MARS
DESIGN BOOK FOR MARS HABITAT ZIWEI JI
2019-2020
C O N T E N T S INTRODUCTION
Problem Statement Thesis Statement Design Goals & Objectives Site Analysis Consultant Interviews
2 2 3 4 4
CASE STUDIES
6-10
RESEARCH
12
Consultant Interviews
11
Human Bodies in Space Physical Environments Cultures Control/Space Configurations Materials/Colors
PROGRAMMING Codes Adjacency Matrix
INTERVIEWS SOURCES
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13 14 15 16 17
18 19
20-23 24
P R O B L E M S T A T E M E N T This project consists of a space habitat with modules that will be located on Mars. NASA wants to create a
space habitat for a six-person crew. The duration of
the mission will be two years. The mission objectives
are to conduct surface exploration, collect samples, conduct sample experiments and control robotic surface assessments.
The project's goal is to provide an optimized interior design for human health and performance during the completion of the objectives.
T H E S I S S T A T E M E N T The behavioral and mental psychology of astronauts
traveling to Mars will be deeply influenced by their space habitat (environment).
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D E S I G N G O A L S & O B J E C T I V E S 1. Create a flexible and private space Sleeping Pod
Workspace Recreation Space
2. Create an organized space
Organization in kitchen, lab and sleeping pod Efficiency for eat and cook
3. Create a space with a sense of connection to Earth Images Sounds Lighting
4.Create a sense of control in the space Railing for easy body control
5.Support good ergonomics in the space Sleeping pod for sleep and relaxation
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S I T E A N A LY S I S M A R S DIAMETER: 4220 miles diameter
Dust storm, in spring or summer and
DAY: 687 days / year
Snow, snowflakes are made of CO2
GRAVITY: 2/3 less than Earth
TIME: 24 hours 37 minutes / day
TEMPERATURE: -285 F (-140 C) to 86 F (30 C) Usually -81 F (-63 C)
SURFACE: Rocky with canyons,
volcanoes, dry lake beds and craters
MOON #: Two moons
ATMOSPHERE: 96% CO2, 2%
sometimes blankets the entire planet Ice usually find in north & south region,
ice is made from CO2
RADIATION:
30 µSv per hours during solar minimum. Can lead to health problems
Nitrogen, 2% Argon, and 1% others
WEATHER:
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Daytime temp can be close to 32° F (0°
C), and there may be spring-like deposits running beneath the deep
canyons where groundwater could
V a l l e s M a r i n e r i s
burst through the surface. It is not only
a good candidate for sourcing water, but an ideal hunting ground to search
for microbial life. Its low altitude makes
for a denser atmosphere which means better radiation shielding, and it's easy on the eye.
This 154 km (96 ml)wide basin crater has been explored by NASA's Curiosity
rover. it has found evidence of water and
an
ancient
freshwater
G a l e C r a t e r
lake,
analyzed valuable samples of soil, sent
back weather reports. Gale Crater is proved to be a good candidate for a site
location by previous experience and potential research.
This site is between the highlands and
lowlands , and is near Mar's equator.
The linear ridges are met with winds
M e d u s a e F o s s a e F o r m a t i o n
ripping across its surface, which is very soft and easily eroded. This could potentially be a massive deposit of
wind-blown dust or volcanic ash and would be a good candidate to collect
building materials for further on-site building. 5
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C A S E S T U D Y
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NAKAGIN CAPSULE TOWER TYPE: Micro-apartment
LOCATION: Tokyo, Japan AREA: 2.5 m x 4 m / 8 feet x 12 feet FIRM: Kisho Kurokawa YEAR COMPLETE: 1972
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The design concept is focused on how to make the most efficient use of living space to accommodate the everyday essentials of
a person. The idea is borrowed from the aerospace industry (many spaceships have
implemented the idea of efficient areausage).
This unique take on apartments and high-
rises in Tokyo is a prime example of the
Metabolism architecture movement of Kisho, known for it's focus on adaptable, growing and interchangeable building designs. These
ideas first surfaced in 1960 at the "World Design Conference."
The space includes built-in bathroom, double
bed, desk, storage space, TV, typedeck, typewriter, calculator, clock Radio, and twoburner Stove.
Below is floor plans of the interlocking system
between two capsules (which can be used to accommodate a small family), a one capsule unit, and the bathroom.
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C A S E S T U D Y
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TOOLKIT
M.O.T.H
he M.O.T.H spaceship includes TOOLKIT, a rib
Mars Transit Habitat
system kitchen that contain trash, tables, plants,
TYPE: Spaceship
3D food printer, rehydration station, reheating
LOCATION: Space,
station. The TOOLKIT is located in the lower
VOLUME: 357.4 square meter
inflatable of the habitat, and houses three major
FIRM: Pratt University
functions: kitchen (red area), medical (blue area),
YEAR COMPLETE: Prototype
and communications (yellow area). Plan views on the top left indicates the three separate functions
of the TOOLKIT. The isometric view on the lower left illustrates the volume and shape of the
TOOLKIT while highlighting part of the kitchen that
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SLEEPING POD
was chosen to be further developed and built out.
The sleeping pod has a total 45 square feet
space. The team reconfigured the sleeping
SPACE KITCHEN
The sketch on the right details all the components of
the habitat's kitchen and also considers how our full scale model would look in the exhibit space. Once the design direction was established, the designer
specified the dimensions of each component, and they began the process to build out the model.
pod so that the “bed� filled the bottom area
of the pod, simulating the feeling of a day bed. Within the sleeping pod, there is a
control panel for the lights, projection wall, and other functions within the pod is in easy reach of the bay. Inside the pod, the team performed
material
experiments
to
determine lighting strategies with in the wall surface. Under lit crevices provide subtle integration of LEDs. 9
C A S E S T U D Y
MARS HABITAT Foster + Partners, Prototype
The proposal considers multiple aspects of the project
from
delivery
and
deployment
to
construction and operations. The habitat will be
delivered in two stages prior to the arrival of the
astronauts. First, the semi-autonomous robots select the site and dig a 1.5 meter deep crater, followed by
a second delivery of the inflatable modules which sit within the crater to form the core of the settlement.
The design of the compact 93 sqm habitat modules combines spatial efficiency with human physiology and psychology, with overlapping private and
communal spaces, finished with "soft" materials and
enhanced virtual environments, which help reduce the adverse effects of monotony, while creating positive living environment for the astronauts.
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C O N S U LT A N T with space architects
Q 1: What are some successes and challenges in space architecture?
Challenges: One size module is a huge constraint, it's really hard to accommodate human.
Materials need to have no off-gassing, chemicals can be inhaled by humans. Fabrics failed the fire testing.
Breakthroughs: Bigelow Aerospace: modules attached to space station, inflatable and attached to the ISS.
Issues with inflatables: still as heavy as aluminum, and need to build the interior when in the space.
Q 2: What are some areas that need development in space architecture?
Toilet Facilities and Hygiene Compartment.
Q 3: What are some constraints that we might not think of when designing?
Do not overlook the fact that they are not on Earth. There is no up and down in the space modules. Do not over look the micro-gravity in space.
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R E S E A R C H
HUMAN BODY IN SPACE
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13
ENVIRONMENT
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CULTURE
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CONTROL
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MATERIAL/COLOR
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SPATIAL ORIENTATION
16-17
H U M A N B O D Y I N S P A C E MICRO-GRAVITY
HOW TO IMPROVE IT?
with density dropping at over 1% per
offering different evaluations and exercise
of
including vitamin D supplements.
Without gravity, bones lose their minerals, month. Astronauts are put at greater risk developing
osteoporosis-related
Analyzing how the body changes and
so that humans can get proper nutrition,
fractures later in life. The fluids in the body shift upwards to the head, which could put pressure on the eyes and cause vision problems.
HOSTILE ENVIRONMENTS
HOW TO IMPROVE IT?
immune system and increase allergies and
Molecular techniques that evaluate
excessively hot, cold, cramped, or dark.
to mimic Earth
Monitor air quality
Each microbe can change a humans'
disease. Environments should not be
microbes and provide LED lighting systems
HOW TO IMPROVE IT?
ISOLATION
LED technology that helps align circadian
interpersonal interaction, and
Controlling Intensity of ambient light rhythms
Declines in mood, cognition, morale, development of sleep disorders (circadian rhythm change). Easy to develop
behavioral or cognitive conditions, as well as psychiatric disorders.
HOW TO IMPROVE IT?
RADIATION
procedures that reduce the radiation risks
with both acute effects and later
Shielding, monitoring and operational to acceptable levels
Damages the central nervous system, consequences.
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E N V I R O N M E N T WITHDRAWAL OF NATURE
One of the main concerns in space is the lack of sunlight, having similar conditions found in
Alaska where there are polar nights every year,
beginning in mid-November and ending in midJanuary. That means that once the sun sets in
November, people won't see daylight for two months.
Seasonal Affective Disorder(SAD)
This disorder is a type of depression usually
occurring during the fall and winter months when there is less sunlight. It usually improves
with the arrival of spring. Common symptoms of SAD include fatigue, oversleeping, overeating and carbohydrate cravings. It can also include
many others symptoms similar to major
depression, such as feelings of sadness,
marked loss of interest, change in appetite, change in sleep, loss of energy, trouble concentrating
or
thoughts of death.
making
decisions,
and
L I G H T I N G
HOW TO IMPROVE IT?
Withdrawal of nature can be improved by
Astronauts on board see sunrise and sunset
1. Light therapy
16 times in day. This disrupts astronauts'
2. Antidepressant medication
circadian clocks, which can cause many
3. Exercise
other problems.
4. Images of Nature 5. Sound of Nature
LIGHTING EFFECTS STUDY
Using solid-state light-emitting diodes(LEDs) which is very safe and energy-efficient for 20 minutes or more a day. Using a high-
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C U LT U R E S
Space missions often have long durations.
Cultural differences between crew-members can be a potential risk. Astronauts may have different
cultural values, emotional expressivity, personal space norms, and personality characteristics.
Cultural differences may increase the probability
of distress and impairment. This could influence individual and interpersonal functioning of both
crew-members and mission control personnel. It is
important
differences.
to
understand
each
other's
Individualist & Collectivist Cultures
Western: Individualism, individual uniqueness
Eastern: Collectivist, interdependent, individually adjusts to achieve societal harmony. Emotional Expressivity
Western: highly expressive, high physiological symptoms
Eastern: less expressive, low physiological symptoms Privacy
Western: Desires privacy
Eastern: Compared to western, low needs
E X E R C I S E intensity blue light elevates
In space, astronauts spend 90% of their time
using lower-intensity blue light
experience physical idleness. This leads to
alertness in the morning, while
wavelengths can calm the brain and promote sleep.
working, and in confined spaces where they lower bone density and other problems.
HOW TO IMPROVE IT?
Vitamin D & weight-lifting will help prevent bone-loss.
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C O N T R O L S Body Control
In micro gravity and multi gravity environments, the human body's functions will be affected. First,
the micro gravity environment will lengthen the spine, which will increase the overhead reach limits. However, downward reach will become more difficult.
Body Posture
In micro gravity environments, seated posture is not natural. It is important to design the space to
follow the ergonomics of the human body. This helps lower stress and reduces any health issues.
Restraints
Foot and hand restraints are important in a micro gravity environment. Restraints help crewmembers to control their bodies and function better in space.
Nature Body Poster
Hand Restrains Reach
Foot Restraint Reach
S P A T I A L D I S O R I E N T A T I O N Difficulties to distinguish up, down, left and right in the modular space can be potential
stressors. This needs to be considered in the design of hardware and the planning of mission.
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M A T E R I A L S Consideration
Applications
chemical, mechanical (abrasive surfaces,
Soft fabrics
The materials should not include
sharp corners, edges, etc.), or any other hazards to the crew. The materials also
Solid surfaces
Walls/Floorings
should include the following points:
Materials
2. Resist against erosion of ultraviolet
Spray paint coating: Met high out
1. Reduce microbial growth rays and x-rays from sun
3. Protect against solar wind particle radiation;
4. Regulate thermal cycling (hot and cold cycles)
AZ-2100-IECW
gassing requirements & ultraviolet radiation resistance
VISCOUS LIQUID FOAM
Light but strong, bulk metallic glasses
C O L O R S in space a right way to use colors can stimulate crews and also can help reduce
stress due to other factors. Colors are also associated with emotions.
Red: vitality, strength, warmth, anger
Yellow: happiness, mental stimulation Green:
harmony,
relaxation,
contentment
Blue: peace, spaciousness, hope
White: peace, purification, isolation Black:
loneliness
peace,
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independence,
separation,
C O D E S
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11.7.3.3 Equipment Restraint Design Requirements {A}
All IVA and EVA equipment restraints shall be designed to the following requirements: a. Hand Operated :
restraints shall not leave an adhesive residue on
tools are not required to attach or detach the
adhesive restraint is detached.
2. Equipment restraints shall be designed such
1. Common attachment method - All equipment
left or right hand.
2. Tether attachment points - All equipment items
be designed such that they can be attached/
tether hook receptacle as an integral part of the
c. Adjustability - Provide the capability to adjust
provided on the interfacing surface to which the
the items to be restrained and to provide the user
3. Tether lock status indication - The tether hook
preferred location relative to the restraint
to recognize when the hook is locked/unlocked in
1. Equipment restraints shall be designed such that
the item or on the spacecraft surface when the
restraint.
g. Tethers:
that they can be attached/detached by either the
tethers shall use a common attachment method.
b. Blind Operation - The equipment restraints shall
that require tethering shall have a standardized
detached without having to look at them.
item. This standardized receptacle shall also be
the restraint to adapt to a wide range of sizes of
item is to be secured.
with the capability to restrain the item at a
shall be designed in such a way that it will be easy
attachment points. This does not preclude fixed-
both day and night lighting conditions.
length tethers used for specific applications.
d. Positive Restraint - The restraint shall secure
the item in such a way that the item will not come
loose due to inadvertent touching, air currents,
vehicle dynamic motions, or due to other predictable environmental conditions.
e. Cause No Damage - The equipment restraint
shall be designed such that it cannot pinch, abrade, or cut the item to be restrained or the interfacing surfaces and adjacent hardware.
f. No Adhesive Residue - Adhesive equipment
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18.12.2.2 Decorative Technique Design Considerations {A}
Decorative techniques to be considered are as
blue, emphasize the redness of a surface color and
follows:
thus accent warm hues.
a. Colored Surfaces - A variety of color schemes
5. Preferred colors provides an aid for the
may be developed using wall coverings, paint, or
selection of preferred colors for different crew
treated metal surfaces. The following are
areas. Selected colors should be matched with
considerations to be observed when using color:
those in
1. Color variety - The use of different schemes for
6. Location and orientation coding - In some cases
different compartments within the habitat is an
the use of color may be useful in helping the crew
effective way to achieve variety. Within each
member to more quickly identify the room type or
compartment, the general use of a small variety
their orientation in the rooms. Lighter colors may
of color (no more than 4 to 5) is preferred over a
be used as a cue to indicate designed for a local
single color. Variety can also be obtained by using
vertical.
slightly different tints and shades of the basic
b. Texture - Variety on wall or other surfaces can
surfaces, another for equipment racks, and
be obtained through use of textured wall
another for control panels.
coverings. Texture adds another dimension of
2. Reflectance - Color affects the amount of light
variety
reflected from a surface. Diffused reflectance is desirable,
especially
at
workstations.
reflectance can cause annoying glare.
to
the
decor.
The
following
are
considerations to be observed when using texture:
High
1. Aesthetics - Some fine, regular patterning of coverings is acceptable. Gross irregular patterns
3. Color by light source - Providing surface color
are generally not pleasing and should be avoided.
by light sources for the purpose of interior
2. Noise control - Rough textures reduce noise
aesthetics should be avoided.
levels better than smooth textures.
4. Effects on color by common lamps - The two
3. Glare reduction - Rough textures diffusely
matrices give a general description of the effects
scatter incident light and may be useful in glare
that common fluorescent, mercury, and filament
reduction.
luminaries have on colored surfaces. Both the
4. Location coding - Changes in texture may be
lighting level and the color of the light affect the
used to delineate a subdivision of the interior
appearance of colored surfaces. Filament lamps
space. This can be used to increase perceived
and warm fluorescent lamps, which are deficient in
privacy and territorially.
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5. Cleaning - Smooth and plain surfaces are easy to clean; however, a small amount of dirt can make them appear unattractive. c. Decorative Accessories - Decorative accessories should be considered as long as they are
consistent with functional requirements and environmental constraints. Decorative accessories
include curtains, simulated woodgrain work surfaces, and simulated leather or fabric covers for certain furnishings.
d. Flexibility - Ease of changing decor should be
considered. Decor might be changed during long
missions, as crews are replaced during normal rotation, or when the space module needs to be refurbished.
Plans
for
such
change
or
rehabilitation should be included in the initial design so that changes can be accomplished with
minimum effort, time, cost, and interference with ongoing operations. As an example, techniques for quick removal and replacement of wall and ceiling structural coverings should be considered to vary
color schemes as well as replace worn or damaged coverings.
e. Lighting - Variation in lighting quantity, direction, brightness, and predominant wavelength may be
utilized to influence perceived spaciousness and create visual variety.
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A D J A C E N C Y M A T R I X
SLEEPING POD KITCHEN/DINNING TOILET SHOWER/SINK STORAGE EXERCISE SPACE WORKSPACE AIRLOCK SUIT STORAGES WET LAB DRY LAB
Primary Adjacency
Secondary Adjacency
Undesired Adjacency
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I N T E R V I E W
01
Former Astronaut Terry Virts
He is an International Space Station
Commander/ Space Shuttle Pilot / Test /
Fighter Pilot / Author / Motivational Speaker / Photographer
He was the pilot of STS-130 aboard Space
Shuttle Endeavor and as of 2015 is
assigned as a CAPCOM, communicating
with station crews from mission control in Houston.
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S P E E C H
The mission process: 7 month building & operating in the space
Eating, tables are covered with duct tape and rope to help stabilize everything on top of the table.
Food are military foods, thermo stabilized food, and drinks are powders.
Exercise, help prevent bone loss (especially weight lifting), take Vitamin D everyday
Three main exercise: weightlifting, treadmill, and bicycle. Exercise
equipments are floating in the air to help prevent vibration from causing damage to the spacecraft.
Sleeping, sleeping pod is like the size of phone booth. They use sounds from Earth (such as rain, fire) to help them get to sleep and feel relaxed.
Space walk, the suit is like physical workout, really hard to move in the suit
Daily life, 90% of time are working, do not have enough time to appreciate the space
Emergency, fire emergency: rare, ammonia emergency: deadly Russian & American, they separate in their own modules. Mars has no magnitude field, it has a thin atmosphere. KEY POINTS
1. Having a hard time to locate themselves in the modules. It is really
hard to distinguish the up, down, left and right. Usually they need time to adjust in the modules.
2. Private spaces are very important.
3. Railing on foot can help to control your body. Lock foot on railing and railing for hands.
4. Access problem, cables block access.
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I N T E R V I E W
02 Psychology Professor Scott Geller
Q. How to cope with stress?
Namely that stress is good, and distress is bad. And the difference between perceived stress and distress is the
perception of personal control. Hans Selye, the Austrian-born founder of
stress research said, “Complete freedom from stress is death.�
Anything that increases the perception of personal control can turn negative distress into positive stress.
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Q 1. What are the psychological effects on people in a narrow and restricted space? Over time, people in the crowded conditions
experience stress. It is important to have sunlight, exercise, and vitamin D. People can physically do something with his or her body.
Physical idleness can be problematic.
Sleep Disruption, some sleep more, and some have trouble sleeping.
I N T E R V I E W
Q 2.What things can help them to cope with stress in this space?
Building a relationship with team members, support
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each other.
Make environment welcoming, interesting and with a degree of natural.
When people walking on the treadmill. A picture of nature scene helps with healing.
Design materials that helps to feel softer.
A meditation room/relaxation room that is cushy. Separate from the cold and hard space feeling.
Psychology Professor
Kurt Hoffman
Q 3. How culture differences can change them?
Female, male dynamics. How they interact. Different norms in each cultures.
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Engel, P. (2019, January 15). What life is really like in an Alaskan town that won't see the sun again until January 23. Retrieved from https://www.businessinsider.com/barrow-
alaska-is-dark-for-65-days-2013-11#utqiavik-is-located-at-the-top-of-alaska-about-500miles-from-fairbanks-1.
Experiment Details. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/ research/experiments/explorer/Investigation.html#id=252.
Greicius, T. (2015, March 13). Mars Exploration Image Gallery. Retrieved from https:// www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mars/images/index.html.
Harbaugh, J. (2016, October 19). Let There Be (Better) Light. Retrieved from https:// www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/let-there-be-better-light/.
HARDWARE AND EQUIPMENT. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://msis.jsc.nasa.gov/sections/ section11.htm#11.10.3.
Howe, A. S., & Sherwood, B. (2009). Out of this world: the new field of space architecture. Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
Laurence, G. A., Fried, Y., & Slowik, L. H. (2013, July 27). "My space": A moderated
mediation model of the effect of architectural and experienced privacy and workspace personalization on emotional exhaustion at work. Retrieved from https://
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www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0272494413000534. Lavars, N. (2016, October 2). Three great places to live on Mars. Retrieved from https:// newatlas.com/great-places-to-live-mars/45654/.
Lim, N. (2016, March 21). Cultural differences in emotion: differences in emotional arousal level between the East and the West. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/ science/article/pii/S2213422016300191.
MORE ABOUT: Nakagin Capsule Tower – Tokyo, Japan. (2011, September 27). Retrieved from https://moreaedesign.wordpress.com/2010/09/14/more-about-nakagin-capsule-tower/. MWArchitecture. (1970, January 1). prefab / nakagin capsule tower / kisho kurokawa.
Retrieved from http://mwarchitcture.blogspot.com/2009/11/prefab-nakagin-capsuletower-kisho.html.
NASA Project Collaboration for Mars Exploration. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://
www.pratt.edu/the-work/gallery/nasa-project-collaboration-for-mars-exploration/.
Overview. (19AD, October 10). Retrieved from https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mars/ overview/.
Ritsher, J. B. (2005, June). Cultural factors and the International Space Station. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15943206.
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.psychiatry.org/ patients-families/depression/seasonal-affective-disorder.
Weitering, H. (2017, March 17). Space Station Shut-Eye: New LED Lights May Help
Astronauts (and You) Sleep Better. Retrieved from https://www.space.com/35997-ledlights-help-astronauts-sleep-better.html.
Welch, A. (2018, June 13). Mars Habitat - Concept Design - e-architect. Retrieved from https://www.e-architect.co.uk/concept/mars-habitat-concept-design.
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