VERTICAL CITIES ASIA
EVERYONE CONNECTS
TU DELFT
MUMBAI
DESIGN BOOK TEAM A
In 1970s, the first regional plan was introduced to create Navi-Mumbai, a twin city to the greater Mumbai. In the course of time Mumbai’s population grew and quick fix in infrastructure by the municipality continued to fail. This visionary movement can be revived to complete the tale of two cities and re-evaluate and revive the density, program and vibrant street life of Mumbai.
2.9 km
2.8 km
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VERTICAL CITIES ASIA 2014 TU DELFT TEAM A AAMCHI MUMBAI - FUNDAMENTALS The Vertical Cities Asia International Design Competition is organised by the National University of Singapore (NUS) School of Design and Environment (SDE), and is sponsored by the World Future Foundation (WFF) and Beijing Vantone Citylogic Investment Corporation. The competition was launched on 1 January 2011, premised on the belief that a new paradigm of high density compact urban development was necessary for rapidly urbanising Asia, which is besieged by massive rural-urban migrations.
Either existing urban architectural models will continue to be recycled to accommodate increasing populations with devastating effects on land, infrastructure, and the environment or new models of urban architecture will be formed to take on the specifics of Asian urban development.
COMPETITION BRIEF - EVERYONE CONNECTS Every year a one square kilometre territory has been the subject of the competition. This area has to house 100,000 people living and working. This sets the stage for tremendous research and investigation into urban density, verticality, domesticity, work, food, infrastructure, nature, ecology, structure, and program - their holistic integration and the quest for visionary paradigm will be the challenges of this urban and architectural invention. This new environment will have a full slate of livework-play provisions, with the residential component making up to 50% of the total floor space. In the fourth of this series of competitions, the competition site is located in Mumbai, India with the theme “Everyone Connects”.
“Everyone connects” is a wide and provocative challenge. It demands a holistic and integrated approach. “Connect” is interpreted extensively to mean the following: Connect to clean energy, Connect to clean water, Connect to fresh air, Connect to transport efficiency, Connect to work, learn, live and play opportunities, Connect to communities, In other words, “Connect” to liveability.
SITE Mumbai is facing the challenges of extreme urban growth and development. The site is located within the Eastern side of the city of Mumbai peninsular (including the dockyards and a portion of an adjacent urban district). Participating teams are to select their site of one square kilometre within the larger territory. The objective of the competition is to seek a holistic solution or a new urban paradigm for a rapidly growing
TEAM A Tanya Chandra - India Povilas Daugis - Lithuania Di Fang - China Betül Gürcan - Netherlands Karolis Macernis - Lithuania Zivile Simkute - Lithuania Akshey Krishna Venkatesh - India CONTACT INFORMATION email: D.fang1991@gmail.com mobile: +31636485629
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Asian city which also faces the issues of sustainability and quality of life that also addresses the notion of urban connection in Asian cities.
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 SITE CONDITIONS 10 2
WHAT DOES MUMBAI NEED
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3
AAMCHI MUMBAI - FUNDAMENTALS
18
4 MUMBAI VISION 2050 22 TECHNICAL INDEX 25
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INTRODUCTION
BUSY STREETS
DIVERSE URBAN FABRIC STREET MARKET
INTENSE SHARED SPACE IN SLUMS
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4.5 m2/person
VIBRANT STREET
Until now, majority of people are still living in poor condition housing which don’t reach the basic sanitation and ventilation standards.
WATERFRONT
54% of the people are living in slums. “Slums are generally characterized as informal settlements with poor quality housing, limited access to services, high densities, and often insecure land tenure.”
Source: World bank 2012
65 55
40 35
20
4,5 MUMBAI
CHINA
JAPAN
SWEDEN
GERMANY
DENMARK
The average living area per person in Mumbai is only 4.5 m2, which is even less than 1/5 of most standards in the world. Considering a city vision for future, we set the standard of 25 m2 living area per person for the project. Source: World bank 2012
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CONTEXT - MUMBAI
Municipality of Mumbai constantly tries to solve congestion problem which act like a quick fix.
MEGA- INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS
Flyovers aiming to move traffic through the city faster, attract more drivers making them land into the same jams of unclear and patchy road network.
More than 55% people of Mumbai walk instead of using motorized transport. Skywalks were introduced to save people from accident prone streets which in reality often resulted in dark and unsafe environment and attracted squatters.
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ONLY TYPOLOGY OFFERED - TOWERS
Developers make nice renderings for selling premium apartments, claiming it can improve life qualities and free you from mess in the city while in reality projects are completely detached from the context.
Strict building code set unreasonable setback for towers which leads to large area of fenced private gardens. In this hyper dense city, towers are as holy grail for the bright future of the city.
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THREAT OR OPPORTUNITY?
Trans-harbor link proposed by the government is an example of the aggressive mega infrastructure. In a larger scale, it connects Mumbai and NaviMumbai which can relief the pressure of the island city. The link lands into eastern waterfront, to Sewri station area which gives an opportunity to open wasteland of dying industries for growth of the city. But, when you look at its design proposal, it doesn’t seem to be a helpful addition. It jumps into the site directly which may only aggravate traffic congestion and doesn’t show any consideration to either waterfront area or the fabric of the old city it touches.
MUMBAI
NAVI MUMBAI
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Eastern waterfront remains as a ghost from the time when industry was flourishing in the city, not accepting the fact that its time for change.
Trans-Harbour Link MUMBAI
Old ships lying on the waterfront
Proposed flow of traffic will end in more congestion
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KURLA
BANDRA
MAHIM
CHEMBUR
DADAR
WADALA
WORLI
PAREL
LOWER PAREL
GIRGAON
FORT
COLABA
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AMBITION Facing the status quo and the challenge of future development, we want to fix the hard infrastructure and at the same time embrace the qualities of the city.
STREET
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PROGRAM
ANCHORING WATERFRONT
INTER-CITY RING
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AREA OF INTERVENTION
EXISTING SLUM 590,000 M2
GATED COMMUNITY 740,000 M2
INDUSTRY HERITAGE 169,000 M2
WATERFRONT 650,000 M2
TOTAL 2,150,000 M2 POPULATION 215,000 FAR 5.0
To reach the challenge of the competition, we pick areas of intervention based on their low quality, context and historical value.
There are abandoned factories from British colonial era which are in good condition and can be reused for future development.
First a strip of slum area in the middle of the site, which lacks basic living functions and is not well connected with external city,
The whole eastern waterfront side, where some mangrove and flamingo live there, are abused by polluted industry and vacant factories, is urgently to be refurbished. In total, we get 2,150,000 m2 land to intervene the program.
Secondly, empty fenced gardens of high-rises is a waste of space in a city with hyper density that facing a shortage of land. They are destroying the lively Indian street life.
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STREET IN INDIA Local production
Small industry
RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION
RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION
Market
Vendors
TERTIARY STREET
MAIN STREET
Hawkers
TERTIARY STREET
People are constantly in a rush, therefore everything you need has to be on your way. The ground is full of entrepreneurs, some run a shop others are hawkers and vendors run their business directly along the street. Ground above in the building is for living, where windows of the rooms become “eyes of the street”. Business men put their signboard out, inhabitants upstairs hang clothes outside or cover the window with bright curtains. This favour of colours and textures adds to the unique façade. People from shady houses & huts and people from luxury towers all walk and do shopping in the same street. All these elements together shape the vibrant street.
BRINGING SON TO SCHOOL
GROCERY SHOPPING OFF TO WORK
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FUNDAMENTALS - I STREET NETWORK EXISTING
PROPOSED
STREET NETWORK The current loose fabric of the site and contour promoted a discontinuous network. Our proposal encompasses a network that completes the streets grid, hierarchy and breaks down blocks, neighbourhoods and clusters in such a fashion such that permeability and walkability is introduce within the site. P
P
P
P
P
PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORKS Current scenario looks towards the western side of Mumbai and hence the public transport stops and circuits are more towards that front. With introduction of the street network and opening of the eastern waterfront one can develop a wholesome public transport network which connects all modes of transport and shares stops. Also public transport is done in such a way that the routing does not burden only few roads but is spread evenly.
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PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION
FAR DISTRIBUTION
PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORK
STREET NETWORK
AREAS OF INTERVENTION
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FUNDAMENTALS - II PROGRAM
+ 5% Green / Open Space + 10% Commerce
- 15% Industry / Production + 02% Social Public facilities - 01% Healthcare facilities
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EXISTING PROGRAM
PROPOSED PROGRAM
+ 01% Residential
- 5%
PROGRAM AROUND:
PLAY
12% 12% COMMERCE COMMERCE COMMERCE - -3% 3%12% - 3%
6%6% 6% INSTITUTIONAL INSTITUTIONAL INSTITUTIONAL 2%2% 2% HEALTHCARE HEALTHCARE HEALTHCARE (14) (14) (14) 4%4% 4% EDUCATION EDUCATION EDUCATION 1%1% 1% TRANSPORT TRANSPORT TRANSPORT NODS NODS NODS
1 x 11km x 1 km2 x 1 1km
1X1 KM
LIVE
3%3% 3% INSTITUTIONAL INSTITUTIONAL INSTITUTIONAL 2%2% 2% HEALTHCARE HEALTHCARE HEALTHCARE (14) (14) (14) 5%5% 5% EDUCATION EDUCATION EDUCATION 1%1% 1% TRANSPORT TRANSPORT TRANSPORT NODS NODS NODS
3%3% 3% INSTITUTIONAL INSTITUTIONAL INSTITUTIONAL 2%2% 2% HEALTHCARE HEALTHCARE HEALTHCARE (14) (14) (14) 4%4% 4% EDUCATION EDUCATION EDUCATION 1%1% 1% TRANSPORT TRANSPORT TRANSPORT NODS NODS NODS 10% 10% 10% PARKNIG PARKNIG PARKNIG
8%8% 8% PARKNIG PARKNIG PARKNIG
32% RESIDENTIAL (competition) 32% RESIDENTIAL (competition)
Sub-center of theofcluster Sub-center the cluster
Program division throughout the cluster Program division throughout the cluster 32% 32% 32% RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL (competition) (competition) (competition) Secondary Secondary Secondary street street street program program program
1 x 1 1km x 1 km
1X1 KM2
40% RESIDENTIAL (competition) 40% RESIDENTIAL (compet + 8% ++8% 8%
LIVE LIVE LIVE
+ 2% ++2% 2%
LIVE LIVE LIVE
LIVE LIVE LIVE
Primary Primary Primary street street street program program program
+ PRODUCTION 8% + 8% 18% 18% 18% PRODUCTION PRODUCTION
2% - 2% - -2%
10% 10% 10% PARKNIG PARKNIG PARKNIG 30% RESIDENTIAL (competition) 30% RESIDENTIAL (competition) 30% RESIDENTIAL (competition)
30% RESIDENTIAL (competition) 30% 30% RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL (competition) (competition)
+3% +3% +3%
LIVE
+ 2%
15% PRODUCTION 15% PRODUCTION
10% (9% PARKNIG (9% Recomm 10% PARKNIG Recommenced 12% 12% 12% OPEN OPEN OPEN SPACE SPACE SPACE Kristofer Alexander) by KristoferbyAlexander)
WORK WORK WORK
+ 2%
+7% +7% +7%
LIVE
LIVE
LIVE
WORK
PLAY PLAY PLAY
PLAY PLAY PLAY
WORK WORK WORK
3% - 3% - -3%
10% COMMERCE 10% COMMERCE - 5%
3% INSTITUTIONAL 3% INSTITUTIONAL 2% HEALTHCARE (14) 2% HEALTHCARE (14) 4% EDUCATION 4% EDUCATION 3%3% 3% CULTURE CULTURE CULTURE 1% TRANSPORT NODS 1% TRANSPORT NODS
10% PARKNIG (9% Recommenced 10% PARKNIG (9% Recommenced byAlexander) Kristofer Alexander) by Kristofer 15% 15% 15% COMMERCE COMMERCE COMMERCE
15% 15% 15% PRODUCTION PRODUCTION PRODUCTION 8%8% 8% PRODUCTION PRODUCTION PRODUCTION
LIVE
3%3% 3% CULTURE CULTURE CULTURE 3% INSTITUTIONAL 3% INSTITUTIONAL 2% HEALTHCARE (14) 2% HEALTHCARE (14) 4% EDUCATION 4% EDUCATION 12% 12% 12% OPEN OPEN OPEN SPACE SPACE SPACE 5% - 5% - -5% 1% TRANSPORT NODS 1% TRANSPORT NODS
WORK WORK WORK
PLAY PLAY PLAY
3% INSTITUTIONAL 3% INSTITUTIONAL 3% INSTITUTIONAL 17% 17% 17% OPEN OPEN OPEN SPACE SPACE SPACE 2% HEALTHCARE (14) 2% HEALTHCARE (14) 2% HEALTHCARE (14) 4% EDUCATION 4% EDUCATION 4% EDUCATION 1% TRANSPORT NODS 1% TRANSPORT NODS 1% TRANSPORT NODS PARKNIG (9% Recommenced 10% PARKNIG (9% Recommenced 10% PARKNIG (9% 10% Recommenced byAlexander) Kristofer Alexander) by Kristofer by Kristofer Alexander) 18% 18% 18% COMMERCE COMMERCE COMMERCE
LIVE
TERTIARY STREET
15% PRODUCTION 15% PRODUCTION
15% PRODUCTION 15% PRODUCTION 15% PRODUCTION 3%3% 3% CULTURE CULTURE CULTURE
the cluster Center of Center theofcluster Center theofcluster
OPEN SPACE 12% OPEN12% SPACE
- 5% WORK
WORK
WORK
WORK
WORK
WORK
SECONDARY STREET
PRIMARY STREET
on)
12% OPEN SPACE 12% OPEN SPACE - 5% 15% COMMERCE 15% COMMERCE
15% COMMERCE 15% COMMERCE 15% COMMERCE
nced
3% CULTURE 3% CULTURE PLAY
OPEN SPACE 17% OPEN17% SPACE 17% OPEN SPACE
PLAY
3% CULTURE 3% CULTURE PLAY
PLAY
PLAY
PLAY
3% CULTURE 3% CULTURE 3% CULTURE
Perifery of theofcluster Perifery the cluster
40% 40% 40% RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL (competition) (competition) (competition)
Tertiary Tertiary Tertiary street street street program program program
1x11 km x21 km 1X1 KM
STREET NETWORK
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FUNDAMENTALS - II
PROGRAM INFLUENCES STREET IN EXISTING FABRIC PRIMARY STREET The main street accommodates larger functions and program which facilitates the general population in commerce and industry. Thus, main public transport lines run through these roads which branches into secondary roads.
SECONDARY STREET Secondary streets form a link between city roads which run through the site to the neighbourhoods within it. Public transport is routed with this branch as well but the frequency reduces, thus containing neighbourhood based commerce and amenities and pedestrian traffic.
TERTIARY STREET These streets branch from the main site roads breaking the neighbourhood and blocks into smaller communities and increase walkability through permeability. The ground floor is still active on these roads and have commercial functions which requires a person to stay longer like community service as barbers or smaller commerce for daily life, and even small production based on family unit. The program here though is mainly residential. Small production based on family unit.
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FUNDAMENTALS - II
GUIDELINES FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS BUILDING TYPOLOGY
PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION
high-rise middle-rise low-rise
PRIMARY STREET
SECONDARY STREET
TERTIARY STREET
PARCELATION
PERMEABILITY
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FUNDAMENTALS - III ANCHORING WATER-FRONT PRODUCTION VILLAGE The abandoned and under-used warehouses on the eastern waterfront has been proposed as a revived production village with concentration on the existing light weight industries currently present in the area.
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FERRY TERMINAL Ferry terminal addition further relaxes the extensively used public transport networks and adds recreational value to the ring
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FUNDAMENTALS - III ANCHORING WATER-FRONT
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train goods
culture
ferry
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FUNDAMENTALS - IV INTER-CITY RING
The inter-city ring which is introduced by us forms the link junction for the sea-link between Mumbai and Navi-Mumbai. It facilitates different modes of transport coming from both cities which make the metropolitan area of Mumbai
Within the ring there are stops as per the different anchor points on the water front. Every stop is alternative with other modes of transport stops as well to increase permeability within the site and the two cities.
The circular shape of the junction between the site and the sea-link helps to slow down the incoming vehicular traffic like a round-about.
enter smoo thly
own slow d
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The shape is also used to level with the different modes of transport and there stops using the circular slope to change heights.
The ring is layered is such a way that it accomodated not only the transportational infratructure but also is a continuum of the street life and activities.
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PRODUCTION VILLAGE
TRAIN STATION HUB TO THE CULTURE CENTER TO THE CITY CENTER OFFICES
NEIGH. B
NEIGH. A
DISTRIBUTION CENTER
STATION TO THE FERRY TERMINAL
NEIGH. C
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COMMERCE TO THE MARKET
CULTURAL HUB
FERRY TERMINAL STATION
PRODUCTION VILLAGE
FERRY TERMINAL
CULTURE CENTER
CULTURE CENTER
TO THE STATION
TO THE WATERFRONT
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MASTER PLAN
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CREDITS
VCA 2014: Mumbai
Design Book July 01 2014, Delft, The Netherlands
Technical University of Delft Design Team Tanya Chandra - India Povilas Daugis - Lithuania Di Fang - China BetĂźl GĂźrcan - Netherlands Karolis Macernis - Lithuania Zivile Simkute - Lithuania Akshey Krishna Venkatesh - India Chair Editor Mitesh Dixit Department of Architecture Technical University of Delft The Netherlands Studio Leader Mitesh Dixit Department of Architecture Technical University of Delft The Netherlands Ulf Hackauf Department of Architecture Technical University of Delft The Netherlands Katerina Salonikidi Domain Rotterdam The Netherlands Contacts Delft University of Technology c/o Faculty of Architecture Julianalaan 134, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands National University of Singapore c/o Department of Architecture 4 Architecture Drive Singapore 117566 Republic of Singapore All image rights remain with the original authors. Every attempt has been made to properly attribute images and reference sources.
CP U
Complex Projects Chair: Professor Kees Kaan
Urbanism
CP
Complex Projects
U
Urbanism