Design Research - NASA Mars Habitat

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MARS


DESIGN BOOK FOR MARS HABITAT ZIWEI JI

2019-2020


C O N T E N T S INTRODUCTION

Problem Statement Thesis Statement Design Goals & Objectives Site Analysis Consultant Interviews

2 2 3 4 4

CASE STUDIES

6-10

RESEARCH

12

Consultant Interviews

11

Human Bodies in Space Physical Environments Cultures Control/Space Configurations Materials/Colors

PROGRAMMING Codes Adjacency Matrix

INTERVIEWS SOURCES

1

13 14 15 16 17

18 19

20-23 24


P R O B L E M S T A T E M E N T This project consists of a space habitat with modules that will be located on Mars. NASA wants to create a

space habitat for a six-person crew. The duration of

the mission will be two years. The mission objectives

are to conduct surface exploration, collect samples, conduct sample experiments and control robotic surface assessments.

The project's goal is to provide an optimized interior design for human health and performance during the completion of the objectives.

T H E S I S S T A T E M E N T The behavioral and mental psychology of astronauts

traveling to Mars will be deeply influenced by their space habitat (environment).

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D E S I G N G O A L S & O B J E C T I V E S 1. Create a flexible and private space Sleeping Pod

Workspace Recreation Space

2. Create an organized space

Organization in kitchen, lab and sleeping pod Efficiency for eat and cook

3. Create a space with a sense of connection to Earth Images Sounds Lighting

4.Create a sense of control in the space Railing for easy body control

5.Support good ergonomics in the space Sleeping pod for sleep and relaxation

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S I T E A N A LY S I S M A R S DIAMETER: 4220 miles diameter

Dust storm, in spring or summer and

DAY: 687 days / year

Snow, snowflakes are made of CO2

GRAVITY: 2/3 less than Earth

TIME: 24 hours 37 minutes / day

TEMPERATURE: -285 F (-140 C) to 86 F (30 C) Usually -81 F (-63 C)

SURFACE: Rocky with canyons,

volcanoes, dry lake beds and craters

MOON #: Two moons

ATMOSPHERE: 96% CO2, 2%

sometimes blankets the entire planet Ice usually find in north & south region,

ice is made from CO2

RADIATION:

30 µSv per hours during solar minimum. Can lead to health problems

Nitrogen, 2% Argon, and 1% others

WEATHER:

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Daytime temp can be close to 32° F (0°

C), and there may be spring-like deposits running beneath the deep

canyons where groundwater could

V a l l e s M a r i n e r i s

burst through the surface. It is not only

a good candidate for sourcing water, but an ideal hunting ground to search

for microbial life. Its low altitude makes

for a denser atmosphere which means better radiation shielding, and it's easy on the eye.

This 154 km (96 ml)wide basin crater has been explored by NASA's Curiosity

rover. it has found evidence of water and

an

ancient

freshwater

G a l e C r a t e r

lake,

analyzed valuable samples of soil, sent

back weather reports. Gale Crater is proved to be a good candidate for a site

location by previous experience and potential research.

This site is between the highlands and

lowlands , and is near Mar's equator.

The linear ridges are met with winds

M e d u s a e F o s s a e F o r m a t i o n

ripping across its surface, which is very soft and easily eroded. This could potentially be a massive deposit of

wind-blown dust or volcanic ash and would be a good candidate to collect

building materials for further on-site building. 5


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C A S E S T U D Y

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NAKAGIN CAPSULE TOWER TYPE: Micro-apartment

LOCATION: Tokyo, Japan AREA: 2.5 m x 4 m / 8 feet x 12 feet FIRM: Kisho Kurokawa YEAR COMPLETE: 1972

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The design concept is focused on how to make the most efficient use of living space to accommodate the everyday essentials of

a person. The idea is borrowed from the aerospace industry (many spaceships have

implemented the idea of efficient areausage).

This unique take on apartments and high-

rises in Tokyo is a prime example of the

Metabolism architecture movement of Kisho, known for it's focus on adaptable, growing and interchangeable building designs. These

ideas first surfaced in 1960 at the "World Design Conference."

The space includes built-in bathroom, double

bed, desk, storage space, TV, typedeck, typewriter, calculator, clock Radio, and twoburner Stove.

Below is floor plans of the interlocking system

between two capsules (which can be used to accommodate a small family), a one capsule unit, and the bathroom.

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C A S E S T U D Y

02

TOOLKIT

M.O.T.H

he M.O.T.H spaceship includes TOOLKIT, a rib

Mars Transit Habitat

system kitchen that contain trash, tables, plants,

TYPE: Spaceship

3D food printer, rehydration station, reheating

LOCATION: Space,

station. The TOOLKIT is located in the lower

VOLUME: 357.4 square meter

inflatable of the habitat, and houses three major

FIRM: Pratt University

functions: kitchen (red area), medical (blue area),

YEAR COMPLETE: Prototype

and communications (yellow area). Plan views on the top left indicates the three separate functions

of the TOOLKIT. The isometric view on the lower left illustrates the volume and shape of the

TOOLKIT while highlighting part of the kitchen that

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SLEEPING POD

was chosen to be further developed and built out.

The sleeping pod has a total 45 square feet

space. The team reconfigured the sleeping

SPACE KITCHEN

The sketch on the right details all the components of

the habitat's kitchen and also considers how our full scale model would look in the exhibit space. Once the design direction was established, the designer

specified the dimensions of each component, and they began the process to build out the model.

pod so that the “bed� filled the bottom area

of the pod, simulating the feeling of a day bed. Within the sleeping pod, there is a

control panel for the lights, projection wall, and other functions within the pod is in easy reach of the bay. Inside the pod, the team performed

material

experiments

to

determine lighting strategies with in the wall surface. Under lit crevices provide subtle integration of LEDs. 9


C A S E S T U D Y

MARS HABITAT Foster + Partners, Prototype

The proposal considers multiple aspects of the project

from

delivery

and

deployment

to

construction and operations. The habitat will be

delivered in two stages prior to the arrival of the

astronauts. First, the semi-autonomous robots select the site and dig a 1.5 meter deep crater, followed by

a second delivery of the inflatable modules which sit within the crater to form the core of the settlement.

The design of the compact 93 sqm habitat modules combines spatial efficiency with human physiology and psychology, with overlapping private and

communal spaces, finished with "soft" materials and

enhanced virtual environments, which help reduce the adverse effects of monotony, while creating positive living environment for the astronauts.

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C O N S U LT A N T with space architects

Q 1: What are some successes and challenges in space architecture?

Challenges: One size module is a huge constraint, it's really hard to accommodate human.

Materials need to have no off-gassing, chemicals can be inhaled by humans. Fabrics failed the fire testing.

Breakthroughs: Bigelow Aerospace: modules attached to space station, inflatable and attached to the ISS.

Issues with inflatables: still as heavy as aluminum, and need to build the interior when in the space.

Q 2: What are some areas that need development in space architecture?

Toilet Facilities and Hygiene Compartment.

Q 3: What are some constraints that we might not think of when designing?

Do not overlook the fact that they are not on Earth. There is no up and down in the space modules. Do not over look the micro-gravity in space.

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R E S E A R C H

HUMAN BODY IN SPACE

12

13

ENVIRONMENT

14

CULTURE

15

CONTROL

16

MATERIAL/COLOR

17

SPATIAL ORIENTATION

16-17


H U M A N B O D Y I N S P A C E MICRO-GRAVITY

HOW TO IMPROVE IT?

with density dropping at over 1% per

offering different evaluations and exercise

of

including vitamin D supplements.

Without gravity, bones lose their minerals, month. Astronauts are put at greater risk developing

osteoporosis-related

Analyzing how the body changes and

so that humans can get proper nutrition,

fractures later in life. The fluids in the body shift upwards to the head, which could put pressure on the eyes and cause vision problems.

HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS

HOW TO IMPROVE IT?

immune system and increase allergies and

Molecular techniques that evaluate

excessively hot, cold, cramped, or dark.

to mimic Earth

Monitor air quality

Each microbe can change a humans'

disease. Environments should not be

microbes and provide LED lighting systems

HOW TO IMPROVE IT?

ISOLATION

LED technology that helps align circadian

interpersonal interaction, and

Controlling Intensity of ambient light rhythms

Declines in mood, cognition, morale, development of sleep disorders (circadian rhythm change). Easy to develop

behavioral or cognitive conditions, as well as psychiatric disorders.

HOW TO IMPROVE IT?

RADIATION

procedures that reduce the radiation risks

with both acute effects and later

Shielding, monitoring and operational to acceptable levels

Damages the central nervous system, consequences.

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E N V I R O N M E N T WITHDRAWAL OF NATURE

One of the main concerns in space is the lack of sunlight, having similar conditions found in

Alaska where there are polar nights every year,

beginning in mid-November and ending in midJanuary. That means that once the sun sets in

November, people won't see daylight for two months.

Seasonal Affective Disorder(SAD)

This disorder is a type of depression usually

occurring during the fall and winter months when there is less sunlight. It usually improves

with the arrival of spring. Common symptoms of SAD include fatigue, oversleeping, overeating and carbohydrate cravings. It can also include

many others symptoms similar to major

depression, such as feelings of sadness,

marked loss of interest, change in appetite, change in sleep, loss of energy, trouble concentrating

or

thoughts of death.

making

decisions,

and

L I G H T I N G

HOW TO IMPROVE IT?

Withdrawal of nature can be improved by

Astronauts on board see sunrise and sunset

1. Light therapy

16 times in day. This disrupts astronauts'

2. Antidepressant medication

circadian clocks, which can cause many

3. Exercise

other problems.

4. Images of Nature 5. Sound of Nature

LIGHTING EFFECTS STUDY

Using solid-state light-emitting diodes(LEDs) which is very safe and energy-efficient for 20 minutes or more a day. Using a high-

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C U LT U R E S

Space missions often have long durations.

Cultural differences between crew-members can be a potential risk. Astronauts may have different

cultural values, emotional expressivity, personal space norms, and personality characteristics.

Cultural differences may increase the probability

of distress and impairment. This could influence individual and interpersonal functioning of both

crew-members and mission control personnel. It is

important

differences.

to

understand

each

other's

Individualist & Collectivist Cultures

Western: Individualism, individual uniqueness

Eastern: Collectivist, interdependent, individually adjusts to achieve societal harmony. Emotional Expressivity

Western: highly expressive, high physiological symptoms

Eastern: less expressive, low physiological symptoms Privacy

Western: Desires privacy

Eastern: Compared to western, low needs

E X E R C I S E intensity blue light elevates

In space, astronauts spend 90% of their time

using lower-intensity blue light

experience physical idleness. This leads to

alertness in the morning, while

wavelengths can calm the brain and promote sleep.

working, and in confined spaces where they lower bone density and other problems.

HOW TO IMPROVE IT?

Vitamin D & weight-lifting will help prevent bone-loss.

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C O N T R O L S Body Control

In micro gravity and multi gravity environments, the human body's functions will be affected. First,

the micro gravity environment will lengthen the spine, which will increase the overhead reach limits. However, downward reach will become more difficult.

Body Posture

In micro gravity environments, seated posture is not natural. It is important to design the space to

follow the ergonomics of the human body. This helps lower stress and reduces any health issues.

Restraints

Foot and hand restraints are important in a micro gravity environment. Restraints help crewmembers to control their bodies and function better in space.

Nature Body Poster

Hand Restrains Reach

Foot Restraint Reach

S P A T I A L D I S O R I E N T A T I O N Difficulties to distinguish up, down, left and right in the modular space can be potential

stressors. This needs to be considered in the design of hardware and the planning of mission.

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M A T E R I A L S Consideration

Applications

chemical, mechanical (abrasive surfaces,

Soft fabrics

The materials should not include

sharp corners, edges, etc.), or any other hazards to the crew. The materials also

Solid surfaces

Walls/Floorings

should include the following points:

Materials

2. Resist against erosion of ultraviolet

Spray paint coating: Met high out

1. Reduce microbial growth rays and x-rays from sun

3. Protect against solar wind particle radiation;

4. Regulate thermal cycling (hot and cold cycles)

AZ-2100-IECW

gassing requirements & ultraviolet radiation resistance

VISCOUS LIQUID FOAM

Light but strong, bulk metallic glasses

C O L O R S in space a right way to use colors can stimulate crews and also can help reduce

stress due to other factors. Colors are also associated with emotions.

Red: vitality, strength, warmth, anger

Yellow: happiness, mental stimulation Green:

harmony,

relaxation,

contentment

Blue: peace, spaciousness, hope

White: peace, purification, isolation Black:

loneliness

peace,

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independence,

separation,


C O D E S

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11.7.3.3 Equipment Restraint Design Requirements {A}

All IVA and EVA equipment restraints shall be designed to the following requirements: a. Hand Operated :

restraints shall not leave an adhesive residue on

tools are not required to attach or detach the

adhesive restraint is detached.

2. Equipment restraints shall be designed such

1. Common attachment method - All equipment

left or right hand.

2. Tether attachment points - All equipment items

be designed such that they can be attached/

tether hook receptacle as an integral part of the

c. Adjustability - Provide the capability to adjust

provided on the interfacing surface to which the

the items to be restrained and to provide the user

3. Tether lock status indication - The tether hook

preferred location relative to the restraint

to recognize when the hook is locked/unlocked in

1. Equipment restraints shall be designed such that

the item or on the spacecraft surface when the

restraint.

g. Tethers:

that they can be attached/detached by either the

tethers shall use a common attachment method.

b. Blind Operation - The equipment restraints shall

that require tethering shall have a standardized

detached without having to look at them.

item. This standardized receptacle shall also be

the restraint to adapt to a wide range of sizes of

item is to be secured.

with the capability to restrain the item at a

shall be designed in such a way that it will be easy

attachment points. This does not preclude fixed-

both day and night lighting conditions.

length tethers used for specific applications.

d. Positive Restraint - The restraint shall secure

the item in such a way that the item will not come

loose due to inadvertent touching, air currents,

vehicle dynamic motions, or due to other predictable environmental conditions.

e. Cause No Damage - The equipment restraint

shall be designed such that it cannot pinch, abrade, or cut the item to be restrained or the interfacing surfaces and adjacent hardware.

f. No Adhesive Residue - Adhesive equipment

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18.12.2.2 Decorative Technique Design Considerations {A}

Decorative techniques to be considered are as

blue, emphasize the redness of a surface color and

follows:

thus accent warm hues.

a. Colored Surfaces - A variety of color schemes

5. Preferred colors provides an aid for the

may be developed using wall coverings, paint, or

selection of preferred colors for different crew

treated metal surfaces. The following are

areas. Selected colors should be matched with

considerations to be observed when using color:

those in

1. Color variety - The use of different schemes for

6. Location and orientation coding - In some cases

different compartments within the habitat is an

the use of color may be useful in helping the crew

effective way to achieve variety. Within each

member to more quickly identify the room type or

compartment, the general use of a small variety

their orientation in the rooms. Lighter colors may

of color (no more than 4 to 5) is preferred over a

be used as a cue to indicate designed for a local

single color. Variety can also be obtained by using

vertical.

slightly different tints and shades of the basic

b. Texture - Variety on wall or other surfaces can

surfaces, another for equipment racks, and

be obtained through use of textured wall

another for control panels.

coverings. Texture adds another dimension of

2. Reflectance - Color affects the amount of light

variety

reflected from a surface. Diffused reflectance is desirable,

especially

at

workstations.

reflectance can cause annoying glare.

to

the

decor.

The

following

are

considerations to be observed when using texture:

High

1. Aesthetics - Some fine, regular patterning of coverings is acceptable. Gross irregular patterns

3. Color by light source - Providing surface color

are generally not pleasing and should be avoided.

by light sources for the purpose of interior

2. Noise control - Rough textures reduce noise

aesthetics should be avoided.

levels better than smooth textures.

4. Effects on color by common lamps - The two

3. Glare reduction - Rough textures diffusely

matrices give a general description of the effects

scatter incident light and may be useful in glare

that common fluorescent, mercury, and filament

reduction.

luminaries have on colored surfaces. Both the

4. Location coding - Changes in texture may be

lighting level and the color of the light affect the

used to delineate a subdivision of the interior

appearance of colored surfaces. Filament lamps

space. This can be used to increase perceived

and warm fluorescent lamps, which are deficient in

privacy and territorially.

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5. Cleaning - Smooth and plain surfaces are easy to clean; however, a small amount of dirt can make them appear unattractive. c. Decorative Accessories - Decorative accessories should be considered as long as they are

consistent with functional requirements and environmental constraints. Decorative accessories

include curtains, simulated woodgrain work surfaces, and simulated leather or fabric covers for certain furnishings.

d. Flexibility - Ease of changing decor should be

considered. Decor might be changed during long

missions, as crews are replaced during normal rotation, or when the space module needs to be refurbished.

Plans

for

such

change

or

rehabilitation should be included in the initial design so that changes can be accomplished with

minimum effort, time, cost, and interference with ongoing operations. As an example, techniques for quick removal and replacement of wall and ceiling structural coverings should be considered to vary

color schemes as well as replace worn or damaged coverings.

e. Lighting - Variation in lighting quantity, direction, brightness, and predominant wavelength may be

utilized to influence perceived spaciousness and create visual variety.

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A D J A C E N C Y M A T R I X

SLEEPING POD KITCHEN/DINNING TOILET SHOWER/SINK STORAGE EXERCISE SPACE WORKSPACE AIRLOCK SUIT STORAGES WET LAB DRY LAB

Primary Adjacency

Secondary Adjacency

Undesired Adjacency

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I N T E R V I E W

01

Former Astronaut Terry Virts

He is an International Space Station

Commander/ Space Shuttle Pilot / Test /

Fighter Pilot / Author / Motivational Speaker / Photographer

He was the pilot of STS-130 aboard Space

Shuttle Endeavor and as of 2015 is

assigned as a CAPCOM, communicating

with station crews from mission control in Houston.

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S P E E C H

The mission process: 7 month building & operating in the space

Eating, tables are covered with duct tape and rope to help stabilize everything on top of the table.

Food are military foods, thermo stabilized food, and drinks are powders.

Exercise, help prevent bone loss (especially weight lifting), take Vitamin D everyday

Three main exercise: weightlifting, treadmill, and bicycle. Exercise

equipments are floating in the air to help prevent vibration from causing damage to the spacecraft.

Sleeping, sleeping pod is like the size of phone booth. They use sounds from Earth (such as rain, fire) to help them get to sleep and feel relaxed.

Space walk, the suit is like physical workout, really hard to move in the suit

Daily life, 90% of time are working, do not have enough time to appreciate the space

Emergency, fire emergency: rare, ammonia emergency: deadly Russian & American, they separate in their own modules. Mars has no magnitude field, it has a thin atmosphere. KEY POINTS

1. Having a hard time to locate themselves in the modules. It is really

hard to distinguish the up, down, left and right. Usually they need time to adjust in the modules.

2. Private spaces are very important.

3. Railing on foot can help to control your body. Lock foot on railing and railing for hands.

4. Access problem, cables block access.

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I N T E R V I E W

02 Psychology Professor Scott Geller

Q. How to cope with stress?

Namely that stress is good, and distress is bad. And the difference between perceived stress and distress is the

perception of personal control. Hans Selye, the Austrian-born founder of

stress research said, “Complete freedom from stress is death.�

Anything that increases the perception of personal control can turn negative distress into positive stress.

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Q 1. What are the psychological effects on people in a narrow and restricted space? Over time, people in the crowded conditions

experience stress. It is important to have sunlight, exercise, and vitamin D. People can physically do something with his or her body.

Physical idleness can be problematic.

Sleep Disruption, some sleep more, and some have trouble sleeping.

I N T E R V I E W

Q 2.What things can help them to cope with stress in this space?

Building a relationship with team members, support

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each other.

Make environment welcoming, interesting and with a degree of natural.

When people walking on the treadmill. A picture of nature scene helps with healing.

Design materials that helps to feel softer.

A meditation room/relaxation room that is cushy. Separate from the cold and hard space feeling.

Psychology Professor

Kurt Hoffman

Q 3. How culture differences can change them?

Female, male dynamics. How they interact. Different norms in each cultures.

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S O U R C E S Abadie, L. J. (2016, March 30). The Human Body in Space. Retrieved from https:// www.nasa.gov/hrp/bodyinspace.

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Engel, P. (2019, January 15). What life is really like in an Alaskan town that won't see the sun again until January 23. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/barrow-

alaska-is-dark-for-65-days-2013-11#utqiavik-is-located-at-the-top-of-alaska-about-500miles-from-fairbanks-1.

Experiment Details. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/ research/experiments/explorer/Investigation.html#id=252.

Greicius, T. (2015, March 13). Mars Exploration Image Gallery. Retrieved from https:// www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/images/index.html.

Harbaugh, J. (2016, October 19). Let There Be (Better) Light. Retrieved from https:// www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/let-there-be-better-light/.

HARDWARE AND EQUIPMENT. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://msis.jsc.nasa.gov/sections/ section11.htm#11.10.3.

Howe, A. S., & Sherwood, B. (2009). Out of this world: the new field of space architecture. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

Laurence, G. A., Fried, Y., & Slowik, L. H. (2013, July 27). "My space": A moderated

mediation model of the effect of architectural and experienced privacy and workspace personalization on emotional exhaustion at work. Retrieved from https://

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www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494413000534. Lavars, N. (2016, October 2). Three great places to live on Mars. Retrieved from https:// newatlas.com/great-places-to-live-mars/45654/.

Lim, N. (2016, March 21). Cultural differences in emotion: differences in emotional arousal level between the East and the West. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S2213422016300191.

MORE ABOUT: Nakagin Capsule Tower – Tokyo, Japan. (2011, September 27). Retrieved from https://moreaedesign.wordpress.com/2010/09/14/more-about-nakagin-capsule-tower/. MWArchitecture. (1970, January 1). prefab / nakagin capsule tower / kisho kurokawa.

Retrieved from http://mwarchitcture.blogspot.com/2009/11/prefab-nakagin-capsuletower-kisho.html.

NASA Project Collaboration for Mars Exploration. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://

www.pratt.edu/the-work/gallery/nasa-project-collaboration-for-mars-exploration/.

Overview. (19AD, October 10). Retrieved from https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mars/ overview/.

Ritsher, J. B. (2005, June). Cultural factors and the International Space Station. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15943206.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/ patients-families/depression/seasonal-affective-disorder.

Weitering, H. (2017, March 17). Space Station Shut-Eye: New LED Lights May Help

Astronauts (and You) Sleep Better. Retrieved from https://www.space.com/35997-ledlights-help-astronauts-sleep-better.html.

Welch, A. (2018, June 13). Mars Habitat - Concept Design - e-architect. Retrieved from https://www.e-architect.co.uk/concept/mars-habitat-concept-design.

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