CONTENT p3 - p17 p18 - p33 p34 - p37
Connected landscape of the Baoshan CBD | China All about water | Malaysia Study and Arts
CONNECTED LANDSCAPE OF THE BAOSHAN CBD SHANG HAI CHINA This project look at strategies to create a flood free city in the event of a 5-year heavy rainfall, as well as todemolish barriers of movement for animal and humans alike. By recognizing the distinct characteristic of flood issues and barriers of movement within the neighborhood, design strategies aims to demonstrate multifunctional design spaces throughout the urban context. Three design strategies will be employed to enhance the ecological resilience of the CBD. The first strategy is to improve the efficiency of water movement throughout the city, while reducing flooding risk. Specifically three green spaces and Youyi Park are proposed to act as seasonal detention pond to accommodate flooding during the rainy season. Existing green spaces are modified accordingly to topography. Together with the new proposed green roofs, these greens could help to clean, collect surface run-off. Collected water is reused, to irrigate urban agriculture patches. Structure cells and other design tools are also employed to increase ground water recharge ability of unutilized streets and spaces. The second strategy is targeted at reducing barriers intervening animal movement in urban context. This is done by proposing seamless green corridors with habitats. The green corridors are designed as pedestrian pathways 4
with urban forest belts and green tramway. They will connect important land use programs and habitats, benefiting for both people and animals. Planting species are carefully chosen to provide sense of connectivity. The third strategy is to improve accessibility for human movement. Shortcuts and bike lanes are designed to link public spaces such as shopping malls and parks. A tramway system is introduced to reduce private car use and parking lot. At the planning level, the overall impervious surface ratio for on-site 9 water catchments is decreased from 86.5% to 28.5%. The total water volume saved and used by urban green irrigation is equivalent to the water usage of 6000 people yearly. 17 new habitats are created, which includes riparian habitat, wetland with reeds field and urban forest. New habitats would aim to contribute economic values to the society. Shortcuts, pedestrian friendly streets, bike lanes and tram ways are designed to provide for faster and more convenient movement throughout the site. At the design scale, the peak runoff is reduced by 47%. Design devices are designed to accommodate 100% runoff in the event of a 5-year heavy rainfall event. Habitat size are carefully designed for different targeting animal species groups including rare bird species, urban common bird species and insects. For example,
10m wide urban forest belt is designed along the main short-cuts and act as foraging place for the common bird typology. A buffer of 3m of green spaces are created along the sidewalks to act as resting place. Trees planted in 1m planting box is part of the structural cells system which act as stepping stones within the narrow confines of urban streets. Green corridors are designed with a myriad of greeneries, providing continuous overlapping habitats for targeting animal species. New human movement is achieved by proposing new building programs, open space and road systems. New office buildings will occupy 60% of land use area, which is more in line with the CBD’s land use proportion, as compared to the pre-existing situation. Road systems are delicately designed based on the needs of surrounding habitats - the pathway in rare bird conservation area is only 1.5m wide to minimize human disturbance, while providing people with opportunities to be closer to nature.
ISSUE 1 . FLOODING PRONE AREA HISTORICAL CHANGES OF LAND-FORM AND
221 BC
751 AD
1730 AD
2018 AD
POTENTIAL FLOODING
Rainfall intensity: 30-40mm/h
Rainfall intensity: 50 mm/h, 2h accumulate more than 70mm
Rainfall intensity: 70 mm/h
SOME FLOODING AREAS
STORM FLOODING AREA INCREASE
SEVERE FLOODING PROBLEM
Potential flooding area
2016. June. Shanghai Streets during 5 flooding season
ISSUE 2 . F R A G M E N TAT I O N O F H A B I TAT Baogang Water Reservoir Area: 1.64 km2
Habitat: Open Water.
Chongming North Lake Area: 18 km2 Dian Shan Lake Area: 62.5 km2
Anatidae
San Jia Port Area: 2.97 km2
Laridae
VISITING CALENDAR Spring
AQUATIC BIRD HABITAT DISTRIBUTION
A
natidae birds choose their feeding habitat in shallow water bank which no deeper than 25 cm . The water level required for habitat is above 100 cm.
C 6
haradriidae bird prefer low vegetation even bare shallow mudflat. The appearance frequency is higher in the habitat where vegetation cover is less than 25%.
Dongtan Fish Pond Area: 23.78 km2
Habitat: Open water with mudflat.
Jiu Duan Sha Conservation Wetland Area: 423.2 km2
Nan Hui Dong Tan Area: 122.5 km2
Anatidae
Summer
Charadriidae (Ciconiiformes)
Habitat: Stream with mudflat. Charadriidae (Ciconiiformes)
Feng Xian Bian Tan Length: 31.6 km
Charadriidae (Gruiformes)
Autumn
Winter
Visiting Frequency Low
Chongming Island Bird Conservation Area Area: 165.92 km2
Habitat: Wetland and shallows.
Anatidae
Laridae High
Charadriidae
ISSUE 3 . RIGID GRID SYSTEM AND STRUCTURE INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM COMPARISON
BAO SHAN CBD AREA
1 km
SINGAPORE CBD AREA
1 km
MAP OVERLAY
1 km
By overlaying the two maps of infrastructure, the road system in Bao Shan is more rigid than Singapore. Although they all have grids as basic transportation web, Singapore has a more convenient and flexible high-way system which connects all directions smoothly. 7
PLAN 1. CONNECTED LANDSCAPE
3 1
URBAN FOREST BELT PLAN 2
5 5
3
2
2 3
2
9 1
4
6
7 8
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Legend 1. Central green patch for common species 2. City seasonal detention pond 3. New shortcuts with bike lanes 4. Open Library 5. Urban forest belt for common bird species 6. Bird conservation area 7. Existing Youyi park - Seasonal detention pond 8. Trees with structural cells 9. Pedestrian friendly intersection
1
9
5
1
Multi-functional space Aquatic bird migration Rain season Reeds field Spring
Winter
PLAN 2 . URBAN FOREST BELT
9 1 2
8
6
4 3
8
8
7
5
3
Legend Food calendar 1. Underutilized street 2. Urban forest belt 3. Public space with green roof, solar panel and porous surface. 4. School with sunken sport field 5. New short cuts with 10m urban forest belt 6. City detention pond Spring 7. Forest walking trail 8. Community sported urban farm 9. Sunken Plaza
Fruit Flower Winter
Legend
N
20m
Early spring flowering tree Fruit Trees Canopy trees Existing trees 9
QUANTIFY DESIGN : WATER MANAGEMENT PERMEABILITY MAP
PEAK RUNOFF REDUCE
DESIGN TOOLS AND CAPACITY
Peak runoff reduce: 47% 1yr: 264266 m3/24h 5yr : 312000 m3/24h Flooding: 47814 m3/24h Water hold by design : 65614 m3/24h
Sunken plaza : 859 m3/24h
Seasonal detention pond : 61720 m3/24h
Peak runoff reduce: 23%
Green roof contain 70% of rain water
Sunken sport field : 859 m3/24h
Peak runoff reduce: 35%
Peak runoff reduce: 61%
N
Runoff Co-efficients 0.9
Roofs
0.80 City Business area 0.75 Drivers & Walks 0.70 Residential 0.50 Industry area 0.25 Agriculture 0.20 Sports field 0.1
Wetland &
0.3
Porous
10
Water bodies
200m
IMPERVIOUS SURFACE RATIO 28.5%
Peak runoff reduce: 43%
Peak runoff reduce: 30%
BEFORE: 86.5% RUNOFF RETAINED AND USED FOR IRRIGATION = 6000 PERSON DAILY WATER USAGE / YEAR
Peak runoff reduce: 40%
Peak runoff reduce: 26%
QUANTIFY DESIGN : SMOOTH HUMAN FLOW
m
50
Shared road system 14m driveway with tram line
SPACIAL MOVEMENT
BUILDING PROGRAM
Before
Before
Move with limits
Free to move
Green patch
Residential area
2
0m
10
Bird conservation area 1.5m trails to reduce human disturbance
Administrative
0m
20
m 00
Road system 3m sidewalk+ 2.5m bike lane
After
Business
Transport hot spot Parking+ MRT + Tram route
After
Culture
School
Mixed use
11
Solar panel: produce 27% of energy demand.
Seasonal detention pond Contain 53% of 24 h 5y rainfall.
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Green roof Retain 70% of rain water
Urban forest to reduce peak runoff and permeability
Sunken sport field & plaza Contain 20% of 24 24 h 5y rainfall.
Street green Consume 100% of retained runoff. Save water equals to daily water usage of 6000 population. Waste to energy 4% of total energy demand
Porous pavement Contain 1y rainfall intensity.
Community supported agriculture Consume 10% of retained runoff
Short cuts: Save time 50% from hot spots. Bike lane: 3.6km added. Tram way: Save time 50% from port to MRT.
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QUANTIFY DESIGN : CONNECTED LANDSCAPE FOR ANIMAL MOVEMENT INSECTS
Community supported agriculture
RARE AQUATIC BIRD SPECIES
Green tram way 3.2m wide one-way
Green roof
Detention pond ( Rain season ) At least 25% of bare ground for target species.
1m Structural cells Stepping stone
Reeds field ( Dry season ) At least 25% of bare ground for target species.
HABITAT COMMON URBAN BIRD SPECIES
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10m urban forest belt Foraging & Food
3m Urban greeneries Resting & Food
Riparian Zone 1: 3m, erosion control zone. Live stakes Zone 2: 18m. It consists of trees, shrubs, and their litter of leaves and branches as an energy source to capture agricultural chemicals that pollute streams. Zone three: Natural grass
Insects Pelecanus philippensis Graphium sarpedon Aglais urticae Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Polyrhachis vicina Roger Aranea ventrico-sa
Rare species Grus monacha Pelecanus philippensis Phalacrocorax pelagicus Egretta eulophotes Platalea leucorodia Platalea minor Anser albifrons
Common species Accipiter nisus nisosimilis S. chinensis Lanius schach Gracupica nigricollis Turdus cardis Zoothera dauma aurea Paradoxornis webbianus
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ALL ABOUT WATER MELACA MALASIA Narrative As the mother river of Melaka, Melaka River link with people’s daily life tightly. However, two major water problems are exposed to Melaka. The water quality is degrading due to human activities. The flooding water ruined people’s houses and even take people’s life. To solve these two major problems, three strategies are applied. Overall, the designs are focus on solving the problems, but also bring new economic to Melaka. Using the constructed wetland park as one example. This park would corporate with new techniques of fish-plants community. The revenue of this planning and design work will be considerable.
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Strategies
Strengthen the image of Melaka river by solving the water quality problem and decrease flash flood effect area.
Find out the potential green areas which could be used for improving water quality and decrease flooding.
Design and even connect each spaces, and make them multi-functional spaces such as plazas and public park.
50 water samples of Melaka were examined. 2017. Oct.
SURFACE WATER QUALITY
Drainage water Conductivity: 2.1 µS/cm Sal: 0.01 TDS: 1 Light yellow,Sediment,No smell Conductivity: 540µS/cm Sal: 0.26 TDS: 280 Black suspension, Smell Conductivity: 870µS/cm Sal: 0.43 TDS: 460 Black suspension, Smell Conductivity: 850µS/cm Sal: 0.41 TDS: 449 Black suspension, Smell
1000m
Sea water Conductivity: 8.1µS/cm Sal: 0.01 TDS: 4 River mouth Conductivity: 1000+µS/cm Sal: 0.5+ TDS: 534+ Sea water Conductivity: 11.1 µS/cm Sal: 0.14 TDS: 9 Conductivity: 900µS/cm Sal: 0.44 TDS: 477 Light yellow,Sediment,No smell Conductivity: 8.3µS/cm Sal: 0.01 TDS: 9 River mouth, Yellow , Sediment,Smell Conductivity: 1000+µS/cm Sal: 0.5+ TDS: 534+ Sea water
Still waste water Waste water inflow
Waste water inflow Section 5-5
Constant water conductivity range 100 µS/cm
Waste water inflow Oil spil Section 6-6
350 µS/cm 600 µS/cm 850 µS/cm
River mouth Section 4-4
Port Section 7-7
Waste water inflow Section 5-5
Constant water conductivity range
1000 µS/cm
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SURFACE WATER QUALITY
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Section 1-1 Reservoir water is in good condition. However, plantation and agriculture area will degrade water quality due to fertilizers.
Section 2-2 Land construction, soil reclamation, erosion of riverbank due to dredging activities in the river ,agricultural runoff is decreasing water quality.
Section 3-3 Grey water from urban area deteriorate water quality. Waste water charge into Melaka river directly.
Section 4-4 River mouth has salt water intrusion. Oil spill and boat transportion degrade the water quality.
Section 6-6 Grey water is charged into chanel without treatments. Drainage chanel is connected with ocean.
Section 7-7 Drainage chanel mouth has smelly water outflow into sea. Oil spill even make the water quality worse.
1 2
5
6 7
3 4
Section 8-8 Sea water around port is degraded by boat transportation and land reclaimation. 21
SEA WATER INTRUSION Saline intrusion of Melaka river was relatively small and only up to 5km from the mouth of the river. Saline intrusion could cause problematical issues to the aquatic life in Malacca River and affect groundwater quality.
Muds-kipper fish is a brackish water species which could be found along river near Portuguese Settlement. This indicates the salinity level of river water is higher than fresh water. Sea water intrusion could be one reason of high salinity. Excessive pumping and decreasing recharge rate caused aquifer depletion and led to the intrusion of seawater. Area with sea water intrusion into surface water
5km
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Area with sea water intrusion into ground water
MELAKA RIVER BASIN HOT SPOT
Residential contributor Strong Weak Industry contributor Strong Weak Agriculture contributor Strong Weak Residential
Agriculture
23 Industry
AQUACULTURE CULTURE TYPOLOGIES TOPOGRAPHY Data: Fisheries and aquaculture departmen, 2017; Talk about fish, 2017; AI. Mahmud, 2015.
Topography Low
High 24
AQUACULTURE
Feeding tray
Mollusc Culture
Pond Culture
Paddy culture
Cage/Pen Culture
Kelong Culture
Aquaculture Culture in Mangrove Area 25
Thinking process of retention basin, plantation and riparian vegetation design.
Retention basin along
Riparian
Retention basin in river bend
Plantation with flood control channel
Potential river expansion
2020 Expansion area of Melaka river could be done in short time. Topography 26
Real condition
Google image,2017.
DEVELOPING STAGES & MASTER PLAN
2025 Plantation and some green space could be done to control flood problem and improve water quality
2030 All designs are achieved. Water quality for Melaka River and sea water should be improved. Flood problem is solved. 27
DESIGN DEVICES
NATURAL WETLAND Natural wetland will corporate with existing WTP and drains. Clean water would be discharge into Melaka River.
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RIVER EXPANSION Low topography along riverside. Flood water could flow into this area in order to reduce the stress of downstream.
RETENTION BASIN Retention basin will be built in the areas which are usually affected by flood.
LOWEST TOPO IN URBAN GREEN Urban green with low topo could have mu function and contribute to flood control
REPARATION VEGETATION Reforestation along the riverside. Vegetation help with net recharge and provide animal habitat.
PLANTATION WITH CHANNA L Low topography along riverside. Flood water could flow into this area in order to reduce the stress of downstream.
NEW WATER TREA Add WTP for small especially for pollut spots.
ulti
ATMENT community tants hot
RETENTION BASIN AT RIVER BEND River bend is facing high risk of flood.
CONSTRUCTED WETLAND One constructed wetland is proposed. It will corporate with expanded WTP and aquaculture.
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LANDFILL BIOREMEDIATION Waste wter from abandoned landfill is polluting Melaka River. Grass and trees with deep roots could absorb contaminates.
PAVED PLAZA IN FLOOD AREA Paved plazas are redesigned to terrace to hold more flood water in downstream and avoid flood flash in neighborhood.
BIOSWALE AND PERMEABLE PAVE IN CITY CORE City core has potential to have bioswale and permeable pavement to accommodate runoff.
MANGROVE REFORESTATION Because of the siltation process along shoreline, mangrove reforestation could help with band erosion and saline intrusion.
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STRATEGIES RIVER EXPANSION
RETENTION BASIN IN RIVER BEND
PAVED PLAZA AS EXPANSION AREA / RETENTION BASIN
2017 Areas near river bend have high risk of flash flood.
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2020 New plantation with flood control channel.
2025 Retention basin is created to accommodate more water. Surrounding topo is modified accordingly as well.
2017 Bold ground and sparse vegetation along river bank.
2030 Using micro-topo to create retention basin. Riparian vegetation could help to reduce erosion and improve water quality, increase net recharge.
CITY CORE
PLANTATION
Flood Melaka River
Flood
2017 Existing plaza
Flood Melaka River
Flood Melaka River
Flood Melaka River
2017 2020 Melaka river in low Melaka river in water level. high water level.
RETENTION BASIN WITH RIPARIAN VEGETATION
2017 Existing plantation
2025 New plantation with flood control channel.
2017 Existing condition
2020 Proposed design
CITY CORE DESIGN SECTION
1.5m Bioswale
3m Sidewalk
1.5m Bioswale
1.5m Existing sidewalk
1.5m Bioswale
2.7m One-way drive lane
1.3m Sidewalk with planting
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CONSTRUCTED WETLAND AND AQUACULTURE WTP City core + Surrounding 20000 Inhabitants Screening Primary clarification
WETLAND
Biological treatment Disinfection
Efeocharis
Scir pus
Juncus
Cyper us
Subsurface wetland Subsurface wetland
Phra g r nites Aviceda leuphotes Ardeola bacchus
Surface wetland 1 Remove 50-60% BOD 20-30% TKN 90-95% TSS
AQUACULTURE
Litopenaeus vannamei
Fish
Halimione por tulacoides Oxyeleotris Mar morata Ascophyllum nodosum
Plants( 3:1 fish) Abelmoschus esculentus
Shrimp Algae
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Miscanthus
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STUDY & ART
Propylene dripping drawing 2018. May
GOOGLE MAP
LANDSAT MAP
Resource: Google Map
Resource: NASA
No vegetation Water High density of vegetation
Low Density of vegetation
NDVI is a widely used technique to study vegetation land cover. Other applications of NDVI in different topics include vegetation dynamics, biomass production, change detection, crop type identification, crop health, forest monitoring and others. High NDVI values can indicate denser and healthier vegetation.
NDVI MAP Tool: ArcGIS
SINGAPORE URBANISM
P1: Photographer: Zhuhui, Bai Year: 2017 Place: Marina Bay P2: Photographer: Edmund Arozoo Year: 2002 Place: Marina Bay Source: goodmorningyesterday.blogspot.sg
The 2017 photo took from the 66th floor of Swissotel the Stamford hotel. Only 15 years, Marina Bay has been changed dramatically. The original water becomes to skyscrapers. P1
P2 P3: Photographer: Zhuhui, Bai Year:2017 Place: Elgin Bridge P4: Photographer: unknown Year: 1920-1926 Place: Boat Quay Source: Courtesy of National Archives of Singapore
P3
P4
The old Elgin Bridge was torn down. The new Elgin Bridge changed its style and probably moved forward a bit. Even though clock tower of Victoria Memorial Hall still stands in the left, it is faded away with the Marina Bay Sand.
A aircraft was flying through over the horizon to the place where the setting sun vanished. 2017. June