South Australian Plant Book by Ziyan Qi

SOUTH AUSTRALIAN PLANT BOOK

LARCH 7032

ADVANCED ECOLOGY

ZIYAN QI

1682771

TIANFENG PANG

1755570

COASTAL

CONTENTS

Calotis scabiosifolia var. scabiosifolia Billardiera cymosa Dodonaea viscosa ssp. angustissima Poa labillardieri Carpobrotus glaucescens Leucophyta brownii Eucalyptus viminalisssp. viminalis Kunzea pomifera Allocasuarina littoralis Eucalyptus macrocarpa ssp. macrocarpa

Conceptual plant Designs

adelaide plains

Acacia pycnantha Grevillea rosmarinifolia A. Cunn. subsp. rosmarinifolia Leptospermum laevigatum (Gaertn.) F. Muell Kennedia prostrata Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata Eremophila nivea Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa Olearia ramulosa Eucalyptus camaldulensis Ficinia nodosa

Rigid Secret Garden Symmetrical Boulevard Planting Directory Forming Planting Corner of the Site Rest Area for the Site Hard Paving Leads to the Ecological Environment

references

Calotis scabiosifolia var. scabiosifolia

FULL BOTANICAL NAME GENUS FAMILY COMMON NAME PLANT ORIGIN SIZE & FORM GROWTH HABIT GROWING REGION ASPECT AND CLIMATE SOIL REQUIREMENT WATER REQUIREMENT DESIGN USE FOLIAGE FLOWER FRUIT MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT

EXTRA NOTES

COASTAL

Calotis scabiosifolia var. scabiosifolia Calotis Asteraceae Rough Burr-daisy SA, NSW, Vic, Qld Groundcover Height--0.3-0.4 m; Spread--0.5-1 m Erect, Dense. Coastal footslopes, Plains, 2nd line coast. Flinders Rangers, Eyre Peninsula, Northern Lofty and South Eastern (SA) These plants tolerate drought and moderate frost. Clay, loam and sand Mininal Ornamental and habitat Greyish green.10-18cm long by 5cm wide. Sharply toothed or lobed. Mauve, Purple or white, with yellow centres Burrs. (Typical of the burr-daisy group) Once the plant is well established it requires little maintenance. It can be susceptible to weed grass growing up from its tuft and these should to be removed manually. Heavy mulching may lead to stunted growth so light mulch is all that is required. Native mulch is ideal or mulch with a large range of particle sizes (Warner, 2008). Perennial self sowing native daisy for mixed native landscapes, verges and roundabouts. Prolific flowering for most of the year. Plant in low traffic areas as burrs stick to clothing and animals. Can be pruned to maintain bushy growth and flowering (Plant Selector, 2020).

Billardiera cymosa

COASTAL

Billardiera cymosa Billardiera Pittosporaceae Sweet Apple Berry SA, Vic, NSW Medium Shrub (Usually between 1.2m & 3.6m) Height--1-2 m; Spread--1-4 m Evergreen, Open foliage, Spreading, Climbing 2nd line coast, Plains, Footslopes, Hills Warm temperate, Cool temperate, Mediterranean, Cool Clay, loam and sand Mininal Ornamental and habitat Dark-green Golden yellow. Strongly scented. Globulor. Apple berry. Sweet flavoured and purple-coloured. Seed eating birds, Lizards Edible, Decorative fruit, Playground friendly Billardiera cymosa is frost hardy, but if the plant does become damaged from hard frost, it can be cut back and may resprout from the base. Drip irrigation is beneficial in dry times (Stewart, n.d.). A non aggressive climber for parks and reserves, useful over fences or embankments amongst native vegetation. Will become shrubby if planted in open situations. Low allergen plant with decorative flowers. Cultural use: Indigenous peoples ate the fruit raw or sun-dried like sultanas (Plant Selector, 2020).

Dodonaea viscosa ssp. angustissima

FULL BOTANICAL NAME GENUS FAMILY COMMON NAME PLANT ORIGIN SIZE & FORM GROWTH HABIT GROWING REGION

ASPECT AND CLIMATE SOIL REQUIREMENT WATER REQUIREMENT DESIGN USE FOLIAGE FLOWER FRUIT MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT

EXTRA NOTES

COASTAL

Dodonaea viscosa ssp. angustissima Dodonaea Sapindaceae Narrow-leaf Hop-bush SA, VIC, WA, NSW, Qld, NT, Africa, America, Asia Large Shrub (Usually exceeds 3.6m) Height--2-4 m; Spread--2-4 m Erect to spreading, Multi-stemmed. Evergreen. Desert dunes, Plains. North Western, Lake Eyre, Nullarbor, Gairdner-Torrens, Flinders Rangers, Eastern Eyre Peninsula, Northern Lofty, Murray, Yorke Peninsula, Southern Lofty, Kangaroo Island and South Eastern (SA) Narrow leaves are thought to be an adaptation to warmer, drier climate. High adaptive abilities to changes of climate. Clay, loam and sand Mininal Ornamental Narrow elonggated shaped Reddish-coloured. Inconspicuous Colourful three-angled fruits This species prefers well-drained soils and requires a well-lit area. It can tolerate part shade but the capsules will not be as spectacular in colour if shaded. This species can tolerate dry conditions and can also handle some frosts. Little maintenance is necessary. However, regular tip pruning will promote growth and branching (McDowell, 2007). Good pollen source for moths, butterflies and other insects including colourful beetles. Foliage good refuge for small birds. Fruits and seeds are forage for native birds. Kangaroos and wallabies browse foliage. The early settlers used the bitter hops for making beer, so it was probably introduced to areas where it did not naturally occur and due to its weedlike habit, soon became well established (Woolshed Thirgoona Landcare, n.d.). 5

Poa labillardierI

EXTRA NOTES

COASTAL

Poa labillardieri Poa Gramineae Common Tussock-grass SA Grass Sedge or Flax Height--0.5-1.3m; Spread--0.3-0.7m Clumping Hills, Footslopes, Plains, Watercourse Flinders Rangers, Eastern, Eyre Peninsula, Northern Lofty, Murray, Yorke Peninsula, Southern Lofty, Kangaroo Island, South Eastern (SA). Plants tolerate drought and moderate frost. Clay, Loam, Sand Mininal Ornamental, habitats and erosion Greyish-green or blue-green leaves, long and slender with rolled or flat blades. Green. Spiked / Once established, Poa labillardieri needs very low maintenance and no irrigation. It regenerates well after burning but the fire should not be very hot for a long time. It does not appear have any major diseases or parasites. While it is not considered palatable as it can be damaged by grazing animals such as rabbits and kangaroos (Sharmeen, 2016). An ornamental tufting perennial for mixed native landscapes, borders, and wider verges. Mass plant for effect. Rejuvenate by shearing to just above ground level during late winter, early spring. Attracts native butterflies, larval food source. Food source and habitat for small birds and lizards (Plant Selector, 2020). 7

Carpobrotus glaucescens

EXTRA NOTES

COASTAL

Carpobrotus glaucescens Carpobrotus Aizoaceae Coastal Noonflower/Pigface QSL and NSW Groundcover Height--around 0.1m; Spread--2-3m Prostrate and spreading Coast, Coastal cliffs, Coastal dunes, Coastal footslopes Plants tolerate drought and moderate frost. Gravel, Sand Mininal Ornamental, habitats and erosion. Sand stablizer. Succulent, thick, fleshy, smooth leaves 3.5-10 cm x 1-1.5 cm, which are triangular in cross section. Purple, open petalled Edible. Red to purple, 20 - 30mm long. The fruit has a soft, wet pulp with the flavour of salty strawberries or fresh, juicy figs Carpobrotus glaucescens will grow in most relatively well-drained positions in either full sun or partial shade; though an open sunny position is best. Pigface can also tolerate extended dry periods. Pigface is relatively pest free but may be attacked by scale insects in summer (Eeten, 2005). Sand and soil binding plant for foreshores, embankments, coastal reserves and parks due to its high salt-tolerant feature. Showy displays of bright coloured flowers (Plant Selector, 2020). The plant produces a red-purple berry fruit, which was used by Aboriginal peoples as a food source. The flesh of the fruit is said to have a taste similar to salty apples. The roasted leaves have been used as a salt substitute. Early European explorers used the plant as an anti-scurvy treatment. The juice of the leaves can also be used to relieve pain from insect bites(Eeten, 2005). 9

Leucophyta brownii

EXTRA NOTES

COASTAL

Leucophyta brownii Leucophyta Asteraceae Cushion Bush SA, Vic, Tas, WA Short-lived low shrub (Up to 1.2m) Height--0.4-1m; Spread--0.5-1.5m Dense and rounded Coast, Coastal cliffs, Coastal footslopes, Plains, 2nd line coast. Nullarbor, Eyre Peninsula, Yorke Peninsula, Southern Lofty, Kangaroo Island, South Eastern (SA) Plants tolerate salty air and dry, poor soil. They grow most successfully in full sun, but may tolerate partial shade. Loam, Sand None Ornamental. They are often used to define walking paths in coastal areas, because they are easily seen at night. Silvery/Cool toned green Yellow button-like heads flower Greyish-brown Well-drained sandy soil is ideal, but it can also grow in finer soil. It grows poorly in high humidity however, and will die easily if waterlogged, meaning it cannot grow in more tropical regions. Unless pruning is required to maintain a desired plant shape, L. brownii is very lowmaintenance (Vlasveld, 2014). Ornamental silver foliage plant extremely hardy in coastal locations. Excellent for defining edges of paths, borders, verges, roundabouts and nature strips. Foliage reflects car head lights at night. Requires well-drained soils. Available in dwarf cultivars (Plant Selector, 2020).

Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. viminalis

FULL BOTANICAL NAME GENUS FAMILY COMMON NAME PLANT ORIGIN SIZE & FORM GROWTH HABIT GROWING REGION ASPECT AND CLIMATE SOIL REQUIREMENT WATER REQUIREMENT DESIGN USE FOLIAGE FLOWER FRUIT

MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT

EXTRA NOTES

COASTAL

Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. viminalis Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Mana Gum/Ribbon Gum SA Tall Tree (usually exceeds 10m) Canopy Shape--Open Height--10-35m; Spread--8-15m Open and preading, with narrow glossy green leaves. Footslopes, Hills, Plains, Watercourse. Southern Lofty (SA) Tolerates frost, snow and some flooding. Clay, loam and sand Mininal Ornamental, timbers, shade and windbreak Dark-green.Narrow, pendulous, aromatic White Clusters Rounded to cone-shaped fruit to 8 mm long and 9 mm wide, disc ascending, valves 3 or 4 above the rim (South Australian Seed Conservation Centre, n.d.). Dark brown to black ovoid seed, growing in three with wrinkled surface and cross detail on the bottom. Prone to Powdery Mildew in winter. Myrtle rust may affect this species. Species susceptible to Cinnamon fungus (Phytophthora cinnamomi) dieback. Seed may retain viability for 4-5 years stored at room temperature (Backyard Gardener, n.d.). Eucalyptus viminalis ssp. viminalis is widely cultivated in Australia and elsewhere for its extremely fast growth, pinkish timber and as an ornamental for larger gardens and parks. It is also one of the favored foods of koalas. Sweet, red sap (gum or manna) produced from the leaves and bark, perhaps due to insect damage, has been popular with humans (Rarepalmseed, n.d.). 13

Kunzea pomifera

EXTRA NOTES

COASTAL

Kunzea pomifera Kunzea Myrtaceae Muntries / Emu apple SA, VIC Groundcover Height--0.1-0.3 m; Spread--2-5 m Creeping, Prostrate. Evergreen 2nd line coast, Coast, Coastal cliffs, Coastal footslopes, Plains Tolerates Drought, Lime, Moderate frost. Loam and sand Mininal Ornamental, timbers, shade and shelter Small, round and bright-green. About 3-4 mm in diameter Creamy-white feathery flowers. Clusters. Purplish-red Colour. Edible. Looking similar to blueberries. Attracts nectar eating birds and insects. Little maintenance is required. Adequate water is essential for cultivation. Keep the soil moist throughout the flowering and fruiting season and avoid disturbing the roots. For an easier harvest, you might want to grow your muntrie upright on a low trellis (Tuckerbush, 2019). Recommended for exposed coastal locations. Self layers and is excellent for embankments and sand stabilization. Responds well to pruning (Plant Selector, 2020). Fragrant. The fruit contains about 2.5 times the antioxidants of blueberries and is rich in vitamin C. The taste is similar to a spicy apple and they can be used in cooking as a substitute for sultanas. Raw muntries make a delicious and crunchy addition to salads (Netzel et al., 2007).

Allocasuarina littoralis

COASTAL

Allocasuarina littoralis Allocasuarina Casuarinaceae Black She-Oak Vic Medium Tree (Usually between 5m & 11m). Evergreen. Canopy Shape--Conical Height--7-8 m; Spread--2-4 m Rounded, compact 2nd line coast, coast, coastal footslopes, footslopes, hills, plains, desert dunes. Can grow in both coastal and inland areas. Wide climatic tolerance. It can thrive in both temperate and moist, lowland tropics. Clay, loam and sand Mininal Ornamental, habitat, light screening, wind-shielding. Greyish green. Red. Spiked. “Cone”-like fruit. 10 to 30mm in length and flat topped. Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo (food source) This plant prefers well-drained soil and can grow in nutritionally poor soil. It cannot grow in the shade. Best grow in full sun. Highly useful tropical plant. Growing these plants in small stands between open space will help encourage the return of this endangered native bird (Plant Selector, 2020). It has nitrogenfixing ability through its symbiotic relationship with certain soil microorganisms. It can also be used in preventing soil erosion on sandy soils due to its shallow, spreading root system (Plant for a Future, n.d.). The bark is used for tanning. The wood is hard, durable, and heavy thus it is commonly used for furniture making and other purposes. Also, the wood is a great source of high-quality fuel and is used to make a high-grade charcoal (Fern, 2019). 17

Eucalyptus macrocarpa ssp. macrocarpa

COASTAL

Eucalyptus macrocarpa ssp. macrocarpa Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Rose of the West WA Small Tree (Up to 7m) Canopy Shape--Open Height--2-4 m; Spread--3-12 m Spreading to sprawling, moderately dense. 2nd line coast, Coastal footslopes, Plains As a species native to relatively dry areas, E.macrocarpa is best suited to cultivation in climates which have a dry summer. Loam and sand Mininal Ornamental, habitat. Ovate-elliptical in shape, sessile, up to 12 cm long by 8 cm wide and silvery-grey in colour. Pink/red. Eucalyptus-type. Large in scale. "Gumnuts". Large in scale and have a powdery grey covering. Attracts nectar eating birds and insects for food and habitat. The species requires well-drained soil. It can be pruned to maintain shape. It develops a lignotuber and should respond to hard pruning to near ground level if rejuvenation is required. Eucalyptus macrocarpa is a very distinctive species having a malleetype habit of growth and spectacular flowers. The large flowers may be 100 mm in diameter and are usually bright red but pink-red forms are known. The foliage of E.macrocarpa attracts almost as much attention as the flowers. Highly ornamental, often used in mixed native landscapes. Suitable for smaller gardens. Good selection for open areas, wider verges, batters, parks and reserves. Slow growing. 19

acacia pycnantha

FULL BOTANICAL NAME GENUS FAMILY COMMON NAME PLANT ORIGIN CULTIVATION

GROWTH HABIT

GROWING REGION EXTRA NOTES

Australian plains

Acacia pycnantha Acacia Mimosaceae/Leguminosae/Fabaceae Australian golden wattle, blackwood, broad leaved wattle, broadleaf wattle, broad-leaved wattle, golden wattle, green wattle SA, Vic, NSW This species has been widely planted as an ornamental, particularly in the southern parts of Australia, because of its profusion of fragrant golden-yellow flowers. A variant of this species with drooping (i.e. pendulous) branches and another variant with pale-coloured flowers are also known in cultivation. In addition, a garden hybrid of this species and Queensland silver wattle (Acacia podalyriifolia), called Acacia x siebertiana L. Winter ex A. Berger, has also been developed overseas. A rather short-lived large shrub or small tree usually growing 3-8 m tall with an upright and spreading habit. However, this is a somewhat variable species and small, spindly forms sometimes occur that flower when only 0.5-1 m high. This species grows naturally in dry sclerophyll forests, open woodlands, shrublands, heathlands and grasslands. It is mainly found growing in sandy and stony soils, but also occurs in red loams. Tall bush/small tree; mass of yellow flowers in spring. Wattle Blue Butterfly caterpillars feed on young leaves. Australia’s floral emblem. A shrub or small tree with simple 'leaves' that are bright green or dull green in colour. Its younger branches and 'leaves' are somewhat drooping in nature. Its 'leaves' (6-20 cm long and 5-50 mm wide) are leathery and sickle-shaped (i.e. they resemble eucalypt leaves). Its golden-yellow flowers borne in small globular clusters (6-10 mm across) that are arranged into larger elongated compound clusters. Its elongated and somewhat flattened pods (50-140 mm long and 5-8 mm wide) are sometimes slightly constricted between each of the seeds. 21

Heads showy, globular to obloid, densely 40–80-flowered, bright golden.

5 mm

Peduncles 3–6 mm long, stout, glabrous.

Pulvinus 4–7 mm long

Much-narrowed at base, normally 9–15 cm long and 10–35 mm wide.

1cm

Grevillea rosmarinifolia A. Cunn. subsp. rosmarinifolia

FULL BOTANICAL NAME GENUS FAMILY COMMON NAME PLANT ORIGIN CULTIVATION

GROWTH HABIT GROWING REGION

EXTRA NOTES

Australian plains

Grevillea rosmarinifolia A. Cunn. subsp. rosmarinifolia Grevillea Proteaceae rosemary grevillea, rosemary-leaved grevillea, spider flower Native to south-eastern Australia (i.e. southern and central New South Wales and northern Victoria). Rosemary grevillea (Grevillea rosmarinifolia subsp. rosmarinifolia) is widely cultivated as a hardy shrub in temperate climates. Several forms and cultivars are known in cultivation, including 'Desert Flame', 'Lara', 'Lara Dwarf', 'Limelight', 'Rankin Springs' and 'Rosy Posy'. This species is also one of the parents of many of the popular hybrid grevilleas, some of which have also escaped cultivation. A small to moderately large shrub usually growing 0.3-2 m tall. Naturalised in south-eastern South Australia, the ACT, south-eastern Queensland and beyond its native range in southern Victoria. Grows naturally in woodlands near streams and on moist slopes, and in mallee and shrublands on sandy soils in the temperate regions of Australia. A weed of grasslands, open woodlands and rocky slopes in temperate and occasionally also cooler sub-tropical regions. Spreading shrub, pink to red flowers. Nectar provides food for birds and insects. A small to moderately large shrub growing 0.3-2 m tall. Its long and narrow leaves (0.8-3.8 cm long and 0.5-3 mm wide) have margins that are curled under. Its flowers are usually borne in regular pairs along the branches of the flower clusters. These flowers are pink to red in colour, sometimes cream near their tips, and are curved downwards. They have a prominent style that is enlarged towards its tip.

Leptospermum laevigatum (Gaertn.) F. Muell Australian plains

FULL BOTANICAL NAME GENUS FAMILY COMMON NAME PLANT ORIGIN CULTIVATION GROWTH HABIT GROWING REGION

EXTRA NOTES

Leptospermum laevigatum (Gaertn.) F. Muell Leptospermum Myrtaceae Australian myrtle, Australian tea tree, Australian teatree, coast teatree, coast teatree, coastal tea tree, coastal tea-tree, Victorian teatree Native to south-eastern Australia (i.e. the coastal districts of New South Wales, eastern Victoria and north-eastern Tasmania). Widely cultivated as a garden ornamental, as a windbreak or hedging plant, for the stabilisation of sandy soils, and in rehabilitation areas where sand-mining has occurred. A shrub or small tree usually growing 2-4 m tall, but occasionally reaching up to 6 m in height. A weed of coastal sand dunes and cliffs, coastal heathlands and occasionally also dry sclerophyll forests in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Widely naturalised, particularly in coastal districts, that are beyond its native range in southern and south-western Australia (i.e. in central and western Victoria, south-eastern South Australia and south-western Western Australia). Also occasionally naturalised in south-eastern Queensland and beyond its native range in the coastal districts of north-eastern New South Wales. Naturalised overseas in New Zealand, southern Africa, south-western USA (i.e. California) and Hawaii. Shrubs or small trees; most species need moist areas. Flowers attract native wasps, bees and flies which keep tea-trees healthy. A shrub or small tree growing up to 6 m in height.Its older stems are covered in thin brown bark that is shed in long strips. Its small leathery leaves (1530 mm long) are sparsely covered in silky hairs when young. Its white flowers (15-20 mm across) are usually arranged in pairs in the upper leaf forks. These flowers have five white petals and numerous stamens that are borne on the top of a swollen base. Its flat-topped woody fruit (7-8 mm across) have 6-11 small compartments. 25

Kennedia rubicunda Vent.

FULL BOTANICAL NAME GENUS FAMILY

COMMON NAME PLANT ORIGIN GROWTH HABIT ASPECT AND CLIMATE GROWING REGION SIZE & FORM SOIL REQUIREMENT PH LEVEL FLOWER SPECIAL USES ATTRACTS WILDLIFE EXTRA NOTES

Australian plains

Kennedia rubicunda Vent. Kennedia Fabaceae (Queensland, the ACT, Victoria, Tasmania, and the Northern Territory) Fabaceae: sub-family Faboideae (New South Wales) Leguminosae (South Australia) Papilionaceae (Western Australia) Coral pea, dusky coral pea, dusky coral-pea, red Kennedy pea Native to the coastal and sub-coastal districts of eastern Australia (i.e. north-eastern Victoria, eastern New South Wales and eastern Queensland). Evergreen, Dense foliage, Open foliage, Spreading, Perennial. Sub-tropical, Warm temperate, Cool temperate. Tolerates light frost. Naturalised in south-eastern Australia (i.e. in Tasmania and beyond its native range in Victoria). Specifically growing in Low maintenance garden, Courtyard, Container growing, Coastal garden Ground cover, Climber Height--1-1.5 m; Spread--1-3 m Loamy, Sandy loam, Clay loam. Well-drained, Moist moderate drainage. Acid, Neutral, Alkaline Showy lipstick-red pea flowers. Flowing in spring, summer and winter. Erosion control, Pollution tolerant, Fast growing, Playground friendly Butterflies, Other insects. Food source for Long-tailed Pea-blue Butterfly larva. Dusky coral pea (Kennedia rubicunda) is regarded as an environmental weed in Tasmania and those parts of Victoria that are outside its native range. This species is seen as a potential threat to one or more vegetation formations in Victoria, and is currently of most concern in the southern parts of this state. For example, it is listed as an environmental weed in Knox City, has been targeted for removal from the Kananook Creek area south of Melbourne, and is listed as a potential environmental weed or "sleeper weed" in Frankston City. 27

Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata

FULL BOTANICAL NAME GENUS FAMILY COMMON NAME PLANT ORIGIN SIZE & FORM GROWTH HABIT ASPECT AND CLIMATE GROWING REGION

SOIL REQUIREMENT WATER REQUIREMENT FOLIAGE FLOWER

FRUIT DESIGN USES ATTRACTS WILDLIFE EXTRA NOTES

Australian plains

Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata Xanthorrhoea Liliaceae Grass Tree, Rock Grass Tree, Mount Lofty Grass Tree. This species of slow growing and long lived grass tree originates in South Australia. A low growing trunk topped with a spray of grassy leaves. It has a spear-like spike of flowers which can reach five metres tall.Medium Shrub (Usually between 1.2m & 3.6m). Clumping. Grown in temperate regions. It occurs in south-eastern regions from the Vincent Gulf to the northern Mt. Lofty Ranges where it inhabits rocky sites such as along ridges but also on heavy clay soils. This species grows naturally in dry sclerophyll forests, open woodlands, shrublands, heathlands and grasslands. It is mainly found growing in sandy and stony soils, but also occurs in red loams. Minimal Trunk to 2 m, sometimes branched; crowns hemispherical; leaves quadrate-rhombic in section, 1.5-2.5 (usually c. 1.8) mm wide, 1-1.5 mm thick, very bluegrey-green, glaucous. Inflorescence 95-125 cm long; scape 20-70 (usually c. 55) cm long, c. 12 mm diam.; spike length usually less than the scape length, 5-60 (usually c. 30)cm long, 20-40 (usually c. 30) mm diam., dark-brown at flowering. Fruits straight, 15-21 mm long, emerging 4-9 mm above the bracts; seeds 9-12 mm long, 3-4 mm wide. A very architectural and handsome plant for landscaping work. Feature plant, Wow factor. Refuge for small mammals, lizards. A bush ballerina with its leafy skirt and vertical flower stem. Long-lived. Dense stands are known to burn fiercely, which provides a further hazard for the indigenous flora and fauna in this country. 29

Eremophila nivea

FULL BOTANICAL NAME GENUS FAMILY COMMON NAME PLANT ORIGIN SIZE & FORM GROWTH HABIT ASPECT AND CLIMATE GROWING REGION SOIL REQUIREMENT WATER REQUIREMENT FOLIAGE FLOWER DESIGN USES

MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT EXTRA NOTES

Australian plains

Eremophila nivea Eremophila Scrophulariaceae Emu Bush, Silky Eremophila Rare in its natural location in WA. Medium shrub. Eremophila nivea is an erect shrub which grows to a height of between 0.8–1.6 m (3–5 ft). Erect, Spreading. Warm temperate, Mediterranean, Semi-arid, Arid Coastal footslopes, Plains, 2nd line coast Clay, Loam, Sand Minimal The leaves are arranged alternately along the branches and are linear in shape, mostly 8–18 mm (0.3–0.7 in) long, 1.5–2.5 mm (0.06–0.1 in) wide and have a covering of woolly hairs. Purple, Mauve. Tubular. Feature plant, Screen, Attractive foliage, Wow factor. A highly ornamental but hardy foliage plant. Plant singly for contrast or grouped as an informal hedge, feature in borders, roadside verges and raised beds. A good plant for drier areas, as it will be short lived in more humid areas. Needs good drainage and a sunny spot. It is helpful to mound the soil to improve drainage. Prune lightly after flowering. Eremophila nivea, commonly known as silky eremophila, is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. In nature it is a rare shrub with hairy branches and leaves, and blue, purple or violet flowers. Its branches, leaves and sepals are covered with a layer of soft white to greyish matted hairs giving the plant a silvery-greyish appearance. The leaves are arranged alternately along the branches and are linear in shape, mostly 8–18 mm (0.3–0.7 in) long, 1.5–2.5 mm (0.06–0.1 in) wide and have a covering of woolly hairs. 31

Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa

FULL BOTANICAL NAME GENUS FAMILY COMMON NAME PLANT ORIGIN SIZE & FORM GROWTH HABIT GROWING REGION SOIL REQUIREMENT WATER REQUIREMENT FOLIAGE

FLOWER

DESIGN USES

EXTRA NOTES

Australian plains

Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Blue gum, yellow gum. SA, Vic Medium tree. Eucalyptus leucoxylon is a tree that typically grows to a height of 10–30 m (33–98 ft) and forms a lignotuber. Upright to spreading. Open canopy. This species grows naturally in dry sclerophyll forests, open woodlands, shrublands, heathlands and grasslands. Clay, Loam, Sand Minimal Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same slightly glossy shade of green on both sides, lance-shaped to curved, 60–185 mm (2.4–7.3 in) long and 10–30 mm (0.39–1.18 in) wide, tapering to a petiole 9–25 mm (0.35–0.98 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of three in leaf axils on an unbranched peduncle 4–11 mm (0.16–0.43 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 2–14 mm (0.079–0.551 in) long. Mature buds are oval to diamond-shaped or more or less spherical, 6–17 mm (0.24–0.67 in) long, 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) wide with a conical to rounded or beaked operculum. Subspecies megalocarpa is a relatively small tree with red flowers and large fruit is often available under the horticultural name, ‘Rosea’. It flowers profusely in winter is widely planted as an ornamental plant. E.leucoxylon is regularly planted for windbreaks and shading. Eucalyptus leucoxylon, commonly known as yellow gum, blue gum or white ironbark, is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It has smooth white, yellow or bluish-grey bark, usually with 0.5–2 m (1 ft 8 in–6 ft 7 in) of rough fibrous to flaky bark the base of the trunk. Young plants and coppice regrowth have leaves mostly arranged in opposite pairs, egg-shaped to broadly lance-shaped, 45–105 mm (1.8–4.1 in) long and 20–73 mm (0.79–2.87 in) wide.

Olearia ramulosa

FULL BOTANICAL NAME GENUS FAMILY COMMON NAME PLANT ORIGIN SIZE & FORM GROWTH HABIT GROWING REGION SOIL REQUIREMENT WATER REQUIREMENT FOLIAGE FLOWER DESIGN USES MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT ATTRACTS WILDLIFE EXTRA NOTES

Australian plains

Olearia ramulosa Olearia Asteraceae Twiggy Daisy Bush SA, Vic, NSW, Qld, Tas Southern Lofty (SA) Erect shrub to 1.6 m tall with scattered to crowded leaves 2-8 mm long and 0.8-2.5 mm wide with a rounded apex. Underside of leaves grey-woolly.Medium Shrub (Usually between 1.2m & 3.6m). Upright to sprawling. Scattered along the coastline in sand dunes but also found in woodland across the State. Clay, Loam, Sand Moderate Narrow crowded dark green leaves, broader towards tip, 3-15mm x 0.8-1.7mm, downy white below, margins rolled under. Masses of small daisy flowerheads to 25mm wide. 2-10 ray florets. Planted singly as an ornamental under shrub planting in semi shaded areas or grouped as a low hedge. Prefers full sun and well-drained soils. Responds to pruning. Attracts butterflies and native insects. Olearia ramulosa, the twiggy daisy-bush, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It occurs in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. It's usually found growing in well drained soil in heathy open forest, often in gullies.

Eucalyptus camaldulensis

FULL BOTANICAL NAME GENUS FAMILY COMMON NAME PLANT ORIGIN SIZE & FORM GROWTH HABIT GROWING REGION

SOIL REQUIREMENT WATER REQUIREMENT FOLIAGE

FLOWER

FRUIT Australian plains

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Eucalyptus Myrtaceae River Red Gum SA Tall tree. Eucalyptus camaldulensis is a tree that typically grows to a height of 20 metres (66 ft) but sometimes to 45 metres (148 ft) and often does not develop a lignotuber. Open to moderately dense. Open canopy. Eucalyptus camaldulensis commonly grows on riverine sites, whether of permanent or seasonal water (Brooker et al., 2002). It is most extensive on grey heavy clay soils along river banks and on floodplains subject to frequent or periodic flooding, preferring deep moist subsoils with clay content (Costermans, 1989). It also lines the channels of sandy watercourses and creeks (Boland, 1984), commonly forming ribbon stands but sometimes extending over extensive areas of regularly flooded flats. Loam, Sand, Drought, Lime, Moderate frost Minimal The juvenile leaves are lance-shaped, 80–180 mm (3.1–7.1 in) long and 13–25 mm (0.51–0.98 in) wide. Adult leaves are lance-shaped to curved, the same dull green or geyish green colour on both sides, 50–300 mm (2.0–11.8 in) long and 7–32 mm (0.28–1.26 in) wide on a petiole 8–33 mm (0.31–1.30 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in groups of seven, nine or sometimes eleven, in leaf axils on a peduncle 5–28 mm (0.20–1.10 in) long, the individual flowers on pedicels 2–10 mm (0.079–0.394 in) long. Mature buds are oval to more or less spherical, green to creamy yellow, 6–9 mm (0.24–0.35 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide with a prominently beaked operculum 3–7 mm (0.12–0.28 in) long. Flowering mainly occurs in summer and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, hemispherical capsule 2–5 mm (0.079–0.197 in) long and 4–10 mm (0.16–0.39 in) wide on a pedicel 3–12 mm (0.12–0.47 in) long with the valves raised above the rim.

Ficinia nodosa

FULL BOTANICAL NAME GENUS FAMILY COMMON NAME PLANT ORIGIN SIZE & FORM GROWTH HABIT GROWING REGION

ASPECT AND CLIMATE SOIL REQUIREMENT FOLIAGE FLOWER DESIGN USES MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENT

EXTRA NOTES

Australian plains

Ficinia nodosa Ficinia Cyperaceae Knobby Club-rush SA, Vic, NSW, WA, Qld, Tas Grass Sedge or Flax, hemisphere. It grows to between 15 and 220 cm in height. Clumping. Coast, Coastal cliffs, Coastal dunes, Coastal footslopes, Plains, 2nd line coast. It occurs in sandy coastal areas near lakes and sea in Western Australia, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. Full sun to 70% shade. Inland it can handle cold and light frost to –5ºC. Gravel, Loam, Sand,Drought, Lime, Moderate frost, Soil salinity, Salt spray. Deep green cylindrical foliage. Flowering in spring & summer, with a semi-spherical brownish/cream flower at the top of the stems. It is excellent in water features and suitable for large-scale cultivation. Grow in a place full of sunlight or a small place. The plant is very sturdy and deserves to be used as a green landscape isolation zone. Once established, this species is drought tolerant. If necessary during long periods of hot weather it may be watered up to twice a week using sub-surface irrigation. Open mulch will help to conserve moisture. Ficinia nodosa, the knotted club-rush or knobby club-rush, is a rhizomatous perennial in the family Cyperaceae, thought to be native to Australia and New Zealand, it is widespread in the Southern Hemisphere. It is ideal for coastal landscaping as it can take full exposure to ocean winds. It makes a great contrast plant for other foliage grasses. Although native to the coastal zone it can be used in protected inland climates if it gets protection from heavy frost. It may yellow a little in cold inland winters but will green up again in spring. 39

Legends:

CONCEPTUAL PLANTING DESIGNS --COASTAL TYPOLOGIES

Eucalyptus macrocarpa ssp. macrocarpa

Allocasuarina littoralis

Dodonaea viscosa ssp. angustissima

Leucophyta brownii

Poa labillardieri

Option 1. Rigid Secret Garden (Rigid Pruned Planting)

SCREENING PLANTING TYPE 1 / HEDGING SCREENING PLANTING TYPE 2 SCREENING PLANTING TYPE 3 (PARTIALLY SCREENING) SHRUBBREY COPSE OF TREES TIMBER PATHWAY OUTDOOR FURNITURE - BENCH SCREENING PLANTING TYPE 1 / HEDGING

Option 2. SYMMETRICAL BOULEVARD PLANTING

SCULPTURAL FORM TREE ALLEE / FEATURE SPECIMEN SCULPTURAL FORM HEDGING TYPE 1 HEDGING TYPE 2 HEDGING TYPE 3 / BUFFER PLANTING SCULPTURAL FORM POMENADE SCULPTURAL FORM

Option 3. DIRECTORY FORMING PLANTING

SHRUBBERY / FILLER PLANTING COBBLESTONE PAVEMENT SHRUBBERY / FILLER PLANTING HEDGING FEATURE SPECIMEN

SHRUBBERY PLANTING BUFFER PLANTING

CONCEPTUAL PLANTING DESIGNS --ADELAIDE PLAINS TYPOLOGIES

Option 1. CORNER OF THE SITE Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa -- SCULPTURAL FORM PAVING

Eucalyptus camaldulensis -- WINDBREAK

LAWN

Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa -- SCULPTURAL FORM

Olearia ramulosa -- BUFFER PLANTING Ficinia nodosa -- FILLER Jacaranda mimosifolia -- MAIN LANDSCAPE TREE / FEATURE SPECIMEN 46

Myoporum parvifolium --SHRUBBERY/FILLER

Option 2. REST AREA FOR THE SITE

Grevillea lavandulacea -- SCREENING Olearia ramulosa -- BUFFER PLANTING

PAVING

Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa -- SCULPTURAL FORM Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata -- SHRUBBERY/FILLER

Jacaranda mimosifolia -- MAIN LANDSCAPE TREE FEATURE SPECIMEN

Option 3. HARD PAVING LEADS TO THE ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Jacaranda mimosifolia -- MAIN LANDSCAPE TREE FEATURE SPECIMEN

Eucalyptus camaldulensis -- WINDBREAK

Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata -- FILLER Myoporum parvifolium -- SHRUBBERY/FILLER Eucalyptus leucoxylon ssp. megalocarpa -- BUFFER PLANTING 48

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" With the considerable selection of 20 Australian native plants, the book will take you through a journey of understanding the beauty and features of Australian native specimens with both visual and literal representaitons... "

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SOUTH AUSTRALIAN PLANT BOOK

South Australian Plant Book

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