimes are far from being a thing of the past. The secrecy and the in-articulation are ways to protect practices that are still very de-legitimised and still at the core of very vivid political tensions.” The Cruising Pavilion is taking over arts space Spazio Punch, on Venetian island Giudecca, for the duration of the biennale. The Cruising Pavilion is taking over arts space Spazio Punch, on Venetian island Giudecca, for the duration of the biennale. Responding to the biennale title Freespace, the exhibition uses a range of unusual exhibits to celebrate recent examples of architecture that have allowed partners – both homosexual and otherwise – to find sexual freedom in public places. It also focuses on how the practice has been impacted by the digital age. Visitors enter a series of dark spaces lit dimly with red lamps, and have to climb flights of wooden stairs to ascend two towers that have been constructed within the space. Here, art pieces are pinned or pasted to walls, projected on screens or found on floors. A piece by artist Trevor Yeung perfumes the air. His work, called The Helping Hand, is a misting machine of the kind typically used to keep reptile tanks moist, but for this occasion it is filled with eucalyptus oil to recreate the scents used in gay bathhouses to cover the sent of sex, sweat and bodily emissions Swallow, Pump and Choke are scanned and printed pencil drawings by Alison Veit, who imagines a fantasy club for women to cruise for other women, while a series of photos by Prem Sahib shows the taking apart of gay bathhouse Chariots in east London, ahead of residential developers moving in. Also on display is artist Andreas Angelidakis’ Cruising Labyrinth, an “IKEA-style” flatpack comprising panels of prefabricated black-painted plywood that can be arranged by the user to create a maze leading to the pinnacle of anonymous sex, the glory hole.

In the space between the two platforms, the floor is strewn with “used” condoms and silk scarves that have been printed with texts that explore themes of intimacy, prophylaxis and contagion by artist Lili Reynaud Dewar. German architecture practice Studio Karhard has chosen to display a lighting fixture designed by Dominique Perrault and manufacturer Sammode, which is used in Berlin’s Berghain. The studio had originally intended to show the architectural plans of the infamous cruising spot, but the club is so fiercely protective of its punters’ privacy that, along with a no-photos policy, it also refuses to release drawings of the building. The maze-like layout of the exhibition space reflects the labyrinth as both an architectural tool found in cruising spots such as nightclubs and gardens, and a metaphor for the hidden nature of the activities that take place inside them. “For me, the labyrinth is a device that can be protective and an escape from heteronormativity,” said Perrault. “It is particularly interesting because, for basically the last 200 or 300 years of architecture, the maze was to be avoided as a form linked to immorality,” he explained. “Everything had to be ordered, placed, named, oriented, because that’s what made the city safe, controllable, surveilled, efficient and productive.” Embracing labyrinthine layouts then becomes a radical act, inspiring “architecture that is not only about constructing gender and relationships, but actually liberating”. The Cruising Pavilion was open in Venice for the Summer of 2018 and moved to a NYC location for the Spring of 2019.

Using various online posts, articles, tweets, listings, forums and dating apps, I began to create a map of queer spaces in New York City. The initial choice to use New York City as my site of focus came from the general idea that this huge metropolis is considered to be one of the most liberal urban densities and with that offers an environment for queer spaces to grow. I cataloged various spaces within the city such as noted cruising spaces, hotels that are under $100, bars listed explicitly as gay bars and bathhouses and saunas. As I worked through the city, the concentrations of these areas became extremely apparent. The most served neighborhoods were those that benefited from certain racial and socioeconomic advantages.

Median 1-Bedroom Rent: $2,900 Hotels under $100 THE BOWERY Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Lower East Side Rate per Night: $48 THE SOHOTEL Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Lower East Side Rate per Night: $99 WINDSOR HOTEL Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Lower East Side Rate per Night: $55 BLUE MOON BOUTIQUE Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Lower East Side Rate per Night: $56 BEST WESTERN BOWERY HANBEE HOTEL Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Lower East Side Rate per Night: $89 LEON HOTEL Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Lower East Side Rate per Night: $90 THE CANAL LOFT HOTEL Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Lower East Side Rate per Night: $71

Noted Cruising Zones 2X EAST RIVER PARK: Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Lower East Side Tips: Has four urinals with no partitions and four stalls with walls, but no doors PACE UNIVERSITY: Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Lower East Side Tips: 5th-floor restrooms have mini peepholes. Mostly filled with college students and some employees.

Baths & Saunas N/A

Gay Bars N/A

Median 1-Bedroom Rent: $4,250 Baths & Saunas

SHIBUI SPA Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Tribeca AIRE ANCIENT BATHS Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Tribeca

Hotels under $100 N/A

Gay Bars N/A

Noted Cruising Zones

FRANKLIN AVE STATION: Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Tribeca Tips: 2 stalls, 1 urinal. Last time I was there, 4 hot guys were all jacking off together. Total privacy, no one else came in for 40 mins!

Median 1-Bedroom Rent: $3,370 Hotels under $100 CITY ROOMS NYC SOHO Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Soho Rate per Night: $84 SOHO GARDEN Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Soho Rate per Night: $87

Noted Cruising Zones N/A

Gay Bars N/A

Baths & Saunas N/A

Median 1-Bedroom Rent: $2,860 Baths & Saunas RUSSIAN & TURKISH BATHS Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: East Village BATHHOUSE STUDIOS Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: East Village

Noted Cruising Zones N/A

Hotels under $100 N/A

GREAT JONES SPA Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: East Village

Gay Bars NOWHERE Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: East Village Price: $ PHOENIX BAR Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: East Village Price: $$ THE PYRAMID CLUB Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: East Village Price: $ THE COCK Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: East Village Price: $$ THE BOILER ROOM Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: East Village Price: $

Median 1-Bedroom Rent: $3,450 Baths & Saunas WHY NOT MEN’S SPA Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Greenwich Village GREEN HOUSE MEN’S SPA Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Greenwich Village

Gay Bars THE STONEWALL INN Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Greenwich Village Price: $$ JULIUS’ Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Greenwich Village Price: $ PIECES Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Greenwich Village Price: $$ THE MONSTER Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Greenwich Village Price: $$

Hotels under $100 N/A

Noted Cruising Zones NYU BOBST LIBRARY: Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Greenwich Village Tips: Sadly for some, and fortunately for others, this is really just for students with access to the library. There are 4 stalls and 4 urinals. Enough space under the divisions to your neighbor’s under the stalls. The cracks in the door allow for a quick peeping into the stalls when you are peeing at the urinals. The door is far and loud enough to wrap it up when someone gets in. The restrooms at the other levels have 2 stalls and urinals each and also allow enough time to keep it discrete. VILLAGE BLEACHERS LAUNDROMAT: Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Greenwich Village Tips: Big laundromat, very cruisy with all village types (but never really busy). Summer months there is a patio out back where you can wait for your load. I’ve blown one guy while waiting and jerked off another. What else are you going to do for an hourand-a-half?

Median 1-Bedroom Rent: $3,395 Hotels under $100 The Grand NYC Apartments Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Gramercy Park Rate per Night: $29 Macy Empire Apartments Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Gramercy Park Rate per Night: $90 The Nomad Suites & Apartments Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Gramercy Park Rate per Night: $69

Noted Cruising Zones Stuyvesant Park: Rating: Five Stars Neighborhood: Gramercy Park Tips: Small park, used to be packed with bushes, however, the city took away some to handle cruising. Still hosts activities though! Borders Bookstore: Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Gramercy Park Tips: Regular bookstore and toilets. Employees and Eastsiders

Broadway Suite NYC Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Gramercy Park Rate per Night: $59 Hotel 31 Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Gramercy Park Rate per Night: $66 The Marcel at Gramercy Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Gramercy Park

Baths & Saunas Gay Bars

Median 1-Bedroom Rent: $3,840 Hotels under $100 Midtown West Hotel Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Chelsea Rate per Night: $60 Interfaith Retreats Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Chelsea Rate per Night: $99 City Rooms NYC Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Chelsea Rate per Night: $59 The Leo House Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Chelsea Rate per Night: $82 Colonial House Inn Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Chelsea Rate per Night: $93

Gay Bars

Baths & Saunas

Noted Cruising Zones Fashion Institute of Technology David Dubinsky Student Center A Bldg 3rd Floor: Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Chelsea Tips: Hot students and teachers. Easy access to stalls for sucking. Strand Bookstore: Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Chelsea Tips: This is a great place for a quickie, in and out, so to speak. Usually one on one. You have to be careful of store employees, but most are in on it.

Median 1-Bedroom Rent: $3,450 Hotels under $100 The Roosevelt Hotel Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Murray Hill Rate per Night: $94

Gay Bars

Baths & Saunas

Median 1-Bedroom Rent: $3,300 Hotels under $100 Hudson New York, Central Park Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Hell’s Kitchen Rate per Night: $89 The Watson Hotel Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Hell’s Kitchen Rate per Night: $53 Midtown Studio Apartment - VRBO Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Hell’s Kitchen Rate per Night: $99 Midtown Studio Apartment - VRBO Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Hell’s Kitchen Rate per Night: $99 Washington Jefferson Hotel Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Hell’s Kitchen Rate per Night: $89 Econo Lodge Times Square Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Hell’s Kitchen Rate per Night: $99 City Rooms NYC - Times Square Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Hell’s Kitchen Rate per Night: $74 The Belvedere Hotel Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Hell’s Kitchen Rate per Night: $99

Noted Cruising Zones All of Hell’s Kitchen Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Hell’s Kitchen Tips: Any dark alleyway or side street is good enough here. The neighborhood is known for cruising so if you’re caught just walk on by like nothing happened.

Gay Bars Baths & Saunas

Median 1-Bedroom Rent: $3,200 Hotels under $100 Pod 51 Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Midtown Rate per Night: $62 Hilton Garden Inn Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Midtown Rate per Night: $97 Salisbury Hotel Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Midtown Rate per Night: $74 Wellington Hotel Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Midtown Rate per Night: $75 Park Central Hotel Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Midtown Rate per Night: $95 Dream Midtown Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Midtown Rate per Night: $99 Da Vinci Hotel Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Midtown Rate per Night: $69 The Manhattan at Times Square Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Midtown Rate per Night: $68 Amsterdam Court Hotel Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Midtown Rate per Night: $95 Mayfair New York Rating: Three Stars

Neighborhood: Midtown Rate per Night: $89 The Gallivant Times Square Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Midtown Rate per Night: $89 Hotel Edison Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Midtown Rate per Night: $80 Paramount Hotel Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Midtown Rate per Night: $85 Row NYC Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Midtown Rate per Night: $80

Noted Cruising Zones Warwick Hotel: Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Midtown Tips: Great for blow jobs under the stalls. There are 3 stalls and 3 urinals. The crowd is businessmen and college kids. Bergdorf Goodman: Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Midtown Tips: Marble bathrooms. Three urinals and three stalls. The door opens into the bathroom without much warning, but always busy. Good-looking men, good jerking-off sessions. The crowd is suits, funky guys, all types

Gay Bars Baths & Saunas

Median 1-Bedroom Rent: $2,700 Baths & Saunas Gay Bars Hotels under $100

Noted Cruising Zones Marymount Manhattan College: Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Upper East Side Tips: Go into the stall, and wait for a guy to come in, then start the classic tapping of the foot to get the guyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s attention. Crowd is students, teachers, random guys.

Median 1-Bedroom Rent: $3,200 Hotels under $100 Park West Hotel Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Upper West Side Rate per Night: $59 Morningside Inn Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Upper West Side Rate per Night: $69

Noted Cruising Zones Riverside Park, Menâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Restroom: Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Upper West Side Tips: On Sat. and Sun mostly straight Daddies, but they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t hang out long. Weekdays there are a couple of business guys who just do their thing, but for some reason may hang out in one of the stalls with their shopping bags.

Marrakech Hotel New York City Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Upper West Side Rate per Night: $68

Broadway Hotel and Hostel Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Upper West Side Rate per Night: $40 Royal Park Hotel & Hostel Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Upper West Side Rate per Night: $52 Hotel Newton Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: Upper West Side Rate per Night: $70

Days Inn by Wyndham Hotel Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Upper West Side Rate per Night: $63 Belnord Hotel Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Upper West Side Rate per Night: $65 Central Park West Hostel Rating: One Star Neighborhood: Upper West Side Rate per Night: $90

Gay Bars Baths & Saunas

Median 1-Bedroom Rent: $2,195 Hotels under $100 The Park Ave North Rating: Three Stars Neighborhood: East Harlem Rate per Night: $55

Gay Bars Baths & Saunas Noted Cruising Zones

100

101

Median 1-Bedroom Rent: $2,100 Baths & Saunas Harlem Lodge Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: Central Harlem Rate per Night: $80 The Central Park North Rating: Two Stars Neighborhood: Central Harlem Rate per Night: $50

Gay Bars Hotels under $100 Noted Cruising Zones

102

103

Median 1-Bedroom Rent: $2,150 Baths & Saunas Gay Bars Hotels under $100

Noted Cruising Zones Riverside Park: Rating: Four Stars Neighborhood: West Harlem Tips: On Sat. and Sun mostly straight Daddies, but they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t hang out long. Weekdays there are a couple of business guys who just do their thing, but for some reason may hang out in one of the stalls with their shopping bags.

104

105

106

The least accessible community for queer spaces in Manhattan was Harlem. A place known for being the Black Mecca, this neighborhood has not had the same opportunities as richer, whiter communities. Though it is packed with over 400 places of worship, a plethora of restaurants and at least one bodega or shop on every block, the neighborhood does little to further queer interaction. As a case study, Harlem serves as a site to introduce various cruising typologies into the everyday, non-sexual, locales that queer people inhabit. Each space explored does not necessarily represent a specific building in Harlem at the moment, but rather explains how these typologies of spaces can be implemented, as well as offer insight as to how they may be furthered in other communities.

107

108

The Storefront Church as a typology for Harlem spaces offers dual implications. Its function as a space for religious gathering is met with the variability and impermanence of a storefront setting. These spaces serve multi-purpose uses for the community that can modify depending on the need. The intervention for this space is a Gloryhole in the storage room. In the back of the building, there is a room that is used for storing religious garments and other ceremonial equipment. Following the Cruising the Island logo, queer men will be able to follow a designated path that will lead them to the storage room. Once inside, they must twist the cross on the wall to a complete upsidedown position which will move the vaultlike door lock into the unlocked position. Once they do, they will be able to enter the side room through the hidden door and can begin to use the anonymous Gloryhole.

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

The Grocery Store as a typology has a set circulation. The path through your local grocery never jumps from the produce to the toilet paper and then back to the meat section. Understanding this procession, this typology offers its own series of steps required in order to get to the sexual intervention. To begin, there is a face mister, attached to the system that waters the produce that mists the users face in order to make their skin dewy and fresh. They then can make their way to the spotlight meat lamps that keep the prepared cooked meats warm to express their interest by making eye contact while under the lights. In order to prepare for the hookup, there is an optional intervention just past the frozen section that allows one user at a time to take a quick shower and finally, both will make their way to the increasingly tighter aisles where they will find shelves that open to a room designed to facilitate various sexual activities.

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

For the restaurants located in Harlem, many of them are combined storefront buildings with the middle walls partially knocked out. For this typology, the presence of these walls are used to mask the interventions. Because of the regularity of this building type, a thick wall separating two parts of the space will not call attention to itself and it is here where users will be able to enter a hall that will allow them to hook up anonymously with those outside of the wall. On one side of the wall, specialized bar stools work to fully encapsulate any who sits on them, hiding their lower half from those in the bar. Once the place their foot on the Cruising the Island pressure plate and simultaneously kick the pressure sensitive button, a door will open allowing someone waiting in the sex hall to enter and proceed to give them a blowjob. On the other side of the wall, the same technique of chairs is used to hide the users lower half, where, once they complete the same pressure sensitive tasks, they will be able to have someone come in to worship their feet.

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

The final intervention is a large Cathedral and as the scale of the building increases, so too does the amount of interventions. One enters this church to find the Cruising the Island logo selectively and carefully placed all around. There is no specified circulation, as the interventions are scattered throughout. The first is the confessional. The thickened appearance of these allows one to slip into a back compartment, via a swiveling door and allows them to use this space as a Gloryhole. When in use, the confessional chair folds down, exposing the hole and allowing access. When not in use, the chair stands in a locked position that permits everyday users from seeing the intervention. The organ allows users to play the organ and â&#x20AC;&#x153;play with organsâ&#x20AC;? at the same time as it is used for fisting. Its hollowed out interior allows the organ to be occupied and offer access for fisting play. The prayer booth doubles as a rim chair. Users will be able to lift the booth in order to get into the underground waiting area. Once another user sits on the chair and allows access via the mechanical levers, the opening becomes accessible and the pair can commence rimming. The final intervention is in the small chapel in the back of the cathedral. It is a BDSM room that offers various furnitures to be tied to. The furniture can also be used for everyday chapel use.

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

My project started off looking at Queer Space and who has access to theses spaces. Looking how language and culture can be hidden from outsiders similarly to how cruising is hidden. The project looks at the hidden nature of cruising and places it in non-sexual locales as a way to further cruising culture and offer it to those who wouldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t normally have access. The goal of this project was to begin to develop these building typologies in a way that can be recreated in new places. While Harlem served as the initial site for theses interventions, the idea for this project is to expand. Different neighborhoods would have different concerns, needs, architectures and people which would all lead to different interventions. The construction details, however, would allow the language and nature of the projects to be interpreted equally by all who can read architectural drawings. This would allow the standardization of these spaces and help to integrate these queer spaces fully into the everyday architectural world.

172

173

“.//. - TheLab-Lab.” TheLab, www.thelab-lab.com/glory-holes/. 3357862425180. “How the Art of Signaling Is Changing.” How We Get To Next, How We Get To Next, 26 Jan. 2017, howwegettonext.com/how-the-art-of-signaling-is-changing-9d3b02551103. “Andrés Jaque, Sex Apps, and Intimate Strangers - a Candid Interview.” Run Riot, www.run-riot.com/articles/blogs/ andrés-jaque-sex-apps-and-intimate-strangers-candid-interview. “The Avery Review | Lessons in Cruising.” The Avery Review | Lessons in Cruising, averyreview.com/issues/29/lessons in-cruising. Betsky, Aaron. Queer Space, Architecture and Same-Sex Design. Morrow, 1997. Bérubé, Allan. “The History of Gay Bathhouses.” Journal of Homosexuality, vol. 44, no. 3-4, 2003, pp. 33–53., doi:10.1300/ j082v44n03_03. Bérubé, Allan. “How Gay Stays White and What Kind of White It Stays.” Privilege, pp. 180–208., doi:10.4324/9780429494802 21. “Central Park.” NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project, www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/central-park/. Clarke, Kevin. “How Queer People Found Freedom by Cruising Restrooms.” Vice, VICE, 20 Dec. 2017, www.vice.com/ en_us/article/xw4ze3/how-queer-people-found-freedom-by-cruising-restrooms. “Cruising Pavilion.” Cruising Pavilion, cruisingpavilion.com/. “The Cruising Pavilion: Gay Sex, Architecture and Cruising Cultures •.” Mousse Magazine, 21 June 2018, moussemagazine.i t/cruising-pavillon-2018/. Gent, Jeffrey, et al. “Homo History.” Homo History, 1 Jan. 1970, www.homohistory.com/2015/07/. Greenwell, Garth. “How I Fell In Love With The Beautiful Art Of Cruising.” BuzzFeed, BuzzFeed, 4 Apr. 2016, www. buzzfeed.com/garthgreenwell/how-i-fell-in-love-with-the-beautiful-art-of-cruising. Hensley, Christopher, and Richard Tewksbury. Sexual Deviance: a Reader. Lynne Rienner, 2003. Holmes, Dave, et al. “Setting the Space for Sex: Architecture, Desire and Health Issues in Gay Bathhouses.” International

Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 44, no. 2, 2007, pp. 273–284., doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.11.032.

Muñoz José Esteban. Cruising Utopia: the Then and There of Queer Futurity. New York University Press, 2009. “Mustafa Faruki.” Mustafa Faruki - School of Architecture and Planning-UB - University at Buffalo, 27 Feb. 2019, ap.buffalo.edu/events/2019/mustafafaruki.html. Pasquier, Andrew. “‘Cruising Pavilion’ Shows How Public Gay Sex Has Shaped Architecture.” I, VICE, 26 June 2018, i-d. vice.com/en_us/article/vbqaq3/cruising-pavilion-venice-architecture-biennale. “Post-Ritual Space: Berghain.” Suspended Reason, 3 Mar. 2019, suspendedreason.com/2016/12/23/post-ritual-space berghain/. The only biannual Magazine for Architectural Entertainment. “DARK ROOMS: SEX RIGOROUSLY DRAFTED INTO

ARCHITECTURAL SERVICE.” PIN–UP Magazine, pinupmagazine.org/articles/dark-rooms#11.

TheAdvocateMag. “24 Public Places Where Gay Men Cruised.” OUT, 7 June 2016, www.advocate.com/sexy beast/2016/6/07/25-public-places-where-gay-men-cruised#media-gallery-media-0. Volk, Stefan, and Stefan Volk. “Skandalfilm: Von ‘Ledertypen’ Und ‘Pissbudenschwulen’ - SPIEGEL ONLINE - Einestages.”

SPIEGEL ONLINE, SPIEGEL ONLINE, 1 July 2011, www.spiegel.de/einestages/skandalfilm-a-947256.html.

174