Zoï Environment Network Graphic Portfolio (2021 version)

Zoï Environment Network Graphic Portfolio 2021

Climate-Cryosphere-Water Nexus Central Asia Outlook Blue Peace Central Asia, 2018

Climate-Cryosphere-Water Nexus Central Asia Outlook Blue Peace Central Asia, 2018

Global Programme Water – Programme Framework 2021-24 SDC, 2021

Greening the Belt and Road Projects in Central Asia SDC, 2019

Air Pollution in the Western Balkans UNEP, 2021

National Framework for Climate Services for the Republic of Armenia SDC, 2021

National Framework for Climate Services for the Republic of Armenia SDC, 2021

Weather, Climate and Water in Central Asia World Bank Group, 2019 Mountain areas with some glaciers and significant snow reserves Seasonal shift in water availability

More pronounced inter-annual water fluctuations Cl i mate change

Fu t u re

Pre s e nt B a s el i ne

J

F

M

A

M

J

J

A

S

O

N

D

Pres ent

M o nth s

Snow pack declining due to warmer temperatures

Without glaciers

With glaciers

Fu t u re

2 °C

mm

S e as o n al gl acial m e l t co ntr ibutio n

Present G l a c i e r s co ntr ibute im po r tant p a r t o f fl ow in h o t an d d r y s u mm e r m o nth s

Gl a c i er water s u p p l y di mi n i s h ed

5 0 -7 0 ye a r s fro m n ow Le s s water s ec u r i t y in h o t a n d dr y yea rs

R i ver flow dec l i n i n g du e to i n c rea s ed eva p orat i on

Northern regions of Central Asia, including grasslands of Kazakhstan Peak seasonal flow

Flooding extent

Climate change vulnerabilit y

Climate Change Vulnerability & Mountain Areas

medium

high

extreme risk

/I CI MO

D

low

©

ho to

yP am

Grabowsky /

CA FS

Ute

th to pho

/

C

©

.n e

t

Al © Hemis /

ek

r ya ha Jite ndra Raj Bajrac

t ak © Vivian A

os

Sources: Verisk Maplecroft; Climate Change Vulnerability Index 2017 © Zoï Environment Network 2020

Adaptation at Altitude Taking Action in the Mountains SDC, 2020

Climate Change & Security in the Mediterranean Basin FDFA, 2019

Switzerland’s Proximity to Europe’s East SDC, 2019

The world of water conflicts Institutions Institutions are improving

d child he l an alt rna

h

Slow or no institutional change

Ma te

Institutions are deteriorating

Physical conditions are improving

communicab ce municab le & le d du -com n

670 projects

R no e

Impro ve

Slow or no physical change

services alth he

s ase ise

lth system hea en

Physical conditions are deteriorating

Stren gh t

Physical conditions

900 million CHF

Likelihood / intensity of conflicts or tensions under water stress (local, intra-state / inter-sectoral, inter-state):

Actions

Effectiveness of Swiss International Cooperation on Health Interventions 2000-2013 SDC, 2015

Contain the fast change in physical conditions

High --- Very high

Replace / restore damaged or deteriorating institutions

Moderate --- High

Boost institutional adaptation

Low --- Moderate

The Global Fund

UNAIDS

Direct inststitutional adaptation

None --- Low

Providing for Health (P4H)

Medicine for Malaria Venture SolidarMed (MMV)

Maintain status quo, encourage improving and sustain institutions

Engaging the Network for Political Dialogue

Communication and Advocacy

Policy and diplomatic dialogue, region or workshops, capacity-building for basin population and stakeholders

issues and solutions

Tangible Joint Strategic Operations

Advocacy, mass communication, inputs to formal and informal policy, political and diplomatic processes

Water as an Asset for Peace Atlas of Risks and Opportunities SDC, 2017 WHO

Joint hydrological monitoring, modelling, management and exchange of water data

Transboundary basin management plans, legal frameworks and institutions

200 Millions CHF 100 50

Providing sustainable access to water and sanitation services

20 10 5

UNFPA

International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF)

Medecin du Monde

Medecin sans Frontiere

Croix Rouge Suisse

W

Interactions between water, energy and food

r ate What are energy efficient water-treatment technologies?

What are water storage options for farmers?

F

Water - Energy - Food NEXUS IUCN Global Water Programme, 2013

What ways of operating dams sustain wetland fisheries?

d oo

How can water re-use reduce food-energy trade-offs?

ECOCRIME

mic cono

th

grow

lati

on

gro

E

wth

Drivers

Pop u

Impaired development

cts

nfli

Co

Poverty

High prices

Corruption

for minerals, wood, fish

Fragile States

Growing production

Low governance

Land tenure insecurity

Lack of environmental laws Lack of law enforcement

Land grabing

between States, firms, customs, law, police forces

A PARADOX

ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES ARE HIGH PROFIT / SMALL RISKS CRIMES

of waste and chemicals

Mix in legal trade Collu

sive corr uptio Use o n f viole nce

Lack of cooperation

Growing demand

Mostly from: China European Union United States Japan

Counterfeiting permits and certificates

g

kin

Hac Global computerised systems

New (and old) crime skills

ture

astruc

nd infr

orks a

netw tional

featuring: corporations Interna s) (cover activitie & traditional mafias s investments Legal busines Anti-competitive agre ements (business deals in the same sector) Good unders Flags of convenienc ta global e financ nding of the e syste Tax h m: avens Tax avoidance Global finance Bank secrecy Money laundering

opacity

Environmental Crimes Zoï Environment Network, 2013

E

How does watershed management help hydropower?

What technologies make irrigation more water efficient?

rgy ne

Cloud generic plot High Risk

a ad

*

83

82

*

*

21

22

* *

74

27 28

73

29

72 71

30 70

31 69

32

*

68

ry

Table 8: Rapid Country Water Diagnostic No. of Operations

s

37

ia

61

nd

58

53

52

51

Madagascar

a nesi

Indo

Italy

Lebanon

55

Mexic o

54

57

56

Mo

ro

cc

o

Ze

59

60

ala

41

43

46

45

48

47

50

49

5 4

3 2

high risk

>1

low risk

1 - 1.9

1 low risk

3 - 3.9 4<

*

high risk

no data

X

TA TO

CEM

AGG

RMX

Q6

Q7

Q8

Q11

Q12

Q12’

Q14

Q15

Q16

Q20

Q21

Q17

Awareness

SCORE

RESULT

Q21

40

57

8

1

0

4

4

9

6

positive

2

negative

Colombia

13

5

28

46

10

Costa Rica

1

1

3

5

4

6

Croatia

3

1

7

11

7

4

Czech Republic

0

9

52

61

4

6

positive result

Dominican Republic

3

1

12

16

7

5

negative result

Egypt

3

1

3

7

3

10

France

0

49

342

391

9

5

Germany

7

37

260

304

9

6

Guatemala

0

0

4

4

6

4

37

4

9

7

3

3

10

7

5

5

11

10

2

6

6

6

9

5

6

8

3

8

6

4

8

7

5

7

2

3

5

8

4

9

5

0 0

11 27

26 33

60

Israel

0

11

55

66

Latvia

2

0

5

7

Malaysia

0

3

14

17

36

12

269

317

Nicaragua

3

2

5

10

Panama

1

2

14

17

Philippines 1

Poland Puerto Rico

3 2 2

0 0 16

0 0 64

3 2 82

3

1

16

20

21

36

77

134

Thailand

1

0

0

1

UAE

0

0

9

9

UK

5

99

366

470

USA

16

147

200

363

Spain

Cement and Aggregates IUCN Global Water Programme, 2013

Stakeholders

17

Philippines 2

no data

Water Management

0

Mexico

2 - 2.9

Water Regulation

0

Ireland

Internal risk

Q2

Water Cost

KPI’s

China

Hungary

External risk

Water Use

Austria

40

42

44

w

Ind

39

62

38

63

64

ip hil

P

G

36

65

e pin

CE

35

66

RM

M

L

34

Ne

Ro

Cement and Aggregates IUCN Global Water Programme, 2013

Hunga

33

67

ma

Germany

AG

nia

High Risk

Low Risk

es

75

26

urc

25

sian Rusation r e Fed

Medium Risk

24

76

Serbia

Low Risk

France

so

77

23

Re

78

Go od pra ctic e

*

79

ter

80

a bi m o l ica Co ta R s o C tia lic 16 ub roa C Rep 17 h c Cze 18 r ado Ecu 19 dor v al a El S 20

Pa rtic ipa tio n

81

Slovakia

lga 12

13

15

85 84

ka

South Africa

Ca n

10

11

86

d

ile

Ch

14

Wa

an

Lan

n

Bu

09

*

88

87

erl

Spai

ria

Bra

08

93

91

ia

89

Sri

an

90

itz

d an

nz

Sw

92

ail Th

Ta

zil

Bel

giu m

Aust ralia

94

07

95

06

04

05

03

01

99

97

96

tes

98

Sta

02

ted

Uni

Vietnam

Argentina

Company A - General Risk Assessment

no data

neutral result

03

Editorial

06

Switzerland’s global engagement

08

Portfolio evaluation

09

Overall effectiveness

PORTFOLIO screening and sampling

1 4 PROJECTS, LEAVING 504

Energy 27% High effectiveness 291 million CHF

14

Cleaner Production 15% High effectiveness 74 million CHF

16

Natural Resources 9% High effectiveness mitigation 28% High effectiveness adaptation 154 million CHF

20

Hazards 44% High effectiveness 37 million CHF

24

Livelihoods 68% High effectiveness 110 million CHF

28

Knowledge 96% High effectiveness 80 million CHF

NO BUDGET NEGS

5

NO SUMMARY

2

THEMES

10

Report on Effectiveness 2014 Climate Change 2000 - 2012 SDC, 2013

134 PROJECTS, LEAVING 241 NO FUNDS DISPERSED

4

18 PROJECTS, LEAVING 486

118 PROJECTS, LEAVING 123

NO VALIDATION CRITERIA

3

508 PROJECTS

6

CLUSTER EXCLUSION

6 PROJECTS, LEAVING 375

105 PROJECTS, LEAVING 381

123 PROJECTS

SDC/SECO Portfolio

PORTFOLIO

508 PROJECTS

screening and sampling

NO BUDGET

4 PROJECTS, LEAVING 504 18 PROJECTS, LEAVING 486

NO SUMMARY NO VALIDAITON CRITERIA

105 PROJECTS, LEAVING 381

Funding and grants to organizations 66% High effectiveness 490 million CHF

NO FUNDS DISPERSED

30

6 PROJECTS, LEAVING 375

NEGS

134 PROJECTS, LEAVING 241

CHANNELS

29

CLUSTER EXCLUSION

Fast-start financing

High effectiveness predicted 140 million CHF

32

Conclusions

34

Outlook

118 PROJECTS, LEAVING 123

Report on Effectiveness 2014 Climate Change 2000 - 2012 SDC, 2013

123 PROJECTS

Risques et opportunités liés au climat FOEN, 2017

i

e

ati nal

I I c e cient al es

Figure 3.2 Life expectancy at birth by world regions until 2050 30

35

40

50

No data (or too old for comparison)

by development regions

Life expectancy at birth Years 80

Life expectancy at birth, 2012 Years European Union (EU28) North America 80 Europe and Central Asia East Asia and Pacific 75 Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa World: 70 70,8 Years Pacific Island Small States 65 South Asia 60

More developed countries

75 70

World

65 60

Less developed countries

55 50

Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.

50 PROJECTIONS

45

45

Least developed countries

40

Sub-Saharan Africa

55

40

The Gini index measures the extent to which, within a country, the distribution of income deviates from perfect equality. A Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.

35 19501955

Sources: World Development Indicators, World Bank ; OECD Income distribution and poverty database ; US Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook ; 2014 (data: 2000 to 2012).

Source: World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2014.

19751980

20002005

20252030

20452050

35

The European environment – state and outlook EEA, 2014

Figure 7.2 Correlation between energy use and gross domestic product, 2011.

Figure 1.3 Population pyramids for Europe, Africa and Asia for 2000 and 2050 by age, sex and educational attainment Source: Samir K.C. et al, 2010. Projection of populations by level of educational attainment, age, and sex for 120 countries for 2005-2050, IIASA.

Energy use in tonnes of oil equivalent per capita

The European environment – state and outlook EEA, 2014

8

Asia Africa

7

Europe

6

South Korea

Russia

Americas

Japan

4 China

3

20

0

40

20

20

0

20

40

160 140 120 100 80

60

40

20

0

0

2050

0

20

60

40

20

0

40

60 160 140 120 100 80

60

40

20

0

0

20

25

30

35

40

Fig 2.3 Middle class consumption, 1965 - 2030 Share of national middle-class consumptions 100 % 20

40

60

80 100 120 140 160

2050

20

15

WOMEN

1965

Other 23 countries

Japan

100 + 95-99 90-94 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19

20

10

5

United 37 States

EU15 34

20

45

50

55

60

European Union countries are represented both individually and collectively (EU28).

Sources: World Development Indicators, World Bank, 2014.

Million people 2050

5

Population in millions 1 000 500 250 100 65

GDP per capita (2011 USD PPP)

90-94 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19

MEN

Brazil

India 0

2000 Asia Age groups in years

World average energy use per capita

Turkey

0 2000 Africa

Germany

Italy

1

No formal education

2000 European Union

EU28

2

Higher education Secondary education Some primary education

Australia

Oceania

5

Educational attainment

United States

Canada

40

60

80 100 120 140 160

0%

2011

40

PROJECTIONS

2030

37

Average middle-class consumption Thousand dollars per capita per year PROJECTIONS United States 20 EU15 Japan South Korea 15

2 5 8

18 India

20

17 China

26

4 9 14

No Chinese data for 1965.

Source: Brookings Institution, 2013.

Russia Malaysia

10

Brazil China India

5 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Vital Ozone graphics 3 UN Environment, 2012

Shortening time lapse before mass use of technological inventions 7

World Wide Web

long

short

12

Compact disc

13

Mobile phone

26

Black and white television

1873

1880

1876

Telephone Electricity

1890

1900

1897

1910

1920

1926

18

1951

1930

1940

1950

16

Computer

Colour television

Invention available to general public >> >> 1870

10

Smartphones 1

Time before mass use

1979 1975

1960

1970

1983

1980

31

Radio

35 46 << <<

Years necessary for an invention to be used by a quarter of the US population

1. "Early smartphones (IBM Simon,1993) were primarily used as enterprise devices and were prohibitively expensive for most consumers" (pcworld.com).

Sources for smartphones: pcworld.com; Wikipédia; eMarketer; US Census Bureau, 2012.

Sources for other inventions: Kurzweil R. , 2005. The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology, 2005.

1991

1990

2000

2010

The European Environment: Global Megatrends, 2010 EEA, 2010

The European Environment: Global Megatrends, 2010 EEA, 2010

A reas protected Square k ilometres

Arnhem

CRO A TI A

8 000

Apeldoorn

5 000 2 000

W est B alk ans protected areas

P rague

share of P O L A N D marine areas 12 %

300

CZ ECH

REP UBL I C

SL MOO V N A TEN K REP EG ROUBL I C.

V ienna

Dieren

Brussels

Budapest

West Balkan Environmental Core Set of Indicators EEA, 2012

A L BA N I A

3%

2

Vienna

200 000 to 1 000 000

Budapest

0

C R O A T IA

Shkodër

H E R Z E G O V IN A

Saraj evo

M O N T E N E G R O

P odgorica

9% IT A L Y

Selected European countries

P ristina KOSOVO 2

Sofia B UL G A R IA

Skopj e

A driatic Sea

13 %

Tirana

Durrës Tirana

Water exploitation index

SE R B IA

Rome

Bor Kladovo Negotin Zajecar Knjazevac

REG

Belgrade

6%

F O R M E R YUG O SL A V R E P UB L IC O F M A C E D O N IA

Less than 20 000 (towns)

Donji Milanovac

100 km

Sumadija/Pomoravlje

B O SN IA A N D

4%

20 000 to 200 000

R O M A N IA

Z agreb

9%

0.5 0.1

More than 1 000 000 people

Ferrara

1%

1

Population

Basel

Ljubljana

L j ublj ana

P ercentage of protected areas in total national territory

per thousand people

Nijmegen

1 - including Kosovo

8%

Number of cycling jobs

Doetinchem

H UN G A R Y

SL O V E N IA

Malmö

Münster

REG

1%

Bratislava

A UST R IA

La Rochelle

F O RMER Y UG O SL A V REP UBL I C O F MA CED O N I A

Copenhagen

Groningen

Antwerp

BO SN I A A N D H ERZ EG O V I N A

P lease note: N Y G ERMA The same site can be protected under different status.

O verlaps have been removed and areas rounded for the proportional sq uare sizes calculation (opposite) but not for the national percentage calculation below.

Some areas represented below are not recognized internationally.

D esignated sites

Ede

SERBI A 1

Pro Map jec : Zo t : U ï En NE viro CE n m ,U N E e nt N P, W etw HO ork Cyc , 201 ling 6. and

Water abstraction as a percentage of available long- term freshwater resources 40 % BEL G I UM

REG: Region METRO: Metropolitan area

Korçë

Kadıköy

Pendik

Abana

(no data)

Kocaeli Bursa

Athens gre

en

jobs r

35

A L B A N IA

Boljevac Sokobanja

METRO

Batumi

Gölcük

epo rt, 2 016.

SP A I N

30 Mediterranean

G R E E C E

25

Sea 2 - under UN Security Council Resolution 124 4 (1999).

Sources: Common D atabase on D esignated A reas, EEA , 2011; World D atab ase on P rotected A reas, U NE P - WC MC , IU C N, 201 1 .

1995-2010 evolution

Water stress

A thens H UN G A RY

1995 2010

15

10

Consumption of ozone-depleting substances

Warning Threshold

20

West Balkan Environmental Core Set of Indicators EEA, 2012

L I TH UA N I A

CZ ECH REP UBL I C

F O RMER Y UG O SL A V REP UBL I C O F MA CED O N I A

5

874 438 3

BUL G A RI A

SWI TZ ERL A N D

8

CROATIA

SERBIA

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA RO MA N I A SL O V EN I A

MONTENEGRO

0 1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Sources: Eurostat, 2009; EEA , 2010; State Statistical O ffice and Water Economy A dministration, P ublic Enterprises for Water Supply and Sewage System in the former Y ugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 2011; Raskin et al. 1997.

FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

ALBANIA

601 Source: UNEP Ozone Secretariat, 2011.

CLIMATE CHANGE MIGRATION CASE STUDY: UPPER EAST GHANA View of a North Ghana community Bolgatanga

Overflow release from Bagré Dam after wet season heavy rains

Guinea Savanna

Bimbilla

Bole

Movements of nomadic peoples

Sudan Savanna

Yendi

Tamale

Bagré Dam

Major Roads

Salaga

Rural-Urban Migration West Africa Ghana Meningitis Belt

Sunyani

Movements of nomadic peoples

Mampong Kumasi

Ho

Obuasi

Increased tendencies to crime & violence

Koforidua

Cape Coast

ACCRA Winneba

Tema

Marginal non-cultivated lands

Sekondi-Takoradi

FULANI

Climate change dynamics at community level

(NOMADS)

CROPLAND

FULANI

VILLAGE

(NOMADS)

Climate Change

Climate shift in Ghana

Flooding

Extreme hot days 1960

Declining investments & exchange

Health

Agriculture Wet & Dry seasons

Working hours

2003 Agriculture Wet season

Erosion

84

36

Migration

365 days

Incomes chemical fertilizers

Bush fires

Water infrastructure

Livestock Crime & Violence Deforestation

Climate change migration Case study - Ghana UNDP, 2015

Contraction of area suitable for wet & dry season agriculture

Interrelated Compounding Factors

Migration to urban centres

Nomadic (Fulani)

Smallholder Farmers

Sources: DARA & the Climate Vulnerable Forum (2012) Credits: M.O. McKinnon (UNDP Geneva) and E. Tachie-Obeng (EPA-Ghana) Layout & design: Zoï Environment Network © UNDP 2015

Summary of results of 9 POPs in mothers’milk

UN Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 EMG, 2012

UNIT → ng g-1 fat

drins

chlodanes

DDTs

heptachlors 10000 1000 100 10

HCB

1

Mirex toxaphene

PCB7 min

max

Summary of results of 3 POPs in mothers’milk 30 years

UNIT → pg g fat -1

40

TEQ PCDD/PCDF

30

years TEQ25 PCB

20

NGA

10 WSM

TEQ TOTAL

20 years

KIR

FJI UGA

MEX

15 years

IDN

min

MUS

SEN URY PLW MLI TGO ATG KEN GHA

JAM PER

CUB

max

Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Mothers’ Milk UN Environment, 2012

Indicators Alazani / Ganykh Basin UNECE, 2015

Georgia and Azerbaijan Total water resources 97,606 million m 3 / year Total water withdrawal 14,024 million m 3 / year

Basin limits

Georgia

River length 391 km River basin area 11,717 km 2

Alazani / Ganykh basin

Azerbaijan Basin water resource 7,100 million m 3 / year

Georgia

Azerbaijan TOTAL RENEWABLE FRESHWATER RESOURCES

63,330 million

m3 /

year

34,680 million m 3 / year

of which, water withdrawal:

of which, water withdrawal:

1,823 million m 3

11,970 million m 3

Agriculture 58.2% Industry 22.1% Municipal 19.8%

Agriculture 84,4 % Industry 12.8 % (est.)

Municipal 2.8 % (est.)

Alazani / Ganikh basin share: 3,500 million m 3

NB: national percentages (no data available at the basin scale)

NB: national percentages (no data available at the basin scale)

3,600 million m 3

INSTALLED ELECTRICITY GENERATING CAPACITY & HYDROPOWER 4,308 kW

7,114 kW

of which, hydropower: 2.6 million kW

of which, hydropower:

Hydropower 61 % Fossil fuel 39 %

Fossil fuel 85 % Hydropower 15 %

1.1 million kW

AGRICULTURAL LAND 19,000 km 2

4,000 km 2

NB: no data available at the basin scale

1,962 km 2

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT 15,700 million dollars

66,600 million dollars NB: no data available at the basin scale

6.2 million

POPULATION 5 million people

9 million people 405,000

447,400 Sources: FAO Aquastat ; US EIA International Energy Statistics ; Word Bank , 2015.

Indicators Drina Basin UNECE, 2015

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