ლუკ კოფი - საქართველოს ნატო-ში გაწევრიანება აშშ-ს და ევროპის ინტერესებშია

specialuri moxseneba N. 199| 28 ianvari, 2018

saqarTvelos nato-Si gawevrianeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis interesebSia luk kofi

saqarTvelos nato-Si gawevrianeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis interesebSia luk kofi

saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis interesebSia

avtoris Sesaxeb luk kofi „heriTijis fondis“ keTrin da Selbi kalom devisis erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sagareo politikis institutis, daglas da sara alisonis sagareo politikis centris direqtoria. avtori madlobas uxdis aleqsis mraCeks, ruseTisa da evraziis sakiTxebSi asistent-mkvlevars misi fasdaudebeli daxmarebisaTvis am moxsenebis momzadebaSi.

© 2017 The Heritage Foundation. All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted by any means without permission in writing from the author, except of the case of brief quotations embodied in news articles, reviews or academic papers Translated from English by Zaza Shengelia with the support of the Economic Policy Research Center

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specialuri moxseneba| N. 199 28 ianvari, 2018

saqarTvelos nato-Si gawevrianeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis interesebSia luk kofi anotacia 2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseTi SeiWra saqarTveloSi, riTac xanmokle, Tumca danakargebiani da mtkivneuli xuTdRiani omi gaaCaRa. 10 wlis Semdeg afxazeTi da cxinvalis regioni aTasobiT rusi jariskacis mier kvlavac okupirebulia. okupirebuli teritoriis farTobi sazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli saqarTvelos teritoriis oc procents Seadgens. omis Semdeg saqarTvelos SeiaraRebulma Zalebma bevri cvlileba ganicada. saqarTvelos mier Tavdacvaze gaweuli xarjebi natos standarts akmayofilebs. saqarTvelom mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana saerTaSoriso misiebSic. aTasobiT qarTvelma jariskacma eraysa da avRaneTSi imsaxura, xolo asobiT mSvidobismyofelma - afrikasa da balkaneTSi. ruseTis samxedro agresiis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos dasavleTisken swrafva ar ganelebula. saqarTvelom transatlantikuri usafrTxoebis ganmtkicebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana. 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg am rTul regionSi saqarTvelo yovelTvis imedis momcemi qveyana iyo. mniSvnelovanma ekonomikurma reformebma saqarTvelos ekonomikis liberalizacias Seuwyo xeli. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis interesSia saqarTvelosTan ormxrivi urTierTobis gaRrmaveba, Tavdacvisunarianobis gazrda da saqarTvelos natoSi integraciisken svlis SenarCuneba.

2008 agvistoSi, roca msoflios yuradReba pekinSi mimdinare olimpiuri TamaSebisken iyo mipyrobili, asobiT tankisa da javSanmanqanisgan Semdgarma rusulma samxedro kolonam rokis gvirabis gavliT ruseT-saqarTvelos sazRvari gadakveTa. saqarTveloSi SeWrili ruseTis jarebi qveynis dedaqalaqs ramdenime milis manZilze miuaxlovdnen, daibomba Tbilisis samoqalaqo aeroporti. saomari moqmedebebis Sewyveta safrangeTis prezidentis, nikola sarkozis mier SemuSavebuli cecxlis Sewyvetis eqvspunqtiani SeTanxmebis dadebis Semdeg moxerxda. aTi wlis Semdeg ruseTis Zalebs kvlav okupirebuli aqvT afxazeTi da cxinvalis, e.w. samxreT oseTis dedaqalaqis, garSemo mdebare regioni. es teritoria sazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli saqarTvelos teritoriis oc procents Seadgens. ucxo qveynis mier amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis imave proporciis teritoriis okupaciis SemTxvevaSi es teritoria mTlianad moicavs kldovani mTebis dasavleTiT

mdebare teritorias. am SemTxvevaSi agresoris gamovlena martivia - ruseTi suverenuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi SeiWra da saqarTvelos sazRvrebi da suvereniteti daarRvia. saqarTvelo amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis erTguli mokavSirea, avRaneTSi natos arawevr saxelmwifoTa Soris samxedro kontingentis raodenobiT pirvel adgilzea da didi msxverplic gaiRo: erT sul mosaxleze daangariSebiT saqarTvelom yvelaze didi danakargi naxa. saqarTvelos samxreT kavkasiaSi, Savi zRvis sanapiroze mdebareobas amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisTvis strategiuli mniSvneloba aqvs, iqneba es ekonomikuri, savaWro, evropisken energomatarebelTa tranzitis kuTxiT Tu samxedro da usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT. 1991 wels damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, rTuli regionuli situaciis miuxedavad, saqarTvelo yovelTvis inarCunebda ganviTarebis perspeqtivas. xelisuflebis mSvidobianad gadacema Tavisufali da 1

saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis interesebSia

gamWvirvale arCevnebis meSveobiT xdeboda, gatarda qveynis ekonomikis liberalizaciisaTvis saWiro reformebi, gaRrmavda transatlantikur organizaciebTan urTierToba.

2018 weli mniSvnelovani welia amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis, natosa da saqarTvelos urTierTobebSi. gadis aTi weli ara marto ruseTis samxedro agresiidan, aramed buqarestis samitidanac, sadac natom saqarTvelos aliansSi gawevrianebis piroba misca. 2018 wlis ivlisSi briuselSi dagegmili samiti natos saqarTvelosTan partniorobis gaRrmavebis Tvisebrivad axal etapze gadasvlis saSualebas aZlevs, rac aliansis sruli wevrobisken aRebul gezs kidev ufro ganamtkicebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2018 iqneba weli, roca didi molodinis Semdeg saqarTvelo tanksawinaaRmdego sistema „javelins“ miiRebs, rac amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da saqarTvelos ormxriv urTierTobaSi win gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba. am urTierTobis gasaRrmaveblad aseve mniSvnelovania, SeerTebulma Statebma gaagrZelos saqarTvelos Crdiloatlantikur aliansSi gawevrianebis advokatireba, gaaRrmaos ormxrivi samxedro TanamSromloba teritoriul Tavdacvaze gamaxvilebuli aqcentiT, gaafarToos Sav zRvaSi amerikuli Zalebis warmomadgenloba da gaagrZelos ruseTze zewola, raTa Sesruldes 2008 wlis cecxlis Sewyvetis eqvspunqtiani SeTanxmebis pirobebi da Sewydes saqarTvelos teritoriebis ukanono okupacia. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mniSvnelovani mokavSire

2008 wels ruseTis agresiis Semdeg, romlis Sedegic saqarTvelos teritoriis 20%-is okupaciaa, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi gardaiqmna da globaluri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad mudmiv mzadyofnaSia. aTasobiT qarTvelma jariskacma miiRo monawileoba erayisa da avRaneTis misiebSi, saqarTvelodan gagzavnilma asobiT jariskacma ki afrikasa da balkaneTis samSvidobo misiebSi imsaxura. ruseTis samxedro agresiam da amiT gamowveulma mZime Sedegebmac ki ver imoqmeda saqarTvelos dasavleTTan daaxloebaze mimarTul sagareo politikur kursze. saqarTvelos mier transatlantikur usafrTxoebaSi Setanili wvlili udavoa. saqarTvelos, rogorc amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mokavSiris, mniSvneloba sam ZiriTad faqtors emyareba: 1. rogorc erayisa da avRaneTis kampaniebma aCvena, saqarTvelo saimedo da sando mokavSirea. naklebad cnobilia, rom 2008 wels, ruseTis samxedro agresiisas, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli 2

Zalebi eraySi SeerTebuli Statebis Semdeg sididiT meore kontingents Seadgenda. 2012 wels, roca natos wevri bevri saxelmwifo Cqarobda avRaneTis datovebas, saqarTvelom avRaneTSi damatebiT ramdenime aseuli samxedro mosamsaxure gadaisrola. avRaneTSi, msoflioSi sicocxlisTvis yvelaze saSiS adgilebSi, helmandisa da yandaaris provinciebSi, saqarTvelos CarTulobis pikSi 2000-mde samxedro mosamsaxure asrulebda Tavis misias. avRaneTis misiaSi mniSvnelovani CarTulobis SedarebiT mokle periodis miuxedavad, erT sul mosaxleze daangariSebiT saqarTvelos SeiaraRebulma Zalebma yvelaze meti danakargi ganicada. dRes avRaneTSi saqarTvelos 870 samxedro mosamsaxure imyofeba. am cifriT saqarTvelo natos arawevr qveynebs Soris pirvel adgilzea. rogorc cnobilia, 2008 wels, ruseTis samxedro agresiisas, eraySi saqarTvelos samxedro kontingenti raodenobiT mxolod amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisas Camouvardeboda.

2. evraziis regionSi SeerTebuli Statebis geopolitikuri miznebis gaTvaliswinebiT saqarTvelos strategiul mdebareobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. saqarTvelo samxreT kavkasiaSi, regionis mniSvnelovan geografiul da kulturul gzajvaredinze mdebareobs. am mdebareobis strategiulma mniSvnelobam, rogorc samxedro, ise ekonomikuri kuTxiT, saukuneebis gamocdas gauZlo. dRes udavoa, rom saqarTvelos mdebareobas amerikis SeerTebuli StatebisTvis strategiuli mniSvneloba aqvs. magaliTad, nato saqarTvelos teritoriiT, infrastruqturiTa da lojistikuri resursebiT SeuzRudavad sargeblobda avRaneTSi tvirTisa da cocxali Zalis gadasasrolad. wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos aeroportebi da sazRvao portebi ganaxlda da ganviTarda. es Savi zRvis regionisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani faqtoria. saqarTvelos teritorias kveTs iseTi mniSvnelovani navTobsadenebi, rogoric baqo-Tbilisi-jeihani da baqo-sufsaa, axlo momavalSi dagegmili „samxreTis bunebrivi airis derefani“ da mniSvnelovani sarkinigzo magistralebi, rogoric baqo-Tbilisi- yarsia. navTobsadenebsa da gazsadenebs gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs evropis energousafrTxoebisa da, Sesabamisad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis regionuli interesebisTvis.

3. saqarTvelos demokratiuli ganviTarebis gza regionisTvis samagaliToa. 1991 wels, damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, saqarTvelo demokratiis gzas daadga. regionuli sta-

specialuri moxseneba| N. 199 28 ianvari, 2018 ruka1

ruseTis mier okupirebuli teritoriebi saqarTveloSi ruseTis mier okupirebuli afxazeTi

nalCiki

ruseTis mier okupirebuli cxinvalis regioni

soxumi

detali

raWa-leCxumi da qvemo svaneTi

vladikavkazi

baTumi

aWara

rokis gvirabi

mcxeTamTianeTi cxinvali

imereTi Sida qarTli

guria

trabzoni

grozno

nazrani

afxazeTi

samegrelozemo svaneTi

Savi zRva

ruseTi

pankisis xeoba

saqarTvelo samcxejavaxeTi

Tbilisi

kaxeTi

qvemo qarTli

rize

somxeTi

TurqeTi

azerbaijani

yarsi gumuShane erevani

SOURCE: Heritage Foundation research.

bilurobis SenarCunebisTvis saqarTvelos am gzaze darCena SeerTebuli Statebis interesebSia. wlebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos mTavrobebi cdilobdnen, gaeRrmavebinaT ekonomikis liberalizacia, SeemcirebinaT biurokratiuli aparati, aRmoefxvraT korufcia da xeli SeewyoT demokratiuli procesebisTvis. 2003 wels, mSvidobiani „vardebis revoluciis“ Semdeg, saqarTvelo mtkiced daadga Crdiloatlantikuri integraciis gzas. amave dros, saqarTvelo gamoxatavs ideas, rom yvela damoukidebel saxelmwifos aqvs suverenuli ufleba, gadawyvitos, visTan ganaviTaros urTierToba. teritoriuli mTlianobis principi daculi unda iyos da arc erT gare Zalas (am SemTxvevaSi - ruseTs) ar unda hqondes vetos ufleba imaze, Tu romel organizaciaSi gawevriandeba damoukidebeli saxelmwifo, iqneba es nato Tu evrokavSiri.

Tavisuflebisadmi saqarTvelos midrekilebaSi

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axali araferia. britaneli diplomati da gamoCenili qarTvelologi ser oliver uordropi 1888 wels Tavis wignSi „saqarTvelos samefo: mogzauroba qalebis, Rvinisa da simReris qveyanaSi“ werda: „aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli politikuri ideebi dasavleT evropidanaa nasesxebi. iaponia, albaT, is gamonaklisia, sadac sazogadoeba aseve swrafad gadavida feodalizmidan pirdapir liberalizmze. absoluturi monarqiis memkvidreebi, xalxi, romelic meoTxedi saukunis win monaTmflobeli iyo, axla demokratiuli ideebis gulmxurvale mxardamWeria. aq xmamaRla saubroben Tavadebsa da glexebs, batonebsa da ymebs Soris Tanasworobasa da Zmobaze“. rusulma da sabWoTa dominaciam saqarTveloSi demokratiuli procesebi Seaferxa, Tumca 1991 wels damoukideblobis dabrunebis Semdeg es procesebi isev mniSvnelovnad daCqarda. amerikis SeerTebulma 3

saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis interesebSia

ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis rekorduli gaumjobeseba 1991 wels damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, saqarTvelom demokratizaciisa da ekonomikuri progresis kuTxiT STambeWdav Sedegebs miaRwia. es Sedegebi gansakuTrebiT naTlad am qveynis ekonomikur maCveneblebis analizisas ikiTxeba. erT-erTi aseTi maCvenebeli, romlis meSveobiTac `heriTijis fondi~wlebis ganmavlobaSi yuradRebiT akvirdeboda saqarTvelos winsvlas, ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsia. `heriTijis fondma~ pirvelad 1996 wels gamoTvala saqarTvelos ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsi, romlis maCvenebliTac saqarTvelo 142 qveynidan 123-e adgilze aRmoCnda. 2017 wels ki is 180 qveynidan me-13 adgilzea, rac ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsis istoriaSi rekordulad swrafi winsvlis SemTxvevaa. es faqti metyvelebs aramarto im progresze romelic saqarTvelom 1991 wlis Semdeg miaRwia, aramed saqarTvelos mosaxleobis momaval SesaZleblobebzec. *

Terry Miller and Anthony B. Kim, 2017 Index of Economic Freedom (Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, 2017), p. 234, http://www.heritage.org/index/country/georgia.

Statebma ar unda daiSuros Zalisxmeva saqarTvelos SesanarCuneblad ekonomikuri progresis, demokratiis, transatlantikuri da evroatlantikuri integraciis gzaze. saqarTvelos da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis urTierToba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis pirveli diplomatiuri warmomadgenloba 1886 wels baTumSi dafuZnda. 1915 wels, pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisa da osmaleTis imperiis mxridan baTumis okupaciis safrTxis gamo, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sakonsulom baTumidan TbilisSi gadmoinacvla.

TavisTavad cxadia, imdroindel saqarTvelos ruseTis imperia srulad akontrolebda. 1917 wlis revoluciis Sedegad damxobili ruseTis imperiidan Tavis daRwevis Semdeg saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika 1918-1921 wlebSi iarsebebs. damoukideblobis am mokle periodis ganmavlobaSi SeerTebul Statebsa da saqarTvelos Soris diplomatiuri urTierTobebi ar damyarebula. saxelmwifo departamenti SeSfoTebuli iyo ruseTis imperiis adgilas axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis gaCenis perspeqtiviT. rogorc imdroindeli saxelmwifo mdivani robert lensingi ixsenebs, „usamarTlo da arasasurvel nabijad migvaCnda ruseTSi konstituciis Sesabamisi mTavrobis mosvlamde ruseTis erTianobis principis ugulebelyofa“. saqarTvelom damoukidebloba 1991 wlis 25 de­kembers gamoacxada. formaluri diplomatiuri urTierToba amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da saqarTvelom 1992 wlis 24 marts daamyares. SeerTebuli Statebis saelCo imave wlis 23 aprils gaixsna.

1991 wlidan moyolebuli amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierToba mravalwaxnagiani iyo da droTa ganmavlobaSi moicva iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa: demokratizacia, ekonomikuri reformebi, sasamarTlos reforma, 4

kulturis sferos problemebi, investiciisa da biznesis SesaZleblobebi. TanamSromlobis ZiriTad da mTavar sferod SeiZleba usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis mimarTuleba CavTvaloT, Tumca 2002 wlamde arc am sferoSi TanamSromloba gaaqtiurebula da ZiriTadad terorizmTan brZolaze iyo fokusirebuli. SeerTebuli Statebis mier samxedro TanamSromlobis adreul etapze saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis antiteroristuli operaciebisTvis mzadeba droTa ganmavlobaSi erayisa da avRaneTis misiebisTvis momzadebaSi gadaizarda.

Sav zRvaSi rotaciaze myofi samxedro qveiTebi xSirad Camodian saqarTveloSi erTobliv samxedro wvrTnebSi monawileobis misaRebad, SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro-sazRvao flotis gemebi ki saqarTvelos portebis xSiri stumrebi arian. Sav zRvaSi SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro Zalis gamoCenam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba 2014 wels ruseTis mier yirimis naxevarkunZulis aneqsiis Semdeg SeiZina. yirimis okupaciis Semdeg ruseTma Sav zRvaze wvdomis xelSeSlisa da manevris SezRudvis axali Zlieri zona (A2/AD) Seqmna, romelic safrTxes uqmnis regionSi rogorc natos wevr, ise aliansis arawevr saxelmwifoebs. saqarTvelosa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis samxedro TanamSromlobis saZirkvelia ori masStaburi yovelwliuri samxedro wvrTna. 2011 wels Caeyara safuZveli da pirvelad Catarda erToblivi samxedro wvrTna Agile Spirit („laRi suli“), romelic qarTvel samxedroebs avRaneTis misiisaTvis amzadebs. dRes am ormxriv wvrTnaSi sxva evropeli partniorebic monawileoben. 2017 wels wvrTnaSi monawileoba miiRo 1500-ma samxedro mosamsaxurem, maT Soris amerikelma, qarTvelma, azerbaijanelma, bulgarelma, latvielma, ruminelma da ukrainelma samxedroebma. meore mniSvnelovani ormxrivi samxedro wvrTnaa Noble Partner („Rirseuli partniori“). is 2014 wels daiwyo da Tavdapirvelad saqarTvelos

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SeiaraRebuli Zalebis natosTan urTierTTavsebadobis gazrdas, natos standartebTan miaxloebas isaxavda miznad. amave dros, „Rirseuli partniori“ adasturebs saqarTvelos natos reagirebis Zalebis ganviTarebaSi (NRF) Setanil wvlils. damatebiT wvrTnaSi monawileoben jorjiis Statis erovnuli gvardia da misi sahaero Zalebi. 2017 wels „Rirseul partniorSi“ monawileoba miiRes somxeTma, germaniam, sloveniam, TurqeTma, ukrainam da gaerTianebulma samefom.

SeerTebuli Statebisa da saqarTvelos usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis sferoSi ormxriv urTierTobaSi tradiciulad mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs nato. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis, natosa da saqarTvelos urTierTobis mniSvnelovani etapebia:

diagrama 1

ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis swrafi zrda saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos reitingi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsSi

2017: No. 13 2007: No. 35

• 1994 weli. saqarTvelo uerTdeba natos programas „partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis“. 1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg Seqmnili es programa TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebis saSualebaa. programis mizania usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi natos wevr da sxva saxelmwifoTa Soris partniorobis gaumjobeseba.

• 1994 weli. iwyeba jorjiis Statsa da saqarTvelos Soris TanamSromlobis programa. es programa 1991 wels iRebs saTaves da erovnuli gvardiis kompetenciaSi Sedis. programa SeerTebuli Statebis erovnuli gvardiis partnior qveynebTan TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebasa da gaumjobesebas isaxavs miznad. jorjiis Statis erovnuli gvardiis saqarTvelosTan ormxrivi partniorobis programa dResac moqmedebs.

• 2002 weli. saqarTvelos wvrTnisa da aRWurvis programa. 2001 wlis 11 seqtembris Semdeg amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs terorizmTan brZolis kuTxiT TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebas. 2002 wels saqarTvelo SeerTebul Statebs terorizmis safrTxis ganeitralebaSi daxmarebisTvis mimarTavs. safrTxe Tbilisidan asiode kilometriT daSorebuli pankisis xeobidan modis, romelsac ruseTidan gadmosuli CeCeni mebrZolebi afareben Tavs.

• 2005 weli. stabilurobis SenarCunebis operatiuli programa. wvrTnisa da aRWurvis es programa miznad isaxavs saqrTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis momzadebas erayis misiisTvis. saqarTvelo operacia „erayis Tavisuflebis“ aqtiuri partniori da monawile iyo. operaciaSi 7800 qarTveli samxedro mosamsaxure monawileobda.

2008 wels, saqarTveloSi ruseTis SemoWrisas, eraySi ganTavsebuli saqarTvelos kontingenti

1996: No. 124

2005: No. 100

SeniSvna: ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsi msoflio reitingSi 186 qveynis monacemebia wyaro: Terry Miller and Anthony B. Kim, 2017 Index of Economic Freedom (Washington, DC: The Heritage Foundation, 2017), http://www.heritage.org/index.

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raodenobiT mxolod SeerTebuli Statebisas Camouvardeboda.

• 2005 weli. ormxrivi konsultaciebi Tavdacvis sferoSi. konsultaciebis funqcia saqarTvelosa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs Soris ormxrivi urTierTobis gaRrmavebaa. Sexvedrebi imarTeba yovelwliurad, maTi mizania saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministrosa da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis reformirebis xelSewyoba.

• 2008 weli. natos buqarestis samiti. buqarestis samiti aliansSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebisken mimarTuli grZeli gzis dasawyisad iTvleba.

5

saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis interesebSia

Savi zRvis usafrTxoebis gamowvevebi ruseTis mier Sav zRvaSi wvdomis xelSeSlisa da wvdomis SezRudvis (A2/AD) gazrdili SesaZleblobebi am arealSi moqmedebis SezRudvis mniSvnelovani, Tumca ara erTaderTi faqtoria. diplomatiuri da politikuri faqtorebi damatebiT arTuleben viTarebas. diplomatia. 1936 wlis montros konvencia mniSvnelovnad zRudavs Sav zRvaSi nato-s sazRvao Zalebis angariSgasawevi raodenobis SenarCunebis SesaZleblobas. konvenciis mixedviT Savi zRvis sakvanZo sruteTa kontroli xelT TurqeTs upyria, mniSvnelovani SezRudvebia dawesebuli im qveyanaTa sazRvao xomaldebis raodenobaze, wyalwyvaze da tranzitze, romlebic Sav zRvis akvatorias ar ekuTvnian, maT mier sruteebiT sargeblobasa da Sav zRvaSi moqmedebis xangrZlivobaze. am saxelmwifoebs mikuTvnebuli samxedro gemebis wona 15000 tonas ar unda aRematebodes. Sav zRvaSi erTdroulad Semavali aseTi gemebis ricxvi cxras ar unda aRematebodes da maTi jamuri tonaJi 30000 tonas ar unda aRematebodes. maTi Sav zRvaSi darCenis maqsimaluri xangrZlivoba 21 dRea.* es faqtorebi mniSvnelovnad zRudavs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis da nato-s sxva wevrebis flotebis Sav zRvaSi moqmedebis SesaZleblobebs. ruseTis mier ukrainis agresiis Semdeg amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis da nato-s sxva wevrebis samxedro xomaldTa ricxvi swrafad gaizarda Tumca viTarebam didxans ver gastana da maTi ricxvi maleve mniSvnelovnad Semcirda.miuxedavad nato-s generaluri mdivnis, iens stoltenbergis, 2017 wlis TebervalSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebisa Sav zRvaSi nato-s samxedro xomaldTa ricxvis gazrdis aucileblobis Sesaxeb am mxriv situacia jer ar Secvlila.† politika. Savi zRvis nato-s wevr qveyanaTa Soris uTanxmoebaTa gamo aliansma regionSi sasurvel Sedegebs ver miaRwia. miuxedavad 2016 wels, varSavis nato-s samitze intensiuri diskusiisa, jer ver moxerxda nato-s mudmivmoqmedi samxedro flotis Savi zRvaSi damkvidreba. *

Montreux Convention Agreement, July 20, 1936, http://sam.baskent.edu.tr/belge/Montreux_ENG.pdf (accessed December 18, 2017).

†

Jens Stoltenberg, “Press Conference Following the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council at the Level of Defence Ministers,” NATO, February 16, 2017, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_141340.htm (accessed December 28, 2017).

‡

Mariya Cheresheva, “NATO Black Sea Plans Cause Dissent in Bulgaria,” Balkan Insight, February 22, 2017, http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/nato-black-sea-region-plans-cause-roar-in-bulgaria-02-22-2017 (accessed December 15, 2017).

samitis deklaraciaSi vkiTxulobT: „nato moxarulia ukrainisa da saqarTvelos evroatlantikuri integraciisken miswrafebiT, romelic aliansSi gawevrianebas isaxavs miznad. dRes SevTanxmdiT, rom es ori qveyana natos wevri gaxdeba“.

• 2008 weli. nato-saqarTvelos komisia. komisia 2008 wlis seqtemberSi, imave wels buqarestis samitze aliansis wevrobis Sesaxeb gancxadebis sapasuxod Seiqmna. komisia rogorc politikuri konsultaciebis, ise aliansis wevrobisaTvis saWiro praqtikuli nabijebis Seswavlis adgilia.

• 2009 weli. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da saqarTvelos strategiuli partniorobis komisia. am programis farlebSi Seiqmna oTxi maRali donis samuSao jgufi ormxrivi urTierTobis gaRrmavebisa da gaumjobesebisaTvis iseT sferoebSi, rogorebicaa: demokratia, Tavdacva da usafrTxoeba, ekonomika, vaWroba da energetika, gacvliTi programebi da kulturis sfero. am jgufTagan erT-erTi Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis samuSao jgufia, romelic yovelwliurad ikribeba SeerTebul Statebsa da saqarTvelos Soris usafrTxoebis sferoSi TanamSromlobis gasaRrmaveblad.

• 2008 weli. wliuri erovnuli programa. programis mizania aliansSi gawevrianebis msurvelTaTvis aucilebeli reformebisa da politikis gatarebaSi daxmareba. 2008 wlidan saqarTvelom warmatebiT gaiara wliuri programis cxra cikli.

• 2009 weli. ISAF-is misiisaTvis gadasroliswina momzadebis programa. wvrTnisa da aRWurvis es programa qarTvel jariskacebs natos egidiT mimdinare avRaneTis misiaSi monawileobis misaRebad amzadebs. 2009 wlis Semdeg avRaneTis

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diagrama 2

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis flotis Sav zRvaSi yofnis xangrZlivoba mcirdeba samxedro xomaldTa Sav zRvaSi yofnis xangrZlivoba 2014-2017 wlebSi

wyaro:

aSS

safrangeTi

espaneTi

italia

saberZneTi

479

270

119

107

65

didi poloneTi germania holandia portugalia britaneTi 52

Bosphorus Naval News, https://turkishnavy.net/ (accessed January 2, 2018).

misiaSi 12 000-ma qarTvelma samxedro mosamsaxurem miiRo monawileoba. avRaneTis operaciaSi saerTaSoriso koaliciis wevrTa Soris, erT sul mosaxleze daangariSebiT, saqarTvelom yvelaze didi danakargi ganicada.

• 2012 weli. gaZlierebuli Tavdacvis TanamSromlobis SeTanxmeba. es SeTanxmeba SeerTebul Statebsa da saqarTvelos Soris warsulSi miRweul SeTanxmebebs efuZneba da miznad isaxavs natosTan urTierTTavsebadobis gaumjobesebasa da samxedro reformebis xelSewyobas.

• 2014 weli. nato-saqarTvelos arsebiTi paketi. 2014 wels natos uelsis samitze aliansma miiRo winadadeba, gaeRrmavebina saqarTvelosTan ukve arsebuli intensiuri TanamSromloba. kerZod, Seiqmna 13 programa, romlebic saqarTvelos teritoriuli Tavdacvis gaumjobesebasa da saqarTvelos natos wevrobisTvis momzadebas isaxavs miznad. saqarTvelo erTaderTi qveyanaa, romelmac aseTi paketi miiRo aliansisgan misi arsebobis istoriaSi. • 2016 weli. amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da saqarTvelos Soris Tavdacvisa da usafrTxoebis sferoSi partniorobis gaRrmavebis memorandumi. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis 25 wlis

38

37

20 SR199

20 heritage.org

aRsaniSnavad xeli moewera memorandums, romelic xazs usvams amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da saqarTvelos Soris urTierTobis strategiul mniSvnelobas. am memorandumiT safuZveli Caeyara saqarTvelos Tavdacvis mzadyofnis programas. is, aqamde arsebuli programebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul Zalebs saerTaSoriso misiebSi monawileobis misaRebad amzadebda, gulisxmobs saqarTvelos teritoriuli Tavdacvis SesaZleblobebis gaumjobesebas.

• 2017 weli. amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da saqarTvelos Soris saidumlo informaciis dacvis usafrTxoebis zomebis SeTanxmeba. „es SeTanxmeba SeerTebul Statebsa da saqarTvelos Soris TanamSromlobis mniSvnelovani niSnulia“, is aadvilebs sadazvervo informaciis gacvlas or qveyanas Soris da safuZvels uyris usafrTxoebis sferoSi TanamSromlobisa da saidumlo informaciis gacvlis momaval SeTanxmebebs. trampis administraciam saqarTvelosTan ur­Ti­­erTobis pozitiuri dinamika gaaZliera. viceprezidenti pensi maleve, 2017 wlis zafxulSi, ewvia oficialuri vizitiT saqarTvelos, rac saqarTvelos warmatebad iqna ganxiluli. rac mTavaria, man afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi rusuli samxedro kontingentis yofna „okupaciad“ Seafasa.

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saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis interesebSia

pankisis xeobis islamistebi saqarTveloSi fundamentalisturi islamis epicentri pankisis xeobaSia. 8 milis sigrZis da 2 milis siganis pankisis xeoba ruseTis (CeCneTis) da saqarTvelos (axmetis raionis) sazRvarTan axlos, Tbilisidan 160 kilometrSi, maRalmTian regionSi mdebareobs. xeobis mosaxleobis 75% qistia. es eTnikurad CeCeni da ZiriTadad sunituri jgufi saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi gamoCnda. islamuri fundamentalizmi pankisis xeobisTvis SedarebiT axali fenomenia. qistebis pirveli talRa xeobaSi 1830-ian wlebSi gamoCnda. maT imam Samilis (kavkasiis omisas antirusuli winaaRmdegobis meTauri, 1817-1864) mier misi kontrolis qveS myof teritoriaze mkacri islamuri wesebis damyarebis Semdeg gadmokveTes saqarTvelos sazRvari. istoriuli paradoqsia, rom xalxi romelic islamur fundamentalizms 1800-ian wlebSi gamoecala da saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mSvidobian garemoSi cxovrobda, kvlav fundamentalizmis safrTxis winaSea. 1990-ian wlebSi CeCneTSi momxdarma orma omma mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina regionis socialur suraTze. pankisis xeoba CeCneTidan gamoxiznuli aTasobiT ltolvilis TavSesafrad iqca. CeCeni da arabi mebrZolebi xeobas ruseTze Tavdasxmebis mzadebisa da reabilitaciisaTvis iyenebdnen. xeobaSi Semosul mosaxleobas islamis ufro konservatoruli interpretacia axasiaTebda, romelmac droTa ganmavlobaSi adgilobriv pankiselebSic myarad moikida fexi. sazogadoebaSi, romelic wlebis ganmavlobaSi zomier islamTan mTielebis warmarTul adaTebsa da wesebs aTavsebda, grZeli wverisa da muslimuri qudis tareba gavrcelda. islamuri saxelmwifos droSis qveS mebrZol saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa ricxvi sxvadasxva SefasebiT 100 mebrZols aRemateba. Tumca maTi zusti ricxvi Znelia dasadgenia da SeiZleba gacilebiT maRali iyos. xeobidan islamur saxelmwifoSi sabrZolvelad wasulTa ricxvi gansakuTrebul SeSfoTebas qistTa Temis simciris da maTi gansaxlebis arealis zomis gaTvaliswinebiT iwvevs.

2017 wlis noemberSi SeerTebulma Statebma ori mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba gamoacxada. am gadawyvetilebebma saqarTvelosa da SeerTebuli Statebis Tavdacvis sferoSi urTierToba Tvisebrivad axal doneze aiyvana. pirveli gancxadeba saqarTvelosTvis tanksawinaaRmdego marTvadi saraketo kompleqsis, „javelinis“, miyidvas Seexeboda. am istoriuli gadawyvetilebis Sedegad saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebi 410 raketasa da 72 gamSveb mowyobilobas miiRebs. barak obamas prezidentobisas qarTulma mxarem am kompleqsis SeZena ramdenjerma scada, magram uSedegod. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mier gadadgmuli meore mniSvnelovani nabiji teritoriuli Tavdacvis gasaumjobeseblad saqarTvelos SeiaraRebul ZalebTan TanamSromlobis prioritetad gamocxadeba iyo. es mniSvnelovani cvlilebaa: warsulSi saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis wvrTna avRaneTis misiasTan dakavSirebul antiteroristul operaciaze iyo fokusirebuli. „heriTijis fondi“ wlebis 8

ganmavlobaSi mouwodebda TeTr saxls am ori nabijis gadadgmisken da miesalmeba trampis administraciis mier am gadawyvetilebebis miRebas.

grZeli gza natosken iSviaTia evropuli qveyana, romelic natos mimarT aseTi enTuziazmiT iyos gamsWvaluli, ro­ gorc saqarTveloa, qveyana, romelic aliansis wevric ki ar gamxdara. aliansSi gawevrianebisaTvis mzadmyof qveynebze gaTvlilma natos „Ria karis“ politikam mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana transatlantikuri usafrTxoebis gaumjobesebaSi. 1952 wels aliansis gafarToebis pirveli raundis Semdeg nato evropuli usafrTxoebis mTavar garantad iqca. Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis meaTe muxlis Tanaxmad, nebismier evropul saxelmwifos, romelic „emxroba am xelSekrulebis principebs da mzad aris, Tavisi wvlili Seitanos Crdiloatlantikuri sivrcis usafrTxoebaSi“, SeuZlia SeuerTdes alianss. dRes

specialuri moxseneba| N. 199 28 ianvari, 2018

natoSi gawevrianebis oficialuri kandidati sami qveyanaa, esenia: makedonia, bosnia da hercegovina da saqarTvelo. nato-saqarTvelos urTierToba arasdros yofila aseTi mWidro, Tumca gasakeTebeli kvalavac bevria. saqarTvelom aliansSi gawevrianebis dapireba jer kidev 2008 wels buqarestis samitze miiRo. es dapireba mas Semdeg gamarTul natos yvela samitze iqna dadasturebuli. samwuxarod, aliansis wevrTa nawils am gadawyvetilebisadmi saTanado mxardaWera ar gamouxatavs. es gansakuTrebiT natos im wevrebs exeba, romlebic ruseTTan arian daaxloebuli. saqarTvelos natosken mimavali gza grZeli da zogjer imedgamacruebelic iyo. natos bolo sami samitis (Cikago-2012, uelsi-2014, varSava-2016) ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegmis (MAP) miRebis imedi hqonda, Tumca uSedegod. natos es programa aliansSi gawevrianebis msurvel qveyanas exmareba, praqtikuli nabijebi gadadgas wevrobisTvis mosamzadeblad. map-i pirvelad 1999 wels gamoiyenes, Tumca ar arsebobs aucilebloba, rom kandidatma qveyanam es gegma miiRos an Seasrulos aliansSi gawevrianebamde. saqarTvelos aliansSi SesvlisaTvis gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegma ar sWirdeba. miuxedavad amisa, ruseTi saqarTvelosTvis am samoqmedo gegmis micemaze uars sakuTari propagandis miRwevad Tvlis. samoqmedo gegmis miuRebladac alianssa da saqarTvelos Soris arsebuli urTierTobis xarisxi arsebiTad aRemateba map-s. wliuri erovnuli programa, nato-saqarTvelos komisia, nato-saqarTvelos arsebiTi paketi am urTierTobis mniSvnelovani komponentebia.

2015 wlis agvistoSi nato-saqarTvelos erToblivi wvrTnisa da Sefasebis centri (JTEC) gaixsna. saqarTvelom mniSvnelovani daxmareba gauwia natos reagirebis Zalebsac: ori qarTuli aseuli, romlebic reagirebis Zalebs SeuerTda, mniSvnelovani wvlilia qveynisTvis, romelic aliansis wevri jer ar aris. rogorc natos generalurma mdivanma iens stoltenbergma 2016 wlis dekemberSi ganacxada: „saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianebisTvis saWiro yvela pratikuli instrumenti gaaCnia“. natos wevr qveyanaTa nawils miaCnia, rom saqarTvelos aliansSi gawevrianeba okupirebul afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi ruseTTan oms gamoiwvevs. amave dros, saqarTvelos oficialuri pirebi kerZo saubrebSi ar malaven, rom mzad arian natoSi gawevrianebisTvis kompromisebze wasasvlelad. aseTi kompromisi iqneboda natos wesdebis me-5 muxlis moqmedebis droebiTi SeCereba ruseTis mier okupirebul teritoriebze. es zoma droebiTia da am teritoriebis mSvidobiani deokupaciisTanave me-5 muxlis moqmedeba saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze gavrceldeba. deokupaciisTvis mxolod

mSvidobiani gzebis gamoyenebis sabuTad saqarTvelom okupirebul teritoriaTa gasaTavisuflebad Zalis gamouyeneblobis calmxrivi piroba dado. arc erT mesame mxares, am SemTxvevaSi ruseTs, ar unda hqondes ufleba, SeaCeros romelime suverenuli qveynis swrafva natosken. es aliansSi Semavali demokratiuli qveynebis gadasawyvetia. natos yvela gadawyvetileba, maT Soris gafarToebis Sesaxeb, erTsulovnad miiReba.

ruseTis uwyveti agresia prezident putinis moqmedebas xSirad adareben civi omisdroindel sabWoTa liderTa qcevas. aseTi analogia didwilad mcdaria: dRes dasavleTs saqme sabWoTa kavSirTan ki ara, imperiul ruseTTan aqvs. putinis ruseTis politika 1917 wlamde mefis ruseTis mier warmoebul politikas ufro hgavs, vidre sabWoTa ruseTisas. putini imperiuli xedvis mqone lideria, ruseTi ki - XIX saukunis ambiciebis mqone qveyana. konstituciuri cvlilebebis wyalobiT putini premier-ministris an prezidentis Tanamdebobas 1999 wlis Semdeg ikavebs da am Tanamdebobebis cvla sicocxlis bolomde SeuZlia.

Sesabamisad, putini ruseTis regionul ambiciebs imperiis perspeqtividan ganixilavs. amis kargi magaliTia saqarTvelo. ruseTi samxreT kavkasias Tavisi gavlenis bunebriv sferod miiCnevs da mzad aris, am gavlenis SesanarCuneblad samxedro Zala gamoiyenos. ruseTis mTavari strategiuli mizani saqarTvelos (iseve, rogorc ukrainis) dasavleTTan integraciis Seferxeba da SeCerebaa.

2008 wlis agvistos omis Semdeg iqmneba molaparakebebis Jenevis formati, romelmac omiT gamowveuli krizisidan gamosvlis diplomatiuri gzebi unda dasaxos. am molaparakebebSi, ruseTisa da saqarTvelos garda, monawileoben evrokavSiri, gaero, euTo da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi. Tumca maTi arsebobis ganmavlobaSi Jenevis molaparakebebs xelSesaxebi progresisTvis ar miuRwevia. ukve aTi welia, rac ruseTi arRvevs safrangeTis prezidentis, nikola sarkozis mier miRweul cecxlis Sewyvetis eqvspunqtiani SeTanxmebis or mTavar punqts: 1. ruseTis SeiaraRebuli SenaerTebi unda daubrundnen konfliqtis dawyebamde maT mier dakavebul poziciebs. 2. ruseTma unda uzrunvelyos derefani humanitaruli daxmarebisTvis. ruseTi saqarTveloSi e.w. hibriduli omis taqtikasac iyenebs. 2008 wlis samxedro agresias win masStaburi kiberSeteva uZRoda. 2008 wlis Semdeg ruseTi aqtiurad iyenebs propagandas, afinansebs arasamTavrobo organizaciebs da iyenebs rusulenovan satelevizio arxebs antidasavluri kampaniisTvis, romlis mizanic ruseTisTvis sasargeblo 9

saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis interesebSia ruka 2

`borderizaciis~ SemTxvevebi saqarTveloSi 2011 wlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi `borderizaciis~ 56 SemTxveva dafiqsirda. mavTulxlarTebi, saTvalTvalo mowyobilobebi, cxaurebi da sxva ukanono dabrkolebebi saokupacio Zalebma 48 adgilas daamontaJes. `borderizaciis~ zogierT SenTxvevaSi dafiqsirda `mcocavi aneqsiis~ faqtebi, romelTa Sedegadac ruseTma saqarTvelos teritoriis damatebiTi farTobebi miitaca. okupirebuli afxazeTi

detalizacia

jvari

oCamCire

ruseTi gali

afxazeTi

Savi zRva

samegrelozemo svaneTi zugdidi

Savi zRva

baTumi

saqarTvelo

TurqeTi

Tbilisi

somxeTi

azerb.

okupirebuli cxinvalis regioni

`borderizaciis~ adgili `borderizacias~ Tan sdevs saqarTvelos teritoriis aneqsireba

imereTi

kornisi

wiTelubani/orWosani aneqsirebis Sedegad baqo-sufsa navTobsadenis 1500 metriani monakveTi ruseTis mier okupirebul teritoriaze moxvda

cxinvali

Sida qarTli

axalgori

RoReTi — teritoriis aneqsirebis sami SemTxveva agara qareli xaSuri

gori

0

10 MILES

SeniSvna: `borderizaciis~ incidentTa aRmniSvnel niSanTa mdebaroba da okupirebul teritoriaTa sazRvrebi pirobiTia SR199 heritage.org wyaroebi:

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specialuri moxseneba| N. 199 28 ianvari, 2018

sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaa.

2008 wlis Semdeg cxinvalis regioni da afxazeTi ruseTis samxedro bazebad gadaiqca. es ori regioni aTasobiT rus jariskacs iTvlis. afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi Semoyvanilia ruseTis SeiaraRebaSi arsebuli Tanamedrove samxedro teqnika, maT Soris javSanmanqanebi, tankebi, haersawinaaRmdego saSualebebi, taqtikuri balistikuri raketebi. saqarTvelos dedaqalaqs cxinvalidan 30 mili aSorebs, Sesabamisad, am SeiraRebas Tbilisze wvdoma gaaCnia. ruseTis mier afxazeTisa da cxinvalis srulma militarizaciam es regionebi evrokavSiris monitoringis misiisTvis xelmiuwvdomeli gaxada.

Tumca, zog SemTxvevaSi, ruseTis samxedro infrastruqturis mSeneblobisaTvis Tvalis devneba sa­qar­Tvelos kontrolirebadi teritoriebidanac SeiZleba.

2008 wlis agvistos omis damTavrebidan cota xnis Semdeg ruseTma orive okupirebuli regionis damoukidebloba aRiara. ruseTis mier wamowyebuli afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad aRiarebis kampania am etapze warumatebelia. gaeros wevri 193 saxelmwifosgan ukanono respublikebi mxolod oTxma aRiara. es qveynebia Tavad ruseTi, nikaragua, nauru da venesuela. aRsaniSnavia, rom naurum okupirebuli regionebi ruseTisgan 50 milioni dolaris miRebis Semdeg aRiara. 2017 wlis noemberSi naurus prezidenti afxazeTs ewvia kidec, rac saqarTvelom saerTaSoriso samarTlis uxeS darRvevad Seafasa. warmatebuls ver vuwodebT verc ruseTis mier okupirebuli regionebis aRiarebis paralelurad saqarTvelos mier warmoebul kampanias, romelic miznad isaxavs, saqarTvelos teritoriaze rusuli samxedro SenaerTebis yofna „okupaciad“ Sefasdes. saqarTvelos dasavleli mokavSireebi, maT Soris didi britaneTi, am etapze Tavs ikaveben aseTi gancxadebisgan. okupirebuli regionebis usafrTxoeba da ekonomikuri keTildReoba moskovis xelSia. saokupacio xazis patrulirebas rusuli mxridan usafrTxoebis federaluri samsaxuri (sabWoTa suk-is memkvidre organizacia) axorcielebs. 2011 wlis Semdeg separatistuli reJimebi da es samsaxuri e.w. „borderizaciis“ politikas awarmoeben. „borderizaciis“ Sedegad agebuli ukanono mavTulxlarTebi da miwayrilebi aZlierebs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis izolacias. saokupacio xazTan mcxovrebi qarTuli mosaxleobis sayuradRebod rusebma da maT daqvemdebarebaSi myofma Zalebma aRmarTes e.w. saxelmwifo sazRvris gamafrTxilebeli niSnebi. ramdenjerme dafiqsirda saokupacio Zalebis mier damatebiTi teritoriebis mitaceba. am movlenas „mcocavi okupacia“ ewoda.

„heriTijis fondis“ mier warmoebulma kvlevam gamoavlina e.w. „borderizaciasTan“ dakavSirebuli 56 incidenti saokupacio xazis 48 sxvadasxva monakveTze. ruseTis mier wamowyebuli es procesi adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mZime mdgomareobas kidev ufro amZimebs, erTmaneTs aSorebs ojaxis wevrebs. „borderizaciis“ gansakuTrebiT aRmaSfoTebeli precedenti moxda 2015 wlis ivlissa da agvistoSi, roca ruseTma saqarTvelos teritoriis damatebiT 300 akris farTobis aneqsireba moaxdina da es teritoria 2008 wels okupirebul teritorias miuerTa. am periodSi ruseTma mavTulxlarTebi saqarTvelos mTavari saavtomobilo magistralidan, E60-dan, 500 metrSi gaavlo. es gza samxreT kavkasiis mTavari satransporto arteriaa, romelic azerbaijans Sav zRvasTan akavSirebs. rusebis mier damontaJebuli e.w. saxelmwifo sazRvris niSnis danaxva pirdapir am gzidan aris SesaZlebeli. „briTiS petroleumis“ (BP) baqo-sufsas navTobsadenis erTi milis sigrZis monakveTi okupirebul teritoriaze moeqca.

2015 wels moskovma afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis separatistul reJimebTan integraciis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebebs moawera xeli. es SeTanxmebebi ruseTsa da okupirebul regionebs erTiani sagareo politikisken, saerTo usafrTxoebisa da Tavdacvis sivrcisken da afxazebisa da eTnikuri osebisTvis ruseTis moqalaqeobis daCqarebuli wesiT micemisken mouwodebs. saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministrom es SeTanxmebebi saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebis aneqsiisken gadadgmul nabijad Seafasa. 2017 wlis martSi gatarebuli zomebis Sedegad cxinvalis regionis separatistTa SeiaraRebuli SenaerTebi ruseTis SeiaraRebul Zalebs SeuerTdnen.

2017 wlis aprilSi cxinvalis regionis separatistulma mTavrobam Caatara referendumi, romelic okupirebuli regionis saxelis - samxreT oseTis respublikis „alaniis saxelmwifod“ Secvlas Seexeboda. es mis saxels kidev ufro miamsgavsebda ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi myof CrdiloeT oseTis respublika alaniis saxels, romelic CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mdebareobs. es idea separatist liders, leonid Tibilovs ekuTvnoda. mas okupirebuli regionis ruseTis federaciaSi sruli integracia surs. saqarTvelos sxva sazrunavi somxeTSi ruseTis mzardi samxedro kontingenti da samcxe-javaxeTSi (romelic mniSvnelovan somxur eTnikur umciresobas iTvlis) eTnikuri dapirispirebis SesaZlo gaRviveba unda iyos. eTnikuri dapirispirebisa da daZabulobis sakuTari interesebis sasargeblod gamoyeneba moskovisTvis damaxasiaTebeli moqmedebaa. es interesebi xSirad natosa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis interesTa sapirispiroa. somxeTSi ruseTis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sakmaod mniSvnelovani 11

saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis interesebSia

samxedro kontingentia dislocirebuli. erevansa da moskovs Soris gaformebuli xelSekrulebis mixedviT somxeTSi mdebare samxedro bazebiT sargeblobis ufleba ruseTs 49 wliT aqvs aRebuli. am samxedro kontingentis ZiriTadi nawili, 5000 jariskaci, aTobiT samxedro TviTmfrinavi da vertmfreni 102-e samxedro bazazea dislocirebuli. ruseTsa da somxeTs xeli aqvT mowerili gaerTianebuli sahaero dacvis xelSekrulebaze, ramdenime rusuli da somxuri samxedro nawili ki gaerTianebulia. ruseTs uWirda somxeTSi dislocirebuli Zalebis momarageba, am bazebTan saxmeleTo kavSiri saqarTvelos teritoriaze tranzitis gareSe SeuZlebelia. amave dros, ruseTis safreni aparatebisTvis daketilia saqarTvelos sahaero sivrce, tranzitze uars ambobs TurqeTic. gasageb mizezTa gamo ruseTs verc iranis imedi eqneba. samcxe-javaxeTis regionis strategiul mniSvnelobas ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebs. regions kveTs baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisa da samxreT kavkasiis navTobisa da gazis sadenebi, romlebic energomatareblebis tranzits kaspiis zRvidan xmelTaSua zRvamde axorcieleben. samcxe-javaxeTSi gadis baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis rkinigzac. imatebs albaToba imisa, rom Sua aziaSi mopovebuli bunebrivi airis evropaSi tranzitis Sesabamisad gaizrdeba am milsadenebis mniSvnelobac evropis qveynebisTvis, romlebic amJamad ruseTidan miwodebul energoresursebze arian damokidebuli. Sesabamisad, mosalodnelia samcxe-javaxeTSi eTnikuri dapirispirebis eskalacia da ruseTis mier am situaciis sakuTari gavlenis sivrcis gasafarToeblad gamoyeneba. es mas cxinvalis regionis samcxe-javaxeTis meSveobiT somxeTTan dakavSirebas SeaZlebinebs. samcxe-javaxeTSi arastabilurobisa da separatizmis xelSewyoba ruseTs ori miznis miRwevaSi daexmareba. pirveli, saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis Selaxvis momdevno etapi eWvqveS daayenebs am qveynis evroatlantikur organizaciebSi integracias. cxinvalis regionis okupaciis pirobebSi samcxe-javaxeTis e.w. „damoukidebloba“ an ruseTis gavlenaSi moqceva saqarTvelos Suaze gayofs. meore da ruseTisTvis ufro mniSvnelovani mizani, am regionis moskovis gavlenaSi moqceva, ruseTsa da somxeTs Soris derefnis gaWris SesaZleblobas realobad aqcevs. samcxe-javaxeTSi somxuri separatizmis kerebi SeiZleba iseTi TvalSi sacemi aRar iyos, rogoric ramdenime wlis win iyo, Tumca arsebobs molodini, rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi moskovi advilad SeZlebs maT gaaqtiurebas. 2010 wels ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa ministrma, sergei lavrovma, romelic eTnikurad naxevrad somexia, gaakritika saqarTveloSi eTnikur umciresobaTa, maT Soris somexTa, mdgomareoba.

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samcxe-javaxeTis somxuri mosaxleobis didi nawili ruseTisadmi simpaTias ar malavs. umravlesobas somxuri pasportebi aqvs, rac maT somxeTsa da ruseTSi sezonuri samsaxuris povnas uadvilebs (rusuli rublis devalvaciasTan erTad Semcirda fuladi gzavnilebis raodenobac, ramac isedac mZime ekonomikuri viTareba kidev ufro daamZima).

2007 wlamde regionis umsxvilesi damsaqmebeli iq mdebare ruseTis samxedro baza iyo. adgilobrivi somxuri mosaxleoba wuxs ganaTlebis xarisxzec, qarTul da somxur enebze molaparake maswavlebelTa ricxvi ukiduresad SezRudulia. am problemis mizezi nawilobriv adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mier qarTuli enis swavlaze uaris Tqmaa. 2017 wels kumurdoSi erTmaneTs policia da adgilobrivi somxuri mosaxleoba daupirispirda. kamaTi me-10 saukunis eklesiis restvraciis dawyebam gamoiwvia, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mtkicebiT es samuSaoebi eklesiis ezoSi mdebare saflavebis xelSeuxeblobas ar iTvaliswinebda. naTelia, rom xelsayreli pirobebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTi advilad SeZlebs samcxe-javaxeTis eTnikuri daZabulobis gamoyenebas, rac mas samxreT kavkasiaSi arsebuli miznebis ganxorcielebasTan miaaxloebs.

urTierTobis gaRrmaveba saqarTvelom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saimedo da brZolisunariani partnioris adgili daimkvidra. mimdinareobs Tavdacvis ganaxlebis programa da maTi samxedro sferoSi investicia natos standartebs mniSvnelovnad aRemateba. saqarTvelos mosaxleobam mkafiod gamoxata arCevani transatlantikuri Tanamegobrobis sasargeblod, natosadmi enTuziazmi aliansis wevr bevr qveyanaSi arsebuls aRemateba.

2018 weli amerikis SeerTebul Statebs SesaZleblobas aZlevs, gaaRrmaos TbilisTan urTierToba, daudasturos saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianebis mxardaWera, gaaZlieros nato-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi, daaCqaros am qveynis integracia aliansSi da aamaRlos misi Tavdacvisunarianoba. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi es samxreT kavakasiisa da Savi zRvis regionisTvis stabilurobisa da mSvidobis momtani iqneba, rac amerikis erovnul interesebSi Sedis. samxreT kavkasiasa da Savi zRvis regionSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis interesebis gatarebisa da saqarTvelosTan urTierTobis gasaRrmaveblad vaSingtonma unda: • SeinarCunos TvalSi sacemi politikuri aqtivoba saqarTveloSi. gasul zafxuls vice-prezident pensis saqarTveloSi pirveli oficialuri viziti kargi dasawyisi iyo. am vizits unda mo-

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sami politikuri nabiji, romelic saqarTvelos nato-Si gawevrianebas mniSvnelovnad daaCqarebs nato-Si gawevrianebis gzaze Crdiloatlantikuri aliansis usafrTxoebaSi Setanili wvlilis garda, saqarTvelos mTavrobas sami mniSvnelovani nabijis gadadgma SeuZlia: 1. 2018 wlis nato-s briuselis samitSi monawile saqarTvelos delegaciaSi aliansSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis momxre opoziciuri partiebis liderebic unda Sevidnen. Crdiloatlantikuri integraciis momxre opoziciur partiebis liderTa oficialur delegaciebSi CarTvam mudmivi xasiaTi unda miiRos. 2. ZiriTadi politikuri partiebis liderebma xeli unda moaweron saerTo werils, romelSic saqarTvelos evroatlantikur da Crdiloatlantikur integracias sajarod dauWeren mxars.

3. saqarTvelos mTavrobam nato-s wevrebTan araoficialurad unda daadasturos mzaoba SeurTdes alianss okupirebul afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionze mexuTe muxlis moqmedebis gareSe (cxadia es daTqma am konfliqtebis mSvidobianad mogvarebisTanave dakargavs Zalas da nato-s wesdebis mexute muxlis moqmedeba saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze gavrceldeba). es saqarTvelos nato-Si gawevrianebis realisturi da gonivruli gzaa da ar unda iyos aRqmuli rogorc nato-s, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis an saqarTvelos poziciis da midgomis cvlileba saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobasTan (romelic afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regions saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi moiazrebs) mimarTebaSi. am sami politikuri nabijis gadadgmis SemTxvevaSi nato-s wevri qveynebi darwmundebian rom sxva demokratiul saxelmwifoTa msgavsad dayofili politikuri landSaftis miuxedavad nato-Si gawevrianebaze saqarTvelos politikur Zalebs Soris konsensusi Semdgaria. am sami politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi nato-Si gawevrianeba Sidapolitikuri partiuli dRis wesrigidan moixsneba da zepartiul, zogaderovnul miznad iqceva.

1 ixileT komentari N23 am gadawyvetilebis ganxorcielebis gzebze.

hyves prezidentis Camosvla da ministrTa kabinetis donis regularuli vizitebi diplomatiuri, ekonomikuri, samxedro, kulturuli da energetikuli TanamSromlobis gasaumjobeseblad.

vdacvisunarianobis gasaumjobeseblad metis gakeTebac aris SesaZlebeli. es gulisxmobs saqarTvelosTvis sahaero sivrcis gakontrolebas da mtris TviTmfrinavebisa da raketebis winaaRmdeg warmatebul brZolas.

• moaxdinos ruseTze zewola cecxlis Sewyvetis eqvspunqtiani SeTanxmebis Sesasruleblad. sruliad miuRebelia, rom ruseTi SeTanxmebis gaformebidan 10 wlis Semdegac ki ar asrulebs aRebul valdebulebebs. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma mokavSireebTan erTad unda ganaxorcielos Sesabamisi zewola ruseTze SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad. es gulisxmobs saerTaSoriso damkvirveblebisa da humanitaruli daxmarebis SeSvebas okupirebul regionebSi da samxedro SenaerTebis gayvanas 2008 wlis agvistomde dislokaciis adgilebSi.

• SeZlebisdagvarad xeli Seuwyos msoflios qveynebs afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis araRiarebis politikis gagrZelebaSi. ruseTTan molaparakebul qveynebs xeli Seuwyos politikis SecvlaSi saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis politikasTan TanxvedraSi mosayvanad, romelic okupirebul afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regions saqarTvelos teritoriad ganixilavs. nikaragua (daxmarebis egidiT gaRebuli milionobiT dolari) da nauru (okeaneTis sazRvao usafrTxoebis iniciativis farglebSi naosnobis ganvrcobili SeTanxmeba) is qveynebia, romlebzec gavlenis mosaxdenad saWiro berketebi vaSingtons namdvilad gaaCnia.

• saqarTvelos miawodos haersawinaaRmdego sistemebi. Tavdacvis ufleba yvela qveyanas aqvs. misasalmebelia tanksawinaaRmdego sistemebTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli gadawyvetileba, es kargi pirveli nabijia, Tumca saqarTvelos Ta-

• misces biZgi da daaCqaros natoSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis procesi 1949 wlis Crdiloatlantikuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis droebiTi Casworebis gziT. bevrisTvis natoSi saqarTvelos gawevrianeba okupirebuli regionebis gamo 13

saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis interesebSia

ruseTTan omis dawyebasTanaa gaigivebuli. natoSi saqarTvelos integraciis daCqareba SesaZlebelia 1949 wlis Crdiloatlantikuri SeTanxmebis me-6 muxlis (muxli gansazRvravs im teritoriebs, romlebzec me-5 muxlis moqmedeba vrceldeba) droebiTi CasworebiT, romlis mixedviTac, ruseTis mier okupirebul cxinvalis regionsa da afxazeTze droebiT ar vrceldeba me-5 muxlis moqmedeba. aseTi Casworeba SesaZlebelia aliansSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebis oqmSi, rogorc es moxda 1951 wels, roca natos TurqeTi da saberZneTi SeuerTda. mniSvnelovania, aRvniSnoT, rom es droebiTi zomaa, romelic saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis mier aRiarebuli teritoriis mSvidobiani da diplomatiuri gzebiT srul deokupaciamde imoqmedebs. saqarTvelos natoSi Casworebuli me-6 muxliT gawevrianeba TanxvedraSia okupirebul teritoriebze Tbilisis mier kontrolis dasamyareblad Zalis gamouyeneblobis Sesaxeb dadebul pirobasTanac. es nabiji saqarTvelos aliansSi integracias Tvisebrivad daaCqarebs, amave dros moskovs CamoarTmevs mis mier nawilobriv okupirebuli qveynebis natoSi gawevrianebaze de-faqto vetos dadebis berkets.

• SeimuSaos Savi zRvis regionuli strategia. Savi zRva evropis, aziisa da kavkasiis mniSvnelovan gzajvaredinze mdebareobs. ruseTis mier yirimis ukanono aneqsiis Semdeg Savi zRva ruseTis Sida akvatoriad iqca, rac pirdapir safrTxes uqmnis rogorc SeerTebuli Statebisa da natos regionul interesebs, ise saqarTvelos usafrTxoebas. natos ramdenime bolodroindelma iniciativam molodini ver gaamarTla. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma unda iTavos Savi zRvis qveynebTan regionuli usafrTxoebis strategiis SemuSaveba.

• saqarTveloSi dafuZndes natos sertificirebuli Savi zRvis usafrTxoebis centri. aliansis arawevr qveyanaSi natos sertificirebuli centris dafuZnebis precedenti ar arsebobs. am mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli nabiji gaaumjobesebs nato-saqarTvelos urTierTobas, aseve xazs gausvams Savi zRvis regionis mniSvnelobas evropuli usafrTxoebisTvis. centri xels Seuwyobs Savi zRvis usafrTxoebis sakiTxebis siRrmiseul ganxilvasa da SemuSavebasac.

• natosTan erTad SeimuSaos Savi zRvis sazRvao patrulirebis misia, romelic natos baltiis sahaero sivrcis patrulirebis programas daefuZneba.

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izrdeba natos Savi zRvis usafrTxoebaSi CarTulobiT daintereseba, amave dros mcirdeba Sav zRvaSi aliansis samxedro gemebis ricxvi. Savi zRvis regionSi arsebul gamowvevebTan gasamklaveblad aucilebeli Zalis arsebobisTvis natom unda daafuZnos Savi zRvis sazRvao patrulirebis misia, romelic baltiis sahaero sivrcis patrulirebis warmatebul gamocdilebas daeyrdnoba da TanxvedraSi iqneba montros 1936 wlis konvenciasTan. amisTvis saWiro iqneba aliansis im wevrTa mzadyofna, romlebic Savi zRvis regions ar miekuTvnebian, raTa rotaciis principiT ganaTavson sazRvao Zalebi Sav zRvaSi. • ubiZgos natos Savi zRvis Sesaxeb samitis sagangebo deklaraciis gamoqveynebisken. samitTa ZiriTadi deklaraciis paralelurad natos liderebi xSirad calkeuli sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil sagangebo deklaraciebze Tanxmdebian. natosTvis Savi zRva erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi regionia, romelsac Sesabamisi yuradReba arasdros eqceoda. am regionisadmi miZRvnili sagangebo deklaracia iqneboda aliansis mkafio gzavnili, romelic natosTvis Savi zRvis mniSvnelobas gausvamda xazs.

• SesTavazos saqarTvelos poloneTSi ganlagebul saerTaSoriso batalionSi monawileoba, romelsac SeerTebuli Statebi meTaurobs da romelic iq natos gaZlierebuli misiis farglebSia dislocirebuli. saqarTvelo yovelTvis mzad iyo, Tavisi wvlili Seetana transatlantikur usafrTxoebaSi. qarTvel da amerikel jariskacebs mxardamxar brZolis didi gamocdileba aqvT. SeerTebulma Statebma saqarTvelos unda SesTavazos poloneTSi dislocirebul saerTaSoriso batalionSi jariskacebis gagzavna. dRes natos gaZlierebul misiaSi mxolod aliansis wevri qveynebi monawileoben, Tumca Tu saqarTvelo natos reagirebis Zalebis nawilia, gaZlierebul misiaSi monawileobis uflebac unda mieces.

• natos kvleviTi centrebi koncentrirdnen usafrTxoebis sakiTxebze saqarTvelosa da samxreT kavkasiaSi. natom unda waaxalisos aliansis kvleviTi centrebi, gansakuTrebiT kiberusafrTxoebis (estoneTi), energousafrTxoebisa (litva) da propagandasTan brZolis (latvia), raTa maT xeli Seuwyon saqarTvelos mier ruseTis agresiis sapasuxo efeqturi zomebis miRebas. saqarTvelos aliansis wevrobis kandidati qveynis statusis miuxedavad, mas unda mieces saSualeba, natos am sami centris funqcionirebaSi CaerTon.

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• gaaqtiurdes natosTan muSaoba, raTa saqarTvelos teritoriaze myofi ruseTis samxedro kontingentis yofna aliansma okupaciad Seafasos. momavali samitis deklaraciaSi natom ramdenime aTasi rusi samxedros ukanonod yofnas cxinvalis regionsa da afxazeTSi Tavisi saxeli unda daarqvas - okupacia. deklaraciaSi dasaxelebuli unda iyos qveynebi, romlebic ruseTis jaris iq yofnas samarTlebrivad afaseben, rogorc okupacias. dRes bevri evropuli saxelmwifo ar iyenebs am termins. yirimsa da aRmosavleT ukrainaSi ganviTarebulma bolodroindelma movlenebma aCvena natos mxridan aseTi mkafio gancxadebis gakeTebis aucilebloba.

• naTlad iTqvas, rom aliansSi integracia gawevrianebis samoqmedo gegmis gareSec SeiZleba.

SeerTebuli Statebi valdebulia, natos Semdeg samitze daafiqsiros mkafio da gamWirvale pozicia gabatonebuli azris winaaRmdeg, romlis mixedviTac, map-i natoSi gawevrianebis erTaderTi gzaa. natos wevrebma es teqnikuri sakiTxi saqarTvelos integraciis procesis Sesaferxeblad ar unda gamoiyenon. yovelwliuri erovnuli programis, nato-saqarTvelos komisiisa da nato-saqarTvelos arsebiTi paketis arseboba saqarTvelos aliansTan ufro axlo urTierTobis saSualebas aZlevs, vidre es map-is SemTxvevaSi iqneboda.

• uzrunvelyos qveynis an mTavrobis meTaurebis doneze nato-saqarTvelos komisiis Sexvedra. amJamad es Sexvedra sagareo saqmeTa ministrTa donezea dagegmili. es qarTvel xalxs araswor gzavnils awvdis. nato-saqarTvelos komisiis Sexvedris qveynis an mTavrobis meTaurTa doneze Catareba im mniSvnelobis demonstrireba iqneboda, romelsac aliansi saqarTvelosTan urTierTobas aniWebs.

• uzrunvelyos natos mxridan aliansSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebaze cxadi da mkafio pozicia. mizanSewonilia, samitis deklaraciaSi maqsimaluri sicxadiT Caiweros, rom saqarTvelos mier wliuri erovnuli programis warmatebuli Sesruleba, nato-saqarTvelos komisiis farglebSi mWidro TanamSromloba da nato-saqarTvelos arsebiTi paketi aliansSi saqarTvelos gawevrianebisken mimarTuli nabijebia.

• nato-saqarTvelos arsebiTi paketis sruli uzrunvelyofa da implementacia. arsebiTi

paketis farglebSi gadadgmulma nabijebma mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli qarTuli armiis brZolisunarianobis gazrdas. Tumca paketis srulad implementacia Senelebuli da arasrulia. natom unda uzrunvelyos yvela saWiro resursi arsebiTi paketis srulad da droulad implementaciisaTvis.

• SeimuSaos ekonomikur sanqciaTa paketi, romelic afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis aneqsirebis SemTxvevaSi avtomaturad amoqmeddeba.

SeerTebulma Statebma mkafiod unda daafiqsiros, rom okupirebuli regionebis aneqsiis SemTxvevaSi ruseTs mkacri ekonomikuri sanqciebi daekisreba, maT Soris personaluri sanqciebi ruseTis oficialur pirebze. evropel partniorebTan erTad vaSingtonma unda SeimuSaos ruseTis mier saqarTvelos teritoriis aneqsirebis sapasuxo samoqmedo strategia.

• uzrunvelyos samxreTis bunebrivi airis derefnis proeqtis politikuri mxardaWera. evropa rusuli bunebrivi airis alternativas eZebs. samxreTis bunebrivi airis derefans, romlis nawili saqarTvelosa da balkaneTs gadakveTs, mniSvnelovani roli daekisreba. vaSingtonma am proeqts sruli politikuri mxardaWera unda aRuTqvas, rogorc es baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis SemTxvevaSi moxda gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi. • saqarTvelosTan Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebis gaformeba. saqarTvelos ekonomika mcirea, magram amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da saqarTvelos Soris gaformebul Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebas mZlavri geopolitikuri mniSvneloba eqneba. es iqneba mkafio gzavnili mTlianad regionisTvis, rogorc mokavSireebis, ise metoqeebisTvis, rom SeerTebuli Statebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs da mzadaa urTierTobebis gasaRrmaveblad iseT partnior qveynebTan, rogoric saqarTveloa.

• saqarTvelo ganixilos avRaneTSi gadazidvebis tranzitul gzad. avRaneTis strategiis sakvanZo sakiTxi pakistanis mier Talibebis mxardaWeris Sewyvetaa. islamabadze zewolis Sedegad mosalodnelia pakistanis gavliT avRaneTis rogorc sahaero, ise saxmeleTo gziT momaragebis Sewyveta. saqarTvelosa da azerbaijanis gavliT avRaneTis tranzituli gza umoklesi da xarjefeqturi SesaZlebloba iqneba pakistansa da ruseTze amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis lojistikuri damokidebulebis Sesamcireblad.

15

saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis interesebSia

didi SesaZlebloba 2018 weli saqarTvelosa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis urTierTobebis gaRrmavebisa da amave dros saqarTvelos natos wevrobasTan daaxloebis bevr SesaZleblobas iZleva. saqarTvelo SeerTebuli Statebisa da natos saimedo partnioria. saqarTvelos arastabilur samezoblos ruseTis mxridan permanentuli safrTxe emateba. miuxedavad amisa, saqarTvelom SeZlo Tavdacvis sferoSi mniSvnelovani reformebis gatareba da natos bevr wevr qveyanaze aqtiurad agrZelebs saerTaSoriso misiebSi monawileobas. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma unda uzrunvelyos natos wevrTa erTiani pozicia ruseTis mier saqarTvelos agresiis dasagmobad, ganaaxlos saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis srulad aRdgenis

16

aucileblobaze zrunva. prezident trampis administraciam da kongresma saqarTvelos mtkice samxedro da politikuri mxardaWera unda aRuTqvan. amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma unda gamoiyenos es SesaZlebloba, raTa drouli da mZlavri mxardaWera gamoucxados saqarTvelos xalxs 2018 wels. es SeerTebuli Statebisa da misi mokavSireebis usafrTxoebas Seuwyobs xels. luk kofi „heriTij faundeiSenis“ keTrin Selbisa da kalom devisis erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sagareo politikis institutis, daglas da sara alisonis sagareo politikis centris direqtoria. avtori madlobas uxdis aleqsis mraCeks, ruseTisa da evraziis asistent-mkvlevars misi fasdaudebeli daxmarebisaTvis am moxsenebis momzadebaSi.

specialuri moxseneba| N. 199 28 ianvari, 2018

danarTi: `borderizaciis~ 56 SemTxveva ruseTsa-saqarTvelos Soris cxinvalis regioni

•

seqtemberi: sofeli dvani – damatebiTi mavTulxarTebis da xelovnuri winaRobebis ageba

•

noemberi: soflebi knolevi, avlevi, weronisi, TamaraSeni, RoReTi, dirbi, dvani, ergneTi, dici, kere, flavi, flavismani, mejvrisxevi, cicagianTwyaro da zemo niqozi – gamafrTxilebeli niSnebis `saxelmwifo sazRvari~ damontaJeba. RoReTSi saqarTvelos kontrolirebadi 28 heqtari miwa saokupacio xazis rusul mxareze rCeba.

•

noemberi: soflebi Tvaurebi da axmaji – arsebuli cxaurebis moZraobis deteqtorebiT da video kamerebiT aRWurva

•

noemberi: soflebi dici da ergneTi – dicSi damontaJebuli mavTulxlarTebi gagrZelebulia ergneTamde

•

noemberi: sofeli RoReTi – damatebiTi mavTulxlarTebi da cxaurebi

2011 •

aprili-maisi: soflebi TamaraSeni, dvani, didi xurvaleTi da qveSi – mavTulxlarTebis da cxaurebis ageba.1

2012 •

marti-maisi: sofeli mejvrisxevi – mavTulxlarTebis da cxaurebis ageba

2013 •

marti-maisi: soflebi qvemo niqozi da guguTianTkari – mavTulxlarTebis da cxaurebis ageba

•

marti-maisi: sofeli didi xurvaleTi – damatebiTi mavTulxarTebi daemata saokupacio xazze arsebuls

•

marti-maisi: soflebi atoci, TamaraSeni da dvani - mavTulxlarTebis ageba

•

•

maisi : sofeli dici – 1.5 metris rkinis boZebi 120 da 150 metriT SeWrili saqarTvelos kontrolirebad teritoriaze.

noemberi: sofeli dvani – damatebiTi mavTulxlarTebi da cxaurebi

•

•

noemberi: sofeli berSueTi – damatebiTi mavTulxlarTebi da cxaurebi

ivnisi-agvisto: sofel mereTis da qsuisis garSemo mavTulxlareTebis ageba

•

•

dekemberi: soflebs knolevs, avlevs da weroniss Soris mavTulxlarTebis ageba

ivnisi-agvisto:sofeli sakorinTlo – mavTulxlareTebis da cxaurebis ageba

•

•

ivnisi-agvisto: sofel Tvaurebis da axmajis garSemo mavTulxlarTebis da cxaurebis ageba

dekemberi: soflebi flavi da flavismani – mavTulxlarTebis da `saxelmwifo sazRvris~ damatebiTi niSnebis ageba2

•

dekemberi: sofeli RoReTi – damatebiTi mavTulxlarTebi da cxaurebi saqarTvelos kontrolirebadi teritoriis 15 heqtari saokupacio xazis ruseTis okupirebul teritorias uerTdeba3

•

ivnisi: sofeli mejvrisxevi – damatebiTi mavTulxlarTebis ageba; mavTulxlarTebis moZraobis deteqtorebiT aRWurva

•

ivlisi: sofeli dici – arsebuli rkinis boZebis cxaurebiT dakavSireba

•

dekemberi: sofeli dvani – damatebiTi mavTulxlarTebi da cxaurebi

•

agvisto: soflebi dirbi da jariaSeni – mavTulxlarTebis ageba

•

dekemberi soflebi koda-wnelisi _ mavTul­ xlarTebis ageba

•

seqtemberi: sofeli dici – damatebiTi mavTulxlarTebi da cxaurebi

1 Civil Georgia, “Interior Ministry Briefs Diplomats on ‘Borderisation,’” June 4, 2013, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=26144 (accessed January 16, 2018).

2 Agenda.ge, “Russian Forces Continue Installation of Barbed Wires in the Cross Border Villages,” December 10, 2013, http://agenda.ge/news/3382/eng (accessed January 16, 2018).

3 Agenda.ge, “Russians Barb-Wiring on Georgian Territory,” December 3, 2013, http://agenda.ge/news/2871/eng (accessed January 16, 2018).

17

saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis interesebSia

2014

2016

•

Tebervali: sofeli RoReTi – damatebiTi cxaurebis ageba, 28 heqtari saqarTvelos kontrolirebadi teritoria rusebis mier okupirebul mxares rCeba

•

Tebervali: sofeli atoci _ damatebiTi cxaurebis ageba. 12 heqtari sasoflo-sameurneo miwa da 15 heqtari saZovrebi saqarTvelos kontrolirebadi teritoria rusebis mier okupirebul mxares rCeba

•

ivnisi: sofel keres da otrevs Soris teritoria _ rkinis boZebis, mavTulxlarTebis da cxaurebis ageba, moZraobis deteqtorebis damontaJeba

•

seqtemberi-noemberi: soflebi knolevi, avlevi, weronisi, TamaraSeni, RoReTi, dirbi da dvani _ gamafrTxilebeli niSnebis _ ~saxelmwifo sazRvari~ _ montaJi

•

•

•

Tebervali: sofeli jariaSeni _ mavTulxlarTebis da cxauris saqarTvelos kontrolirebad teritoriaze 70 metris siRrmeze montaJi ivlisi: soflebis wiTelubanis da orWosani mimdebare teritoria _ gamafrTxilebeli niSnebis _ ~saxelmwifo sazRvari~ _ montaJi. 60 heqtari farTobis saqarTvelos kontrolirebadi teritoria rusebis mier okupirebul teritorias uerTdeba4 baqo-sufsa milsadenis erT kilometriani monakveTi rusebis okupirebul teritoriaze moeqca5 ivlisi: soflebis TamaraSeni da weronisi mimdebare teritoria _ gamafrTxilebeli niSnebis _ ~saxelmwifo sazRvari~ _ montaJi. 58 heqtari farTobis saqarTvelos kontrolirebadi teritoria rusebis mier okupirebul teritorias uerTdeba.6

•

oqtomberi: sofel karZmanis mimdebared gamafrTxilebeli niSnebis _ ~saxelmwifo sazRvari~ _ montaJi

4 Lado Bitchashvili and Shida Kartli, “Demarcation of the So-Called Border Renewed in Jariasheni Village,” Human Rights Center, February 10,2015, http://www.humanrights.ge/index.php?a=main&pid=18129&lang=eng (accessed January 16, 2018).

5 “Statement as Delivered by the Delegation of Georgia at the 2015 Human Dimension Implementation Meeting,” Working Session 10, Freedom of Movement, Warsaw, October 9, 2015, http://www.osce.org/ odihr/194471?download=true (accessed January 16, 2018).

6 Agenda.ge, “US Ambassador: ‘Georgia’s Sovereignty Is Violated by its Neighbor,’” July 14, 2017, http://agenda.ge/news/83508/eng(accessed January 16, 2018).

18

•

marti: sofeli jariaSeni _ saavtomobili gzis mSeneblobisTvis miwis gadasworeba. mosworebuli teritoria saqarTvelos kontrolirebad teritoriaSi eqvsi kilometriTaa SemoWrili

•

ivnisi: soflebis wiTelubanis da xurvaleTis mimdebare teritoria _ gamafrTxilebeli niSnebis _ ~saxelmwifo sazRvari~ _ montaJi

•

ivnisi: sofel yarafilas mimdebare teritoria _ gamafrTxilebeli niSnebis _ ~saxelmwifo sazRvari~ _ montaJi

•

agvisto: sofeli knolevi _ saTvalTvalo koSkis ageba

2017 •

ivnisi: sofel dvans da niqozs Soris _ miwis mosworeba saokupacio xazis gaswvriv saavtomobilo gzis gasayvanad

•

ivnisi: saokupacio xazi RoReTidan TamaraSenamde _ miwis mosworeba saokupacio xazis gaswvriv saavtomobilo gzis gasayvanad

•

ivlisi: saokupacio xazi TamaraSenidan knolevamde _ miwis mosworeba saokupacio xazis gaswvriv saavtomobilo gzis gasayvanad.

•

ivlisi: sofeli berSueTi _ gamafrTxilebeli niSnebis _ ~saxelmwifo sazRvari~ _ montaJi. saqarTvelos kontrolirebad teritorias 10 heqtaris farTobis teritoria mavTulxlarTebis rusebis mier okupirebul mxares rCeba7

•

ivlisi: sofeli yarafila _ gamafrTxilebeli niSnebis _ ~saxelmwifo sazRvari~ _ montaJi.

•

ivlisi: sofeli qvemo sobisidan wiTelUbnamde da xurvaleTamde _ miwis mosworeba saokupacio xazis gaswvriv saavtomobilo gzis gasayvanad

•

ivlisi: saokupacio xazis mimdebare teritoriaze sofel kurtaevs da ZukaTasTan miwis mosworeba saokupacio xazis gaswvriv saavtomobilo gzis gasayvanad

•

ivlisi: saokupacio xazis mimdebare teritoriaze sofeli orWosanTan da yarafilasTan _ miwis mosworeba saokupacio xa-

7 Agenda.ge, “Creeping Occupation: Russia Advances 10 Hectares into Georgian Territory,” July 4, 2017, http://agenda.ge/news/82746/eng(accessed January 16, 2018).

specialuri moxseneba| N. 199 28 ianvari, 2018

zis gaswvriv saavtomobilo gzis gasayvanad • •

oqtomberi: soflebi Wvirnisi da koda _ mavTulxlarTebis da cxaurebis ageba oqtomberi:; soflebi guguTianTkari da zardianTkari _ gamafrTxilebeli niSnebis _ ~saxelmwifo sazRvari~ _ montaJi.

afxazeTi

• 2017 •

aprili: soflebi orsantia da otobaia _ ruseTi saokupacio Zalebi 40-mde saTvalTvalo kameras amontaJeben

•

aprili: soflebis xurCas da Samgonas mimdebare teritoria _ xis boZebis montaJi saokupacio xazis gaswvriv

•

agvisto: sofel xurCas da Samgonas mimdebare teritoria _ arsebul xis boZebs emateba mavTulxlarTebi. saqarTvelos kontrolirebadi 4 heqtari miwa ruseTis mier okupirebul teritorias uerTdeba

2013 •

ivnisi: soflebi otobaia, ganmuxuri, orsantia, nabakevi, Samgona, Wuburxinji _ sangrebis da Txrilebis ageba

•

dekemberi: soflebi faxulani da saberio _ mavTulxlarTebis ageba

dekemberi: orsantia _ mavTulxlarTebi mTavar xidze.

wyaro: garda sagangebo aRniSvnisa informacia mowodebulia saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros mier.

SeniSvna: daxrili teqsti miuTiTebs SemTxvevebs roca ruseTis saokupacio Zalebma saqarTvelos damatebiTi teritoriis aneqsia moaxdines.

19

saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis interesebSia

wyaroebi/komentarebi 1. termini ~samxreT oseTi~ gamoiyeneba Tbilisis CrdiloeTiT mdebare, ruseTis mier okupirebuli teritoriis aRsaniSnavad. es saxeli nawarmoebia samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis dasaxelebidan, romelic sabWoTa kavSirma 1922 wels Seqmna. 1991 wels samxreT oseTis avtonomiurma olqma saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis Semadgenlobidan gasvlis Sesaxeb ganacxada da damoukidebloba gamoacxada, ramac 1991-1992 wlebSi mimdinare omi gamoiwvia. sabWoTa kavSridan gasvlis Semdeg damoukidebeli saqarTvelos SemdgenlobaSi ori avtonomiuri respublika da cxra regioni Sedioda. ~samxreT oseTs~ uwodeben teritorias romelic 2008 wlis Semdeg ruseTis mieraa okupirebuli da moicavs saqarTvelos sxva regionebis (mcxeTa-mTianeTis, Sida qarTlis, imereTis, raWa-leCxumis da qvemo svaneTis) teritoriebsac. aseTi dasaxelebis regioni an avtonomiuri respublika saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi ar arsebobs. termini ~samxreT oseTis~ gamoyeneba rusuli propagandis narativs emTxveva, amis gamo am moxsenebaSi am teritorias cxinvalis regions vuwodebT (cxinvali ruseTis okupaciis qveS myofi am teritoriis qalaqebs Soris udidesia).

2. ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dros amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis Tavdacvis mdivani, robert geiTsi, misi mogonebebis wignSi _ vali, aRniSnavs rom 1800 qarTveli jariskacis erayidan saqarTveloSi gadmosrola `daiwyo 10 agvistos da meore dRes dasrulda, 13 agvistodan ki saqarTvelos humanitaruli daxmareba daiwyo. rusebis mxridan Carevis mcdelobas adgili ar hqonia.~ ixileT robert geiTsi, Duty: Memoirs of a Secretary at War (New York: Vintage Books, 2015), gv. 170.

3. 2010 wlis Semdeg avRaneTSi 32 qarTveli samxedro mosamsaxure daiRupa. ixileT “Georgian Soldier Killed in Afghanistan,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, August 4, 2017, https://www.rferl.org/a/georgian-soldier-killed-in-afghanistan/28658473.html (accessed December 20, 2017).

4. NATO, “Resolute Support Mission (RSM): Key Facts and Figures,” May 2017, https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2017_05/20170523_2017-05-RSM-Placemat.pdf 2017).

(accessed

December

20,

5. Oliver Wardrop, The Kingdom of Georgia: Travel in a Land of Women, Wine, and Song (London: Luzac & Company, Ltd., 1888, reprinted in 1977), pp. 164 and 165.

6. Peter Bridges, “Georgia and America: Early Contacts,” American Diplomacy, November 2011, http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2011/0912/ca/bridges_georgia.html (accessed December 20, 2017).

7. “No Recognition for Lithuania,” The New York Times, February 10, 1920, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/02/10/118260076.html?pageNumber=17 (accessed December 28, 2017).

8. U.S. Embassy Georgia, “Policy & History,” https://ge.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/policy-history/ (accessed December 28, 2017).

9. Sav zRvaSi dominireba ruseTis tradiciul sasicocxlo interesad iTvleba. Sav zRvaSi mdebare rusuli portebi Tbil wylebSi gasasvlel erTaderT gzas warmoadgens da moskovis ekonomikur interesebSi yovelTvis mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda. magaliTad, pirveli msoflio omis win ruseTidan eqsportis 50%, xolo soflis meurneobis eqsportis 90% Savi zRvis gavliT xorcieldeboda. dRes yazaxuri an rusuli navTobiT datvirTuli tankeri Txutmet wuTSi erTxel kveTs dardanelis da bosforis sruteebs (yazaxuri navTobi Sav zRvaSi ruseTis gavliT xvdeba da misi tranzitis gadasaxadic moskovis damatebiTi Semosavlis wyaroa).

10. Agenda.ge, “Agile Spirit 2017 Multinational Drills End,” September 11, 2017, http://agenda.ge/news/86670/eng (accessed December 29, 2017).

11. U.S. Army Europe, “Noble Partner 2017,” http://www.eur.army.mil/noblepartner/ (accessed December 29, 2017).

12. NATO, “Bucharest Summit Declaration Issued by the Heads of State and Government Participating in the Meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Bucharest on 3 April 2008,” http://www.summitbucharest.ro/en/doc_201.html (accessed December 28, 2017).

13. NATO, “NATO–Georgia Commission,” December 4, 2012, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_52131.htm (accessed December 20, 2017).

14. Office of the State Minister of Georgia on European & Euro-Atlantic Integration, “Annual National Program/ANP,” http://eu-nato.gov.ge/ en/nato/relations/integration/anp (accessed December 29, 2017).

15. U.S. Department of State, “U.S.–Georgia Strategic Partnership Commission,” https://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/gg/usgeorgiacommission/ (accessed December 20, 2017).

16. U.S. Embassy in Georgia, “Memorandum on Deepening the Defense and Security Partnership Between the United States of America and Georgia (July 6),” July 6, 2016, https://ge.usembassy.gov/memorandum-deepening-defense-security-partnership-united-states-americageorgia-july-6/ (accessed December 29, 2017).

17. U.S. Department of State, “United States and Georgia Sign General Security of Information Agreement,” May 9, 2017, https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2017/05/270754.html (accessed December 29, 2017).

18. “Pence Reaffirms U.S. Solidarity with Georgia, Denounces Russian ‘Aggression,’” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, August 1, 2017, https:// www.rferl.org/a/pence-georgia-montenegro-nato-russia-baltics-visit/28652154.html (accessed December 29, 2017).

19. News release, “Georgia–Javelin Missiles and Command Launch Units,” Defense Security Cooperation Agency, November 20, 2017, http:// www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/georgia-javelin-missiles-and-command-launch-units (accessed December 29, 2017).

20

specialuri moxseneba| N. 199 28 ianvari, 2018

20. Luke Coffey, “NATO Summit 2014: An Opportunity to Support Georgia,” Heritage Foundation Issue Brief No. 4260, August 13, 2014, http://www.heritage.org/trade/report/nato-summit-2014-opportunity-support-georgia 21. The North Atlantic Treaty, Article 10, April 4, 1949, last updated March 21, 2016, http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_17120. html (accessed January 10, 2017).

22. Thea Morrison, “Stoltenberg: Georgia Has All Practical Tools to Become NATO Member,” Georgia Today, December 3, 2016, http://georgiatoday.ge/news/5297/Stoltenberg%3A-Georgia-Has-All-Practical-Tools-to-Become-NATO-Member (accessed December 29, 2017).

23.saqarTvelos nato-Si gawevrianebis SemTxvevaSi aliansis wesdebis me-5 muxlis ruseTis mier okupirebul cxinvalis regionsa da afxazeTze moqmedebis droebiTi SeCereba 1949 wlis Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis me-6 muxlis SesworebiT SeiZleba. meeqvse muxlis Sesworebis precedentebi arsebobs, me-5 muxliT dafaruli teritoriebi SeiZleba dazustdes saqarTvelos nato-Si Sesvlis protokolSi iseve rogorc es 1951 wels, aliansSi saberZneTisa da TurqeTis gawevrianebisas moxda. es droebiTi zoma ZalaSi saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis diplomatiuri da mSvidobiani gziT aRdgenisTanave dakargavs Zalas.

24. Civil Georgia, “Georgia Makes ‘Unilateral Pledge’ of Non-Use of Force,” November 23, 2010, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article. php?id=22880 (accessed December 29, 2017).

25. 1990-ian wlebSi afxazeTma da cxinvalis regionma saqarTvelos Semdgenlobidan gasvlis da damoukideblobis Sesaxeb gamoacxades. separatizmiT gamowveuli sisxliani konfliqtis Sedegad daiRupa aTasobiT, xolo devnilobaSi asiaTasobiT eTnikurad qarTveli aRmoCnda. 1994 wels ruseTi damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobis (dsT) samSvidobo operacias Caudga saTaveSi, romlis monitoringsac saqarTveloSi gaeros sadamkvirveblo misia axorcielebda. SeiaraRebas moklebuli gaeros misia araefeqturi aRmoCnda. cxinvalis regionSi qarTul-rusul samSvidobo misias euTo-s egidiT Seqmnili konfliqtis mogvarebis erToblivi kontrolis komisia uwevda meTvalyureobas. 2008 wlamde afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi mimdinare samSvidobo operaciebSi monawile rusul mxares sagangebod gamoyofili teritoriis farglebSi ekisreboda pasuxismgebloba iq mimdinare movlenebze. cecxlisSewyvetis eqvspunqtiani gegma swored am teritoriis farglebSi iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos danarCen teritoriaze SemoWril rusul dajgufebaTa dabrunebas. dsT-s samSvidobo operacia, gaero-s misia saqarTveloSi, konfliqtis regulirebis erToblivi komisia da euTo-s monitoringis misia 2008 wlis omis Semdeg ruseTis ukanono saokupacio Zalebma Caanacvles.

26. Civil Georgia, “Six-Point Ceasefire Plan,” August 20, 2008, http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=19478 (accessed December 29, 2017).

27. John Markoff, “Before the Gunfire, Cyberattacks,” The New York Times, August 12, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/technology/13cyber.html (accessed December 29, 2017).

28. Vasili Rukhadze, “Russia’s Soft Power in Georgia: How Does It Work?” Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol. 13, No. 34 (February 19, 2016), https:// jamestown.org/program/russias-soft-power-in-georgia-how-does-it-work/ (accessed December 29, 2017).

29. Giorgi Menabde, “Russian Army Again Threatening Georgia from the Occupied Territories,” Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol. 14, No. 84 (June 22,2017), https://jamestown.org/program/russian-army-threatening-georgia-occupied-territories/ (accessed December 29 2017).

30. avtorma es sofel oZisTan siaxloves naxa.

31. Luke Harding, “Tiny Nauru Struts World Stage by Recognising Breakaway Republics,” The Guardian, December 14, 2009,

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/14/nauro-recognises-abkhazia-south-ossetia (accessed December 29, 2017).

32. Gvantsa Gabekhadze, “Georgia Condemns Nauru President’s Visit to Abkhazia,” The Messenger Online, November 15, 2017,

http://www.messenger.com.ge/issues/4016_november_15_2017/4016_edit.html (accessed December 29 2017).

33. Also known as the Administrative Border Line.

34. Roland Oliphant, “EU Condemns Russia over ‘Creeping Annexation’ of Georgia,” The Telegraph, July 16, 2015,

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/georgia/11745510/EU-condemns-Russia-over-creeping-annexation-of-Georgia. html

(accessed December 29, 2017).

35. Margarita Antidze, “Georgia Says Russia Violating Sovereignty with Border Markers,” Reuters, July 13, 2015,

https://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFKCN0PN1VK20150713 (accessed December 29, 2017).

36. Agenda.ge, “Russia-Abkhazia Treaty: ‘Step Towards Annexation of Georgian Region,’” November 22, 2014, http://agenda.ge/ news/24977/eng (accessed December 29, 2017).

37. “Moscow Moves to Absorb Rebel Georgian Region’s Military,” Reuters, March 14, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-georgiaarmy/moscow-moves-to-absorb-rebel-georgian-regions-military-idUSKBN16L1XQ (accessed December 29, 2017).

38. osi xalxi kavkasiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli geografiuli, religiuri da eTnikuri TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva. eTnikurad da enobrivad osebi iranelTa STamomavalni arian, religiurad ki marTlmadidebeli qristianebi. osebi erTaderTi eTnikuri jgufia kavkasiaSi romelic kavkasiis qedis orive mxares mravalricxovnad saxlobs. miuxedavad amisa, cxinvalis regionSi mcxovrebi osebi ruseTSi Semaval CrdiloeT oseTTan mWidro kavSirebiT ar gamoirCevian. erTaderTi gza, romelic or regions erTmaneTTan akavSirebs, 1984 wels agebuli rokis gvirabia. faqtiurad, cxinvali TbilisTan ufro axlos aris vidre CrdiloeT oseTis dedaqalaq vladikavkazTan. 39. “South Ossetia Leaders Says Treaty Could Call for Joining Russia,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, December 11, 2014, 21

saqarTvelos natoSi gawevrianeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da evropis interesebSia

https://www.rferl.org/a/tibilov-south-ossetia-russia-treaty-signing-georgia-abkhazia/26737140.html (accessed December 29, 2017).

40. Andrew Osborn, “Russia to Beef Up Military Presence in Former Soviet Space,” The Telegraph, August 18, 2010, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/7952433/Russia-to-beef-up-military-presence-in-former-Soviet-space.html (accessed December 15, 2017).

41. Nikolai Litovkin, “Russia and Armenia to Create Joint Defense Force in Caucasus,” United Press International, November 16, 2016, http://www.upi.com/Russia-and-Armenia-to-create-joint-defense-force-in-Caucasus/1461479301074/ (accessed December 15, 2017).

42. Vladimir Socor, “Lavrov Hints at Fomenting Ethnic Tensions Inside Georgia,” Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol. 7, No. 132 (July 9, 2010), https:// jamestown.org/program/lavrov-hints-at-fomenting-ethnic-tensions-inside-georgia/ (accessed December 29, 2017).

43. Maia Ivelashvili, “Georgia’s Armenians in Voting Row,” Institute for War & Peace Reporting, CRS No. 640, May 11, 2012, https://iwpr.net/global-voices/georgias-armenians-voting-row .

44. Inga Popovaite, “Armenians in Akhalkalaki Struggle to Learn Georgian,” Democracy & Freedom Watch, December 26, 2014, http://dfwatch.net/armenians-in-akhalkalaki-struggle-to-learn-georgian-18393-32827 (accessed March 15, 2017).

45. Giorgi Menabde, “Who Provoked the Clashes Between Local Armenians and the Georgian Police?” Eurasia Daily Monitor, Vol. 14, No. 129 (October 13, 2017), https://jamestown.org/program/provoked-clashes-local-armenians-georgian-police/ (accessed December 29, 2017).

46. okeaneTis sazRvao usafrTxoebis misia nauruel samarTaldamcavebs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvao flotis da sanapiro dacvis gemebiT patrulirebis saSualebas aZleven.

47. Civil Georgia, “Interior Ministry Briefs Diplomats on ‘Borderisation,’” June 4, 2013, http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=26144 (accessed January 16, 2018).

48. Agenda.ge, “Russian Forces Continue Installation of Barbed Wires in the Cross Border Villages,” December 10, 2013, http://agenda.ge/news/3382/eng (accessed January 16, 2018).

49. Agenda.ge, “Russians Barb-Wiring on Georgian Territory,” December 3, 2013, http://agenda.ge/news/2871/eng (accessed January 16, 2018).

50. Lado Bitchashvili and Shida Kartli, “Demarcation of the So-Called Border Renewed in Jariasheni Village,” Human Rights Center, February 10, 2015, http://www.humanrights.ge/index.php?a=main&pid=18129&lang=eng (accessed January 16, 2018).

51. “Statement as Delivered by the Delegation of Georgia at the 2015 Human Dimension Implementation Meeting,” Working Session 10, Freedom of Movement, Warsaw, October 9, 2015, http://www.osce.org/odihr/194471?download=true (accessed January 16, 2018).

52. Agenda.ge, “US Ambassador: ‘Georgia’s Sovereignty Is Violated by its Neighbor,’” July 14, 2017, http://agenda.ge/news/83508/eng (accessed January 16, 2018).

53. Agenda.ge, “Creeping Occupation: Russia Advances 10 Hectares into Georgian Territory,” July 4, 2017, http://agenda.ge/news/82746/ eng (accessed January 16, 2018).

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