The SOL-R Centre

THE SOL-R CENTRE ZAFIR AMEEN

[ C O L LY H U R S T ] SITE PERIMETER//

OBSOLETE VIADUCT //

OPERABLE VIADUCT // Lattitude: 53.494180 Longitude: -2.219840

TELEPHONE EXCHANGE //

53° 29’ 39.048’’ - N 2° 13’ 11.424’’ - W

SITE ANALYSIS: MACRO // 66.7 %

White

4.6 %

Mixed

BREXIT RESULT

CHADDERTON

5th

8.7 %

Black

Manchester features a diverse range of people, from various ethnic backgrounds. However, the primary race is white, making up for two-thirds of Manchester’s population.

2.9 %

Other

DEPRIVATION

17.1 %

Asian

60.4%

12,210

ESTIMATED POPULATION

9th

PEOPLE / SQ MILE

HOUSE PRICES

£309,500

28.1%

POPULATION INCREASE BETWEEN 2001-2011

IN GREATER MANCHESTER

ASHTONUNDER-LYNE

4

MANCHESTER CITY AREA

Manchester is one of the largest cities in the UK, housing just under 3 million people. Though the city is small and compact, the area of Greater Manchester covers a vast area. With the population only set to increase, this presents various architectural oppurtunities.

6

HOURS OF SUNSHINE No Religion 11.33%

Other 2.11%

Manc Piccadilly HS2 Stop

AVERAGE UK HOUSE PRICE

8

10 Boroughs 115.6 sq km

DENSEST UK CITY

Voted Remain for Brexit 1

Most Deprived Local Authority in England

MANCHESTER AREA + POPULATION DATA

2,710,074

OLDHAM

MIDDLETON

RACE DEMOGRAPHIC

£193,069

MANCHESTER HOUSE PRICE

Despite the prestigous nature of Manchester, house prices are £100,000 less than the UK average

RELIGION

City Airport and Heliport

4

URMSTON

9

Not Stated 7.37%

Muslim 5.04%

Christian 74.15% 3

6

CRIME

TEMPERATURE Anti-Social Behaviour 4,940 Vehicle Crime 2,776

Shoplifting 1,439

2

STOCKPORT Burglary 2,701

Public Order 3,404

1:75000

ALTRINCHAM

Violent / Sexual 8,937

MAN Airport HS2 Stop

7 1. SOURCES + REFERENCES 1. BBC News (2016) EU Referendum Results. [Online] [Accessed on 21st September 2018]

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/eu_referendum/results 2. Climate Data (no date) Climate Manchester. [Online] [Accessed on 3rd January 2019]

https://en.climate-data.org/europe/united-kingdom/england/manchester-3621/ 3. Digimap - https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/map/os 4. Google Maps - https://www.google.com/maps 5. HS2 (No Date) Where we go: Route Map. [Online] [Accessed on 25th September 2018]

https://www.hs2.org.uk/where/route-map/#8/52.453/-1.488 6. Manchester City Council (2011) 2011 Census. [Online] [Accessed on 30th September 2018]

https://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/200088/statistics_and_intelligence/7583/census_and_areas_in_the_city 7. UK Crime Stats (2011) Greater Manchester Crime. [Online] [Accessed on 30th September 2018]

https://www.ukcrimestats.com/Police_Force/Greater_Manchester_Police 8. World Population Review (2018) Manchester Population. 21st November [Online] [Accessed on 20th September 2018]

http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/manchester-population/ 9. Zoopla - https://www.zoopla.co.uk/house-prices/manchester/

Manchester Airport (MAN)

4

KEY Airports

HS2 - Phase 2b Towards Birmingham + London

HS2 Route Motorways

HS2 Stops 5

Major A-Roads

UK Context

4

SITE ANALYSIS: MESO // COLLYHURST STATISTICS

7,290

ESTIMATED POPULATION

Top 1%

HURST AREA BOUNDARY COLLY

55%

OF MOST DEPRIVED AREAS IN ENGLAND

SAY NO ACTIVITIES TO DO IN COLLYHURST

60%

58%

≈ 15

VIOLENT / SEXUAL CRIMES PER MONTH

CONNECTING COLLYHURST

HAVE IDEAS FOR COLLYHURST

BELIEVE SCHOOLS ARE GOOD

Funded by the National Lottery, Collyhurst became part of the Connecting Collyhurst scheme that aims to value it at £1 million over the next ten year period.

Despite the affluent nature of the city of Manchester, neighbouring Collyhrust suffers from severe deprivation. It has a high crime rate with little to do during day. However, many of the residents are happy and have several ideas on how to change Collyhurst for the better.

11

11

NORTHEN GATEWAY SCHEME

155 Hectare LAND AREA

600,000

POPULATION INCREASE IN NEXT DECADE

37,000 Jobs

ACCOMMODATED INTO THE CITY

On a larger scale, South Collyhurst is also part of the Northern Gateway scheme. This ambitious proposal aims to cater for the predicted population increase in Manchester. Hence, the regeneration aims to create a vast array of jobs and housing for future residents in Manchester.

12

13

15,000 New Homes in 20 Year Period 10

COLLUHURST QUARRY + COLLYHURST SANDSTONE Collyhurst was responsible for producing the majority of red sandstone seen in Manchester’s architecture. This derived from the Collyhurst Quarry. The type of stone is even called ‘Collyhurst Sandstone’

MUSIC AND CULTURE Collyhurst also has a rich music history, once home to the infamous Electric Circus. The venue hosted events for famous musicians, such as Joy Division and the Sex Pistols 14

You might think that Collyhurst has no identity, no community and nothing much going for it.

You would be wrong.

- Connecting Collyhurst (Local Trust, no date: page 4)

1:5000 Relative Location to Manchester

T DUC

VIA

11

10. Digimap - https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/map/os 11. Local Trust (No Date) Connecting Collyhurst. Publisher Details not Available [Online] [Accessed on 30th September 2018]

http://localtrust.org.uk/assets/downloads/plans/Collyhurst%20plan.pdf 12. Northern Gateway (2018) Nothern Gateway Scheme. [Online] [Accessed on 5th October 2018]

http://northerngatewaymanchester.co.uk/ 13. Manchester City Council. (2018) Northern Gateway: Report for Resolution. [Online] [Accessed on 13th January 2019]

https://secure.manchester.gov.uk/download/meetings/id/25527/4_-_northern_gateway_-_draft_strategic_regeneration_ framework 14. Rock Archive (no date) Electric Circus 1977. [Online Image] [Accessed on 20th November 2018] https://www.rockarchive.com/media/3063/electric-circus-ecir001kc.jpg?width=800&height=556&mode=stretch&overlay=watermark. png&overlay.size=230,20&overlay.position=0,536

R

Y

SOURCES + REFERENCES TE

SI

A ND U BO

Collyhurst is located North-Wetst of the City Centre, near Ancoats and N.O.M.A. It’s close proximity suggests it will eventualy be englufed by the ever expanding City.

SITE ANALYSIS: MICRO //

INDUSTRIAL CHANGE OVER TIME

1920’s In the 1920’s the site had a plethora of industrial and residential buildings. Wide variety of industries, such as tobacco and textiles. Provided a lot of jobs and opportunities for the residents of Collyhurst.

ANNOTATED SITE PHOTOS

15

Annotated site photos showing the dis-used site and the consequences on the local area. The theme of obsolescence quickly becomes apparent with the neglected buildings and overgrown vegetation. Yet, dspite this first appearance, there remains elements of beauty, such as the dramatic lighting caused by the railing of the viaduct, and the strange appeal of having numerous plants growing everywhere

.6 125

.8 720

m

19 3.1

m

.1 m

m 53 1.3

9

6.

51 m 9

2.

14

SITE DIMENSIONS The site boundary covers a huge area of almost 300 residencies. The longest dimension is nearly 3/4 of a kilometer, with the shortest still spanning over 125m.

The large area suggests the intervenion will have to relate and be cognizant of the surrounding context.

m

ONE PORTION OF ARTIFICAL LAND, MOST LIKELY TO SUSTAIN THE TRANSPORT LINKS

20 CRIMES COMMITTED 17

UNMAINTAINED

UNEVENTFUL

DANGEROUS

LITTER

NO ACTIVITIES

OVER-GROWN

DARK

RESTRICTED

4 CRIMES COMMITTED

In order to illustrate the site issues, I created a diagram to show an array of data, including crime and house efficicency. This was then late r transferred into my abstract side model [ see left ]

OBSOLETE VIADUCT

22 CRIMES COMMITTED 17

17

2000’s By late 1990s-2000s the majority of industries vacated the site, causing a large proportion of the residents to also move. Moreover, this caused one half of the viaduct to become obselete and was dismantled.

15

- Industry Buildings

9 CRIMES COMMITTED

4 CRIMES COMMITTED

15

17

MAJOR ROAD NETWORK AROUND SITE

ABSTRACT SITE MODEL

1970’s As the majority of industries moved away / became obsolete, the viaduct and train infrastructure also depleted.

Likewise, the number of residential buildings on site drastically reduced.

OPERABLE VIADUCT

VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF 1-PERSON HOUSEHOLDS [~42% OF RESIDENCES ]

Maionsequunt. Corepre non consediat laccum voluptasima que nat maiorest essinus cienis maximen dandit, offictem quundi rent optatatur molut a de et eaquam eumquia quideli tatqua

15

SITE ISSUES

m 178

1950’s Post-WW2 some new industrial buildings had emerged North of the site.

However, some of the previous residencies disappeared in the process.

IMPACT OF INDUSTRY ON COLYHURST

17 55M ABOVE SEA LEVEL, ANGLED DOWNWARDS TO REPRESENT 5M DECLINE ACROSS TOPOGRAPHY

- Residential Buildings

INDUSTRY SOURCES + REFERENCES 15. Digimap Historic - https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/historic 16. Own Work [ Phgotos + Model ] 17. Police UK - https://www.police.uk/greater-manchester/AC19/crime/2018-09/

SUCCESS OF COLLYHURST

After studying the history and historical maps of the site, it became apparent that the industy had a profound effect on the success of Collyhurst. Therefore, my intervention will have to combat this in an effort to reverse and regenerate the Collyhrust Site.

TELEPHONE EXCHANGE //

COLLYHURST TELEPHONE EXCHANGE GAs - 1:500

COLLYHURST TELEPHONE EXCHANGE DATA

TELEPHONE EXCHANGE HISTORY

COPPER VALUE

DEAD SPACE LIVE KIT

Early telephone exchanges used to be manually operated, typically by women, who patched you through to your call. The process became automatic in the early 20th century through a Main Distribution Frame (MDF). Now copper wires transmit data underground to connect houses / buildings together.

18

COLLYHURST TELEPHONE EXCHANGE SERVING AREA

≈ £3,000,000 WORTH OF COPPER WIRES

Medium Sized Telephone Exchange

Upper Floors Just Dead Space

Bomb-Proof Building

1949

15,000 sq ft

12,000

Construction Date

Net Floor Area

Copper Lines 19

The presenation by Telereal Trillum provided useful statistics about the Collyhurst Telephone Exchange. It has a sizable floor area and hosts an abundance of copper.

Apart from the live kit on the ground floor, the majority of space is “dead space”.

≈ 1000 Tonnes OF COPPER

19

2ND FLOOR

x 9.5

≈

Approximatley 9.5 Blue Whales worth of Copper CLIENT + INVOLVED PARTIES

COPPER TO FIBRE CABLES

of

Exc

hange

Fibre-Optics are now becoming more prefable than copper, due to its ability to transfer more data.

As a result, the large amount of Copper wiring in the telephone exchanges will soon be redundant.

1ST FLOOR

Telephone exchanges used to be exclusive to BT, but mulitple providers now share the array of lines. Telereal Trillium is a company that buys valuable Exchanges, with the intention of refurbishing and reselling them for profit.

s

diu a r 4 mile

+

MANCHESTER TELEPHONE EXCHANGES MODEL

20

Despite the small size of the Collyhurst Exchange, the expanse covers a 4 mile radius, covering a large proportion of the City of Manchester. Consequently, though Collyhurst appears to be a detached area of Manchester, the Telephone Exchange is able to service a large area

GROUND FLOOR

Using a combination of Digimaps, Google Maps and the information from the Telereal Trillium talk, I mapped the Telephone Exchanges in the surrounding area of Manchester. Inclusing Collyhurst, the complex web of cables was represented with red thread, covering the expanse of Manchester City and Greater Manchester as well.

COLLYHURST TELEPHONE EXCHANGE //

SOURCES + REFERENCES 18. Time Magazine. (2015) Telephone Operators. [Online image] Accessed on 20th November https://timedotcom.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/150819-telephone-operators-11.jpg 19. Telereal Trillium. (2018) Telephone Exchanges. Presentation at Manchester School of Architecture, Manchester, 18th October, 20. Digimap - https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/map/os 21. Own Work [ Model + Model Photographs ] 22. Infrastructure-Space Groupwork - Plans collaboration of 3rd and 5th Year Students [ at Manchester School of Architecture ]

21

BASEMENT

Telephone Exchange Floor Plans that were retrived from an archive an traced over in CAD to understand the existing structure and spatia arrangement.

22

SCHEME PROPOSAL // INDUSTRY THEORY

• Design an intervention that will regenerate the Collyhurst area • Provide oppurtunties for the Collyhurst Community + beyond [ e.g. employment + skills ] • Formulate a scheme that revolves around research and developent of future technology, [particularly in the fields of power + telecommunications] • Create a synergy of these various programmes / research fields to boost themselves [ e.g. developing a power source that can be used for other research purposes ] • Capitalise on education as a tool to increase interest

ICONICITY - PREVENTING OBSOLESCENCE

SUCCESS OF COLLYHURST

INDUSTRY

=

INDUSTRIAL DECLINE

OBSOLESCENCE

23 As well as the industrial solution to obsolescence, iconicity is also a key factor. With the continual expansion of the city it is important to root both Collyhurst and the intervention within it. Hence, it will become so necessary it won’t easily be replaced.

Theory to regenerate Collyhurst by providing a new industry, similar to previous history of the site.

TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY IN MANCHESTER

25

26

Manchester has always been at the forefront of technology, with the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM) being the World’s first electronic computer. The pioneering work of alumni, such as Alan Turing, further cements this idea.

INTERVENTION

Show Post-Brexit Prosperity

WORLD

COLLYHURST

Space Based Research

New Industry Employment

Telephone Exchange

Area Regeneration

Universities Companies

RESEARCH

GALLERY

UK 2020 Spaceport Scheme Economy

Worldwide Power Source Reduce Global Warming

Using education as a language to teach the public about the environment and get them involved in the community.

This may lead to increased interest and participation in the research, which may lead them to work at the intervention.

INTEREST IN SPACE / POWER / ENVIRONMENT

GALLERY / SHOWCASE

Reduce Earth Infrastructure

INSPIRE STUDENTS + PUBLIC Using education as a language to teach the public about the environment and get them involved in the community.

This may lead to increased interest and participation in the research, which may lead them to work at the intervention.

The National Graphene Institute (NGI), is a prime example of this, where organisations and the University of Manchester (UoM) partner up to explore potential applications. This same principle can be applied to data and provide this new digital paradigm for Collyhurst, and the rest of the UK.

TESTING ON COLLYHURST The intevention will work on addressing different scales at varying points in time, starting with Collyhurst as a test subject, the research will go on to benefit Wolrdwide sustainability.

PHASE - Build Facility 01 - Research and Test on Collyhurst PHASE PHASE

03

80+ ORGANISATIONS

RESEARCHING

PHASES OF REGENERATION

02

PRECEDENT

MESO:

MICRO:

BUILDING ON TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

Framework demonstrating how the intervention will create oppurtunities and affect locations at different

200+ RESEARCHERS

MACRO: WORLD APPLICATION

Satellites Take-off from Future UK Spaceports

UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER

RESPONDING TO DIFFERENT SCALES

HELP RESEARCH + PIONEER AT INTERVENTION

EXPANSION / INTERVENTION

Gallery / Showcase

MANCHESTER

EDUCATING COLLYHURST

HYBRID PROGRAM

INTERVENTION

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK University Students + Staff Pioneer Research

Ad esciasperum aute eos doloribus, omnim erspere volorec erovitatque sequas audae nobis eum quam dolorro mod quo que aperrorum sus iunt erspe nus ipsantiisi velit landia doles

TIME

= REGENERATION

NEW INDUSTRY

CLIENT

BRIEF / MANIFESTO

- Expand Area - Apply to Manchester - Further Expansion - Pioneer World-Wide Research

In orderto achieve the scalability of the project, the scheme will have to be rolledout in various phases, progressivley escalating in size. Each phase is likely to need an expansion to cater for increased research, demands and facilities. My project will focus on PHASE - 01, with reference of plans for Phases 02 and 03.

GRAPHENE RESEARCH

24

SOURCES + REFERENCES 23. Digimap - https://digimap.edina.ac.uk/roam/map/os 24. National Graphene Institue (no date) The National Graphene Institute (NGI). [Online] Accessed on 2nd Novemner 2018. https://www.graphene.manchester.ac.uk/about/ngi/ 25. Science Museum (2012) Alan Turing Picture. [Online Image]

https://blog.sciencemuseum.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Alan-Turing-29-March-1951-picture-credit-NPL-Archive-Science-Museum1. jpg 26. History of Computers (no date) SSEM Picture. [Online Image] Accessed on 2nd December 2018. http://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Electronic/Images/SSEM.jpg

PROPOSED UK SPACEPORTS

SPACE-BASED SOLAR POWER [SBSP] //

A'Mhòine Peninsula

The UK has never officially launched anything into Space from UK soil. As a result, the UK Space Agency has started work on bringing 4 Space-ports over th next few decades. These will be scattered around the country, in remote areas away from the general population.

28

Prestwick

TYPES OF SBSP

I’d put my money on the sun and solar energy.

What a source of power! I hope we don’t have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that.

LASER SBSP

Snowdonia

MICROWAVE SBSP

Cornwall

LINK TO INTERVENTION

- Thomas Edison, 1931

LAUNCH SATELLITES

RESEARCH SBSP TIMELINE 1968

1974

1980

SBSP Concept First Used

NASA Initiates SBSP Research

Discontinued ‘Too little currently known...’

1941

1973

1978

1997

Science-Fiction Novel “Reason” First Notes Idea

Patented By Peter Glaser

Department of Energy + NASA Collaborate

Revisited by NASA, Effort to Reduce Cost of Launching into Orbit

Sequencing of events for SBSP Research, from first concept in sci-fi novel to potential of solving energy crisis overnight. Though heavily researched and funded, was done primarily in 1970s-1980s. Technology has rapidly advanced in the last 40 years with most of the technology already feasible today.

31

SUNLIGHT

SBSP spans a wide range of theories and proposals, the most common are daigrammed above.

Though Laser-Bsed SBSP is considerably cheaper, it has more saftey applications. As a result, this project will focus on Microwavs SBSP and it’s potential to harvest Solar Energy.

31

SBSP BENEFITS

24/7

ACCESS TO ENERGY

250,000+

SBSP + SITE PHOTOCOLLAGE

PHOTOVOLTAIC [P.V] CELLS MICROWAVE CONVRSERION

Outer Space

Satellite

EMPLOYMENT OPPURTUNITIES

OR

GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT To maintain a geostationary orbit, the satellite will need to be 36,000km

from the equator. It will also have to be travelling at approximatley 13,000km/h to ensure it is transmitting at the right spot 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.

BI

T OU ND

E ART H

30

Rectenna / Energy Converter

0 RADIATION / EMISSIONS

RECTENNA ON EARTH

100+ LAUNCHES INTO SPACE

$20 billion+ PRODUCTION COSTS

≈0

Collaboration

UK SPACEPORTS

SAFETY

TRANSMITTED MICROWAVES

≈

AVERAGE SUN RADIATION

30

COMPARISON OF C02 EMISSIONS (grams of CO2 per kWh of electricity produced)

CHANCE OF REPAIRING

27

COAL 1225

However, it presents several technical and financial issues. The initial start up cost and amount needed to launch into space is not currently worth it. Therefore, new technology is needed to decrease the launch costs 29

OIL 846

SPACE BASED SOLAR POWER 19

SOURCES + REFERENCES

AR

DC CURRENT

Photomontage that explains the fundamental principle of linking the Sun, Satellie and Site.

Earth

27

BUSINESS PER YEAR

4-6km

- National Space Society [NSS]

LOW-PASS FILTER [LPF]

OUTPUT FILTER

$1 trillion+

Space-solar power can solve our energy and greenhouse gas emission problems. Not just help, not just take a step in the right direction, but solve.

ANTENNA

RECTIFYING CIRCUIT

SBSP DRAWBACKS

The potential and benefits of SBSP are limitless, able to provide enough energy to easily power the planet for millions or even billions of years. Hence, it naurally presents a large amount of value.

29

MICRO WAVES

SCHEME / COLLYHURST

27. Shinohara, N. (2014) Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves. UK: Wiley 28. UK Government. (2018) One giant leap: Vertical launch spaceport to bring UK into new space age. 15th July. [Online]

[Accessed on 3rd Januardy 2019]

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/one-giant-leap-vertical-launch-spaceport-to-bring-uk-into-new-space-age 29. Department of Energy. (no date) Spaced Based Solar Power. [Online] [Accessed on 23rd November 2018]

https://www.energy.gov/articles/space-based-solar-power 30. ExplaingTheFuture. (2014) Spaced-Based Solar Power. [Online Video] [Accessed on 21st November 2018]

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJcev0Jq3Ig 31. Landis, G. A. (2004) Reinventing the Solar Power Satellite. NASA. [Online] [Accessed on 7th Decemeber 2018]

[Accessed on 3rd Januardy 2019] https://space.nss.org/media/2004-NASA-Reinventing-The-Solar-Power-Satellite.pdf

NUCLEAR 24

NATURAL GAS 631

QUANTIFYING ENERGY + POWER // MICROWAVE REFLECTOR + SOLAR CONCENTRATOR

2017 UK ELECTRICITY GENERATION SOURCES

Photovoltaic Receiver

COAL 6.7%

MICROWAVE + RECTENNA PRINCIPLE

DIAGRAM OF SBSP DISH ARRANGEMENT

Inflated Mirror Microwave Reflector Bea ms

SUN

Mic ro

wa ve

GAS 40.4% NUCLEAR 20.8% RENEWABLE 29.3% OIL 2.9%

Radiator

32 Diagram highlighting the percentage of UK electricity produced from various power sources, such as Coal and Renewable sources. Coal has drastically fallen oven recent years, with renewable sources continually increasing, (at 29.3% in 2017)

Explanation / diagram of how one SBSP dish wokrs to reflect solar energy onto a P.V. Cell before converting and beaming to Earth as Microwave.

33

UK ELECTRICITY DEMAND

2,249 tWh

ANNUAL UK ELECTRICITY USAGE

≈ 4,000 kWh AVERAGE UK HOUSE ANNNUAL USAGE

COLLYHURST DEMAND

100,000 kW ENERGY PER SPS DISH

40 hours FOR ONE SPS DISH TO ANNUALLY POWER ONE UK HOME

SINGLE SBSP DISH

33

33 Eneergy data and calculations regarding the energy consumption in the UK. One SBSP dish is capable of annually powering one UK home in just 40 hours in space.

280

HOMES IN COLLYHURST

> 1 year FOR ONE SPS DISH TO ANNUALLY POWER COLLYHURST HOMES

1,120,000 kWh ANNUAL USAGE FOR COLLYHURST HOMES

233.3 days FOR TWO SPS DISHES TO ANNUALLY POWER COLLYHURST HOMES

At a microscale, this concept can be applied to the context of the site; Collyhurst. With 280 homes on site, it would only take 233 days for two SBSP dishes to annually run the site area.

Terrestrial Rectenna

33 Elevation view of how multiple SBSP dishes are tesselated together to cover a wider area in a compact manner.

This is the arrangement for the 33,009 intended dishes

FULL SCALE RECTENNA

33,000 SSP Dishes = 28,274,334 m sq Rectenna x 5,655 For the full scheme, the rectenna site would have to be extremely large in order to harvest the intense microwaves from space, it would cover an area of 5,655 football pitches to power a city.

Image depicting how the microwaves are beamed to a very large terrestrial Rectenna site .

COLLYHURST RECTENNA

2 SSP Dishes = 1,714 m sq Rectenna x 0.34 Luckily, when scaled to Collyhurst, the amount of SBSP dishes is proportional to rectenna size. Hence, you would only need 1,714 sq m for the rectenna to power Collyhurst.

SOURCES + REFERENCES 32. Shinohara, N. (2014) Wireless Power Transfer via Radiowaves. UK: Wiley 33. Landis, G. A. (2004) Reinventing the Solar Power Satellite. NASA. [Online] [Accessed on 7th Decemeber 2018]

[Accessed on 3rd Januardy 2019] https://space.nss.org/media/2004-NASA-Reinventing-The-Solar-Power-Satellite.pdf

MASS-RECTENNA RENDER

RESEARCH CENTRE TYPOLOGY //

RESEARCHERS’ PREFERENCES

RESEARCHERS’ DIURNAL SCHEDULE TYPICAL LAB PLANNING MODULE

Computer Research Work

Lab Research Meetings with Clients / Customer

3600

Email / Internet Activities

Meetings with Staff Other

7200

Business-Related Travel

In the UK, typical lab module consist of a multiple of 3600 by 7200. This is explored later in an ergonomic study of the lab, ensuring enough room for both circulation and research.

38

Contrary to popular belief, a diurnal study found that the majority of researches spend more time out of a lab than in one. Therefore, this is crucial for planning and noting what other spaces are important to incoproate into the building.

37

Conference Rooms with Enhanced Audio-Visual Capablilites

Research Break Areas, including video links to collaborating sites

Saftey Showers should be located at the end of every Lab

Interior Glazing is important for saftey and to view into other labs

Lobbies and Alcoves that have potential for informal discussions + talks

Flexible, multi-use meeting rooms that can be easily adapted

Shut-Off Valves should be outside every lab incase of emergencies

Doors should always swing outwards for saftey during egress

Excellent Wireless data available throught entirity of the building

Visualisation Suites with sophisticated computational ability

Fire Safety needs to be considered, including fire extinguishers in labs

Lockers should be provided outside of labs for personal belongings

The same survey investigated the types of things researches would like to have designed and incoporated into research buildings. The key motivator was space, where reearches desired multi-use flexible working environments that can be changed with ease.

37

SCIENCE STUDENTS’ PREFERENCES

SITE PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

As well as the desired factors, there are several saftey concerns and factors that need to be addressed in research buildings, These vary from fire safety to chemical use. This translates into archietcture with the need for emeergency showers and space for lockers / stores 37

ISO CLEAN ROOM STANDARDS

VIEWS / ENTRANCE

CLEAN ROOM AIR FLOW HVAC

FFU

ROOMS IN CLOSE PROXIMITY

PARKING LOADING + SERVICES

WIDE CORRIDORS TO TRANSPORT CHEMICALS

FFU

INCLUDE INHOUSE CAFE

1st Person feedback from a range of science students at different universities, including UCL and Birmingham. Main priority was extra space for circulation in both labs and corridors.

38

Double Bench Ergonomics [1:20 Elevation]

Single Bench Ergonomics [1:20 Elevation]

FFU

As well as standard research labs, clean rooms are also nessary for specific testing in a dust-free environment, Especially when testing complex engineering and computation, the work-zones will need to be immaculate. Above is a table that describes the various conditions to meet an ISO guideline for such clean rooms.

39

Due to the array of tasks and chemical experiments that can occour, the ventillation system needs to be well-designed so that it can ensure a safe working environment for the researchers.

40

TRAVEL PEFERENCES

HORIZONTAL TRAVEL

600

600 1350

150

600

600

800

600

600

150

3500

VERTICAL TRAVEL

Research found that science technicians and researchers prefer horizontal travel, therefore similar spaces need to be located in close proximity to eachother.

37

900mm

150

>

As described earlier, labs need to be designed to specifc dimensions to ensure that people have enough space to circulate and conduct lab work. This varies depending on organisation, with double benches requiring the additional space for a third person to walk between. This layout can then be applied to the 7200 x 3600 lab layout to create a large array of configurations for bespoke research purposes. 38

SOURCES + REFERENCES 37. Braybooke et al. (1986) Design for Research: Principles of Laboratory Architecture. New York: Wiley.

38. Daniel, W. (2008) Building Type Basics for Research Laboratories. 2nd ed., Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley.

39. Portafab Modular Building Systems (no date) Clean Room Design Considerations. [Online] Accessed on 19th January 2019. https://www.portafab.com/clean-room-design.html 40. Mechon (no date) HVAC System Design for Clean Rooms. [Online] Accessed on 14th January 2019. http://www.mechon.co.uk/technology/hvac-design-cleanroom/

mm 00

15

LAB MODULE - 3D PERSPECTIVE An interior perspective that was created to test and evaluate the spaces and dimensions, as derived from the ergonomic study before. This helped to better visual the space and view it in an extra dimension

mm

00

20

Dimensions and arrangement of Lab Modules derived from Ergonomic Study.

CURATORIAL ARCHITECTURE TYPOLOGY // Gallery + Museum users should ‘succumb to [their] curiosity’

FUNDAMENTAL GALLERY CONSIDERATIONS

EXHIBITION ERGONOMICS

ROLE OF THE FLÂNEUR

(Storrie 2006:22)

HERBERT BAYER - FIELD OF VIEW 41 Single , thin text spread over a large horizontal plane is ill-advised as it inconveniances the viewer as they may have to travel large distances to completley read the piece.

SPACE FOR SENSE USE OF LIGHTING HUMAN AGENCY OF AWE

DEVISING A PATH

MAP

MAP GUIDE

STAR PATH

FAN PATTERN

41 Based off an illustration by Herbert Bayer, it explains how visual media in a a gallery should be directed and facing the view, making it easier for them to both undertand and perceive.

41

Instead, museums / galleries are typically categorised in an ordered fashion, with themes, headings, sub-headings and bodies of text. This makes it easier to break down the large amount of information

LIMTING FACTORS OF PROJECTION x

LA BIENNALE ARSENALE ANALYSIS STRUCTURAL GRID

Main Threshold

Forced C irculation Thro - Linear P ugh Builiding ath

y

With technology advancing, it is now necessary to understand the ergonomics of projections and digital represenatation techniques.

43

While on Venice for our study trip, it was hard to ignore the design and gallery features of the Biennale Arsenale. The architecture forced dramtic lighting that accentuated the historic structure.

Moreover, the linear design forced circulation and makes the viewer follow a specific path. This regularity is also evident in the structure, where an extensive, yet repetitive, structural grid was usedto tie the whole building together in an ordered fashion.

SOURCES + REFERENCES 41. Storrie, C. (2006) The Delirious Museum: A Journey from the Louvre to Las Vegas. London: I.B. Tauris 42. Baudelaire, C. (1859) The Painter of Modern Life.

43. Hughes, P. (2010) Exhibition Design. London: Laurence King Publishing Ltd.

x To avoid shadows cast by the viewer, back-lit screens may be benefitial; however, they require additional space for the back-stage equipment.

43

WAYFINDING This principle is similar to the work of TIm Ingold, using lines to depict ayfinding and thr routes of people.

In a similar way to the flâneur, it is useful to understand this when designing for the human agency in a gallery / museum setting.

After analysing precedent, the three themes above appeared to be the most fundamental for a gallery / museum design.

SINGLE PATH

The paths and routes in the museum can be compared to the role of the flâneur. A figure that depicts the traditional procrastinator, the flâneur represents the common user of a gallery / museum; a watcher that wanders and observes 42

REFINING PROGRAMME //

PROXIMITY DIAGRAMS RESEACH PROGRAM

PROGRAMME SPACES

EDUCATION PROGRAM

CORE

COMPUTER CLUSTERS RESEARCH CENTRE

FACILITIES

COMMUNICATION CENTRE LABS

EDUCATIONAL SPACES

SERVICES

TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

CLEAN ROOMS

EMERGENCY SHOWERS

PLANT ROOMS SERVER ROOMS

GENERAL FACILITIES GALLERY / SHOWCASE EDUCATION

By analysing and critquing the typology of both research and gallery buildings, it became easier to decide on a specific programme for my intervention. I split this in terms of programme and function, linking them to each individual space.

LECTURE HALL

SEMINAR ROOMS

EVENT SPACE OFFICE SPACES ADMIN

ADJACENT

MEETING ROOMS

NEARBY

RECEPTION

UNRELATED

BREAKOUT ZONES AMENITIES

CAFE

KITCHEN

Due to the hybrid programme, it made sense to split it into multiple proximity diagrams. The research facilities shared some similar factors, with very few needing to be directly adjacent to eachother.

WCs

In contrast, in made sense for the educational aspect to be more integrated so you could smoothly transition from one area to another.

EA

RC

H

RE

AR

CH

CH

FUNNELLING EFFECT

The building is arranged from public to private, with the most private spaces being at the top of the building. This means the general public can access the gallery, education and some of the research. Meanwhile, the staff can use the top floors for conducting the more private research tasks and communicating, directly with satellites or with other organisations.

P UBLI C

2ND FLOOR :

1ST FLOOR :

PLANT

4TH FLOOR:

COMMUNICATION CENTRE

3RD FLOOR:

CLEAN ROOMS CLEAN ROOMS

SERVERS

LABORATORIES LABORATORIES

DINING AREA

COMPUTER CLUSTERS COMPUTER CLUSTERS

BREAKOUT ZONE

OFFICES

MEETING ROOMS

BREAKOUT ZONE

OFFICES

MEETING ROOMS

BREAKOUT ZONE

OFFICES

LECTURE HALL

GROUND :

CAFE STORAGE

Lab

Seminar Room Power / Services

BASEMENT :

PLANT ROOM

CORE

GALLERY GROUND FLOOR:

Clean Room

Offices

1ST FLOOR:

BASEMENT:

3RD FLOOR :

Plant Room

PROGRAMME IN SECTION

2ND FLOOR:

4TH FLOOR :

The verticality also represents the research. It will funnel down from the private labs to the public gallery, ensuring that everyone will eventually have access and the means to know about the work at the intervention.

UNDERGROUND

ROOF

ROOF:

I n t er ven t i o n

SE

AR

S TORAGE / SERVI CES

SE

H

AR

SE

RECTENNA

RESEARC

CH

C OMMU NI CAT I ON R E SEARCH E DU CAT I ONAL G ALLERY

GRAPHENE INSTITUTE PROGRAMME

RE

PUBLIC

RES

RE

PRIVATE

INTERVENTION

HYBRID PROGRAM ARRANGED VERTICALLY

I decided to also interrogate the core as a research building has heavy demands and needs a separate set of circularion for goods and service.

SHOP

Utilities 44

Analysing the graphene institue was the most useful precedent for my intervention. It feautres a variety of spaces I was not aware of, such as transformers and made me aware of the size and scale of some of the spaces. For instance, the plant room needs to take up an extremely large amount of the area of a research facilitiy. Hence it was invaluable for my programme and my scheme.

PLANT

Based on the programme, I did a diagrammtic section to explore how the individual spaces would interact with eachoter in section. This helped to sort them from public to private. It also helped with structuring the building, trying to make the same / similar programmtic spaces lie on top of eachother, both for convenience and for ease of services.

SOURCES + REFERENCES 44. ArchDaily (2015) National Graphene Institute / Jestico + Whiles. [Online] [Accessed on 17th Novemeber 2018] https://www.archdaily.com/770948/national-graphene-institute-jestico-plus-whiles

CIRCULATION-DRIVEN DESIGN // ESTABLISHING NEW FLOOR-TO-FLOOR HEIGHT

CIRCULATION PRECEDENT: EDUCATION CENTRE - DILLER SCOFIDIO + RENFRO

4000 Since I chose circulationdriven design, Diller Scofidio and Renfo’s Education centre was a perfect precedent.

The large tower is solely based around the public circulation, with the programme fitting around it

Floor Ceiling Height 0

Contained Spaces:

VIADUCT

Floor Slab + Services

3000

CORE RE-DESIGN [1:200]

CORE LOCATION PRINCIPLE

Noise Buffer

CORE

BUILDING FOOTPRINT Public

Following feedback from 3.1 I chose to amend my floor-to-floor height to 4 meters. This includes a 1 meter space for the floor slab and services.

5

2 Public Lifts 2 Private Lifts 1 Service Lift 1 Fire-Protected Stair 3 Unisex Toilets 1 Child-Friendly Toilet 1 Nappy Changing Area 1 Disabled-Access Toilet 1 Cleaner’s Closet 2 Large spaces for Risers

Due to the site location, I decided to place my core on the south of the building, as an intentional noise buffer against the viaduct.

Private

Services

After testing various configurations, I decided on an L-shape core. This was the most efficient design as it left maximum floor space available for programme and circulation. The design places public and private circulation at opposing ends. with a separate route for goods and services.

EYEBEAM COMPETITION: FORM PRECEDENT

TESTING THROUGH CIRCULATION: ABSTRACT FORM + CIRCULATION MODEL THUMBNAIL IMAGES

As a result, the building has an extremely interesting section, as none of the floors appear linear. I aim to achieve a similar effect by placing the public circulation on the perimeter as well.

CIRCULATION DESIGN AXONOMETRIC

After testing various configurations, I decided on an L-shape core. This was the most effiicilable for programme and circulation. The design places public and private circulation at opposing ends. with a separate route for goods and services.

Spiral Shape Circulation that follows the perimeter of the building, looking in at the research.

LACK OF INCLUSIVITY: INCORPORATING RAMPS

L-Shaped Core that frees up space internally and acts as a noise buffer against the operable viaduct.

1:100 After conducting my precedent analysis, I noticed the lack of accessibility for disabled users. Therefore, as well as the feature stairs, I decided to incorporate ramps into my design to allow wheelchair users to navigate better through the centre.

6

1:200

SOURCES + REFERENCES 5. ArchDaily. (2016) Roy and Diana Vagelos Education Center / Diller Scofidio + Renfro. [Online] Accessed on 13th January 2019.

https://www.archdaily.com/793971/roy-and-diana-vagelos-education-center-diller-scofidio-plus-renfro

/57bd9d33e58ecec6fd000132-roy-and-diana-vagelos-education-center-diller-scofidio-plus-renfro-diagram 6. Own Work (Model + Photos)

Building on my original void testing, I then chose to create a model based entirely on circulation. The route was created first with copper wire, and then massed with wire mesh for the solid planes. I felt this approach was more critical and rational and decided to continue with circulation design instead of void testing.

RETAINING THE EXCHANGE // CONNECTION TO SITE

1:200 ELEVATION EVIDENCE OF OBSOLESCENE / DETERIORATION

OBSOLESCENCE PRESENT ON CURRENT SITE

OBSOLETE VIADUCT OVERGROWN SITE

hange

UNMAINTED AREAS LACK OF RESIDENCIES

of

Exc

ABANDONED + RUINED BUILDINGS

s

iu rad e l i 4m

Due to the state of the current site I decided to embrace the obsolescence and try and achieve a natural deterioration of the facade. Therefore, I began researching deteriorated faรงades.

The telephone exchange is an integral part of the site, servicing a 4 mile radius around it. Therefore, I believe it is crucial to retain / preserve its presence.

7

Currently, Collyhurst already has visible evidence of deterioration, with a series of abandoned buildings on the other side of the viaduct

After looking at deteriorated brick faรงades, I applied it to the telephone exchange, using it as a natural transition from the former to the revised addition of my scheme. This helped make my addition feel less alien as the exchange tied it to the existing site.

1:50 TELEPHONE EXCHANGE FACADE BAY MODEL

INTENTIONAL DETERIORATION PRECEDENTS

RETAINED PORTION OF THE TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

10

8

9

Several buildings have successfully achieved intentional deterioration by combining masonry with glazing. The worn down facade is usually reinforced with a new structure, with the layer of glazing placed directly behind it. Though the exchange has been adapted and extended the facade has remained unchanged since 1949. Hence, I believe that intentionally deteriorating it will help give it a contemporary look.

FORMER TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

ADAPTATION THEORY Research Centre Transition

This 3d view represents the original aspect of the building, the only portion I intend on retraining. The building creates a stunning industrial feel due to the exposed red brick, an aspect I hope to capitalise on.

Planned Retention The retention only aims to preserve the original aspect, demolishing both of the subsequent extensions to make way for the solar power research centre.

SOURCES + REFERENCES 7. Telereal Trillium. (2018) Telephone Exchanges. Presentation at Manchester School of Architecture, Manchester, 18th October, 8. Donald Insall Associates. (No Date) Blencowe Hall [Online] Accessed on 2nd February 2019. https://www.donaldinsallassociates.co.uk/projects/blencowe-hall/ 9. Tagarro, A. (2016) Casa Sabugo [Online] Accessed on 2nd February 2019. https://www.archilovers.com/projects/191345/casa-sabugo.html 10. Kimmelman, M (2013) The Secret Capital of France. NY Times [Online] Accessed on 2nd February 2019. http://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/10/06/t-magazine/Marseille-the-real-capital-of-france.html 11. Own Work (Model + Photos)

PAST

MERGER

FUTURE

By placing the research building behind the exchange it creates a linear progression of time, from the past to the future. This then becomes a symbolism of technology, from the telephone exchange to spaced-based solar power.

In order to test the revised facade, I made a 1:50 model to understand it at a more intimate size.

With the brick structure, the eroding of the top looked natural and gave it the aged look I desired.

11

ANALYSING STRUCTURAL PRECEDENTS //

SOURCES + REFERENCES 12. WikiArquitectura. (No Date) Holland Pavilion for expo 2000. [Online] Accessed on 19th February 2019. https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/holland-pavilion-for-expo-2000/ 13. ArchDaily. (2010) 1111 Lincoln Road / Herzog de Meuron. [Online] Accessed on 14th February 2019. https://www.archdaily.com/59266/1111-lincoln-road-herzog-de-meuron 14. WikiArquitectura. (No Date) 1111 Lincoln Road. [Online] Accessed on 14th February 2019. https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/1111-lincoln-road/# 15. Own Work (Models + Photos)

MVRDV’S DUTCH PAVILLION EXPO 2000

1997-2000 HANNOVER, GERMANY

12

EXTERIOR TRUSS STRUCTURE FOR MORE INTERIOR SPACE

INTERIOR VIEW

12

HERZOG DE MEURON’S 1111 LINCOLN ROAD

6-LAYER LANDSCAPE

2500 m2 CAR PARK

€10,800,000 BUDGET

$65,000,000 BUDGET

12

2008-2010 SOUTH BEACH MIAMI

13

REGULAR STRUCTURAL GRID

14

VISUAL PROFILE OF BUILDING

LOAD PATHS IN SECTION

EXPANSION (DOUBLE HEIGHT SPACE) COMPRESSION

SLANTED COLUMNS

EXPANSION (DOUBLE HEIGHT SPACE)

LOAD-BEARING WALLS

COMPRESSION

CIRCULAR COLUMNS

COMPRESSION

PRECAST CONCRETE FORM

This experimental building also features a unique structural system on each floor

14

LOAD PATHS IN SECTION

VARYING STRUCTURAL TYPES

FLOOR-TO-FLOOR TRUSS

To maximise internal space, MVRDV used a series of floor to ceiling trusses to support the concrete floor slabs. Hence, eliminating the need for interior columns.

INTERIOR VIEW

EXPANSION (DOUBLE HEIGHT SPACE)

Sectional diagram highlighting the various structural systems used each floor.

STRUCTURAL MODEL

Despite the unusual profile of 1111 Lincoln Road, the columns follow a regular alignment, unlike the structure of the Dutch Pavillion.

TRANSPARENCY

The building produces an interesting section due to varying floor heights and column shapes. Yet, it still follows a linear load path, transferring weight directly downwards..

STRUCTURAL MODEL 15

THUMBNAIL IMAGES

15

THUMBNAIL IMAGES

STRUCTURAL APPROACH // STRUCTURAL GRID

FLOOR DETAIL [1:20]

EXPLODED STRUCTURAL AXONOMETRIC

Despite the irregular columns described, the columns all align and distribute the load to the load-bearing wall at the ground floor.

20mm Ashcrete Under-floor Heating

75mm Screed

300mm Ashcrete

Columns + Load-bearing Elements

Once the floor structure was decided I chose the build-up to include space for services. The slab also contains an underfloor heating element to increase comfort.

The finish will also be ashcrete to reflect the building and add to the thermal mass

L-Shaped Core

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM APPRAISAL

Retained Exchange

THERMAL MASS One of the primary reasons for choosing concrete was for its high level of thermal mass

SPAN

Reinforced Columns Loadbearing Elements

GEOMETRY The nature of concrete also allows for a creative range of geometry, enabling unusual column sizes and shapes

Much like the 1111 Lincoln Road precedent, my scheme employs irregular columns situated along a regular grid.

STRENGTH

Concrete can naturally span long distances but I am to reinforce it to enhance its spanning length.

After analysing the structural precedents I applied it to my circulation model. Irregular columns were necessary to adhere to the varying floor levels and locations. The axo demonstrates the final structure, after testing it with a structural model.

CONSTRUCTION The material also brings construction advantages, being able to be prefabricated off site and transported.

Similarly, concrete is notorious for its high strength. Hence, it will be beneficial in a large building such as this.

ENVIRONMENTAL The major drawback is its environmental impact. Hence, I have chosen to use Ashcrete, a sustainable alternative.

1:20 BASEMENT CONSTRUCTION DETAIL

1:200 INITIAL STRUCTURAL MODEL Structural model made out of balsa wood in a similar style to the precedent models I made before.

3D STRUCTURAL BAY GROUND LEVEL

BASEMENT INTERIOR

Gypsum Cavity Insulation Perforated Drain Pipe Coarse Gravel

LOAD-PATH DIAGRAM

Ashcrete Footing

Columns Brace the Structure

Lateral Stability in Floor Slab

Rigid Insulation

Wood Plate + Sealant The use of ashcrete columns and slabs allows for extra stability. The varying orientations of the columns also eliminates the need for bracing. This is because the direction causes them to brace each other.

Initially, I chose a regular grid for the research spaces and an irregular grid for the gallery floors. However, this made the scheme look too commercial so I decided to apply the irregular columns throughout.

1:500

FORM DEVELOPMENT // REINTEGRATING THE CIRCULATION ROUTE INTO STRUCTURE

FACTORS INFLUENCING BUILDING FORM

INCORPORATING LEVEL CHANGES

EXISTING BUILDING Many of the angles influencing the shape were derived from the retained portion of the Exchange.

COLUMN SHAPE To limit the corporate aesthetic of the building, I added level changes to break up the horizontal linearity of the scheme. Equally, this created more interesting gallery and lab spaces.

Moreover, some of the exterior walls revolved around the irregular shape of the columns to keep it consistent.

VIADUCT SHAPE The rear of the building, particularly the core, were influenced by the shape and location of the viaduct.

% OF GLAZING The overall aesthetic can be attributed to the glazing, which ensures people can see be interested by the centre.

CIRCULATION The profile of the floor slabs originated from the initial circulation testing I did previously.

CONTEXT The building height was affected by the surrounding context and is approximately the same height as the nearby towers

PRECEDENT: CREATIVE ARTS CENTRE

After developing the structure, the circulation path became lost in the scheme. Therefore, I strove to reintegrate this into the form by adapting the structure This ensured the building maintained its aesthetic, yet remained structurally possible.

Diller Scofidio’s Creative Arts Centre is a prime example of this as the building appears to be offset by half a floor, due to the level changes in each half of the building.

PROGRESSION OF FORM DEVELOPMENT AS AXONOMETRIC ITERATIONS

SITE //

PASSAGE //

RETAIN //

CARVE //

EXTRUDE //

ANGLE //

CONNECT //

REFINE //

Axonometric iterations of the form, developing from the original Exchange to the new scheme. These diagrams simplify the iterations undertaken to refine the shape based on the circulation and structure developed previously. Each iteration helped the scheme to improve and provide something different to the scheme. For instance, ‘Passage’ created a new path directly through the scheme, improving the circulation routes.

Once the form was finalised, I began creating a final digital model to create all the interior / exterior views. This was also crucial to synthesise all the development and to begin designing a facade.

The image on the left shows the final model prior to the creation of the skin, highlighting the interesting form created by the circulation on the perimeter of the building.

FINAL FORM AXONOMETRIC

THE SOL-R CENTRE // Collyhurst’s Solar-Research Centre.

In a bid to reverse the catastrophic effects of climate change, we must find alternative means of living and generating energy. Space-based Solar Power (SBSP) provides a solution, by using large satellites that harvest solar energy and beam it to Earth. SBSP has been explored and tested by NASA in the past but was halted due to technological limitations. With exponential advancements in technology and spaceports coming soon to the UK, it seems inevitable that the UK will start researching future potential.

Collyhurst, in North Manchester, has a rich industrial history, with little evidence remaining. The area has extreme poverty and suffered greatly after the industrial shift from the area. With the mass decrease in housing the area is increasingly in need of rejuvenation and restoration.

My scheme aims to amalgamate the two, providing Collyhurst with a new industry, and the UK with a centre to help research SBSP. Therefore, Collyhurst is put at the forefront of this new industry and can become the test subject for this new power source.

EXTERIOR PERSPECTIVE

REVISED TELEPHONE EXCHANGE // REVISED FLOOR PLANS LEVEL 00

LEVEL 01

SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE OF EXCHANGE

WHITWORTH ART GALLERY CAFE PRECEDENT

LEVEL 02

1:500 Existing Building I chose to retain the front portion of the exchange that I re-purposed as a cafe + restaurant space. The programme covers 3 floors, with the kitchen and services situated on ground floor. The top storey also features a walkway that connects it to my main building.

Longitudinal section showing all the spaces in the developed exchange. Showcases the elegant materiality present in the existing building, that helps to contribute to the industrial aesthetic of the scheme

Midday

SUN PATH DESIGN

16 The revised exchange took inspiration from the Whitworth Gallery Extension by MUMA. Their design also featured a slender brick and glazing building, serving as an adjoined cafe

KITCHEN DESIGN

PROGRAMMATIC SPACES

Morning Evening

1 x KITCHEN

6 x UNISEX BATHROOMS

1 x STORE ROOM

2 x DISABLED-ACCESS WCs

1 x FEATURE STAIR

3 x FLEXIBLE CAFE FLOORS

1 x FIRE STAIR

3 x PUBLIC ENTRANCES

1 x LIFT The rear curtain wall and existing windows capitalise on sunlight.

The front is exposed to the morning sun while the evening light will hit the back of the exchange. Both are ideal conditions for a Cafe.

1 x AERIAL WALKWAY

View + Natural Daylight Staff Entrance

Food Store Room + Stock Cupboard

Though the Exchange has a small area, I was able to fit all necessary spaces for my cafe. This included additional areas for storage, circulation and disabled access.

1:100

ROOF

Outward Opening Door to Cafe

CU

RT AIN

NEW ING GL AZ

RE TA

WA L

L

ACCESS + EGRESS Private Kitchen Entrance

FE

INE

DF AC AD E

RS TAI S E UR

AT

EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC

Exploded drawing communicating the various elements, from the retained facade to the curtain wall and furniture.

Main Entrance #1

CREATING PATHS Fire Exit Main Entrance #2

1:500 By adapting the shape and scale of the Exchange I factored in additional entrances and a new fire exit to ensure it meets regulations. This also included a direct route through the exchange and into the research centre, creating added circulation paths.

SOURCES + REFERENCES 16. Woodman, E. (2015) The Whitworth by MUMA. Architect’s Journal. [Online] Accessed on 3rd March 2019. https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/the-whitworth-by-muma/8680221.article

Recycling + Refuse

1:500

PROGRAMME: RESEARCH CENTRE // SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT IN SECTION [1:500]

Admin Floor Computer Suite ISO Clean Room

RESEARCH

OLD TECHNOLOGY

Laboratory Space ISO Clean Room

Laboratory Space

NEW TECHNOLOGY

ARCHIVE

Satellite Communication

RESEARCH PRINCIPLE

PUBLIC SHOWCASE

Laboratory Space

The main theory behind the research centre is that it will pioneer new technology. Meanwhile, instead of discarding the obsolescent technology, this will then be showcased and archived within the gallery space.

LAB SERVICE STRATEGY 1:50 The complex research programme is staggered and scattered across the building.

The labs and clean rooms are located in the middle, leading up to the more private spaces: the computer cluster, admin floor and the satellite communication

BREAKDOWN OF LABORATORY SPACE 1:100

Mechanical Ventilation for Labs

Exposed + Suspended Lighting Fixtures

Services run down Columns to feed Lab Benches

3 1

2

4

BREAKDOWN OF CLEAN ROOM SPACE 1:100

The services are distributed from the buildings riser and transferred horizontally under the floor slab. They service the lab benches by running down the columns and feeding directly into the desk. The labs are also all connected to a HVAC system to help exhaust any harmful substances.

PROGRESSION OVER TIME

2 4 5

1

6

1. Sealed Entrance Chamber

2. Staff Storage Lockers

3. Sinks for Preparation

4. Lab Work Benches

5. Sealed ISO Clean Room

6. Observation Space

APPLICATION

1

Space-Based Research Begins

Research Showcased

2

Research Successful

Tested in Outer-Space

3

Solar Power Generation

Tested on Collyhurst

4

Scalability of Scheme

Tested on Manchester

5

New National Power Grid

Tested on UK

6

International Scalability

International Power Source

TIME

3

RESEARCH PHASE

PROGRAMME: PUBLIC SHOWCASE // SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT IN SECTION [1:500]

EDUCATION PRINCIPLE

We remember: 10% of what we read 20% of what we hear 30% of what we see 50% of what we see + hear 70% of what we discuss 80% of what we personally experience 95% of what we teach

Viewable Research

Flexible Lecture Space Showcase / Gallery Space Unlike the research aspects, the showcase is present on every floor. On the lower levels the floors are dedicated to exhibiting and curation. Meanwhile, the upper floors are designed to allow the public to observe live research. The scheme also includes a Lecture space to further help the public learn about the research.

- Edgar Hale Education is the core principle behind the public showcase, aiming to teach people about space-based solar power. The interaction and observations are aimed at improving retention, as you remember more of what you personally see / experience.

PUBLIC SHOWCASE CIRCULATION ROUTE

INCLUSIVITY LIFT ACCESSIBLE

CHILD-SIZE TOILETS

WHEELCHAIR ACCESS

DISABLED TOILETS

NAPPY CHANGING FACILITIES

UNISEX TOILETS (NON-GENDER SPECIFIC)

The complex research programme is staggered and scattered across the building.

The labs and clean rooms are located in the middle, leading up to the more private spaces: the computer cluster, admin floor and the satellite communication

LEVEL CHANGES FOR ADDITIONAL PERSPECTIVES - 1:100 SECTION

4m 6m

4m

4m PUBLIC PERSPECTIVE

PRIVATE

Throughout the centre there are level changes to increase the viewpoints of research. These are staggered 2m between the main floors, allowing for both elevated and depressed views of the labs. This also allows for some spaces to be double height, yet still line up with the regular floor plates. This not only creates unique perspectives, but enables more interesting architecture and circulation.

FACADE DESIGN //

EXTERIOR PERSPECTIVE OF WHOLE FACADE

KULTURBAU LIBRARY PRECEDENT, GERMANY The Kulturbau Library in Germany features a double skin facade, made up of two layers of glazing. The outer skin is structural, consisting of a white silk-screened glass, giving the building a ghostly appearance.

DETAILED 1:20 SECTIONAL DRAWING

1

I aim to achieve something similar; however , with a non-structural skin and with frosted glass.

13 7

12

18

14

3D DOUBLE SKIN FACADE MODULE

11

4 2

3

8

6

5

15 9

To supplement the detail, I chose to show a 3D render to better understand the materiality and overall bay. This also helps to better comprehend the facade components.

FACADE THEORY + REASONING

10

TRANSLUCENCY 1. Double Skin Facade (8mm Frosted Glass)

6. 900mm Access Deck for Maintenance

2. Clamped Glazing Cap

7. Operable Window for Natural Ventilation

3. Access Ladder 4. Double Skin Facade Support Rail 5. Steel Maintenance Deck Support

8. Glazed Curtain Wall (Argon Filled Cavity) 9. Metal Panel Cover 10. Insulated Window Sill

11. Curtain Wall Mullion 12. Manual Window Blind for Solar Shading 13. Services Recessed into Ashcrete Slab 14. Light Fittings 15. Floor Slab with Underfloor Heating

SOURCES + REFERENCES 17. Watts, A (2016). Modern Construction Handbook (4th ed/.) Basel, Switzerland.

18. ArchDaily. (2013) Kulturbau / Benthem Crouwel Architects. [Online] Accessed on 10th April 2019. https://www.archdaily.com/391278/kulturbau-benthem-crouwel-architects

To capitalise on the circulation-designed building, I chose to highlight this by playing with transparency. It also helped to simultaneously achieve light and privacy.

DOUBLE-SKIN To increase the thermal performance and still allow for natural ventilation, a double skin was chosen to account for this.

EXPOSED ASHCRETE By exposing the ashcrete it adds to the overall honesty of the facade, while also ensuring more energy can be retained in the form of thermal mass

‘SPECIFICALLY-GENERIC’ ARCHITECTURE // FLEXIBLE PUBLIC SEATING + STEPS

TEMPORARY EVENT LECTURE HALL

ADAPTABLE RESEARCH LABS + CLEAN ROOMS To keep up with the fast pace of research and technology, all research spaces are open plan.

They are all specific by containing the same essential equipment and preparation facilities.

Specific Preparation Space

Open Sliding Wall

1:200 In line with the education strategy, the lecture space can doubles as informal seating when not in use.

Closed Sliding Wall

1:200

ALTERNATE HYBRID PROGRAMME

To deal with both current and future service needs I included two large spaces for risers. If the building does not need it currently, it will be useful for future increased demand if it is expanded / adapted.

1:200

1:200

FLEXIBLE PLANT ROOM + BASEMENT STORAGE

On the 9th Floor I allocated office space into the research building. This may either be used by the researchers themselves or can also be used to generate extra revenue. Due to the separate public / private lifts, this would interfere with the research + gallery programme.

Hence, the space can be outsourced and used by other parties. Moreover, it can also be retained and used by the Solre centre for future expansion, enabling extra space if needed in the future.

9th Floor Office

1:100

If the building adapts in the future, the various circulation routes will benefit the change. Due to its large size, it could comfortably fit multiple programmes, that can use alternate lifts for each entrance.

EASILY ADAPTABLE EXHIBITION WITH MULTIPLE POTENTIAL ARRANGEMENTS

Example Configurations

1:200

Due to the size of the research centre there is a large plant room in the basement. This is over-engineered to cater for additional demands and future expansion. Extra space can also double as storage space for items in the gallery spaces.

This is particularly true of the ISO Clean rooms as they have a broad range of capabilities and need to be adaptable for various forms of research.

Generic Clean Room that can be arranged to suit various needs

When there is an allocated talk or event, a sliding wall can be extended to partition the space for privacy + quiet

EXTRA SPACE IN SERVICE RISER

CREATING SURPLUS SPACES FOR VALUE / FUTURE EXPANSION

In order to create consistently new and updated exhibitions the space was designed to be extremely open with no interior walls.

Therefore a series of movable boards / stands will be used to display the work and information. These can then be readily changed and configured to suit the various arrangements necessary.

SOURCES + REFERENCES 19. Moe, K. (2013) Specifically Generic Architecture from Convergence. Routledge, London.

AXONOMETRIC OF RENTABLE OFFICE SPACE

SITE STRATEGY // AXONOMETRIC OF SITE

FUTURE POWER GRID PHASE 4 The final phase involves the production and distribution of energy, centred around the space-based solar power and research from the centre.

SOL-R CENTRE PHASE 2 The second phase involves the main research building, the ‘SOLRE Centre’. This follows the revision of the exchange and initiates the research into space-based solar power (SBSP)

VIADUCT Though the viaduct is not directly involved in the scheme, it will be retained and celebrated with the viewing platform on the Research Centre. This will further help boost the industrial nature of the scheme

RECTENNA SITE PHASE 3 After research is successful, the third stage will commence. This involves the creation of the rectenna site, the area that the satellite will beam onto, thus enabling the transmission of space solar power.

THE EXCHANGE PHASE 1 The first phase of the scheme includes renovating and adapting the existing telephone exchange. This begins with the retention of the front facade.

EXISTING BUILDINGS The current site features a low density of housing.

With the addition of my scheme I hope to increase the development of Collyhurst through the number of visitors and additional value

ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY // ELECTRICITY + POWER

BENCHMARK ANALYSIS

ITERATION 1: FORM ADAPTION

ITERATION 2: GLAZING PERCENTAGE

ITERATION 3: INSULATION

In time, the whole scheme will be self-sufficient, producing all of the necessary power from SBSP. This will also provide an environmental strategist for Collyhurst, as the aim is for it to provide sustainable power for the entire site and beyond.

In order to test and improve my energy performance, I used Sefaira analysis.

SUSTAINABLE DEMOLITION OF EXCHANGE

MATERIALITY: ASCHRETE

97%

of Concrete Components can be replaced with Recycled Material By choosing ashcrete as a substitute for concrete, fly-ash is used in the traditional cement making process. As a result, up to 97% of traditional materials can be replaced with recycled ones.

RECYCLING + REFUSE SPACE [1:200]

RECYCLING

As a benchmark I modelled my building with the default settings, producing a energy rating of 532 kWh / m2 / year.

To improve this, I adapted the form to my final design, removing some massing.

The high proportion of glazing is the main reason for the high values.

Therefore, I chose to replace some surfaces with solid wall to retain more heat and improve the performance.

This lowered the energy usage as the floor area reduced significantly.

maximum amount of materials from demolition of Exchange

Overall, this reduced my consumption from the initial Benchmark, down to 455 kWh /m2/year

ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION 1:200

Exhaust Air

The demolished part of the Exchange will be sorted and recycled as much as possible into the new scheme to reduce waste. This may include re-purposing the metal and bricks or reincorporating it into the ashcrete mixture.

In the final iteration I increased the insulation in the walls and increased the U-value of the glazing elements.

5 Outlet

IMPACT ON HEATING + COOLING Operable windows allow excess thermal energy to be released into the intermediate space

Location [1:1000] To improve the sustainability of the building, the research centre features an array of recycling bins to cater for the various needs. These are located at the rear of the building and range from food to chemical waste.

6

4

SCHEME ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION METHODS + MATERIALS SUSTAINABLE BUILDING USE + OCCUPATION

The scheme is positively affected by several passive strategies, such as occupation, where the largest heating impact will come from the equipment and people. In contrast, the percentage of glazing has the biggest impact on heat loss.

EDUCATING THE PUBLIC ABOUT SUSTAINABILITY

DOUBLE SKIN FACADE MODULE 1:50

Fresh Air

SUN

2

LIG HT

7

ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION KEY Inlet

1

TREES + VEGETATION: The surrounding trees will assist in absorbing C02 and producing more Oxygen.

2

SUNLIGHT : The high percentage of glazing ensures the maximum amount of daylight penetrates the building.

3

STACK EFFECT: The area under the canopy allows air to be drawn in and then released through openings.

4

OCCUPATION: The large number of equipment and people will generate excess heat to warm the building.

5

RAINWATER COLLECTORS: The roof of has a series of collectors that contribute to the water supply.

6

OPERABLE WINDOWS: The operable windows allow natural ventilation through the entirety of the building.

7

DOUBLE-SKIN: The inclusion of a second skin allows for natural ventilation, without losing any heat energy.

8

RECYCLING: The scheme includes a dedicated area for all recycling to limit the amount of waste produced.

3 1

CO2

8

SITE PLAN // [1:500 - A0]

RECTENNA SITE

VIDAUCT

SITE BOUNDARY

SOL-R CENTRE

LEVEL -1 // [1:100 - A0]

LEVEL 00 // [1:100 - A0]

LEVEL 01 // [1:100 - A0]

LEVEL 02 // [1:100 - A0]

LEVEL 03a // [1:100 - A0]

LEVEL 03b // [1:100 - A0]

LEVEL 04a //

LEVEL 04b // [1:100 - A0]

LEVEL 05 //

LEVEL 06 // [1:100 - A0]

LEVEL 07a //

LEVEL 07b // [1:100 - A0]

LEVEL 08 //

LEVEL 09 // [1:100 - A0]

LEVEL 10 //

ROOF // [1:100 - A0]

SECTION A-A // [1:100 - A0]

1:500 PLAN

SECTION B-B // [1:100 - A0]

NORTH ELEVATION // [1:100 - A0]

1:500 PLAN

EAST ELEVATION // [1:100 - A0]

1:500 PLAN

SOUTH ELEVATION // [1:100 - A0]

1:500 PLAN

WEST ELEVATION // [1:100 - A0]

1:500 PLAN

THANK YOU.