Q1 - R&D Studio: Analysis and Design of City Form | 2013-2013 Group work: Agnes Galama, Andrea Aragone, Lisa ten Brug, Ningxin Tan, Critical Project: Zivile Simkute 4311329 Tutor: Teake Bouma
Introduction “Oh the city is sinking... So we might need a technical solution. Interesting� That was the first impression I had of the city of Gouda during the introduction of the studios, but it turned out to be much more complicated than that. City has a vibrant history and an interesting spacial form that was determined mainly by watermanagement systems. It has a beautiful herritage with its own problems. It was strange to see that a city that lives with water so closely, is at the same time so afraid of it. During this studio there was a great opportunity to learn about water management, space analysis and use alternative decision making methods. An international group of five students: Andrea from Italy, Ningxin from China, Lisa and Agnes from the Netherlands and I Zivile from Lithuania went through an exciting journey in Gouda together with tutor Teake Bouma, creating a structure plan for future vision and five projects that would make the vision happen.
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R&D Studio | Portfolio
CONTENT Students: Agnes Galama, Andrea Aragone, Lisa ten Brug, Ningxin Tan, Zivile Simkute Tutor: Teake Bouma Introduction Analysis Methodology - Site visit - Mind mapping - Research - Conceptual model - Layer method Analysis - Regional Scale - Dependence - Local Scale - Fragmentation Vision Methodology - SWOT Analysis - Layer method - References GOUDA MANUAL - Regional vision - Local vision - Rules for development - Structure plan Critical Projects - Areas of development Individual Project “Gouda WaterFront� Methodology - SWOT Analysis - Site Visit - Interview - Agent Based Analysis - Layer method - Strategy Time-line Urban Strategy Improved Structure Plan
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Analysis | Concept Model
Dependance in Regional Scale
Each district has its own character
Fragmentation in Local Scale
Each district work separately
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Water as a Tool
Each district addis something to the whole
Analysis | Mind-Map
Soil
Bad foundation Watermanagement
Infrastructure Sinking
Living with water
Techniques Economy
Water
ANALYSIS
Gouda
Dependence
VISION
Fragmentation Religion
Green Heart
Borders
Spatial
STRUCTURE PLAN
CRITICAL PROJECT
IMPROVED STRUCTURE PLAN
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Analysis | Regional Scale
In regional scale, Gouda is a part of the Randstad and one of the virtues of the Randstad is the green heart. Randstad is a collaboration of many cities that have more than 7mil. people living there.
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Analysis | Regional Scale
2000
2009
In the centre of Randstad there is a green heart, which is a typical Dutch landscape protected from urban invasions. Despite that, the green heart is getting smaller. From 2000 until 2009 it lost some volume and it has to be protected from getting even smaller. Gouda is in the middle of it and has the responsibility of saving the green areas around it. At the same time the Green Heart helps to attract more tourists to the city. In this way we see a strong codependsnt relationship between the city and the green heart in the regional context.
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Analysis | Regional Scale
Bible Belt
Gouda is part of the Bible Belt. Bible Belt is the name given to a strip of land in the Netherlands, which is inhabited chiefly by conservative Protestants. The Church plays a central role in the life of Bijbelgordel communities and they typically oppose the liberal practices of Dutch society. Gouda is dependent from the Bible Belt in this way that people from the surrounding villages come to Gouda for church.
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Analysis | Regional Scale
1650
2013
The main source of economy came to the city from businesses traveling by boats through the city, municipality was collecting taxes, crews were staying in the city for some time, spending money. After some time, some industries settled in by the canal and provided working places for citizens.
The city was developing along river and the main canal and when the railway was introduced in the south, the city started growing rapidly arround it.
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Analysis | Regional Scale
When Gouda became better connected to the rest of the Randstad, it became attractive to live in. People could reach other cities such as Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht fast and easy and still live in a smaller area. Before the connections were made, Gouda did not have much to offer. At this moment while other small cities loose interests, Gouda is still attractive to families that do not want to live in a busy city and to businesses that see gouda as a great transit area.
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Analysis | Regional Scale
Railways
Highways
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Analysis | Local Scale
The city of Gouda is developed over the peat soil which causes land to sink and city does that 1 centimeter a year. This process of very hard to stop or control as the oldest part of the town was developed on wooden poles which rot because of groundwater that is getting lower. The main infrastrucure of the city (railway, higway) were built on the clay. The empty plots around the city (in the south, east, west) are over a very poor peat soil that is dificult to develop on, therefore municipality of Gouda has to find alternative ways of building if city grows or densifies.
Biggest problem of the old town: buildings sinking to the ground and colliding. Wooden poles rott and break. The only solution to slower this process is to keep a steady level of groundwater. Now the city uses sewage water to keep the soil wet enough to stay strong.
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Analysis | Local Scale
0m
-2m peat newer neighbourhoods
clay+sand
peat old town
+4m IJSSEL
clay+sand
peat polders
After 1970 new neighborghoods in Gouda were built using different technologies. Polder systems that used to give character to the city were escavated and sand was put in their place. Buildings had concrete base so the areas have less problems with building colliding, but soil is still sinking.
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Analysis | Local Scale
Throughout the history of the city, land had to be claimed in order to develope. City form is determined by it. The Old Gouda was built on the highest part of the ladscape, than land was claimed arround it and new developements could happen. City is developed on the old polder structure. Some canals still remain in the places they were when the city was established, some because of the new techniques of building and new urban trends the city disappeared, but we can see that water is everywhere in Gouda. Gouda is a water city. Water was shaping the form of the city by forming different fragments, and being the borders of it. Excess land claiming resulted in sinking soil, which creates big problems and requires big investments so attitude has to change in order to save the city from sinking, flooding or getting bankrupt.
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Analysis | Local Scale
Water pump station Lock
Gouda is positioned in a very strategically comfortable place. It has a great connection for water trade, and water transport as is surrounded by rivers and canals. When highways and railways become very busy, many industries go back to water and it give Gouda an opportunity to exploit it more.
Because of different water systems there are locks and pumps connecting them. The City works as a water machine in order to get the boats moving into and through the city.
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Analysis | Local Scale
District of the Old Gouda were always facing the water
Gouda is a water city. Water was shaping the form of the city by forming different fragments, and being the borders of it.
Spatial fragmentation [ 18 ]
Analysis | Local Scale
82% 84% 85% 80%
77%
86% 83% 70%
74%
80%
78%
> 20.000
80%
19.000 - 20.000 18.000 - 19.000
90%
< 18.000 Percentage of autochthonous
Analysis by ethnicities of residents in Gouda districts
Analysis by income of residents in Gouda districts
Living Industry Business
> 50 20 - 50 < 20
Analysis by dominating typologies of residents in Gouda districts
Analysis by age of residents in Gouda districts
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Analysis | Local Scale
parking
parking
bikes parking
cars
bikes / people
bikes
cars
bikes / people
cars
park
cars
park
bikes / cars people
bikes / people
bikes / cars people
There are many ways the city deals with water at this moment. Different neighborhoods have different ways of dealing with water. For instance the terraces, apartment blocks in water and the farms surrounded by it.
bikes / people
parking bikes
bikes / cars people
cars
bikes / bikes people
cars
bikes / cars people
cars
bikes / people
cars
cars
cars
bikes / people
park
cars
cars cars
bikes / people
park
bikes / cars people
bikes / people
bikes / cars people
cars
Typical Gouda street sections
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bikes / people
bikes peopl
Analysis | Conclusions
Conclusions of the Analysis: Water is a connecting part between dependence and fragmentation, in order to to solve the problem of sinking it has to find new techniques to deal with water in order to be less vulnerable. At the same time the geographical position Gauda is, gives an opportunity to work more in the riverfront to make the city more attractive point for water trade to make city less economically depended on cities surrounding it.
Soil
Bad foundation Watermanagement
Infrastructure Sinking
Living with water
Findings: - The city of Gouda is dependent on several levels on topics of Economy, Green Heart, Water and Religion. - The form of the city is highly influenced by landscape of the area, and soil under it. City was forming on existing polder systems and always had to deal with excess amounts of water.
Techniques Water
Economy
- Sinking is the most urgent issue that requires modern technical solutions. - Gouda is an attractive place to live for families but has very few jobs to offer; therefore people choose to work in other cities.
Dependence
- City is well connected to the rest of the country, has strong infrastructure. - City is form by neighbourhoods that have different characters, but they have very few connections to each other therefore areas in between then become voids that should be developed in the future. - Gouda is a Water-Machine and it is a the core identity that makes Gouda what it is now.
Gouda Fragmentation Religion
Green Heart
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Borders
Spatial
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R&D Studio | Vision
ANALYSIS
VISION
STRUCTURE PLAN
CRITICAL PROJECT
IMPROVED STRUCTURE PLAN [ 23 ]
Vision | Scenarios
2013
Scenario: Growing city 2013 - 2050
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Vision | Scenarios
2035
2050
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Vision | Scenarios
2013
Scenario: Shrinking City 2013 - 2050
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Vision | Scenarios
2035
2050
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Vision | Scenarios
2013
Scenario: Densifing city 2013 - 2050
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Vision | Scenarios
2035
2050
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R&D Studio | Structure Plan
ANALYSIS
VISION
STRUCTURE PLAN
CRITICAL PROJECT
IMPROVED STRUCTURE PLAN
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Structure Plan | Rules
Program
City accessable by water transport
Green Network
Create a green network
Movement happens through new city centre
Give function to green areas
New city centre facilitates districts
Sustainable green areas Public waterfront Blue Network Provide more housing Make water management system more visible Create touristic network Water used as public space â&#x20AC;&#x153;public blueâ&#x20AC;? Infrastructure Accessible waterfront Connect fragments by inner ring-road Bikes has priority to cars
Water used as a tool, not as a barrier Economy
Designated bicycle paths
Strengthen waterfronts for industries
Hierrarchy of streets determined bt the width of the canal
Transform old industrial areas to creative industries
More connections between residential areas
Create a compact area for businesses
Improved public transport
Create touristic network
City accessable by water transport
Green Network
[ 32 ] Create a green network
Structure Plan | Gouda Manual
THE MANUAL
[HOW TO DEVELOP GOUDA. TOPIC: WATER AS A TOOL] The main goal of the manual is to solve issues that group found out during the analysis period. Rules strengthen the role of Gouda in regional and local context: - The role of a heart in the Green Heart. Ensure protection of green areas in and around the city. Make sure green areas has functions. - Gouda is spending too much of its budget on solving the problem of sinking so rules help use empty or poorly used plots for water storage (sustainable, long term solutions), bring more water to the city to ensure ground water levels stay high and start projects that would ensure cities safety in the event of flooding. - Ensure economical development and relocation of industrial sites further from residential neighbourhoods, to more distant areas in the city, close to railway and highway (to benefit from all means of transportation) - To develop the new city centre that joins and facilitates surrounding areas. New centre becomes a business core of the city. Core quality of the city : Water Everything in the city circles arround water. City is developed arround water. Water is the biggest threat and the biggest opportunity. City itself is a water management machine. Goal: Develope using water as a tool
Dependance - Strengthening city centre by business, industries and tourism. - Making city more accessible from outside and within. - Enforce the image of a heart in the green heart. Connection - Enhancing identity of Gouda - Using water as a tool to connect neighbourhoods, create legibility in the city.
Structure plan vision concept
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Structure Plan | SWOT Analysis
SWOT Analysis of Gouda Strengths
Weaknesses
- Historic centre
- Bad foundations
- Family friendly
- Fragments not connected well
- Strong communities in neighbourhoods
- No money
- Tourist hotspot
- Bad soil under the city
- Reeuwijkse Plassen â&#x20AC;&#x201C; attractive recreation place
- New areas did not enhance the style to follow the landscape
- There is space for development
that historical city was built by
- Easy to access by bike
- Polluted soil in industrial sites
- Diversity of people
- Rail divides city in two parts - Hard to move around the city by a car. - Bad functioning public spaces in remote neighbourhoods. - Waterfront not accessible for citizens or tourists. - Bad career opportunities
Opportunities
Threats
- Central location
- Economical dependence
- Situated in the middle of the green heart
- Global warming
- On the Bible Belt
- Social tension
- Strategically good position for industries to develop
- Becoming more peripheral
- Water transport/tourism
- City depending on priorities given by the government
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Structure Plan | Regional Vision
New destination - Gouda
Gouda is in a strategically good place to be reached using water transport but it was more a mid-stop, a place to pass by, rather than a destination.
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Because of the citieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s location it is important to improve accessibility by water transport in order to strengthen its role in the regional scale.
Structure Plan | Regional Vision
Attract to waterfronts and Reeuwijkse Plassen
Strengthen city as a tourist destination â&#x20AC;&#x153;Heart within a Heartâ&#x20AC;? by developing on the recreational area and water routes
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Open the view of the green heart by making waterfronts public and creating an entrance to the city from the Reeuwijkse Plassen
Structure Plan | Regional Vision
City has no clear edges. There are industrial sites blocking connection to the water in the south - west and complicated housing structures in the north - east.
? ?
?
Open the borders in order to give a clear feeling of edges in the city. Water surrounding the city will help orientation and give a sense of form go Gouda.
“These edge elements, although probably not as dominant as paths, are for many people important organising features, particularly in the role of holding together generalized areas, as in the outline of a city by water or wall.” Kevin Lynch “The image of the city”
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Structure Plan | Program Layer
Reference project: IJburg floating houses project in East of Amsterdam â&#x20AC;&#x153;Consisting of a number of artificial islands and water houses (all infrastructure that can adapt to the fluctuating sea level), these neighbourhoods have gone beyond functionality enlisting well-known architect designers contributing to the urban and house design. Already well populated, this new development may be the future of housing in the Netherlands.â&#x20AC;? ARCH Daily
Dilemma No. 1 More water Vs. Density (more housing) Two rules that create the dilemma are: 1. Bring more water to the city; 2. Provide more housing. To find balance, future developments should be designed thinking both about water and new housing, for example building on water or using public green for water storage.
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Structure Plan | Program Layer
Rules for developing the program of the city Movement happens through new city centre
New city centre facilitates districts
Public waterfront LIVING
FAMILY COMMUNITY
REGIONAL ENTRANCE
Provide more housing UST
Create touristic network
CARING
COMMUNITY
TRADING
IND
WORKING PRODUCING
SPORTS
RIA
LW ATE R
WATER ENTRANCE
LEARNING
LIVING
RELAX
RELAXING
PLAY
FR
SIGHT SEEING
ON
SHARING
T
LIVING
DISCUSSING
WORKING
BUSINESS
MEETING
EARNING
WORKING
SALING
FAMILY COMMUNITY LEARNING
CREATING BUYING PASSING
ESTABLISHING
ENTERING
LIVING
FAMILY
Legend of the program plan
COMMUNITY
CREATIVE INDUSTRY
START-UP
HISTORY
TOURISM CULTURE MARKET CHEESE
BL
PU IC
Residential area
TER WA
LIVING
FAMILY
WA TE
PU
BL
IC
Industrial area
RF
FRONT
Green area
RO
COMMUNITY
Public waterfront Industrial waterfront Direct connections to the center Connections between the district Recreational development
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NT
Mixed use area
LIVING
MULTICULTURAL
TRANSFORMATION
HISTORICAL ENTRANCE
PLAYING RELAXING
LIVING
COMMUNITY FAMILY
Structure Plan | Infrastructure Layer
Dilemma No. 2
P
Car vs. Bike City Ring is created in the city at the same time as having a rule to give priority to biking. In order not to have a conflict City Ring would be connected to green and blue networks in order to prevent it from becoming a barrier disconnecting the new city centre from the rest of the neighbourhoods. Having this done, structure plan would still encourage people to go by bike by creating parking places on the ring together with bike rent posts.
Structure plan aims to improve infrastructure by making ring road inside the city. You can reach this inner ring road by the outside ring road. The inner ring road brings you closer to the city, but itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s still not easy to go inside the city centre by car. We want to make new parking lots around this inner ring. From these parking lots you can easily walk or cycle to the city centre or old town.
Reference project: Stuttgart City-Ring, Germany The center of the city is disconnected from its surrounding areas by an inhumane 50 meters wide automobile artery which become an barrier impossible to go throug. The New Structure Plan of Gouda has several rules to protect city from that happening:
+ City ring connected to the green network
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Bike has priority to car
Hierarcy of the street is determined by the width of the canal, not of the street
Structure Plan | Infrastructure Layer
Rules for developing the infrastructure of the city Connect fragments by inner ring-road Bikes has priority to cars Designated bicycle paths Hierarchy of streets determined by the width of the canal More connections between residential areas Water used as a tool, not as a barrier
P
Improved public transport
P
Water used for water-transport Legend of the program plan
P P
Highway Ring-road Inner ring-road New city center P
P
Parking places > go to center by bike Cycling routes to the center Cycling routes along the water
Goals: - New inner ring bring people faster to the centre - Inside inner ring cycling is preferred - The water design follows the new inner ring - Cycling ways bring you to city centre faster
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Structure Plan | Water Layer
Water as a tool : Connecting, making city more legible and sustainable Goals: - Water used as public space, blue space - Make water-management systems more visible to ensure citizens acknowledge the unique environment they are living in. - Make WaterFront accessible to public.
Reference: Waterpleinen project: Rotterdam, The Netherlands The Waterpleinen, or Watersquares, will consist of a network of surface reservoirs that collect any excess water from the surrounding neighbourhoods, protecting public and private properties from flooding and damage. If one reservoir reaches capacity, the excess water will then overflow into another basin, preventing contamination that would typically take place underground. Once the rain has come to a halt the collected water will drain to a nearby body of water, seep into the soil, or serve as a grey-water system for the surrounding houses â&#x20AC;&#x201D; water is never expected to stay in a basin for long periods.
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Structure Plan | Water Layer
Rules for developing the blue network Make water management system more visible
Water used as public space â&#x20AC;&#x153;public blueâ&#x20AC;?
Accessible waterfront
Legend of the blue network plan Water ring Canals to be emphasized Blue public spaces Rooms for water Mixed used waterfronts Industrial waterfronts Green waterfronts Water: To make the hierarchy of the roads more clear we use the water structure. By making the water around the inner ring road in one design, it would make orientation in the city more clear.
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Structure Plan | Green Layer
The Green Network creates more clear spacial legibility of the City
Goal: The Green Network will be established to bring better orientation in the city, connecting different neighborhoods and provide space for water storage
Paths “Paths are the channels along which the observer customarly, occasionally, or pottentialy moves. They may be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads. For many people these are the predominant elements in their image” Kevin Lynch “The image of the City”
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Structure Plan | Green Layer
Rules for developing the green network
nR ee Gr
Give function to green areas
Waterfront Green
Create a green network
te ou
Sustainable green areas
Legend of the green network plan
Spor
Re
Rec
reat i
ona
l Gr een
ts Gr een
en
onal Gre
Recreati
cre
at io
na
lG
re e
n
Recreational green
fro
nt G
re e
n
Green areas for sports W at er
Waterfront green Green routes
Green Network: The green structure in the vision plan works as a network of different green places: for recreation, park, waterfront and sports. Giving a program to green spaces will give more quality to the space. Moreover the plan helps making the spaces more accessible to stimulate the use of it.
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Waterfro nt Gree n
Structure Plan | Tourism Layer
Rules for developing tourism network
Create touristic network
Make water management system more visible
Accessible waterfront
City accessible by water transport
E COM
CO M
EB YC
COME BY
Legend of the program plan
E COM
CITY CENTRE
AR
TRAIN
AT BY BO OLD TOWN
Mixed use area
CREATIVE INDUSTRIES
PU PUBLIC WATERFRONT BL IC W AT ER FR ON T
Residential area Green area Industrial area Public waterfront Industrial waterfront Ways of coming to the city Connections of tourism/ recreation points Recreational development
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HISTORIC ENTRANCE TO THE CITY
OAT BY B
Structure Plan | Economy Layer
Rules for developing economy 2050
Strengthen waterfronts for industries
Transform old industrial areas to creative industries Create a compact area for businesses
Legend of the economy plan Water Work / Industry Work / Living Creative Business Business Commercial Recreation City Ring Motorway
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Structure Plan | Layers
Program
Infrastructure
Green
Water
Economy
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Structure Plan | Critical Projects
Critical Projects of the Structure Plan: City Centre New city centre is created and it has to connect surrounding areas. Also it has to be used at a comfortable transit, business, meeting, government area, Connection to the Lake Surrounding areas of the Lake will become the most important recreational link of the city to Lake. City Ring Ring will surround the city helping implement green and blue networks, water transport paths and a new road with bicycle rent points. Creative Industries Area has lots of industrial building that do not fit into the strategy of the future city. Industrial sites will be relocated to a more convenietnt place for both citizents and bussinessmen - closer to rail, highway and water. WaterFronts Riverside and Canal Side of the city has a huge potential, but people are not familiar with it. In order to recreate connection between people and water, developing on waterfronts is an essential part of the implementation of the structure plan.
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ANALYSIS
VISION
STRUCTURE PLAN
CRITICAL PROJECT
IMPROVED STRUCTURE PLAN
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Critical Project | Concept
â&#x20AC;&#x153;City is a large scale artificial built environment composed of smaller scale artifacts such as buildings, roads, bridges, that are composed of even simpler systems. They might be in themselves complicated but they do not interact with their environment or among themselves.â&#x20AC;? prof. Juval Portugali
You need to put people into the equation and it becomes a complex system. It becomes a complex living organism that grows, or shrinks, ages and gets ill. Communities with their social baggage, changing political views, trends, beliefs and ways of communication makes the artificial domain a city.
If built environment does not adapt to a lifestyle of a day it is dismissed. It gets ill and dies and in the end has to be changed. Now lifestyles evolve faster than ever while urban projects take a very long time to be designed and be ready to be used.
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Critical Project | Concept
With this project I have tried an approach of creating a strategy of development on a scale of a structure plan that would not force decisions, but offer flexibility and a change of attitude towards an essential part of the city. This could be developed while keeping in mind the needs of the people, with conditions laid down that adapt to whatever life drops on them. Most important of which is the condition to adapt as the city is struggling and suffering economically and socially, which is best reflected in the spatial environment. I have tried to find what can be done if you put all the constraints on the designer’s shoulders and not on citizens that have to live in what is designed. To find out which developments are the trigger points to start the improvement of the Waterfronts, I’ve used both agent-based and risk/interest management analysis. A clear strategy is created that consist of five cycles: 1. Taming the Waterfronts in order to get people there, while using the projects that are already being developed and connect them more to the waterfront. 2. Create more activities by the river by investing in public spaces to improve the quality of the sites. Moreover to create interest for citizens and investors. 3. Revive the historical entrance to the city by creating a strong water transport network to attract more tourists and start more expensive but beneficial investments. 4. Manage the flow of investments to make the entrance to the city a new Gouda Hotspot. To ensure safety during floods, “Room for River” project would be started at this stage. 5. At this stage, post-industrial area should be attractive enough for investors to initiate developments. In other words, conditions should be good enough so that self organisation is triggered. After all these steps, conditions are laid down for fulfilling the goals of the structure plan. Waterfronts become more accessible to the public and more interesting to investors. Sustainable use of the public green ensures protection of the city from flooding during storms. While implementation of the “Room for River” projects the city from globally rising water levels.
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Critical Project | Analysis
PASSIVE WaterFront (WF-1)
OLD WINDMILL
HISTORICAL ENTRANCE
HISTORICAL WaterFront (WF-4)
ACTIVE WaterFront (WF-2)
OLD WATER TOWER
CREATIVE WaterFront (WF-3)
AGRICULTURAL WaterFront (WF-5)
[ 55 ]
Critical Project | Analysis
SWOT Analysis: Passive WaterFront (WF - 1) Strenths - Clean open green area
Weaknesses - Pedestrian/cyclist path finishes with a dead-end.
- Landmark : Old functioning windmill
- The only visitors to the area are people who walk
- Easy to access by water (Infrastructure for boats
their dogs
to dock)
- Old benches with no access from the path distrib-
- There are animal pastures along the path.
uted every 200 meters along the waterline - Pastures are protected by putting barbed wire along the path.
Opportunities - Old Windmill that has a museum already could
Threats - More plots occupied by private use
become a more attractive visiting point for tourists.
- Less people living around the area
- Area could be one of the visiting destinations coming by water transport.
Private Private Public
Public
Road Road / Pedestrian path Cyclist
Cyclist / Pedestrian path
Boat connections Landmark Boat connections
Landmark Morfological analysis
[ 56 ]
Critical Project | Analysis
Passive WaterFront
Impression of the area Impressions of the residents “ I come here to walk my dog. There is no other place in the city where he can run free” “ It is nice to have a walk with my dog here. Also I go through here on the way to the playground when we go out with kids” “Some tourists visit this area because of the windmill, but they soon go back to the centre”
[ 57 ]
Critical Project | Analysis
SWOT Analysis: Active WaterFront (WF - 2) Strenths - Playgrounds and sport facilities in the island.
Weaknesses - Path along the water is not paved therefore it is
- Open green with pedestrian path.
not suitable for bikes or families with baby strollers.
- Good connection to the city.
- There is nothing to do on the waterfront other than go to the island - Sports fields in the islands were demolished while building a new road.
Opportunities - Boats stop by the lock to wait until they can go to
Threats - New road make the environment on the island
the other side and spend some time in the shore
unattractive for people who stop with a boat.
- Area surrounded by residential neighborhood can become community attraction point.
Private Public Road Cyclist / Pedestrian path Boat connections Landmark
Morfological analysis
[ 58 ]
Critical Project | Analysis
Impression of the area Ongoing projects The island connecting two sides of the canal is becoming a sport and play attraction to the residents of surrounding neigborhoods. Playgrounds, karting track and sports center is located there. Island is reached through pedestrian bridge. There was a sportsfield in the island several years ago but new highway connection was built on it.
Analysis of Active WaterFront (WF - 2)
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Critical Project | Analysis
SWOT Analysis: Creative & Agricultural WaterFronts (WF - 3, WF - 5) Strenths - Surrounded by residential neighborhoods
Weaknesses - Hard to access on land
- Great access by water
- Occupied by industry.
- Landmark â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Old Water Tower
- Situated on a dike which is higher than the rest of the city. - Polluted soil. - Unattractive from any point to look at - Industry gives away unpleasant smell to the rest of the area. - 100% private. - Impossible to access from another side of the river. - Valuable land is wasted for useless patches of vegetation.
Opportunities - Can become an important water way destination.
Threats - Industrial businesses might not move to anoth-
- If conditions and land use changes, value of the
er area in Gouda, but leave the city which would
land would rise.
mean loss of work places and taxes. - Area is at risk of flood if river level rises.
Private Public Road Cyclist / Pedestrian path
Morfological analysis
Boat connections Landmark [ 60 ]
Critical Project | Analysis
Analysis of the Creative & Agricultural WaterFronts
[ 61 ]
Critical Project | Analysis
SWOT Analysis: Historical Entrance (WF - 4) Strengths - (North side) Historical entrance to the city with a
Weaknesses - Waterfront occupied by road.
lot of architectural heritage.
- Entrance to the city is marked by a poster. Histori-
- (North side) Small port that can host ships enter-
cal entrance lost its value.
ing the city. - River can be seen and accessed in the area. - South side is already occupied by expensive residential areas
Opportunities - Can become an important water way destination.
Threats - Some areas polluted by industrial waste.
- Both sides of the river can be visually and physi-
- Area is at risk of flood if river level rises.
cally connected. - Soil is suitable for development of recreational and public function.
Private Public
Private
Road
Public
Cyclist / Pedestrian path Boat connections
Road
Landmark
Cyclist / Pedestrian path Boat connections Landmark Morfological analysis
[ 62 ]
Critical Project | Analysis
Once a Historical entrance to a Great and prosper city became an industrial, bad smelling corner.
Analysis of the Historical Entrance (WF - 4)
[ 63 ]
Critical Project | Analysis
Table 1
|
Agent Based Analysis (Agents - WaterFronts, Actors - Stakeholders)
Values of influence
WF - 1
WF - 2
WF - 3
WF - 4
WF - 5
Stakeholder
Influence
Municipality
1
1
0
1
0
Municipality
-1 - 1
Developers
0
0
2
2
2
Developers
-2 - 2
Bank
0
0
2
2
2
Bank
-2 - 2
Citizens (city context)
1
1
0
1
1
Citizens (city context)
-1 - 1
Start-ups
0
0
2
2
0
Startups
-1 - 2
Tourists
1
1
0
1
0
Tourists
-1 - 1
Gas industry
0
0
-1
-2
0
Gas industry
-2 - 2
Other Industries
0
0
-1
-1
-1
Other Industries
-1 - 1
Residents
0
0
0
-1
-1
Residents
-1 - 1
Total:
3
3
4
5
3
Table 2
|
Risk / Price / Time analysis
Values:
WF - 1
WF - 2
WF - 3
WF - 4
WF - 5
Risk
3
3
1
2
3
Price
3
3
1
1
1
Time
3
3
1
1
1
Total:
9
9
3
4
5
Table 3
|
High Risk - 1 Medium Risk - 2 Low Risk - 3 High Price - 1 Medium Price - 2 Low Price - 3
Lots of time - 1 Moderate amount of time - 2 Low amount of time - 3
Total interest (Table 1 X Table 2) WF - 1
WF - 2
WF - 3
WF - 4
WF - 5
Table 1
3
3
4
5
3
Table 2
9
9
3
4
5
Total:
27
27
12
20
15
[ 64 ]
Passive WaterFront: WF - 1 Active WaterFront: WF - 2 Creative WaterFront: WF - 3 Historical Entrance: WF - 4 Agricultural Waterfront: WF - 5
Critical Project | Analysis
WF - 1 Value (Table 1) = 3 Value (Table 2) = 9 Value (Table 3) = 27
WF - 2 Value (Table 1) = 3 Value (Table 2) = 9 Value (Table 3) = 27
WF - 3 Value (Table 1) = 4 Value (Table 2) = 3 Value (Table 3) = 12
[ 65 ]
WF - 4 Value (Table 1) = 5 Value (Table 2) = 4 Value (Table 3) = 20
WF-5 Value (Table 1) = 3 Value (Table 2) = 5 Value (Table 3) = 15
[ 66 ]
GOUDA WATERFRONT PROJECT 2013-2063
[ 67 ]
Critical Project | Strategy
PASIVE WATERFRONT (WF - 1)
ACTIVE WATERFRONT (WF - 2)
Step 1: Tame the waterfrontroute to the WaterFront - Extend pedestrian/cyclist - Improve the quality ofPassive the pedestrian path (WF - 1) end of the waterfront - Get people to the waterfront - Landscape design - Extend pedestrian/cyclist route to the end of the - Use projects that area are being developed and connect waterfront - Open the green to public - Create public spaces - Open the green area to public them more to the waterfront - Bring more benches - Bring more benches - WaterBus stop - WaterBus stop
Active WaterFront (WF - 2) - Improve the quality of the pedestrian path - Landscape design - Create public spaces
Developments through time 2013 - 2023 2018
2023
2033
2043
ATTRACTION
INTEREST
PRICE
RISK
WF-5
WF-4
WF-3
WF-2
WF-1
2013
ACCESSIBILITY GREEN NETWORK ROOM FOR RIVER WATER TRANSPORT PUBLIC SPACE
[ 68 ]
2053
2063
Critical Project | Strategy
Rules for development (Gouda Manual)
Interventions 2013 - 2023
Create a green network Sustainable green areas
Pedestrian/Cyclist path
Water used as public space â&#x20AC;&#x153;public blueâ&#x20AC;? Designated bicycle paths
Designed green
Give function to green areas
Public space for local community
South Waterfront Greenway project proposal, Portland
Section: Public WaterFront
[ 69 ]
Critical Project | Strategy
PASIVE WATERFRONT (WF - 1)
ACTIVE WATERFRONT (WF - 2)
Step 2: Activities by the river Passive WaterFront (WF - 1) - Extend pedestrian/cyclist route to the - Improve the quality of the pedestrian path end of the waterfront - Invest to public spaces to improve the quality -ofLandscape the - Extend pedestrian/cyclist route to the end of design sites the waterfront - Open the green area to public - Create interest for citizents and investors - Create public spaces - Open the green area to public - Bring more benches - Bring more benches - WaterBus Stop
Active WaterFront (WF - 2) - Improve the quality of the pedestrian path - Landscape design - Create public spaces - WaterBus Stop
Developments through time 2023 - 2033 2018
2023
2033
2043
ATTRACTION
INTEREST
PRICE
RISK
WF-5
WF-4
WF-3
WF-2
WF-1
2013
ACCESSIBILITY GREEN NETWORK ROOM FOR RIVER WATER TRANSPORT PUBLIC SPACE
[ 70 ]
2053
2063
Critical Project | Strategy
Rules for development (Gouda Manual)
Interventions 2023 - 2033
Create a green network City accessable by water transport Water used as public space â&#x20AC;&#x153;public blueâ&#x20AC;?
WaterBus stop
Designated bicycle paths Give function to green areas
Public space for boats visiting the city
Reference Project (France, Lyon Waterfront)
Public space for local community
Section: Designed green
[ 71 ]
Critical Project | Strategy
PASIVE WATERFRONT (WF - 1)
HISTORICAL ENTRANCE (WF - 4)
Step- Develope 3: Revivemore historical entrance Passive public spaces - Ferry connection between two WaterFront (WF - 1) torwards the north of the area, to shores of the river - Start more expensive but attractive - Develop more public spaces torwards the north make connection to the rest of the developements - Develope of the city in thestrong north water transport network - Create public spaces on the area, to make connection to the rest of the WaterFront - Attract more tourism city in the north - Easier accessibility to public spaces
Histrical Entrance (WF - 4) - Ferry connection between two shores of the river - Create public spaces on the WaterFront - Easier accessibility to public spaces - WaterBus Stop
- WaterBus Stop
Developments through time 2033 - 2043 2018
2023
2033
2043
ATTRACTION
INTEREST
PRICE
RISK
WF-5
WF-4
WF-3
WF-2
WF-1
2013
ACCESSIBILITY GREEN NETWORK ROOM FOR RIVER WATER TRANSPORT PUBLIC SPACE
[ 72 ]
2053
2063
Critical Project | Strategy
Interventions 2033 - 2043
Rules for development (Gouda Manual) Create a green network
Ferry stop
City accessable by water transport Water used as public space â&#x20AC;&#x153;public blueâ&#x20AC;? Designated bicycle paths
Recreational Port
Make water management system more visible Designated bicycle paths Create touristic network
Reference Project (France, Lyon Waterfront)
Ferry between Moordrecht and Gouderak
The Southeast False Creek project, Canada
[ 73 ]
Critical Project | Strategy
(WF - 2) StepACTIVE 4: FlowWATERFRONT of investments
HISTORICAL ENTRANCE Active WaterFront (WF(WF - 2) - 4)
AGRICULTURAL WaterFront (WF - 5) Historical Entrance (WF - 4)
- Remove roadpublic for cars towardsin Gouda- Industry starts to for move outtowards WF-3- Start “Room for- Industry River project” - Remove road cars starts to move out - WF4 the new hotspot WF-3 - Create a designated cyclist path connecting it to - Development of empty plots - Develop South side of the river - Developement of empty plots - Create a designated cyclist path - Create a designated path a road network - Create public spaces on the WaterFront - Start “Room for River”cyclist project connecting it to a cycils network connecting it to a road network - Start developing south side of the river - Create public spaces on(WF the - 3) Creative WaterFront - Make more space for River CULTURAL WATERFRONT (WF - 3) WaterFront - Open Water to public - Industry moves out from the plots
Agricultural WoterFront (WF - 5) - Start “Room for River project” - Create a designated cyclist path connecting it to a cycils network - Open Water to public
- Industry moves out from the plots - Start developing south side of - Bring some green spaces into the area visually the river connecting it to its neighbourhoods
- Bring some green spaces into the area visually connecting it to its - Make more space for River neighborhoods Developments through time 2043 - 2053 2018
2023
2033
2043
ATTRACTION
INTEREST
PRICE
RISK
WF-5
WF-4
WF-3
WF-2
WF-1
2013
ACCESSIBILITY GREEN NETWORK ROOM FOR RIVER WATER TRANSPORT PUBLIC SPACE
[ 74 ]
2053
2063
Critical Project | Strategy
Interventions 2043 - 2053
Rules for development (Gouda Manual) Create a green network
Historical Entrance
Give function to green areas Sustainable green areas Water used as public space “public blue”
Recreational Port Designated bicycle Paths
Room for River
Provide more housing
Lower the dike Extra space for water during a flood otherwise used for agriculture
3. Small canal 2. Move the dike
1. Make river deeper Project Proposal, New Orleans
Rendering of the Southwest Waterfront
Residential area Section: Agricultural WaterFront “Room for River”
Project Proposal, New Orleans
Project Proposal, New Orleans
Agricultural fields in Gouda
[ 75 ]
Critical Project | Strategy
Examples of “Room for River” projects in the Netherlands
Water storage at VolkerakZoommeer Water storage in the Volkerak-Zoommeer lake is a special Room for the River project. Implementation is confined to periods of very high sea level, combined with abnormal river discharges.
Depoldering Noordwaard
Dyke relocation at Lent
Hondsbroeksche Pleij
Reverting reclaimed land of the Noordwaard polder to water is designed to prevent flooding by increasing the river’s discharge capacity at high water levels. A key principle here is that on request residents will be able to stay. Meanwhile, plans also feature an innovative green, wave-inhibiting dyke.
This project illustrates how Room for the River can act as a catalyst for integral development of the area. Nijmegen is using the opportunity provided by dyke repositioning to boost expansion plans on the north shore and give the city a new look.
The Hondsbroeksche Pleij at Westervoort has a key function in distributing water between the lower Rhine and the IJssel rivers. A notable aspect of the project, which has drawn considerable interest from abroad, is that redevelopment of the area will also focus on nature, cultural and historical aspects, as well as recreational facilities.
[ 76 ]
Critical Project | Strategy
Long-term view of the project
“Room for River” Project application in Gouda
Room for the River’s ambition is to create a safe and attractive river region in 2015. Meanwhile, as an integral part of the Delta programme, it is also involved in taking action in anticipation of future food protection beyond 2015. All of which underlines our unique position as the country with a 100-year forward-focused vision on living safely with water.
Lowering floodplains Lowering/excavating part of the floodplain increases room for the river in high water situations. Dyke relocation Relocating a dyke inland widens the floodplain and increases room for the river. Depoldering The dyke on the riverside of a polder is lowered and relocated inland. This creates space for excess flows in extreme high water situations.
Lower the dike Extra space for water during a flood otherwise used for agriculture
Deepening summer bed
3. Small canal 2. Move the dike
Excavating/deepening the surface of the riverbed creates more room for the river. Water storage 1. Make river deeper
Widen the river to have more volume for excess water during floods.
Residential area Dyke reinforcement Dykes are reinforced at given locations where river widening is not feasible.
[ 77 ]
Critical Project | Strategy
CULTURAL WATERFRONT (WF - 3)
HISTORICAL ENTRANCE (WF - 4)
AGRICULTURAL WaterFront (WF - 5)
- Lower the dike in developing plots - Developement of empty plots - Develope housing with farms Step 3: Self Developement Creative WaterFront (WF - 3) Histrical Entrance (WF - 4) - Create green spaces connected - Create public spaces on the - Create a small road along to access to the green networkWF (both and riskWaterFront - Conditions arround - 3 wild improve, for invest- Lower the dike in developing - Developement of empty plots. the farms plots. designed) ments decrease, industry moved away. - Create green spaces connected to the - Create public spaces on the WaterFront. - Land prices on the south side rises, housing green network - Create a recreational public are in the - Create a recreational public - Developement of new buildings are in the south (both wild and designed). developementsstart. South. - No need to encaurage, developements come from - Developement of new buildings. - Easier accessibility to public spaces outside. - Easier accessibility to public spaces.
Agricultural WaterFront (WF - 5) - Develope housing with farms. - Create a small road along to access the farms.
Developments through time 2053 - 2063
2018
2023
2033
2043
ATTRACTION
INTEREST
PRICE
RISK
WF-5
WF-4
WF-3
WF-2
WF-1
2013
ACCESSIBILITY GREEN NETWORK ROOM FOR RIVER WATER TRANSPORT PUBLIC SPACE
[ 78 ]
2053
2063
Critical Project | Strategy
Up to date Developments Historical Entrance
Recreational Port New housing Agricultural green
Connections Main Roads Designated Cyclist Roads Sacondary Roads Water Transport Network Water Transport Stop Vegetation Designed green Wild green Agricultural green Street green
Landuse Mixed Use zone Agricultural zone Residential zone Public Spaces
Layers of the developement staregy [ 79 ]
[ 80 ]
ATTRACTION
INTEREST
PRICE
WF-5
WF-4
WF-4
WF-3
WF-3
WF-3
WF-2
WF-2
WF-2
WF-2
WF-1
WF-1
WF-1
WF-1
WF-1
2043 - 2053
RISK
ATTRACTION
INTEREST
PRICE
WF-5
WF-4
WF-3
WF-2
2033 - 2043
RISK
ATTRACTION
INTEREST
PRICE
WF-5
WF-4
WF-3
2023 - 2033
RISK
ATTRACTION
INTEREST
PRICE
WF-5
WF-4
2013 - 2023
RISK
ATTRACTION
INTEREST
PRICE
RISK
WF-5
Critical Project | Strategy
Risk / Price / Interest / Attraction Management
2053 - 2063
Critical Project | Landuse Plan
PASSIVE WaterFront (WF-1)
OLD WINDMILL
HITORICAL ENTRANCE
HISTORICAL WaterFront (WF-4)
ACTIVE WaterFront (WF-2)
OLD WATER TOWER
CREATIVE WaterFront (WF-3)
AGRICULTURAL WaterFront (WF-5)
[ 81 ]
Critical Project | Program
Functions Information Residential housing Commerce Cultural objects Community centres Activities City guide Strolling Rest point Canoeing Biking Walking a dog Jogging Relax zone
[ 82 ]
Critical Project | Program
Functions Information Residential housing Commerce Cultural objects Community centres Cafes / Restaurants Hotels Offices Activities City guide Strolling Rest point Canoeing Biking Walking a dog Jogging Relax zone Beach Public space with night activities [ 83 ]
[ 84 ]
ANALYSIS
VISION
STRUCTURE PLAN
CRITICAL PROJECT
IMPROVED STRUCTURE PLAN [ 85 ]
Structure Plan | Scenarios
Program map of Gouda 2050 Rules for developing the program of the city Movement happens through new city centre
New city centre facilitates districts
Public waterfront LIVING
FAMILY COMMUNITY
Provide more housing
LEARNING
REGIONAL ENTRANCE
CARING
TRADING
IND
UST
Create touristic network
LIVING
WORKING PRODUCING
SPORTS
RIA
LW ATE R
RELAX
LIVING
PLAY
FR
LAKE HARBOR
COMMUNITY
HEALING
COMMUNITY
ON
RELAXING FAMILY COMMUNITY
T BUSSINES
EARNING
WORKING
ESTABLISHING
Create recreational structure around the lake
SIGHT SEEING
LEARNING
WORKING
MEETING
CREATING BUYING PASSING DISCUSSING
ENTERING SHARING
CREATIVE INDUSTRY
LIVING
FAMILY
COMMUNITY
SUSTAINABILITY CITY HARBOR
LIVING
MULTICULTURAL
TRANSFORMATION
HISTORY
LIVING
FAMILY
TOURISM CULTURE MARKET CHEESE
COMMUNITY
Legend of the program plan
PLAYING RELAXING LIVING
FAMILY
FERRY RECREATION
Mixed use area
PLAYING
COMMUNITY
SPORT
Residential area
HISTORICAL HARBOR
AGRICULTURE FARMING
FIELDS CYCLING
Green area Industrial area Public waterfront Industrial waterfront Direct connections to the centre Connections between the district
SALING
LIVING
Program layer
Recreational developement
[ 86 ]
COMMUNITY
LIVING
COMMUNITY FAMILY
Structure Plan | Scenarios
Green Network map of Gouda 2050 Rules for developing the Green Network of the city Create a green network for better orientation in theofcity Rules for developing the Green Network the city
Waterfront Green
Create a green for better Give fuction to network green areas orientation in the city
Give fuction to green areas Sustainable green areas nR
ee Gr te
ou
Sustainable green areas Spor
Legend of the Green Network plan
ona
l Gr een
en
onal Gre
Recreati Re
cre
at io
na
lG
re e
Wa ter f Su sta Ag ina ric bl ult eg ur re al en gr ee n
n
Sustainable Green areas Agricultural Green
reat i
ts Gr een
Recreational Green Green areas for sport Legend of the Green Network plan Waterfront Green Recreational Green Green routes Green areas for sport Sustainable Green areas Waterfront Green Agricultural Green Green routes
Rec
Green Network layer
[ 87 ]
ron tG
ree n Sustaina ble gree n
Structure Plan | Scenarios
Infrastructure map of Gouda 2050 Rules for developing the infrastructure of the city Connect fragments by inner ring-road Bikes has priority to cars Designated bicycle paths Parkings to switch from cars to bikes More connections between residential areas Water used as a tool, not as a barrier Improved public transport
Water used for watertransport
P
Highway
P
Main connection streets highway/ringroad Train lines
P
Ringroad
P
New city center P
Parking places > go to center by bike Cycling routes to the center Regional Cycling routes Nodes Harbours
Infrastructure layer
[ 88 ]
P P
Structure Plan | Scenarios
Blue Network map of Gouda 2050 Rules for developing the blue network Make water management system more visible
Water used as public space â&#x20AC;&#x153;public blueâ&#x20AC;?
Accessible waterfront
Waterstorage as public spaces
Make room for the river
Legend of the blue network plan Water ring Canals to be emphasised Blue public spaces Rooms for water Mixed used waterfronts Industrial waterfronts
Blue Network layer
Green waterfronts Water Transport stop
[ 89 ]
Structure Plan | Scenarios
Economy map of Gouda 2050 Rules for developing economy Strengthen waterfronts for industries
Transform old industrial areas to creative industries Create a compact area for businesses
Legend of the economy plan Water Work / Industry Agriculture Working / Living Business Commercial Recreational places City Ring Motorway Serving Radius
Economy layer
[ 90 ]
Structure Plan | Scenarios
Structure Plan Vision 2050
Program layer
Infrastructure layer
Green Network layer
Blue Network layer Structure Plan Vision 2050 perspective sketch
Economy layer
[ 91 ]
[ 92 ]
R&D Studio | Conclusions
Evaluation of the analysis and design process During the analysis stage we started with the layer method in order to get all the essential information on topics of history, vegetation, building typology, infrastructure, soil structure, topography and social distribution. It was a great way to understand the spatial structure of the city, to see how it is was developing throughout history, how polder system affected the shape of streets and built environment. While merging several layers together we noticed some problematic areas and we were able to start looking for solutions. The Layer method also helped to find the core qualities for the city which was essential for the development of the structure plan. For the presentation of the analysis we choose mind map technique. After gathering all the information and starting to put it together with conclusions we noticed it is easier to represent our findings not in layers. This technique helped us connect more ideas in one system and to see how many things are connecting and interacting with one another. Together with the mind map presentation we choose to do the conceptual model which helped us to put our ideas in physical form. For development of the structure plan we started by finding the core quality of the city and then writing the rules for future changes that reflect on the analysis. Structure plan was made in the Layer method. For the Critical Design project layer method was the last step of the presentation. To find out which developments are the trigger points to start the improvement of the Waterfronts, Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve used both agent-based and risk/interest management analysis. Interview and second site visit helped to create a better understanding about the area. Timetable helped to structure the thoughts into a strategy. It was very important and interesting for me to use alternative methods of analysis and decision making which helped to work with creating condition better than using conventional methods alone. A discription of my part in the group work My role in the group work was stairing the group in the right direction, dividing up tasks among group members and if neccessary ma final critical decision on the direction of the project. I was also coresponsible for creating the concept model and I introduced different methodologies into the group work. Sketching and working on program layers of the project was also one of my responsibilities through out creating presentation along with motivating and keeping an enthusiastic spirit during group project work.
CONCLUSION
[ 93 ]