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4HE¬3WISS¬%NVIRONMENT¬AND¬#ONmICTS¬0ROJECT ¬STUDIED¬THECONDITIONS¬THAT¬ALLOW¬SOCIAL¬CONmICTS¬TO¬CROSS¬THE¬THRESHOLDOF¬ VIOLENCE¬ AND¬ CONCLUDED¬ THAT¬ ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCEDCONmICTS¬ RESULT¬ IN¬ VIOLENCE¬ ONLY¬ IF¬ AND¬ WHEN¬ SOME¬ OF¬ THEFOLLOWING¬lVE¬KEY¬SITUATIONS¬COINCIDE s )NEVITABLE¬ENVIRONMENTAL¬CONDITIONS ¬'ROUP¬SURVIVAL¬ISDEPENDENT¬ON¬DEGRADED¬RESOURCES¬FOR¬WHICH¬NO¬SUBSTI TUTES¬ARE¬APPARENT¬AND¬EVENTUALLY¬THE¬GROUP¬FACES¬AN¬INEVI TABLE¬AND¬THEREFORE¬DESPERATE¬ENVIRONMENTAL¬SITUATION s ,ACK¬ OF¬ REGULATORY¬ MECHANISMS¬ AND¬ POOR¬ STATEPERFORMANCE ¬7HEN¬A¬POLITICAL¬SYSTEM¬IS¬INCAPABLE¬OFPRODUCING¬CERTAIN¬SOCIAL¬AND¬POLITICAL¬CONDITIONS ¬IT¬BE COMES¬IMPOSSIBLE¬TO¬ACHIEVE¬GOALS¬SUCH¬AS¬SUSTAINABLEUSE¬OF¬RESOURCES ¬4HIS¬SHORTCOMING¬IS¬EITHER¬DUE¬TO¬ALACK¬OF¬STATE¬OUTPUTS¬REGARDING¬RESOURCE¬MANAGEMENTAND¬LIVELIHOOD¬SECURITY¬OR¬TO¬DISRUPTION¬OF¬SOCIAL¬INSTITU TIONS¬DESIGNED¬TO¬REGULATE¬ACCESS¬TO¬RESOURCES s )NSTRUMENTALISING¬THE¬ENVIRONMENT ¬$OMINANT¬PLAYERSUSE¬ OR¬ MANIPULATE¬ THE¬ ENVIRONMENT¬ TO¬ SERVE¬ SPECIlCGROUP¬ INTERESTS ¬ MAKING¬ ENVIRONMENTAL¬ DISCRIMINATIONAN¬ IDEOLOGICAL ¬ISSUE¬OF¬GROUP¬IDENTITY s /PPORTUNITIES¬ TO¬ BUILD¬ ORGANIZATIONS¬ AND¬ lND¬ AL LIES ¬0LAYERS¬ORGANIZE¬THEMSELVES¬ALONG¬POLITICAL¬LINESn¬OFTEN¬BEHIND¬A¬STRONG¬LEADER¬n¬AND¬GAIN¬ALLIES¬EITHERFROM¬GROUPS¬AFFECTED¬BY¬SIMILAR¬PROBLEMS ¬FROM¬CERTAINFRATERNIZING ¬FACTIONS¬OF¬THE¬ELITE ¬OR¬FROM¬FOREIGN¬GROUPSSUCH¬AS¬)'/S s 3PILLOVER¬ FROM¬ A¬ HISTORIC¬ CONFLICT ¬ %NVIRONMENTALDISCRIMINATION¬OCCURS¬WITHIN¬THE¬CONTEXT¬OF¬AN¬EXISTINGHISTORIC ¬CONmICT¬STRUCTURE¬AND ¬AS¬A¬RESULT ¬THE¬CONmICTRECEIVES¬NEW¬IMPETUS 3OURCE ¬AFTER¬"AECHLER ¬ ¬ ¬IN¬-ALTAIS¬ET¬AL ¬

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