BASIC CYTOLOGY: Cell Parts & Functions Robert Perry Malibu High
ANIMAL CELL
PLANT CELL
CELL ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
PLASMA MEMBRANE
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Separates the internal environment from the outside environment and allows only certain molecules in and out.
CYTOPLASM Serves as a “jelly” including the organelles which are suspended and held together. (NOT THE NUCLEUS)
NUCLEUS CYTOSKELETON
NUCLEUS
Largest organelle in the cell and contains most of the cell’s genetic information.
Nuclear envelope Chromatin
Nucleolus
Mitochondria !!
Rough ER
www.denniskunkel.com
CHROMATIN
CHROMATIN
Between cell divisions, the DNA is more loosely coiled and forms long thin strands. Before the cell divides, it coils up more tightly and forms chromosomes.
NUCLEOLUS
Mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes.
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
Double membrane that encloses the genetic material.
NUCLEAR PORES
Help to regulate the exchange of materials (such as RNA and proteins) between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
CENTRIOLES
nucleus
CENTRIOLES
Very important in cellular division where they arrange the mitotic spindles.
Image: http://www.edu.ipa.go.jp/ chiyo/HuBEd/HTML1/en/3D/cell.html
Like Cilia and Flagella, Centrioles are also made of microtubules.
source: http://cellbio.utmb.edu/CELLBIO/cilia.htm
cilia
CILIA ONLY A FEW CELLS HAVE CILIA !
Numerous short extensions of the cell membrane that contain microtubules and are used to propel fluids.
cilia
Ciliated marine protist
Ciliated epithelium in human trachea
Cilia are used to move fluids. Protists use them to swim or to create feeding currents. Multicelled animals use them to move the mucous out of the nasal passages.
FLAGELLUM kinetosome
FLAGELLUM
A long, thin structure that sticks out from the cell membrane helps single-cells move or swim.
Illustration Š Lizzie Harper
Euglena
FLAGELLA
Noctiluca
What is a flagellum? These are whip-like structures that act like a propeller. Some groups have one, others have two. Shown here is a photosynthetic flagellate protozoan: Euglena, and a common marine dinoflagellate, Noctiluca.
CYTOSKELETON microfilaments
microtubules
CYTOSKELETON
Protein fibers that maintain cell shape, holds organelles in place, and for some cells, it enables cell movement.
CYTOSKELETON
microtubules
microfilaments
(nucleus)
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
Organize the inside structure of the cell by holding organelles and providing strength.
MICROFILAMENTS (Actin Filaments)
Mostly concentrated just beneath the cell membrane where they support the cell and help keep the cell’s shape.
MICROTUBULES
Hollow cylinders that hold organelles in place and allow them to move around the cell, and they form the mitotic spindle during cell division... also make up parts of cilia and flagella.
VESICLE
VESICLE
Used for organizing metabolism, transport, and storage of molecules...also used as chemical reaction chambers.
PEROXISOME
Vesicles that use oxygen to break down toxic substances in the cell.
ER
L
G
ER
the GERL
N
L
ER
G Exosome
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
A network of membranes that form hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and round sacs studded with ribosomes. It assembles and transports proteins.
two ribosomal subunits: large subunit small subunit
RIBOSOMES FREE RIBOSOMES: make proteins used inside the cell.
RIBOSOMES ON THE RER: make proteins sent outside the cell
Decode genetic messages within mRNA, turning them into amino acid chains (proteins).
(hormones, digestive enzymes, antibodies)
PROTEINS ARE SYNTHESIZED BY THE RIBOSOMES The subject of a separate lesson
N ER
SER
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
A network of membranes that form hollow tubes, flattened sheets, and round sacs without attached ribosomes; used for lipid synthesis, calcium ion storage, and drug detoxification.
RER
G
TRANSPORT VESICLES
Move proteins from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.
GOLGI “packaging and shipping�
Modifies proteins from the RER.... also involved in the transport of lipids around.
L
G
LYSOSOMES Vesicles with enzymes
Break down harmful cell products and waste materials.
Golgi apparatus
flow
such as ENZYMES
The GERL N L G
ER
MITOCHONDRION
The MIGHTY MITOCHONDRION
MITOCHONDRION
Use energy from organic carbohydrates (food) to make ATP -- ATP is the cell’s energy source.
Mitochondria: RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 + O2 SUGAR (GLUCOSE)
OXYGEN GAS
------> CO2 + H2O CARBON DIOXIDE GAS
WATER VAPOR
+ 38 ATP (cellular energy)
INNER MEMBRANE MEMBRANE PROTEINS (ENZYMES) ATP
INNER MATRIX OUTER MEMBRANE CRISTAE
Mitochondrion !
mitoribosomes
MITOCHONDRIA reproduce by fission, just like bacteria. You get them from your mother’s ovum.
VACUOLE
VACUOLE
Membrane-bound organelles that can have secretory, excretory and storage functions.
CENTRAL VACUOLE
CENTRAL VACUOLE
Maintains turgor pressure against the cell wall to form a hydrostatic skeleton for terrestrial plant cells.
CENTRAL VACUOLE
NO WATER = NO TURGOR PLANT IS LIMP AND WILTED
WATER = TURGOR PLANT IS EXPANDED AND STANDS UP
CHLOROPLAST
The MIGHTY CHLOROPLAST
CHLOROPLAST
Capture light energy from the sun and use it with water and carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates (food) for the plant.
Chloroplast: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
CO2 + H2O
CARBON DIOXIDE GAS
LIQUID WATER
---solar energy---> C6H12O6 + O2 high energy
SUGAR (GLUCOSE)
OXYGEN GAS
CELL WALL
CELL WALL
Rigid layer that is found outside the cell membrane of plants, certain protists and bacteria....contains cellulose and protein...provides structural support and protection.
the end