The State of the Environment in Central Asia

Kazakhstan

Кыргызстан Kyrgyzstan

The State of the Environment in Central Asia: Illustrations of Selected Environmental Themes and Indicators

Таджикистан Tajikistan

Туркменистан Turkmenistan

Узбекистан Uzbekistan

2015 1

Financed by

European Union

The State of the Environment in Central Asia: Illustrations of Selected Environmental Themes and Indicators ISBN 978-9967-27-847-9 © FLERMONECA, 2015. © Regional Environmental Centre for Central Asia, Environmental Agency of Austria, Zoї Environment Network, 2015.

This publication has been developed based on the results of the FLERMONECA project, MONECA component.

Funding was provided by the European Union.

Concept and visuals: Viktor Novikov Regional and national maps: Vladislav Sibagatulin City maps and cartogrammes: Mathias Beilstein Regional data collection and quality control: Firuza Illarionova Contributors and reviewers: Nickolai Denisov, Talaibek Makeyev, Johannes Mayer, Olga Suvorova, Abzal Dzhusupov, Zauresh Abdieva, Akbayan Zhandylina, Shodibek Kurbonov, Gulbahor Saidova, Karimjon Abdualimov, Ubaidulo Akramov, Marina Plotsen, Bakhodyr Rakhmonov, Ivan Belikov, Ludmila Nyshanbayeva, Natalia Baidakova, Victoria Akopova, Oleg Guchgeldiev, Djumamurad Saparmuradov REC CA coordinators: Simon Charre, Saniya Kartayeva, Saltanat Zhakenova, Shynar Toilybayeva, Irana Bagirova, Abdulhamid Kayumov, Atabek Umirbekov, Amangul Ovezberdyyeva, Meder Seitkasymov English version editor: Geoff Hughes Layout and design: Yaroslav Tartykov Photos: Nailya Mustaeva, Vlad Ushakov, Viktor Novikov, Alexei Koshkin, A. Viesov, Simon Charre, Natalia Beshko, Vlad Yakushkin, Lawrence Hislop, Martin Mergili, Oleg Shipin

2

Disclaimer: the designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the European Union concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

We regret any errors or omissions that may unwittingly have been made. The content of this publication does not reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Responsibility for the information and views expressed herein lies entirely with the authors.

This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holders, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. Partners of the FLERMONECA project – GIZ, Regional Environmental Centre for Central Asia and Environmental Agency of Austria – would appreciate receiving a copy of any material that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in written form from the copyright holders.

Contents 1

SOCIOECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES......................................................................................4

2

AIR QUALITY................................................................................................................................................................6 AIR QUALITY IN MAJOR CITIES...........................................................................................................................8

3

WATER QUALITY......................................................................................................................................................12

4

PROTECTED AREAS................................................................................................................................................18

5

ENDANGERED AND RARE SPECIES....................................................................................................................28

6

FOREST RESOURCES..............................................................................................................................................38

7

MOUNTAIN ECOSYSTEMS....................................................................................................................................40

8

DESERTIFICATION AND LAND DEGRADATION.............................................................................................42

9

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND PROGRESS TOWARDS SEIS ..........................................................44

10

SOURCES OF INFORMATION..............................................................................................................................51

3

1

Socioeconomic and environmental features Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

10%

4.6%

Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyzstan

6.2%

90%

Turkmenistan

Urban

Total area

Rural

he population of Central Asia continues to grow, and the total for the region in 2015 is estimated at 65 million. The proportion of the population living in rural areas varies from 45 per cent in Kazakhstan to 73 per cent in Tajikistan. The two largest and most populous countries – Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan – also have the most diverse resources and industries, and are the economic leaders in the region. Turkmenistan has the lowest population but its rapidly growing oil and gas sector boosts its economy, especially the construction sector. Both Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan have seen their poverty rates drop over the past 10-15 years from 75-80 per cent to below 35-40 per cent due to economic growth and labour migration.

4

Uzbekistan

20%

Tajikistan

8.8%

eserts, semi-deserts and steppes cover much of Central Asia but each of the countries has mountains that occupy from 5 per cent in Turkmenistan up to 90-93 per cent in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The mountain ecosystems in Kyrgyzstan (Tien Shan) and Tajikistan (Pamir) are the water towers for the region and support globally significant biodiversity. Mountains are particularly vulnerable to climate change, and whatever happens in the mountains eventually affects the lowlands.

Uzbekistan 6.2%

3.0%

Tajikistan

Forest coverage Total area

Mountain coverage in percent of total area

Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, June 2015

D

Turkmenistan

93%

Proportion of mountain area by country

Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, June 2015 Source: World Bank (www.worldbank.org)

T

5%

Tajikistan

Population 1 million

Turkmenistan

Kyrgyzstan

Uzbekistan

Forest coverage in percent of total area

Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, June 2015 Source: FAO FRA 2010, State of the Environment reports

F

orest cover in the countries of Central Asia ranges from 3 per cent in Tajikistan to 9 per cent in Turkmenistan. Lowland desert forests, such as saxaul forests, are sparse, while mountain nut-and-fruit and coniferous forests are dense. Forests are the most important habitats for wild flora and fauna species and perform other functions such as the protection of soil and the regulation of climate. The majority of mountain and flood plain forests are protected, and timber harvesting is prohibited.

Kazakhstan 249.5 mio Astana

KAZAH STAN

14.5

3.5

1.0 Kyrgyzstan 6.5 mio

Bishkek Tashkent KYRGYZSTAN U Z B E K ISTAN T U R K M E N I STAN Dushanbe TA J I K ISTAN Ashgabat

10.0

Turkmenistan 53 mio

Uzbekistan 0.5 105.5 mio

Tajikistan 3 mio

Greenhouse gas emissions Total greenhouse gas emissions (million t/year)

Temperature and precipitation Temperature change 1976 - 2012 0.2

Greenhouse gas emissions per capita (t/year) Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, June 2015 Source: World Bank (www.worldbank.org)

D

uring the economic decline of the 1990s and the transition to a market economy, a reduction in energy consumption resulted in declining greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Central Asia.

Economic recovery in the region has favoured less heavy industrial development, and emissions in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan – countries with a high share of hydropower – have remained well below the world average of 5.5 tonnes per person, and are the lowest in the region. Uzbekistan’s emissions have been stable for a long time and are slightly below the world average. Growth in industry and energy consumption has caused the greenhouse gas emissions of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan to rise. About half of Tajikistan’s GHG emissions come from the agriculture sector. In all the other Central Asian countries, the energy sector accounts for most of the greenhouse gas emissions.

0.4

0.6 +0.8 °C

Precipitation change 1976 - 2012 Minus more than 10% Plus more than 10%

Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, June 2015

C

entral Asia is among the regions with the highest rate of warming in Eurasia, with warming more pronounced in the lowlands and less in the highlands. The increases vary from 0.2°C to 0.4°C per decade over the last 35 years. The interior parts of Central Asia, such as the semi-desert lowlands of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, as well as around the former Aral Sea, have seen a small decrease in precipitation. Some increase in precipitation has occurred in mountain areas of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Ice cover in the mountains has declined and the smallest glaciers at lower elevations are most vulnerable.

5

2

Air quality

Emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air

Kg per person

Industrial air pollution In 1990 stationary industrial sources accounted for the highest share of the region’s air pollution. Following independence heavy industries went through a period of restructuring, decline and plant closures, and a transition to new technologies and types of products. As a result of these two trends, industrial pollution levels declined. In recent years, estimates of emissions from stationary sources in Central Asia range from 3.0 million tonnes to 3.5 million tonnes per year; Kazakhstan accounts for 2.2 million tonnes per year of this estimate.

Coal’s role in the energy mix and manufacturing Kazakhstan has abundant coal reserves and an energy and industrial system based on coal. This has resulted in higher GHG emissions and levels of air pollution, especially from energy and metallurgical enterprises. In light of rapid economic growth and the forecasts for energy use, the role of coal is likely to remain significant, as are the levels of emissions.

In the two lowest emitters of the region – Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan – the role of coal used to be negligible, but growing energy deficits and the absence of affordable alternative sources has resulted in a switch to coal as the fuel for the countries’ growing industrial and power production.

Growth in transportation Industrial air pollution has declined, but the rapid growth in the numbers of cars on the roads has resulted in increased congestion and pollution in the large cities. In the numerous cities with deteriorating public transport systems, a personal car has become a more reliable means of transportation and in areas with high levels of development, personal transport has become a sign of status.

6

The contribution of mobile sources, primarily cars, to total air emissions varies from below 50 per cent in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, to 70 per cent in Uzbekistan and nearly 90 per cent in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan strive to maintain environmental and fuel standards within advanced levels.

High fuel prices in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan – where local petroleum production is insignificant – have prompted conversion of fuel systems in the cars from gasoline to natural gas. In Uzbekistan, the share of cars using liquefied natural gas is also growing.

140

STATIONARY SOURCES

Kazakhstan

120

100

Heavy metals The exploitation of the region’s rich mineral resources has included the mining of lead and mercury, two heavy metals with well-known human health and environmental impacts.

In the Soviet era, production levels and hence air emissions of these heavy metals were substantial. Nowadays, emissions from heavy metal production are not so significant, but still continue. Lead and mercury emissions from secondary sources – industrial activities and burning of fossil fuels – are lower, but the problem of their control and minimization remains relevant.

80

Turkmenistan 60

40

Dust and salt storms around the former Aral Sea Sand, dust and various salts now cover a vast area that was once the bottom or the coast of the Aral Sea. The wind whips these deposits into dust and sand aerosols that travel hundreds of kilometres, depending on wind speed and direction. These dust storms affect human health in densely populated areas near the former sea, damage vulnerable infrastructure and diminish air quality in Nukus and the Amu Darya delta.

Uzbekistan 20

Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan 0 Sources: Latest National State of the Environment reports and statistics (2010-2014), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year.

!

Map by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zo誰 Environment Network

Ufa

!

!

Petropavlovsk

!

Samara

RUS S IA

!

Ob

0

75 150

Km 300

sh Irty

Volga

Barnaul

Pavlodar

!

Saratov

!

Ural !

Ishim

Oral

Astana

\ ! !

Aktobe

! !

Temirtau

Nura

! !

Oskemen

! !Karaghandy !

!

KAZA KHS TAN

Zhezkazgan

Atyrau

!

!

!

Balkhash

!

ysu

!

S ar

!

Lake Balkhash

Taldykorgan

!

Sy r

rya Da

KaraBogaz-Gol

!

Navoi

Ashgabat

\ !

Tehran

\ !

CHIN A

!

Almaty

! !

Bishkek

\ Akhangaran K Y R G Y Z S TA N !

Lake Issyk-Kul

!

Settlement National border

!

!

Karshi

Undefined border

\ !

TA J I K I S TA N

Dushanbe Kulyab !

!

Osh

!

Samarkand

Mary

!

!

!

Turkmenabad

!

\ National capital !

!

!

Konduz

!

IRAN

\ ! !

!

!

Mashhad

Semnan

!

Shymkent

U Z B E K I S TA N

Turkmenbashy

!

TU R K M E N I S TA N

Chu

Taraz

Tashkent

a

! !

!

!

ary

\ !

Nukus Am

! !

uD

Baku

!

!

Aktau

Caspian Sea

Urumqi

!

Ili

A F G H A N I S TA N Kabul

\ ! !

Khorog nj Pa

!

Air quality and emissions

!

Cities with elevated and high levels of air pollution Stationary sources Mobile sources 1 square represents 40 000 tons of emissions

7

Air quality in major cities

Air quality monitoring stations 0

Astana

5 km

Map produced by ZoĂŻ Environment Network, July 2015

T

he fastest growing city in Central Asia is Astana (population: about 850 000), the capital city of Kazakhstan since 1997. Its location in the steppes means that it has strong winds that keep air pollution at the average level, but excessive air pollution levels are becoming more frequent. The city is seeing active development along with growing environmental pressure. The majority of Astana’s seven air monitoring stations are automated, and their data are publically available in real time.

The authorities are working to regulate traffic in the city and want Astana to be a clean city that sets a good example for the country.

8

Air quality monitoring stations 0

Ashgabat

5 km

Map produced by ZoĂŻ Environment Network, July 2015

I

nvestments in modernization of the capital city of Turkmenistan in the years since independence have completely transformed Ashgabat (population: about 750 000) from a town with low buildings to a vibrant showplace of modern white high-rise buildings with fountains and green areas. Most industries are located outside the city proper, and air quality is considered good according to the five monitoring stations. City transport is efficient and the number of personal cars is rising but the transport fleet is quite young, with lower emission and fuel consumption levels. Prevailing high temperatures and occasional dust storms and inversions combined with transport emissions are the key factors affecting the air quality in the capital.

0

5 km

Tashkent Air quality monitoring stations

Map produced by Zo誰 Environment Network, July 2015 0

T

he ancient city of Tashkent (population: 2.3 million) is the biggest metropolitan area of Central Asia and the capital of Uzbekistan. The Uzbek Hydrometeorological service at the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan has a long history of air and climate monitoring in Tashkent. Currently it operates an extensive system of more than 20 air quality monitoring stations.

Air quality in Tashkent varies from a moderate to a low level of pollution. The emissions from industries and transport in Tashkent are monitored closely. A clean air campaign is conducted twice a year. The number of cars is growing, but a modern transport fleet, better fuel quality along with emissions control help to reduce air quality impacts.

Almaty

5 km

Map produced by Zo誰 Environment Network, July 2015

A

s the former capital of Kazakhstan, Almaty (population: about 1.6 million; if metropolitan area is included: about 2 million) is the largest city in the country and remains the financial and business hub. Air quality in the city is measured at five standard and 11 automated stations, and varies from moderate to very poor. Commuting within the Almaty suburban areas is significant, and people prefer to drive larger cars with correspondingly higher emissions. Industrial sites are located across the city. The city microclimate has limited air exchanges, and inversions frequently trap pollution in the air above the city. The local authorities are looking for solutions such as increased use of public transport, especially metro, broadening the network of pedestrian and bicycle lines, and the promotion of natural gas as a fuel.

9

Air quality monitoring stations Not operational sites 0

Air quality monitoring stations 0

Bishkek

Dushanbe

5 km

Map produced by Zoï Environment Network, July 2015

5 km

Map produced by Zoï Environment Network, July 2015

P

rior to independence, Bishkek, formerly Frunze (population: about 1 million), the capital of Kyrgyzstan, had industrial sites across the city and even in the city centre, and emitted more pollutants than the capitals of the other republics. Currently, many of its industrial sites are dormant, and industrial air pollution has declined significantly.

Bishkek has seven air monitoring stations, and urban air quality varies from moderate to poor. A power station is the main contributor to air emissions from stationary sources.

Traffic jams and car emissions are growing along with the increase in the number of cars, and poorly regulated neighbourhood development and the poor conditions at waste sites intensify the city’s environmental stress.

10

T

he relatively young city of Dushanbe (population: 800 000) is the capital of Tajikistan and its largest city. Only one out of the city’s seven air monitoring stations operates, so the environmental picture of the city is incomplete. According to the latest available data, urban air quality in Dushanbe is good, but occasional dust storms and inversions may lead to elevated levels of pollutants. Vehicular traffic is growing and so are congestion and emissions. The public transport system has been neglected and does not meet the demands of the city. Historically, industrial sites were located on the outskirts of the city. Many of these operations went dormant after the split of the Soviet Union, but some of them are now restarting and new sites are located in the city proper. As a result, industrial emissions and air pollution levels are growing.

Urban air quality: Annual average concentration of SO2 in Central Asia cities

mg/m (x 1 000 μg/m ) 3

0.300

City populations and air pollution levels

Data for 2011-2013, selected cities

3

Kyzylorda

0.250

Ashgabat Turkmenbashi

0.200

Tashkent

0.150 0.100

Ust-Kamenogorsk Ridder Almalyk

0.050 0

Limit value

Ashgabat Angren KAZ

TKM

KAZ

KAZ

UZB

TKM

UZB

Tashkent Shymkent Almaty Bishkek Temirtau KAZ

KAZ

UZB

KAZ

Almalyk

Almaty

KYR

Ust-Kamenogorsk (Oskemen)

Sources: Latest National State of the Environment reports and statistics (2010-2014), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year.

Urban air quality: Annual average concentration of NO2 in Central Asia cities

mg/m3 (x 1 000 μg/m3)

Data for 2011-2013, selected cities

0.120

Almaty 0.100

Shymkent

Bishkek

Ust-Kamenogorsk Turkmenbashi Kyzylorda

0.080

Turkmenbashi 0.060

Tashkent

Bishkek Ridder Shymkent

0.040

Almalyk Angren

Limit value Ashgabat Temirtau

0.020 0

Ridder

Angren

Kyzylorda

Temirtau

Population, thousand persons Nationally determined 0 50 300 900 pollution level* High Moderate Low

KAZ

KAZ

TKM

KAZ

UZB

KYR

KAZ

KAZ

UZB

UZB

TKM

KAZ

Sources: Latest National State of the Environment reports and statistics (2010-2014), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year.

* Integrated air pollution index Sources: Latest National State of the Environment reports (2010-2015), FLERMONECA project reports (2015), Kazhydromet. Data are for the most recent available year: 2011-2013

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3

Water quality

Agricultural run-off and discharges from densely populated areas

Wastewater treatment and biological pollution

With its high temperatures and low rainfall, Central Asia has long depended on irrigated agriculture for much of its food and fibre production. Wasteful water use practices and overuse of pesticides and mineral fertilizers – legacies of the Soviet era – continue to cause problems today.

Irrigation water and drainage run-off either evaporate in the deserts or return to the rivers, thus increasing the mineralization content and decreasing water quality.

Water quality in the large rivers of Central Asia is mainly determined by agricultural run-off from irrigated lands and densely populated valleys. In the upper reaches of the rivers the water quality is normally quite good, while in the lower reaches it gets worse with higher mineralization. The downstream communities and several river deltas do not receive the necessary, and quite often even the minimal recommended flow. An inadequate flow poses a problem for both ecosystems and human health.

Low maintenance, ageing and inadequately sized sewage treatment facilities in many cities undermine the overall efficiency of wastewater management. The growth of population in both urban and rural areas creates additional pressure on water resources. Quite often the quality of surface water downstream of cities is unsatisfactory, especially in terms of biological pollution. In smaller cities and rural areas with poorly organized sewage and wastewater treatment systems, heavy rains and flash floods may flush biogenic pollutants into the rivers and canals, and increase the spread of waterborne diseases. Between 10 per cent and 30 per cent of Central Asia residents – mainly in smaller cities and provincial areas – lack access to safe water sources.

Water quality: Chu River, Kyrgyzstan

Nukus mg/l 0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

Sources: FLERMONECA project reports (2015), Uzhydromet. Data for the years 2010-2011.

12

Water quality in Kazakhstan Water Pollution Index (WPI) Ural River, Atyrau Province

WPI categories: Clean water

NizhniChuisky KYR-KAZ border

mg/l 0

Aral Sea, northern part

Moderately polluted water

Syr Darya River

Polluted water Very polluted water

Balkhash Lake

Tokmak, upstream

Shu (Chu) River

Vasilievka, below Bishkek

Termez

The closing of many industries after the break-up of the Soviet Union lowered the industrial pollution of surface waters. Industrial and mining waste and obsolete pesticide dumps in some areas, however, lack controls and supervision, and the situation has become unpredictable.

Flash floods, mud slides and heavy rains can wash the pollutants into surface waters, and significantly affect water quality. Groundwater pollution by industries, even where the production was stopped, also deserve attention.

Caspian Sea

Biological oxygen demand (BOD)

Salt content in the Amu Darya River

Industrial water pollution

Karabalta River, mouth Krasnoyarka River, Eastern Kazakhstan 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Sources: FLERMONECA project reports (2015), Kyrgyzhydromet. Data for 2013.

0

1

2

3

4

Source: Kazhydromet (http://www.kazhydromet.kz). Data for 2014.

5

6

7

!

!

m Ishi

!

Km 400

100 200

F

Pavlodar

!

Astana

\ !

Ural river basin

0

!

sh Irty

Ural

Northern Kazakhstan rivers basin

Ural

Oral

Barnaul

Ob

Saratov

F

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ob

ol

Vol ga

F

T

!

Map by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zo誰 Environment Network

Petropavlovsk

Samara

!

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Ufa

Ishim

!

!

Aktobe

Oskemen

Nura Karaghandy !

F Zhezkazgan !

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Sarys u

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\ National capital ! !

Settlement

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Ka r

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National border

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Khorog

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Murg ab

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Konduz

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Dushanbe Kulyab

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Kashgar

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Turkmenabad

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Naryn

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Ashgabat

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Aral Sea Basin

Amu Darya river basin

\ !

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Ili river basin

Almaty

Kun e s

Lake Issyk-Kul

Bishkek !

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Tashkent

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Turkmenbashy

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Shymkent

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Baku

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Chu and Talas rivers basin Chu

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Caspian Sea

Tala s

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Kyzyl Orda

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Urumqi

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Aral Sea

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Aktau

!

Syr Darya river basin

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Lake Balkhash

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Atyrau

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KAZAKHSTAN

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ya

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TAJIKISTAN Dushanbe

Ashgabat Karakum canal 0 100 km Water pollution

Osh

KYRGYSTAN

Water quality: Chu and Talas Rivers

! !

!

!

in Ma

!

TURKMENISTAN

!

! !

!

!

Navoi River Water quality: Amu Darya

Nukus

Navoy Zarafshan

!

!

K Y R G Y Z S TA N

\ !

!

da r mu

Aral Turkmenbashy TURKMENISTAN river delta

Tashkent

!

!

UZBEKISTAN

Amu Darya

Nar yn

!

Urgench A

Nukus

!

!

Lake Sarykamysh

Water quality: Amu Darya River

river delta

Bishkek

Shymkent

!

UZBEKISTAN

!

Nukus

!

Aral

Km 300

75 150

\ !

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CHINA ! raf shan ecUtoZ B E K I S T A N A F G H A N I S TAN r TAJIKISTAN ! downstream Karshi ! !

0 150 km NavoyTurkmenabad Dushanbe High Moderate Low Shu \ !

KYRGYSTAN Amu Darya Zarafshan Ashgabat KAZAKHSTAN Kulyab KAZAKHSTAN \N T U R K M E N I S T A! Karakum s ky Can Sources: Latest National State of the Environment reports and statistics (2010-2014), Khorog T A J I K I S Ta lA N Shu Mary FLERMONECA project reports (2015), SIC ICWC-UNECE web-portal “Water quality in Central Asia”.

Dushanbe This map reflects and generalizes the situation in 2010-2014.

Ashgabat Water pollution Konduz upstream Bishkek Karakum Taraz KaraHigh Tokmok balta canal Mashhad Panj AFGHANISTAN Moderate AFGHANISTAN Water pollution Chu do IRAN Talas 0 150 km n upstream Low High Moderate Low K Y R G Y Z S T A N Kabul \ ! former Kyzylorda Sources: Latest National State of the Environment reports and statistics (2010-2014), Sources: Latest National State of the Environment reports and statistics (2010-2014), Aral FLERMONECA project reports (2015), SIC ICWC-UNECE web-portal “Water quality in Central Asia”.

FLERMONECA project reports (2015), SIC ICWC-UNECE web-portal “Water quality in Central Asia”.

KAZAKHSTAN Sea This map reflects and generalizes the situation in 2010-2014.

This map reflects and generalizes the situation in 2010-2014.

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Source FLERM This ma

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Water quality: Syr Darya River

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!

Pa n

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!

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!

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!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

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!

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!

!

!

Ba

!

!

!

!

!

Syr Darya

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

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!

! ! ! !

!

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! !

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!

!

!

! !

!

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!

Naryn

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

! !

!

!

Lake Issyk-Kul

!!

K Y R G Y ZS TA N

!

!

!

!

!

!

Toktogul Res.

!

Samarkand

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

Bishkek

!

rdarya

!

\ Tashkent !

Lake Aidarkul

Navoi

14

!

Sy

U Z B E K I S TA N

Urgench

\ !

!

Sources:!Nukus Environmental bulletins of Kazakhstan and State of the Environment reports (2010-2014), Shymkent !

FLERMONECA project reports (2015), SIC ICWC-UNECE web-portal “Water quality in Central Asia”.!

This map reflects and generalizes the situation in 2010-2014. !

Chu

Taraz

!

!

Sources: Latest National State of the Environment reports and statistics (2010-2014), FLERMONECA project reports (2015), SIC ICWC-UNECE web-portal “Water quality in Central Asia”.

This map reflects and generalizes the situation in 2010-2014.

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Low

Almaty

100 km

!

!

!

Moderate

!

High

!

!

!

0

!

Water pollution

!

150 km

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

Tal as

!

!

!

!

!

0

!

! upstream FLERMONECA project reports (2015), SIC ICWC-UNECE web-portal “Water quality in Central Asia”.

Shu in 2010-2014.

This map reflects and generalizes the situation Kyzyl Orda !

!

W

Taldykorgan

KIli Sources: A Z Latest A National K HStateS of Tthe Environment A N reports and statistics Ili (2010-2014),

Almaty Osh

150 km

!

UZBEKISTAN

0

Osh

!

!

Lake Balkhash UZBEKISTAN

C H I NLow A !

!

!

Moderate !

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! ! downstream ! !

K A Z A K H S T A N! Syrdarya Ili Kapchagai res.

Aral Sea

Naryn Km 0 50 100 200

!

!

!

!

KYRGYZSTAN

!

Tashkent

Moderate Low

Naryn

Tashkent Balkhash

!

High

KYRGYZSTAN

!!

Water pollution

!

!

Syr Darya

Water pollution

Water quality: Ili River and Balkhash Lake High

Kyzylorda KAZAKHSTAN

!

!

former Aral Sea

!

!

Water quality: Syr Darya River

Balkhash

CHINA

Source FLERM This m

!

!

!

!

High Taldykorgan

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! ! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

C ha ry n

!

! !

!

!

!

!

Talgar

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

! !

!

!

!

!

! !

Cholpon-Ata

!

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

\ !

Bishkek Tokmok

!

!

!

Korday

Kara-Balta

CHINA

s

!

!

!

!

Te

!

Almaty

!

!

!

Shu

!

! !

ke

!

!

!

!

Sources: Environmental bulletins of Kazakhstan and State of the Environment reports (2010-2014), FLERMONECA project reports (2015), SIC ICWC-UNECE web-portal “Water quality in Central Asia”.

This map reflects and generalizes the situation in 2010-2014.

Kapchagay

!

Kunes

Ili

!

! !

100 km

!

!

0

!

!

Low

!

!

!

!

Kulja

!

!

!

!

Zharkent

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

100 km

!

!

KAZAKHSAN

!

! !

0

Low

!

Tekeli Sources: Environmental bulletins of! Kazakhstan and State of the Environment reports (2010-2014), ! ! ! ! ! ICWC-UNECE ! !

FLERMONECA project reports (2015), SIC web-portal “Water quality in Central Asia”. ! ! ! ! ! !

This map reflects and generalizes the situation in 2010-2014. ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! !

!

!

!

Moderate

!

! !

!

!

Sources: Latest National State of the Environment reports and statistics (2010-2014), Ili quality in Central Asia”.

FLERMONECA project reports (2015), SIC ICWC-UNECE web-portal “Water ! upstream This map reflects and generalizes the situation in 2010-2014. ! !

Water pollution

Ushtobe

!

! !

!

!

150 km

!

!

! !

! !

!

!

!

!

!

0

Osh

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Km 100

0 25 50

!

!

!

Almaty

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

UZBEKISTAN

!

Moderate

upstream

Naryn

!

High

Ili

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

KYRGYZSTAN

Almaty Water pollution

CHINA

Kapchagai res.

!

!

!

!

! !

Ili

!

!

! !

!

!

!

Ili

!

!

AN

downstream KAZAKHSTAN

! !

!

Kapchagai res.

Low CHINA

Water quality: Ili River and Balkhash Lake

!

Tashkent Lake Balkhash

Moderate

downstream KAZAKHSTAN

Balkhash

!

Syr Darya Water pollution

!

!

!

High Water quality: Ili River and Balkhash Lake

Ili

!

This map reflects and generalizes the situation in 2010-2014.

\ !

!

!

!

!

!

!

Cholpon-Ata Lake Issyk-Kul

Water quality: Syr Darya River !

!

!

!

!

!

Ch u

rya

\ Kara-Balta !

Tokmok Bishkek

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Bishkek Tokmok

Talas Chu Talas upstream Low Shymkent K Y R G Y Z S T A N Arys KYR G Y ZS TA N former Kyzylorda Sources: Latest National State of the Environment reports and statistics Aral (2010-2014), KAZAKHSTAN Sea quality in Central Asia”.

FLERMONECA project reports (2015), SIC ICWC-UNECE web-portal “Water

!

Sources: Latest National State of the Environment reports and statistics (2010-2014), FLERMONECA project reports (2015), SIC ICWC-UNECE web-portal “Water quality in Central Asia”.

This map reflects and generalizes the situation in 2010-2014.

!

!

!

!

Karatau Taraz Karabalta Taraz

upstream

KYRGYZSTAN

!

!

!

Chu

Talas

Low

!

!

!

!

!

!

Balkhash

Moderate

!

FLERMONECA project reports (2015), SIC ICWC-UNECE web-portal “Water quality in Central Asia”.

Shu ! !

This map reflects and generalizes the situation in 2010-2014.

Korday ! ! !

!

l Asia”.

!

Turkestan Water pollution S y r Highda

!

0 km

! !

Bishkek Tokmok

Karabalta

Taraz

High

Kapchagay A! N A F G H A N I S Panj TAN 0 150 km Low !

Talgar Almaty !

Moderate Shu Ta las K A Z A K H S T A N Shu !

Sources: Latest National State of the Environment reports and statistics (2010-2014),

!

Moderate

ver

!

High

K A Z A K H S TZhanatas AN !

l Asia”.

!

Water0 pollution 100 km

Kentau

km

upstream

!

K A Z A K H S T

downstream

Water pollution

!

Water quality: Chu and Talas Rivers

N

am

!

ver

Shu

!

!

!

TAJIKISTAN Dushanbe

!

KAZAKHSTAN

KAZAKHSTAN

!

!

!

Ashgabat Karakum canal

Shu

!

!

!

Chu

KYRGYSTAN

100 km

!

!

TURKMENISTAN

0 downstream

!

Navoy ZarafshanIli

!

Amu Darya !

Water quality: Chu and Talas Rivers

!

!

! !

Ushtobe

!

!

!

Lake Balkhash UZBEKISTAN

Nukus

!

!

!

!

Km

0 25 50 100 Water quality: Amu Darya River

!

!

!

!

Aral

river delta !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Lake Issyk-Kul

K Y R G Y Z S TA N

!

15

Alaudin Lakes, Fann Mountains, Tajikistan

16

The Amu Darya River at Nukus, Uzbekistan

17

4

Protected areas

Protected areas in Central Asia Area, km2

250 000

Kazakhstan 8.8%

E

200 000

ach of the countries in the region makes a significant effort to conserve wild nature, and each has its own network of protected areas. In addition, the countries cooperate in the monitoring and protection of populations of migrating species of birds and animals, and work together on transboundary issues.

Tajikistan’s protected areas system includes four strict nature reserves, one national park that covers nearly half of the Tajik Pamir, the Shirkent and Saryhosor natural-historical parks, several Ramsar sites and 13 species management areas.

Overall, protected areas occupy almost 22 per cent of the country – the biggest share among Central Asian countries.

Protected areas of Kazakhstan cover 8.8 per cent of the country and consist of nearly 100 sites, including 10 strict nature reserves, 12 national parks, 5 special nature protection zones and numerous other sites with sustainable natural resources management or species conservation status.

Kazakhstan’s biodiversity conservation plans call for a further increase in the number and coverage of nature reserves and parks and for improved efficiency.

Turkmenistan’s nine strict nature reserves cover 925 000 hectares with a wide range of ecosystems. Additionally, there are a number of species management areas. Management plans and expansion of the whole network of protected areas, including establishment of a national park have been developed. Turkmenistan is actively working on the greening of areas around settlements and near the Aral Sea. Such green plantations, along with natural forests, are protected by the state.

The existing network of protected areas in Kyrgyzstan includes 10 strict nature reserves, 10 national parks and more than 50 species management areas and nature monuments, covering 6 per cent of the land area. In 1998 Kyrgyzstan designated the entire Issyk-Kul province, including the famous mountain lake, as a biosphere territory. If the IssykKul Biosphere Territory is included, the area under nature conservation status in Kyrgyzstan comes to one quarter of the country’s total area. In addition, nearly all the Kyrgyz forests are considered as high-value ecosystems for which monitoring, control and conservation measures have been established.

Uzbekistan has a wide network of protected areas – eight strict nature reserves, three natural parks, 12 species management areas, one biosphere reserve and several centres for captive breeding of rare birds and animals. Together these areas cover almost 2.4 million hectares or around 5 per cent of the country’s territory. In addition, there are 25 water protection zones. The development programme for protected areas anticipates expansion of up to 8.1 million hectares.

Other types of protected areas National parks (IUCN II)

40 000

Nature reserves (IUCN I) 5% Per cent of country’s area Other types of protected areas in Kyrgyzstan include the Issyk-Kul Biosphere Territory

35 000

Tajikistan 21.7%

30 000

25 000

Uzbekistan 5%

Turkmenistan 4.4%

20 000

15 000

Kyrgyzstan 6.1%

10 000

5 000

0 Source: Latest National State of the Environment reports and statistics (2010-2014), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year. *Kyrgyzstan’s other types of protected areas include the Issyk-Kul biosphere territory

18

!

Map by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zo誰 Environment Network

Ufa

!

!

Petropavlovsk

0

!

Barnaul

Ob

RUS S IA

Samara

Km 300

s Irty

Vo l ga

!

75 150

h

Pavlodar

!

Saratov

Ural

Ishim

!

Oral

!

Astana

\ !

!

Nura

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!

Oskemen Karaghandy !

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Atyrau

!

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ysu

!

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Lake Balkhash

!

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!

a D ary mu

TU R K M E N I S TA N

Turkmenabad

Osh

Samarkand

! !

Semnan

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TA J I K I S TA N

\ !

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umsky C an a l ak

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IRAN

A F G H A N I S TA N

National border Undefined border

Strict nature reserve (IUCN I) National park (IUCN II)

!

!

Lake Issyk-Kul

Protected areas

Zara fshan

Khorog

!

Pa nj

Tehran

\ !

Mary

Naryn

!

!

Ashgabat

\ !

K Y R G Y Z S TA N

Navoi !

!

\ !

Bishkek

!

Tashkent ! \

A

Turkmenbashy

!

Taraz

CHIN A

!

!

Urgench

\ !

Almaty

Shu

Shymkent

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!

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\ !

Caspian Sea

Urumqi

Ili

Aral Sea

Integrated protected area (IUCN I, IV, VI) Species management area (IUCN IV) Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources (IUCN VI) Other type

Kabul

\ ! !

19

!

Map by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zoï Environment Network Ufa

!

!

Petropavlovsk

!

Omsk

0

I rty

100

sh

!

!

Vo lg

a

!

Kokshetau

Samara

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Semei Bulandy ormany West-Altai Irtysh ormany Zharsor-Urkash Buiratau Katon-Karagay Is him Astana Bayanaul Kyzyltau \ !

Oskemen a Tounsor u Atbasar Nizhni-Turgusun Sarykopa Belagash Markakol Ontustik Altai Kuv Altyn Dala Karaghandy Korgalzhy Karkaraly Karatal Turgay Ulytau Kuludzha Sands Beldeutas Kyzylarai Karaagash Irgiz-Turgai Tarbagatai Naurzum

Ural !

!

!

N

r

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Km 400

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Mikhailovsky

RUS S IA

Saratov

200

Aktobe

!

!

Akzhayik !

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Atyrau

Northern Caspian Sea

Karak-Karakol Kenderli-Kayasan

a

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Aral Sea

!

Kyzyl Orda

Am !

\ !

1

Timur

Zhambyl

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Boralday

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ud

Urgench

!

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!

!

Arys Karaktau

РАН

\ !

Kolsay kolderi

Aksu Zhabagly

! !

20

!

!

CHINA

Lake Issyk-Kul

Dushanbe

\ !

Kulyab

Protected areas

Settlement

Strict nature reserve

National border

National park

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Integrated protected area

!

Khorog

!

Pa nj

!

!

Oshcapital \ National ! !

!

Charyn

Naryn

Samarkand

Almaty

!

!

K Y R G Y Z S TA N Tashkent ! \

3

Алматы

Sairam Ugam

3 !

\ !

2

Ile Alatau

Almaty Karakunuz Bishkek

!

Arys-Karaktau

a

hu

Karatau Berikkara Taraz 1

U Z B E K I S TA N

Baku

Lepsinsk Zhongar-Alatau Upper-Koksu Altyn-Emel

Zhusandaly Andasai C

Southern Kazakhstan

Caspian Sea

Ili

Southern Kazakhstan

Kargaly

Ustyurt

Karoy

Balkhash

d

ar y

!

Toktinsky

Kogashik Lake Balkhash

yr

Aktau-Buzachi Aktau

S

Barsakelmes

Alakol

Kukan

K A Z A K H S T A N Sary su

Novinsky

Species management area Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources

Map by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zo誰 Environment Network

!

Zhanatas

!

!

Shu

!

Karatau

!

!

Maimak Karabuura

Shymkent

!

Bishkek \ !

Jarly-Kaindy Tokmok Yablonevaya Shel Chon-Aryk

Kara-Archa

Ken-Suu Tup

!

Talas Talas

Malaya Ak-Suu

Chon-Kemin

Besh-Tash

Lenger

Issyk-Kul

Ala-Archa

!

Ak-Suu Suusamyr

Chychkan

!

Besh-Aral

Kochkor

Uzunakamatsky Chatkal Sary-Chelek Chanach Toktogulskoe Padysha-Ata Lake Song-Kol Batrakhansky Res. MiskinKan-Achuu Jel-Tiybes Min-Kush Saisky KuruDashmansky Nar yn Razan-Say Kolsky Kosh-Tektir Tash-Kumyr Saimaluu-Tash Kyrgyz-Gava KaratalJilgyndy Japaryk Namangan Jalalabat Yasinky Kara-Shoro U Z B E K I S TA N Andijan Kokand Kulun-Ata Osh

K

Y

!

R

G

Y

Z

hu

Taraz

!

! Tashkent \

Km 80

Almaty Talgar

!

Besh-Aral

20 40

KAZA KHS TAN

Shu

!

0

Kapchagaiskoe Res.

Kapchagay

C

S

Ottuk

T

A

Lake Issyk-Kul Jety-Oguz

Teplokluchenka Karakol

Jargylchak

N

Sarychat-Ertash

Naryn Naryn !

Salkyn-Tor

!

Akhangaran

!

!

!

!

!

Kairakkumskoe Res. Khudzand

!

Fergana

!

!

Isfara

Kyzyl-Kiya Kyrgyz-Ata !

!

Janchakty

Chirandy

Gulcho Bel-Uli

Sary-Mogol Bolshoy Oi-Kaiyn Surmatash

Sarkent

\ National ! capital !

Ak-Bura

!

CHIN A Kashi

!

!

Garm

Jirgital

!

Settlements National border

Protected areas Strict nature reserve National park Flora species management area

Lake Karakul

Species management area Forest reserve

TAJ IKISTA N

\ !

Fauna species management area Biosphere Reserve Issyk Kul

nj Pa

21 !

Map by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zoï Environment Network

! Tashkent \

UZBE KIS TAN

Namangan

Jalalabat

!

arya Syr D

ar rD

Sy

^ ! ¬

Andijan

!

!

Gulistan

!

h Fetg ana C

Kayrakkum Res. Khudzand

Djizzak

Osh

an al

!

Natural park

Zerafshan

Historical natural park Dzhirgital

Kamarov

Iskanderkul

Sarikhosor

!

Dushanbe ^ ! Faizabod Shahrinav ¬

Garm

Romit

Shirkent Almosy Varzob !

Lake Karakul !

TA J I K I S TA N Tavildara

Sangvor

Tajik National Park

Nurek Childukhtaron Nurek Res.

Obikiik

C H I N A

!

!

!

Muzkul

!

Vanch

Murgab

!

!

Lake Sarez

Kofarn iho

n

Vaksh Kurgan-Tube

Kulyab

!

!

Shuroabod

!

Karatagh Dzhilikul Tigrovaya Balka

Beshkent

Rushan

!

Dasht-i Djum

Zor Kul

!

!

!

nj Pa

Kokcha

Khorog

Feyzabad

!

!

A F G 22

Konduz

!

Settlement

National park Species management area

!

!

National capital

Strict nature reserve

K Y R G Y Z S TA N

Shahriston Kusavli-Say Say-Vota Ayni

Km 80

Undefined border UNESCO World Heritage Site Protected areas

Fergana

!

Zerafshan

40

National border

!

!

!

20

!

Oktosh

ya

0

Taloqan

H A N I S T A N !

Ishkashim !

nj Pa

Map by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zo誰 Environment Network Lake Sarykamysh

Dashoguz

Sarygamysh

Kara-Bogaz-Gol

!

UZBE KI STAN

Urgench !

Gaplangyr

Lake Aidarkul

Lake Golden Age !

Km 100

0 25 50

Turkmenbashi

Khazar

!

Khazar

Berekteli Karakum

Balkanabat

!

Amudarya

!

Kum Dag Ogurjaly

!

Navoi

!

Bukhara

!

Bereket

Samarkand

!

!

Serdar !

Caspian Sea

T U R K M E N I S T A N

Syunt-Hasardag

!

Turkmenabad

Main collector

Kopetdag Ruhabat Ashgabat \ !

Guryhovdan Kar aku ms ky

Karshi

!

Repetek biosphere reserve

!

Am u

ary a

D

Khazar

Seydi

!

Hojaburjebelent Kerki Hojapil !

Mary

Ca na

!

Tedzhen

!

Bairam-Ali

Kelif

Koytendag

Hojagaravul

Iolotan

!

l

!

Garlyk

Kopetdag Sheberghan

zar-E S

!

\ National capital ! !

Settlement National border

Protected areas Strict nature reserve Species management area

Mashhad

!

IRAN

Badkhyz

Gyzyldzhar Chemenabit

AFG HANISTAN

Serhetabat

!

23

Map by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zo誰 Environment Network 0

Saigachyi

Aral Sea

!

50

Km 200

100

Shu

Kyzyl Orda

K A Z A K H S T A N

Sudoche

ishkek

\ !

Taraz

ara-Bal

!

Syr

Darya

Lower-Amudarya !

!

Urgench

!

Ugam-Chatkal

U Z B E K I S T A N

Durmen

Lake Golden Age

Lake Aidarkul

Kyzylkum

TU R K M E N I S TA N

Karakyr

Aktau Sarmysh

Chardarinskoe Res.

Nurata !

Dengizkul

National border Strict nature reserve

Sechankul

!

Am

u

Water protection zone

rya Da

al

National park Kara Species ! management area ku \ ms k y centre Wildlife rehabilitation Ca n Nature monument

Mary

Osh Central Fergana !

Fergana

Khudzand

!

!

!

KYRGYZSTAN

Kitab Karshi

Zarafs han

TA J I K I S TA N

!

Dushanbe \ ! sh Vak

Gissar

Surkhan

!

Kulyab !

!

Kurgan-Tyube

Khorog

!

Termez

Feyzabad

!

Pa n

!

! !

nd u

z

j

AFGHANISTAN 24

!

!

Mubarek

!

Turkmenabad

Protected areas

Gulistan Bekabad Djizzak

Namangan

Andijan Yazyavan

Peski Akkum

Samarkand Kitab

Drofiny

Settlement

!

Zarafshan Zaamin

!

\ National capital !

Tashkent

!

Eco-center Navoi "Jeyran" Bukhara Karnabchul

Rodnik

\ !

Arnasai

Karnabchul

!

!

Chatkal Biosphere

n

Dashoguz

!

Shymkent

Kofarnih o

Lake Sarykamysh

Talas

Altyn-Emel National Park, Aktau Mountains, Kazakhstan

Gissar Mountains, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan

Repetek Nature Reserve, Turkmenistan

Nurata Nature Reserve, Uzbekistan

25

Sarez Lake, the Tajik National Park

Kopetdag Mountains, Turkmenistan

26

Dinosaur footprints, Kugitang (Koytendag) Mountains, Turkmenistan

Ala-Archa National Park, Kyrgyzstan

27

5

Endangered and rare species

T

threat from dangerous epidemics. The country’s measures for monitoring and protecting rare species have led to the growth in the populations of the moufflon, goitered gazelle, kulan and Bukhara deer.

In Kazakhstan, the Saiga antelope living in semi-deserts has recovered from the near-extinction caused by intensive hunting and illegal poaching for horns, but is still under

Nearly half of all mammals in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are included on the Red List. Rare and endangered species include the snow leopard, argali, the markhor goat, Bukhara mountain sheep and Bukhara deer as well as the Tien Shan bear.

Integration of new technologies for recording and monitoring of large ungulate animals in both countries provided more accurate data on their populations, habitats and migration corridors. This information can be used for decision-making and the implementation of conservation measures.

he intensive and unregulated hunting of large rare mammals together with the loss and fragmentation of habitats has had a negative effect across Central Asia, but state efforts to record and protect rare species and establish responsible hunting are underway. The countries are developing transboundary cooperation for the protection of the snow leopard, argali, Bukhara deer and Saiga antelope, with new initiatives aimed not only at the conservation of species, but also at the sustainable management and conservation of their habitats.

Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are studying the goitered gazelle, Bukhara deer, mountain urial and other rare species, and are working for their protection and reproduction.

Turkmenistan takes pride in preserving the only remaining population of the Asian leopard in Central Asia.

The Caspian tiger, the biggest predator in Central Asia, was once common in the jungles and river plain forests from Kazakhstan to Tajikistan, but the clearing of the forests removed the tiger’s natural habitat, and excessive, uncontrolled hunting caused the disappearance of the remaining animals by the middle of the twentieth century.

Scientists are mapping the former habitat, and are imagining the reintroduction of the big cats to the region.

The number of animals of selected rare species in Central Asia Bukhara deer

Snow leopard*

Markhor goat

* Based on expert estimates, variations are possible

KAZ KAZ UZB 900 TKM

100

100

460 250

UZB TJK

230

50

KYR

280

TJK

UZB

300

TKM

700

1400 TJK

Sources: National reports to the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS), National reports to the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). national Red List data, scientific assessments. Data are for the most recent available year: 2009-2015.

28

!

СMap by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zoï Environment Network

Ufa

!

!

Petropavlovsk

Vo lga

Samara

RUS S IA

Saratov

Km 400

Pavlodar

!

Ural !

100 200

sh Irty

!

0

!

Ob

!

Barnaul

Ishim

Oral

Astana

\ !

Oskemen !

!

Aktobe

Nura !

Karaghandy

KAZA KHS TAN

Atyrau

!

Zhezkazgan

Sarys u

!

!

Aral Sea

Aktau

Lake Balkhash

Kun e s

r Sy

Almaty Chu \Bishkek !

ry Da

Taraz

!

a

Shymkent

Caspian Sea

!

KaraBogaz-Gol !

!

Urgench

u Am

\ !

Turkmenbashy

\ !

U Z B E K I S TA N Samarkand

Turkmenabad Ashgabat

Ka r !

I R A N

Mashhad !

!

msky Ca n a l ku

!\ !

National capital Settlement National border Undefined border

Bukhara deer

Zara f shan

\ !

TA J I K I S TA N

Dushanbe Kulyab Konduz !

A F GH A N I S TA N Kabul

\ !

Snow leopard Saiga antelope

!

!

a

Semnan

Karshi

Lake Issyk-Kul

Flagship species !

!

Khorog

P an j

Tehran

\ !

Mary

Osh

!

!

\ !

!

Navoi

a Da r y

!

!

K Y R G Y Z S TA N

Tashkent

TU R K M E N I S TA N

Табриз

!

!

\ !

Baku

Urumqi

Ili

Shu

Kyzyl Orda

C H I N A

Onager Leopard Brown bear Mountain sheep Markhor (Capra falconeri)

!

29

Map by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zoï Environment Network Ufa

0

!

100

Km 400

200

Petropavlovsk !

Barnaul

!

Vo lga !

RUS S IA

Samara

Saratov

Ob

!

Pavlodar

Ural !

Ishim

Oral

!

Astana

Oskemen

\ ! !

!

Lake Tengiz

Aktobe

Nura

Karaghandy !

K A Z A K H S T A N Zhezkazgan

!

!

Balkhash

Sarys u

Atyrau

!

Lake Balkhash

Ili

Aral Sea

!

Kun e s

Chu

Taraz

Lake Sarykamysh

\ ! !

!

Urgench Lake Aidarkul

Da Amu

TU R K M E N I S TA N

!

\ !

Turkmenabad

емнан

Karshi

\ !

TA J I K I S TA N !

!

!

!

Zar a fsha n

Dushanbe Kulyab

Mary

Osh

!

National capital Settlement National border Undefined border Bukhara deer Snow leopard

Samarkand

rya

Ashgabat

!

!\

!

!

30

Naryn

\ !

Navoi

Lake Issyk-Kul

K Y R G Y Z S TA N

Tashkent

Turkmenbashy

!

Saiga antelope Onager

j

Baku

!

Pan

KaraBogaz-Gol

Shymkent

U Z B E K I S TA N

Almaty

\ !

Bishkek

!

Caspian Sea

CHINA

Shu

Sy Kyzyl Orda r Da

Aktau

rya

!

Lake Zaisan

!

Khorog

Brown bear Mountain sheep

!

Map by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zoï Environment Network Shu

0

KAZA KHS TAN Zhanatas

!

la Ta

!

Shu

s

\ !

!

30

60

Km 120

Kapchagaiskoe Res.

!

Almaty

Karatau

!

!

!

Taraz

!

!

Kara-Balta

Talas

\ Бishkek !

Chu

Cholpon-Ata

Karakol

!

! !

Shymkent

Lake Song-Kol

Toktogulskoe Res.

\ !

Taashkent

K

Namangan

U Z B E K I S T A N Andijan

Kokand

!

G

Y

Z

S

T

!

A

N

Lake Chatyr-Kol

!

Fergana

!

R

Naryn

!

!

Kairakkumskoe Res.

Y

Nar yn

Jalalabat

!

Khudzand

!

Lake Issyk-Kul

!

Osh

!

Isfara

! !

Batken

\ ! !

CHIN A Lake Karakul

TAJ IKISTA N !

!

Pa

National capital Settlement National border Undefined border

Snow leopard Brown bear Mountain sheep

nj

31

!

Map by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zoï Environment Network

Yangiyul !

Namangan

Sy

!

ar rD ya

Gulistan

!

Kokand

!

!

Kayrakkum Res. Khudzand

UZBEKISTAN

Fe

!\

Andijan

nal

rg ha n a

!

!

40

Km 80

Osh

Fergana

National capital Settlement National border

!

Undefined border

!

Isfara

20

!

Ca

Lake Aidarkul

0

Jalalabat

arya Syr D

Bukhara deer

! !

Batken

!

Snow leopard

KYRGYZSTAN

Сам

!

Brown bear

Panjakent

Mountain sheep Markhor (Capra falconeri)

Zarafshan

ахриса

C H I N A Lake Karakul

Т A J I K I S T A N

Dushanbe

Tursunzoda

\ !

!

Nurek Res.

Denau

!

Kofarn iho

n

Vaksh

Lake Sarez

Kulyab !

!

Kurgan-Tube

nj Pa

!

Khorog

Kokcha

nj Pa !

Konduz

A F G 32

H A N I S T A N

Vak han Da r ya

Map by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zoï Environment Network 0

40

Km 160

80

Nukus !

Kara-Bogaz-Gol

Lake Sarykamysh Dashoguz

!

Am u r ya Da

Lake Golden Age

!

UZBE KI STAN

Urgench !

Turkmenbashi

Lebap

!

!

Khazar

Lake Aidarkul

!

Balkanabat Caspian Sea Serdar

Navoi

!

T U R K M E N I S T A N Seydi

At re

k

Main collector

Ruhabat !

!

!

!

Turkmenabad Karshi

! Ashgabat \

!

Am u r ya Da

\ ! !

National capital !

Settlement

Tedzhen

Mary !

!

Bairam-Ali

National border !

Karakumsky Canal

!

Kerki !

Iolotan

!

Bukhara deer Onager Leopard

Мashhad

!

IRAN

Mountain sheep

AFG HANISTAN

Markhor (Capra falconeri) Serhetabat !

33

Map by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zoï Environment Network 0

50

Km 200

100

Aral Sea

Kyzyl Orda

!

Shu

K A Z A K H S T A N

!

Nukus

Syr

Lake Sarykamysh

!

Darya

Urgench

Taraz !

U Z B E K I S T A N

!

Talas

Shymkent

!

!

Lake Golden Age

KYRGYZSTAN Chardarinskoe Res.

\ !

Tashkent Lake Aidarkul Navoi

TU R K M E N I S TA N

!

!

Osh Samarkand

\

!

!

Ashgabat

Am

\ !

Turkmenabad

Zarafs han

Karshi

rya Da

Dushanbe

\ !

sk um ak

Mary

34

Мashhad

Brown bear Saiga antelope Onager

nih on

Kofa r !

Settlement

!

al

y C an

National capital National border

!

u

Kar

!

AFGHANISTAN

Snow leopard Bukhara deer Markhor (Capra falconeri)

Fauna diversity and protected species

Fauna diversity and protected species

Fauna diversity and protected species

Species diversity

Species diversity

Species diversity

500

in Kazakhstan

Red-listed and protected species

400

in Kyrgyzstan

500

500

400

400

Red-listed and protected species

Red-listed and protected species

300

300

300

200

200

200

100

100

100

0

Birds Mammals Reptiles

Fish Amphibians

Sources: Kazakhstan Fifth National Report for the Convention on Biodiversity (2015), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year.

0

Birds Mammals Reptiles

Fish Amphibians

Sources: Kyrgyzstan Fourth National Report for the Convention on Biodiversity (2010), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year.

Fauna diversity and protected species

Fauna diversity and protected species

Species diversity

Species diversity

in Turkmenistan

500

500

400

400

in Tajikistan

in Uzbekistan

0

Birds Mammals Reptiles

Fish Amphibians

Sources: Tajikistan Fifth National Report for the Convention on Biodiversity (2015), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year.

The number of saiga antelopes in Kazakhstan

Animals

1 000 000 Red-listed and protected species

800 000

Red-listed and protected species

300

300

600 000

200

200

400 000

100

100

200 000

0

Birds Mammals Reptiles

Fish Amphibians

Sources: Turkmenistan Fourth National Report for the Convention on Biodiversity (2010), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year.

0

Birds Mammals Reptiles

Fish Amphibians

Sources: Uzbekistan Fifth National Report for the Convention on Biodiversity (2015), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year.

0

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2014

Sources: Kazakhstan Fifth National Report for the Convention on Biodiversity (2015), FLERMONECA project reports (2015). Data are for the most recent available year.

35

Snow leopard, Kyrgyzstan

36

Markhor goat, Tajikistan

Saiga antelope, Kazakhstan

37

6

Forest resources

Forest cover in Central Asia Area, thousand hectares

12 500

M

ountain forest ecosystems of Central Asia harbour many wild relatives of cultivated plants and domesticated nut and fruit trees. The genetic resources of forests are important for further development of agriculture, horticulture and higher resistance to pests, diseases and climate change.

Saxaul forests grow in the deserts of Central Asia. Their largest areas are located in southern Kazakhstan (6 million ha); in Turkmenistan (4 million ha); and in Uzbekistan (2 million ha).

Saxaul trees help regulate the water balance and microclimate and are used to fight desertification around the former Aral Sea, and to reduce the blowing of sand into canals, oases and roads.

They also serve as pastures.

erosion processes, regulate run-off and stabilize mountain slopes and soil, reducing the risk of natural hazards.

Kazakhstan

11 500

10 500

Natural fruit-and-nut forests, including wild apple, pear, plum, almond, pistachio and walnut, grow in the mountains of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and southeastern Kazakhstan.

Valuable areas of pistachio and other forests are found in the mountains of Kopet Dag in the south of Turkmenistan.

The once vast flood plain forests of Central Asia shrank significantly in the twentieth century. Some remain along Amu Darya and other rivers. They play an important role in soil and bank protection and serve as valuable habitat for birds and other animals.

All the mountain forests play a vital soil protection and water regulation role and are protected by the state. They attenuate

Other forests 9 500

8 500 Fruit and nut forests 7 500 Evergreen (coniferous) forests 6 500

5 500

4 500

3 500

Desert (saxaul) forests

Turkmenistan Uzbekistan

2 500

1 500

Kyrgyzstan 500

Tajikistan

0 Spruce forests, Kyrgyzstan

38

Source: Latest National State of the Environment reports and statistics (2010-2015), FLERMONECA project reports (2015), FAO Forest Resources Assessment 2010

!

Map by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zo誰 Environment Network

Ufa

!

!

Petropavlovsk

Vo lga

Km 400

Irty

sh

!

Barnaul

RUS S IA

Samara

100 200

Ob

!

0

!

Pavlodar

!

Saratov

Ural

Ishim

!

Oral

Astana

\ !

Oskemen

!

!

Aktobe

Nura !

Karaghandy

KAZA KHS TAN

Atyrau

!

Zhezkazgan Sarys u

!

!

Kyzyl Orda

Kun e s

!

r Sy ry Da a

Taraz

\ ! !

Amu

Samarkand

r ya Da

Ashgabat

\ !

Turkmenabad

TA J I K I S TA N

! Dushanbe \

!

Kulyab msky Canal

!

!

I R A N

!

A F G H A N I S TA N uz

d

Semnan

!

Mashhad

u

Kn

Tehran

Konduz

Kabul

\ ! !

Khorog

P a nj

ku

Osh

Zar a fsha n

Karshi

!

!

C H I N A

!

Lake Issyk-Kul

\ National capital ! !

Settlements National border

!

Ka ra

Mary

!

!

!

\ !

Naryn

Navoi

TU R K M E N I S TA N

!

Bishkek

\ !

U Z B E K I S TA N

Turkmenbashy

\ !

Tashkent

!

Almaty

K Y R G Y Z S TA N

!

Urgench

Chu

!

Shymkent

Caspian Sea Baku

!

Shu

\ !

KaraBogaz-Gol

Urumqi

Ili

Aral Sea

Aktau

Lake Balkhash

Undefined borders Forests Forest-steppe Small-leaved Saxaul communities Flood plain forest, tugai Coniferous, evergreen Broad-leaved, fruit and walnut

39

7

Mountain ecosystems Sport and tourism

Weather formation, climate regulation

Sense of place, spiritual value, inspiration

Indicators of global changes, decomposition, weathering

Recreation, health services, mineral water

Water storage Hazard regulation, carbon storage, soil formation, watershed protection

Diversity of habitats, unique ora and fauna

Pollination, puriďŹ cation

Au

Genetic resources, wild fruit-nut forests Traditional knowledge and products

40

Mineral resources

Natural pastures Food products, crops Water supply

Hydropower potential

Map by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zoï Environment Network Low and middle mountain vegetation groups: High mountain vegetation groups: Kyzyl Orda Dwarf semi-shrub and shrub deserts with grasses and Glaciers ephemeroides Nival zone Semi-shrub and ephemeral wormwood friganoides Cryophyte meadows (thorny bush xerophytes) Cryophyte steppes Savannoide foothills and lowlands with ephemeral vegetation Cryophyte deserts Tall and low grass savannoides Cryophyte cushion plants

National border Undefined border

!

This map shows the groups of vegetation and ecosystems within Central Asia located at an altitude above 500 meters Almaty

Cushion plants and bunch grass communities

Ephemeroide-sod-grass steppes

Cryophyte savannoides (umbellars)

Semi-shrub deserts Steppes Shrubs

Taraz

Da rya Syr

Ephemeroide-sod-grass steppes

!

Dwarf semi-shrub deserts in the mountain valleys

I

T

Juniper forests Spruce forests

Bishkek

\ !

E

N a ryn

! Tashkent \ Lake Aidarkul

!

E T I

Osh

N

U Z B E K I S TA N Navoi

!

A L A I

Samarkand

!

T A J I K I S T A N

I

S A R G I S

Karshi

R

Zarafs han

Dushanbe

!

M !

HIN

Khorog

!

S DU KU H

P an

AFGHANISTAN

j

Konduz

!

Km 150

Ili

KAZA KHSTAN

S

H

S

T

I

E

H

A

N

N

A N The conservation of mountain ecosystems is a regional priority for the sustainable evelopment of Central Asia. Mountain ecosystems provide products and services not only to people in the mountains and nearby valleys, but for the population of the entire region.

C Mountains H I N areAparticularly important as water towers and biodiversity reserves. Scientists distinguish at least 20 different types of ecosystems and estimate 4 500 – 5 500 species of vascular plants, one quarter of which are ndemic.

Glaciers cover 4 per cent of Kyrgyzstan and 6 per cent of Tajikistan. They are also present in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Melt water from the glaciers and snow in the highaltitude zones supplies the lion’s share of water in Central Asia.

A

Kulyab

P

TURKMENISTAN

нг

Ку г ит

а

\ !

37,5 75

!

K Y R G Y Z S T A N

a r Dary Sy

0

Lake Issyk-Kul

A N S H

N

GATAI

HAN N S E I T

Chu

!

Shymkent

Broadleaf forests

BA TAR

DU KUSH HIN

Excessive and unsustainable use of mountain ecosystems, the storage of hazardous waste from mining industry and the impacts of global warming are among the main factors that have a negative Himpact I M on A mountain L A Y ecosystems.

A 41

8

Desertification and land degradation

T

he problem of desertification and land degradation is relevant to all the countries of Central Asia and is recognized as one of the regional priorities. The drying up of the Aral Sea and the conversion of large areas of the former sea to sand has led to intense dust storms that cause considerable damage to nearby agricultural regions and human health.

Poor planning of agricultural fields, ill-considered development of steep slopes for croplands, salinization and waterlogging of irrigated lands and overgrazing led to a loss of soil fertility and degradation, and a loss of crop and pasture productivity.

In the last 5-10 years, the countries have made a great effort in improving the condition of land resources, in the modernization of irrigation and drainage networks, and in reducing water losses and soil erosion. On the dry former bottom of the Aral Sea, Uzbekistan has established more than 250 thousand ha of protective forest plantations.

Sand desert, Kazakhstan

42

Intense erosion, Javan Valley, Tajikistan

!

Map by Vlad Sibagatulin / GIS-Service / Zo誰 Environment Network 100 200

!

Vo lga !

!

Barnaul

Samara

Ob

RUS S IA Pavlodar

!

Saratov !

Ishim

Oral

sh Irty

Ural

Astana

\ !

!

Oskemen

Nura

Aktobe

!

!

Karaghandy

KAZA KHS TAN

Atyrau

Near-Aral Karakum

!

Zhezkazgan

Mangistau

Aral Akkum Sea

Aktau !

Aralcum

Usturt

Lake Ba lkash

yr ry Da

Karakum

Ashgabat

Mashhad

Semnan

!

Ka

\ !

Navoi !

!

sk y um Ca n al

!

National capital Settlement National border

Zar a fshan

\ !

TA J I K I S TA N

Dushanbe Kulyab !

Konduz

!

Khorog nj Pa

Undefined border Irrigated lands Types of deserts Clay-loess Crushed stone gypsum Sandy

!

I R A N

Osh

!

!

!

Lake Issyk-Kul

Naryn

!

r ak

Tehran

\ !

Mary

C H I N A

Almaty

K Y R G Y Z S TA N

\ !

!

\ !

Bishkek

Shymkent

Tashkent

Samarkand Sundukli Turkmenabad Karshi

TU R K M E N I S TA N

!

\ !

!

a

Turkmenbashy

!

!

Urgench A

ya Da r

!

Chu

Taraz

mu

\ !

!

Kun e s

Muyunkum

S

!

Urumqi

Taukum

!

Kyzyl Orda

U Z B E K I S TA N

KaraBogaz-Gol

Baku

SaryesikAtyrau Ili

Betpak-Dala

Kyzylkum

Caspian Sea

Lake Zaysan

!

su

Rynkum

Sary

0

!

Petropavlovsk

Km 400

A F G H A N I S TA N

Sandy gravel Solonchak

Kabul

\ ! !

43

9

Environmental monitoring and progress towards SEIS

E

nvironmental monitoring in Central Asia has longstanding traditions. All countries have good scientific and organizational bases and long series of observations and statistics, but not all data are open for public use and available over the Internet. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, staffing potential declined in the majority of countries, and equipment for environmental monitoring became outdated.

New technologies, methods and automated means are now available, but not widely used due to high costs, the need for staff training or other reasons.

Country maps provide a picture of the current state and coverage of the monitoring network for surface waters and air quality. There are more than 600 monitoring stations and sampling sites across the region.

The Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS) is an initiative to modernize and simplify the collection, exchange and use of data for the development and implementation of state environmental policy. Integration of the main SEIS principles can help the countries of Central Asia develop cooperation for data exchange, assessment and indicator-based reporting on the environment on the national as well as regional levels, and can be useful in informing the public.

The International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea (IFAS), the leading regional high-level, environmentally focused organization with all five Central Asia states as members, serves as a platform for discussion and management of regional environmental issues. Operating under the IFAS structure, the Interstate Commission for Sustainable Development (ICSD) assesses regional environmental challenges as well the state of the environment, and

44

coordinates the planning and implementation of regional environmental and sustainable development programmes and projects. The Interstate Commission for Water Coordination (ICWC) also operates in the region and its scientific and information centres have significant data related to water and the environment. In spite of efforts over a 15-year period, the region has not established an effective system of information exchange and shared indicators for environmental planning and policymaking. Nevertheless, some initiatives are paving the way for the introduction of SEIS for the benefit of all the countries in the region.

One of the initiatives is the FLERMONECA project financed by the European Union. Some of its achievements include the modernization of the regional environmental ICSD eco-portal and an online environmental monitoring information system that can enable data and information exchange to support strategy development, decision-making and regional cooperation. Progress in the development of shared environmental information systems varies from country to country.

Kazakhstan is implementing e-governance and maintaining portals related to public services. Recently the country created a dedicated web portal for its State of the Environment report, and publishes bulletins on the state of the environment on a monthly and quarterly basis. In addition, it makes all of the nationally available indicators recommended by UNECE accessible online on the national statistics website. It develops cadastres of natural resources and target indicators for various national and regional level strategies.

Kyrgyzstan is improving its inter-agency cooperation

on environmental data exchange, and is expanding opportunities for open access to environmental information and indicators over the Internet. Various agencies are involved in the development of the Kyrgyz State of the Environment Report, which was recently adopted by a resolution of the national government. Its content is structured according to international recommendations and local experiences and serves as an example for many other countries.

Tajikistan’s implementation of e-governance and information systems is at the initial stage. Similarly, the State of the Environment reporting and publishing need more work to become sustainable and available online. Currently, the environmental statistics are limited and many cadastres are still missing.

Turkmenistan’s environmental monitoring system survived the transition period from the Soviet era and in its current state meets the needs of the country, which intends to publish indicators and State of the Environment reports online. The transition to e-governance and more openness, however, requires high-level decisions.

Uzbekistan also maintains a wide environmental monitoring system, which largely remained from the Soviet era, and collects and analyses data on almost 100 indicators, many of which are compatible with international and UNECErecommended formats. The country intends to publish indicators and regularly develops State of the Environment reports as print and PDF publications. Uzbekistan’s SEIS progress largely depends upon high-level decisions, and current priorities of the country include development of a forward-looking indicator system.

!

Ufa

!

#" !

!

RUS S IA

Samara

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Sources of information and useful links Main sources of information: National level:

Kazakhstan: National report on the state of the environment, an online version http://ecodoklad.kz/ Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan: Bulletins and monitoring data compilations on the state of the environment http://www.kazhydromet.kz/ru/monitor_osreda Kazhydromet, Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan: Online near real-time air quality monitoring reporting http:// www.atmosphera.kz/ Kazhydromet, Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan: Environmental indicators and statistics http://www.stat.gov. kz/faces/homePage/ecolog Statistics Committee, Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan: National report on the state of the environment, an online version http://nd.nature.kg/ State Agency on the Environment and Forestry of the Kyrgyz Republic Kyrgyzstan: Air quality data http://www.meteo.kg/environment_air.php and water quality data http://www.meteo.kg/environment_water.php Kyrgyzhydromet, Ministry of Emergencies of the Kyrgyz Republic Kyrgyzstan: Environmental statistics http://www.stat.kg/ru/statistics/ turizm-otdyh-ohrana-okruzhayushej-sredy National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic Tajikistan: Official information on the environment http://hifzitabiat.tj/ Committee on Environmental Protection under the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan Tajikistan: National report on the state of the environment, an online version (prototype) http://www.gksintranet.tj/ecostat/ Agency on Statistics under the President of Tajikistan Tajikistan: Air quality monitoring data http://www.meteo.tj/ Tajikhydromet Uzbekistan: Air quality monitoring data http://www.meteo.uz/

Uzbekistan: Official information on the environment and state of the environment reports http://www.uznature.uz/ Uzbekistan State Committee for Nature Protection

Regional level:

Environment and Sustainable Development in Central Asia, Interstate Sustainable Development Commission regional assessment reports on priority environmental issues: http://ecoportalca.kz/ Environmental monitoring system of Central Asia (prototype): http://aralbasin.net/ The Central Asia water sector database: http://www.cawater-info.net/ North Eurasia Climate Centre, climate monitoring in the CIS countries, Roshydromet: http://seakc.meteoinfo.ru/climatemonitoring

Atlases and other cartographic and GIS sources: Central Asia Atlas of Natural Resources: http://www.adb.org/publications/central-asia-atlas-natural-resources Asian Development Bank, 2010. Funded by GEF and Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management (CACILM). Selected maps and databases by V. Sibagatulin The Western Tien Shan Biodiversity Atlas. Bishkek, 2005. The GEF and the World Bank. Central Asian transboundary project on biodiversity conservation in the Western Tien Shan Mountains. http://tilia.zf.mendelu.cz/ustavy/554/www_kyrg/ATLAS+uprav.pdf Maps and other information materials of ECONET Central Asia project, UNEP-WWF Russia: http://www.wwf.ru/about/where_we_work/asia/ closed/econet/maps Funded by UNEP-GEF. Selected maps and databases

by V. Sibagatulin UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution spatial data: http://www.ceip.at/ms/ceip_home1/ceip_home/new_emep-grid/

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Environmental Atlas of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, 2007. The Ministry of High and Special Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan and UNESCO Office in Uzbekistan. http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/FIELD/ Tashkent/pdf/atlasUzbekistana.pdf Indicator-based Environmental Atlas of Uzbekistan.

Tashkent, 2008. Uzbekistan State Committee for Nature Protection, UNDP, State Research and Production Enterprise “Kartografia” http://www.undp.uz/en/download/index. php?type=publication&id=170&parent=3232&doc=100912

Scientific information and articles: Bykova E. 2012. Rare species of large mammals in Uzbekistan and illegal poaching of the Saiga antelope. In Journal: Modern problems of wildlife management. #1/2012. http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/resursy-redkihvidov-kopytnyh-uzbekistana-i-ih-nelegalnyy-promysel-na-primeresaygaka.pdf

Other useful links and information resources: Regional Environmental Center for Central Asia (REC CA): http://carececo.org Zoï Environment Network: http://www.zoinet.org Environmental indicators of the UN Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE): http://www.unece.org/env/indicators.html UNEP-Live environmental information system: http://uneplive.unep.org European Environment Agency: http://www.eea.europa.eu World Bank Development Indicators: http://data.worldbank.org/datacatalog/world-development-indicators Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), national reports: https://www.cbd.int/reports Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species (CMS), national reports: http://www.cms.int/en/documents/national-reports FLERMONECA Project website: http://www.flermoneca.org

International Union for Conservation of Nature, The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species spatial data: http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/spatial-data

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