Georgia: Climate Facts and Policy

GEORGIA

CLIMATE FACTS AND POLICY 16 MILLION tCO2e 4.4 TONNES PER CAPITA

POLICIES AND PROCESSES Policy framework

Strategy for regional development for 2010-2020 Climate change strategy until 2030

EU-Georgia Association agreement

Assistance in mitigation, adaptation, carbon trading, low-carbon technologies, and climate mainstreaming

2030 targets and INDC

Mitigation Unconditional reduction of GHG emissions by 15 per cent below the business as usual (BAU) scenario for 2030 Conditional reduction of GHG emissions by 25 per cent below BAU for 2030 with international financial support Adaptation priorities Agriculture, forests, costal zones, early warning system for climate-related extreme events

GHG inventory of all sectors and gases Third national communication to UNFCCC First biennial update report to UNFCCC National inventory report to UNFCCC

3.7

3,796 US $

MILLION POPULATION

69%

CLIMATE ACTIONS

PER CAPITA GDP

OF TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION FROM FOSSIL FUELS

Sources: Third national communication (2015); latest population, energy and economic data from World Development Indicators of World Bank: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator

GHG emissions and energy efficiency

Low emission development strategy on GHG emission reductions starting in 2020 National energy efficiency action plan under preparation

Adaptation initiatives

Assessment of risks and losses, drought and flood response plans, irrigation management, coastal zone protection, agriculture, forests

NAMAs

Sustainable energy in rural areas, low-carbon buildings, urban transport sector

Local initiatives

Sustainable energy action plans established in 10 cities 13 Georgian cities signatories to Covenant of Mayors

CLIMATE FINANCE EU

Rehabilitation of the Enguri hydropower plant Sustainable pasture management (ClimaEast project), climate resilience of forest ecosystems

EBRD

Over US $100 million for Dariali hydropower plant (with carbon offsetting through reforestation) and Gori wind power plant (20 MW)

Eastern Europe Energy Efficiency and Environment Partnership (E5P) Tbilisi bus project

GEF

Sustainable transport in Batumi and Ajara cities, renewable energy, climate resilience of agriculture, production and use of biomass fuel

USAID

Low emission development strategy Institutionalization of climate change adaptation and mitigation at local and national levels Waste management technologies

UNDP - Adaptation Fund

Climate resiliency and flood management

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Energy and emissions Ijevan Ijevan Shamkir Mingachevi Vanadzor Gumushane Gyumri ShamkirGanja Shamkir Kars Dilijan Mingachevir Mingachevir Gyumri Gyumri Vanadzor Vanadzor Goych G GanjaGanja Gumushane Energy Agdash Energy andand emissions emissions Yevlax Dilijan Dilijan Gadabay Artik fuel energy installations Kars Xanlar Yevlax Sevan and carbon emissions Gumushane Gumushane Agdash AgdashRe Fossil Yevlax Gadabay Gadabay Artik Artik KarsKars Xanlar Sevan Sevan Bayburt DashkasanXanlar Sarikamish Hrazdanand plans Fossil fuel energy installations and carbon emissions energy installations Kelkit RenewableCO Dashkasan Dashkasan Charentsavan emissions from thermal power plants (coal/oil/gas), million tonnes per year: Hrazdan Hrazdan Bayburt Fossil Fossil fuelfuel energy energy installations installations andand carbon carbon emissions emissions Renewable Renewable energy installations installations and and plans plans Tartar 2energy Charentsavan Charentsavan Gavar Barda Sarikamish Bayburt Bayburt TartarTartarKagizman Kelkit GavarGavar Lake Sevan Barda Barda Sarikamish CO2 emissions from thermal power plants (coal/oil/gas), million Sarikamish tonnes per year: Wind KelkitKelkit Lake Sevan Lake Sevan Kagizman Vardenis CO2 CO emissions fromfrom thermal thermal power power plants plants (coal/oil/gas), (coal/oil/gas), million million tonnes tonnes per per year: year: Wind Wind Ejmiatsin more than 0.5 Thermal power plant (coal/oil/gas) 2 emissions Yerevan Pasinler Ashkale Kagizman Kagizman Vardenis VardenisHorasan Ejmiatsin Ejmiatsin Yerevan Yerevan Tsovinar Armavir Agcabadi Kalbacar Armavir Armavir Masis Tsovinar Tsovinar Erzurum more thanAshkale 0.5 Thermal power plant (coal/oil/gas) Large hydropower Pasinler Agcabadi Agcabadi Horasan Erzincan Kalbacar Kalbacar Masis Masis moremore thanthan 0.5Ashkale 0.5 Thermal Thermal power power plantplant (coal/oil/gas) (coal/oil/gas) LargeLarge hydropower hydropower Pasinler Pasinler Agdam Horasan Horasan Artashat Ashkale (more than 100 MW installed capacity) Ar0.5 0.1 — Agdam Agdam Uzumlu Artashat Artashat Igdir a A 100 Erzurum (more (more thanAthan installed installed capacity) capacity) Agri Igdir Igdir ra100 ra MW MW Erzincan Eup Erzurum Erzurum Vedi Xankandi hrat Erzincan Erzincan Vedi Xankandi Xankandi es 0.10.1 — 0.5 Uzumlu 0.001 — 0.1 Vedi Ararat Yeghegnadzor (Stepanakert) 0.1 — 0.5 — 0.5 Uzumlu Uzumlu Solar (under planning) Ararat Ararat Beyla Yeghegnadzor Yeghegnadzor Agri (Stepanakert) (Stepanakert) Eup Shusha (Shushi) Solar Solar (under (under planning) planning) Beylaqan Beylaq Agri Agri hraEtup Eup Shusha (Shushi) Shusha (Shushi) eshrat hrat 0.001 —0.001 0.1 es es 0.001 — 0.1 — 0.1 Fuzuli Sharur FuzuliFuzuli s Dogubeyazit Sharur Sharur Sisian Dogubeyazit Dogubeyazit Ara Sisian Sisian GorisGoris Goris Shahbuz Varto Shahbuz Shahbuz Qubadli Tunceli Qubadli Qubadli Maku Forests (high CO Maku Maku 2 absorption potential) Karakochan Ercish Varto Kapan Nakhchivan VartoVarto Kapan Kapan Solhan Nakhchivan Nakhchivan Tunceli Tunceli Tunceli Forests (high CO potential) Murat Forests Forests (high (high CO CO absorption absorption potential) potential) ZangilanKhoda Bingol 2 absorption Zangilan Zangilan 2 2 Khoda Afarin Khoda AfarinAfarin Karakochan Siah Karakochan Karakochan Ercish Siah Siah Ercish Ercish Solhan Solhan Solhan Adilcevaz Kovancilar Muradiye Muradiye Muradiye Ahlat Sogutlu Mush Bingol BingolMuraMt uratMurat Bingol Meghri Meghri Ordubad Ordubad Ordubad Pareh Pareh Pareh Haskoy Culfa Culfa Culfa Adilcevaz Adilcevaz Adilcevaz Kovancilar Kovancilar Kovancilar Lake Van AhlatAhlat Ahlat Sogutlu Sogutlu Sogutlu Guroymak MushMush Mush Maden Tatvan Van Haskoy Haskoy Haskoy LLaakkeeL aVVkaaenn V a n The dissolution of the Soviet collapse of the cenThe Ministry of Environment andGuroymak Natural Guroymak Guroymak Resources Protection Khvoy Khvoy Union and the Bitlis Khvoy Ergani Maden Maden Maden (MENRP) is the main coordination body Tatvan Tatvan Tatvan AharAhar Van planned economy Qotur Qotur in the early 1990s caused a significant on climate change. With- Van Ahar Vantrally Qotur Chermik Silvan Marand Marandthe lowest level reachMarand reduction in national GHG emissions with in the MENRP, the Climate Change Service acts as the main imBitlis Bitlis Ergani Ergani Bitlis Ergani Sufian Sufian ing 8.8 million tCO2e in 1995. In 2011, Georgia’s GHG emissions plementing entitySilvan and Sufian Ba Chermik Chermik Silvanthe National Environmental Agency is the Chermik Salmas Salmas Silvan Salmas 16 million tCO e, 33 Batman per cent of the Siirt 1990 emissions level of main source for climate data and studies. Georgia has recently were Diyarbakir 2 Bashkale million tCO2e. finalized and submitted the Third national communication (with 48 Bashkale Tabriz Tabriz Bashkale Tabriz Siirt Siirt Sarab Sar L a k eL aUk remUi ar m i a Diyarbakir Diyarbakir Siirt GHG inventory for 1990-2011), biennial update report Sa Batman Batman the First Lake Urmia Diyarbakir Batman

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and the National inventory report for 2010-2013 to UNFCCC.

Georgia largely depends on imported energy resources and 69 per cent of total energy consumption comes from fossil fuel. At the same time, Georgia relies heavily on hydropower for electricity production and plans to satisfy 100 per cent of electricity demand by hydropower in the future. The country has confirmed financing for several large (over 100 MW), medium, and small hydropower plants, some of which are already in the construction phase. In addition, Georgia is interested in developing other renewable energy potential such as solar, wind, geothermal and biomass. Georgia has become a full member of the Energy Community and complies with EU targets on energy security.

The Strategy for regional development for 2010-2020 covers climate change adaptation and sustainable development, and promotes renewable energy. Georgia has a Climate change strategy until 2030, and in 2016 finalized a Low emission development strategy (LEDS), which is a key instrument in guiding the achievement of Georgia’s GHG emissions reduction target. In addition, the socioeconomic development strategy, approved in 2014, aims for energy savings and energy efficiency measures, to be supported by relevant legislative mechanisms in line with European Union norms.

The MENRP has developed a roadmap for EU approximation in response to the climate action goals stated in the EU-Georgia Association agreement. The roadmap, which is already being implemented, pays special attention to the development and implementation of a National adaptation plan of action (NAPA), a Low emissions development strategy, and measures to promote technology transfer and phase-out of ozone-depleting substances and fluorinated greenhouse gases.

In April 2016 Georgia signed the Paris agreement on climate change and its ratification is expected. In its INDC, Georgia plans to unconditionally reduce GHG emissions by 15 per cent below the business as usual scenario for 2030. This is equal to a reduction in emission intensity per unit of GDP of approximately 34 per cent from 2013 to 2030. The 15 per cent reduction target will be increased up to 25 per cent, subject to international support and technology transfer. This target is equal to a reduction of emission intensity per unit of GDP of approximately 43 per cent from

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Silvan

Batman Batman Mitigation commitment:

Siirt Siirt

Emissions reduction Decoupling from population growth Decoupling from economic growth Renewable energy prospects

Adaptation action

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deficit of safe drinking water, reduction of quality and diversity of fisheries Kars Bayburt Sea and coastal areas: increase of sea level, salinization of coastal areas, Sarikamish deficit of safe drinking water, reduction of quality and diversity of fisheries RiskBayburt of floods Sarikamish Kagizman Risk of floods Kagizman Flash floods Pasinler Horasan Ashkale Flash floodsAshkale Pasinler Erzurum Horasan Heatwaves Erzurum Heatwaves Agri Droughts Agri Droughts

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Kizlyar

South Ossetia Tskhinvali South Ossetia

G

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Kraynovka

Lentekhi

Zugdidi

K

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Georgiyevsk

Ust-Dzheguta

Khabez

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Bashkale focal point: Climate Change Service Tabriz UNFCCC of the Bashkale Tabriz Lake Urmia Lake Urmia MENRP

GHG inventory: Climate Change Service of the MENRP Climate technology network coordination: Government Coordination Committee on Low emissions development strategy

SarabSa

Greenhouse gas emissions and projections for Georgia

Million tonnes 50

40 -15% 30

-25%

20

0

-10

Projections 1990

1992

Energy

1994

1996

Industrial processes

1998

2000

Agriculture

2002 Waste

2004

2006

2008

Land use, land use change and forestry*

2010

2012 Lower range

2020 2030 Higher range

Projections are based on Georgia’s national targets and INDC * The LULUCF values between 1992 and 2004 differ from the official data submitted by Georgia to the UNFCCC due to a 2004 redefinition of the boundaries of perennial orchards and crops in the state land cadastre.

2013 to 2030. The 25 per cent reduction below the BAU scenario would also ensure that Georgian GHG emissions by 2030 remain 40 per cent below the 1990 levels.

Georgia is currently drafting a National energy efficiency action plan, which can have significant mitigation potential. In addition, the voluntary reduction of GHG emissions by Georgian cities that have joined the Covenant of Mayors will contribute further to preand post-2020 mitigation in the country.

Georgia is seeking to prioritize adaptation measures and is identifying associated financial needs (domestic and external). Sea level rise impacts are projected to cause multiple negative consequences in the coastal zone of the country. The second Technology needs assessment recommends a combination of coastal zone protection technologies to prevent significant damage by rising levels of the Black Sea. In the absence of adaptation measures, losses in the tourism sector alone are estimated at US $2 billion by 2030. For the agricultural sector, planned adaptation measures include development of emergency response plans for droughts and floods; innovative irrigation management; implementation of site-specific anti-erosion measures; and the establishment of information centres that provide guidance on adaptive agriculture.

Climate finance Accessing adaptation funding is crucial for Georgia. Economic losses in the absence of adaptation measures for 2021-2030 are estimated at US $10-12 billion, while adaptation measures for coastal infrastructure, water management, agriculture and forest management are estimated to cost US $1.5-2 billion.

The development of the Low emission development strategy was financed by USAID while the EU and Germany provided support for the preparation of Georgia’s INDC. The EU, EBRD and GEF provide significant funding for hydropower development, renew-

© Zoï Environment Network (2017)

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able energy and energy efficiency. Georgia is also a participant in the Eastern Europe Energy Efficiency and Environment Partnership. Several donors such as the Adaptation Fund, EU and USAID fund climate resiliency and adaptation measures.

Sources of information for the scorecard National climate-related reports: INDC, Third national communication, GHG National inventory report, Roadmap for EU approximation in environment and climate action, EU ClimaEast project Analytical materials and expertise of Zoï Environment Network, as well as Georgian organizations and experts This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.

The designations employed and the presentation do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or region or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.