Ostracon by James Lowdermilk

Volume8 No.2

Fall1997

THE OSTRACOIV

EGYPTIAN STUDY S OC IE T Y @ DMNHt9r9 PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE GraemeOavis JudyGreentield OavidLovering Frank Pettee MaryPratchett ESSSTAFFLIAISON Dr. BobertPickering

IN THISISSUE Page 2

The Oiental lnstituteMuseum:An Update by Dr. EmilyTeeter

Djedefre:the MysteriousKing in DynastylV by BonnieSampsell

THEOSTRACON is published tourtimesperyearby membâ&#x201A;Źrs ol the Egyptian StudySociety.The ESS,a suppongroupof the DENVER MUSEUMOF NATURALHISTORY,is a non-prolitorganization whosepurposeis lo siudyancientEgypt.Articlesare contributed by is members andscholarson a voluntarybasis.Memberparticipation in wholeor parlwithoutwritten 1 2 encouraged. Nothingmaybe reprinted Dermission. @1997EgyptianStudySociety Publicationof the Ostraconis supponedby a grant from THEPETTy FoUNDATIoN

"TheMost UncomfonablePlace Imaginable' T.E.Lawrenceat Kufr Amnar, UpperEgypt, 1912 by RandallT. Nishiyama Study Group Spotlight:The MummyStudy Group by FrankPettee

LectureRepofts

House of Scrolls:Book Reviews

The ElectricPapyrus:New Media Reviews

TheOrientalInstituteMuseum An Update Emily Teeter,AssociateCurator About the Author: Emily Teeter,AssociateCuratorof the Oriental lnstituteMuseumin Chicago,receivedher PhDin Egwtology from the Oriental lnstitLlteof the Universry of Chicago. She ,b the author ol a wide variety of popular and scholady books and atticles on ancientEgwtian art and culture. Sheis curently planning the reinstallationof the new Egwtian and Nubiangaledes at the Oiental I nstituteMuseum-

As you probablyknoyv,the galleriesot lhe OrientalInslitute Museumof the Universityot Chicagoare presentlyclosedto allowfor the first majorrenovationof the buildingin mole than 60 years. In the last severaldecades,il was recognizedlhat lack ot climatecontroland the crowdingof lhe storageareas presentedseriousproblems.Finally,in 1993we inaugurated lhe LegacyCampaignlo raise 10.4 milliondollarsfor renovataon. The proiect,whichis now well underway, includesthe installaclimateconlrolsystemsand the building tion ot state-ot-the-art ot a modestwing (15,000s/t) lo alleviatethe storageproblems as well as to accommodatethe climate control handlersystems. The projecl also called tor entirelynew fire abatement systemsthroughoutlh6 entirebuilding,and tor new lighting systemstor lhe galleries.All ot this necessilatedclosingthe museum. The logisticsof museumclosuresare a nightmare.We started packingthe collectionsin the basementin June '1994.The decisionwas made to keep the obiectson site to ensutethat we couldmaintainpropersecurityover them.Withina year,the packedobjectshadconsumedall the roomin basement,meaning that either packinghad lo slop, or the museumgalleries hadto be closedand usedlor storage.The Persiangallerywas closedin |995 to be usedfor storage.Finally,on April1, 1996, lhe restol the gallerieswereclosedand the exhibilsdismantled and Dacked. Packing a colleclionis no small task. The collectionswere packed in variousways, dependingupon lhe iype of object. Potteryand smallstoneobjeclswereslippedinto inerlplastic bags with a new inventory number alfixed; lhey were then wrappedin bubblewrap and anolherinventorystickerwas used to closethe bubblewrap. Limestoneobjectswere first wrappedin acid-treetissue and placed in ventilatedbags. Thesewrappedobiectswerelhen looselypackedin cardboard boxesof varioussizes,and carefullyinvenloried.Eachbox was then weighed and the temporarylocation ol the box noted. Larger objects,such as stele and statues,were crated. The largest objects, such as the colossal statue ol king Tutankhamun, werewrappedin inertplaslicandfoamandlhen barricadedott lo prevent any damage lrom objects being movedaroundlhem. Morethan 5,000boxesand crateshave been packed.Althoughthe packing process was tedious, it gave me the opportunityto see whal objectswere in storage, andthroughout the processI madenotesof objectslhatshould be exhibitedin the newgalleries. Whathappenswhena museumis closed?We are nowworking This meansworkingwith on the planningof lhe new galleries. designers Vinci-Hamp ot Chicagoto givelheman ideaof what we want in the new galleries,and how we think the objects shouldbe grouped.The lirst step is lor the curatorsto develop the overallconcept.For example,will the objectsbe grouped

thematically,or chronologically, or a combination?It thematic, what topics will be addressed?In the case of the Egyptian gallery the main concernwas how to redistribute the large stone objectsaroundthe gallery.In the old arrangement,they wereall groupedon onewall,regardless of theirtheme.We are workingwith the designersto developsome sort of dividers uponwhich the largestone can be displayedlhroughoutthe gallery,placelhem in proximityto smallerthematically related obiects.Nol only will this contextualizelhe obiectsmore fully, but it will givemorevisualappealto the gallery. The planfor lhe Egyptiangallerycallstor a dramaticchangein the arrangement. Firslof all, the collectionwill movetrom ils lormerlocationin the northerngalleryto lhe southerngallery. The colossalstatue ol Tutankhamunwhich was excavatedat MedinetHabuwill be movedto a free-standing locationin the tronlof the hallto forma dramaticfocusfor the gallery.Thiswill alsoallowthe statueto be viewedtromall sides.and in oarticularto allowthe recutbackoillarto be seen- it was recutfor Horemheb fromAye. The gallerywill be arrangedboth chronologically and thematically.The entrancelo the gallerywill be givenover to a briet introductionto Egyptianhistoryillustratedby objectscharacteristicof each time period,lormingan object-related time line. lerred io the new wing and Phase2 work lo refit the norihern The rest ot the gallerywill be thematic,addressingdaily lite galleryand basement willbegin. clothing,jewelry cosmetics,furniture,food and drink,women and family,occupations, music,games,tools and technology, We hopeto moveTutankhamun at ihe endof 1997.Thiswill,in wriling,pottery,art and kingshipand popularreligion. keepingwith the scaleof the statueilself,be a monumental projecl.The statuewas reconstructed,n situ and thereare only A specialsectionwilltocuson lhe God'sWivesof Amun,illusa few inchesbetweenthe top of the slatueandthe galleryceiltratedby objectsexcavaledtrom their tomb chapelsat Medinet ing. Metalstrutsprotrudefromthe reconstrucled basethrough Habu.A largesectionol the gallerywillbe devotedto deathand the terrazzo tloor downward onto supports tied into the loundalhe afterlife(subdivided into luneraryreliefs,judgmentof lhe tion one tloorbelow.In olherwords,lhe statuecan not simply dead.the tomb and the afterlite.and mummiesand mummifibe tippedover and moved.We are finalizingthe engineering cation). programtor the move.Thiswill probablynecessitate cuttinga sectionthroughthe reconstructed legs and movingthe statuein The installationot climatecontrol meansthat a wide rangeof two oarts. objectswhich previouslycould not be displayedwill be exhibited, suchas a beauiifulexampleof a New Kingdomlinentunic, The installation of the galleriesgivesus an incredibleopportusandals,votiveshirls lrom Deir el Bahari,animalmummies, planthe exhibits.We hopethatyou nity to rethink and carerully and more examplesof papyri, both funeraryand those which will visitChicagoto see lhe new gallerieswhentheyreopenin referto the economyand administration. late |998.And you will haveour sympathyand supportas you movelhe Egyptiancollection al the DMNH! Themummification section(whichol course,is amongthe most popularin any Egyptianexhibit)will leaturesome ot the obiects usedfor the mummification of kingTutankhamun, as wellas a muchfuller rangeot items,or standardmummiticationsuch as embalmers'ropes,embalmers'tags (used lo identifymummies),canopiciars and examplesol their contents. New wall panels highlightingspecific excavationsof the OrienlalInstitutewill be installedin the galleriesto give backgroundon how the objectscameto Chicagoand why certain Editor's Notes: obiectsare especiallyimportanl. The latest news on the renovationcan be found at the Oriental (lermedPhase1) is lnstitute'sWeb siteat: As of August1997,the basicconstruction almostcomplete.This phaseincludesthe construction oI the new wing, the installationof the air handlersystems,new http://www-oi.uchicago du/OUdefault.htmI -e wiring,andthe renovation ot the east,southandwestgalleries and basements.In the next tew months,the cratedand boxed Also, see p. 13 for a repon on Dr. Teeter'sApril lecture to the objectswhich are storedin the northerngallerieswill be trans- ESS,"Ma'atand Wisdom."

DJEDEFRE

ofic^.

lV Kingin DYnastY TheMysterious bY Bonnie SamPsell Aboutthe Author Bonnie Sampsellis a memberof ESSand her mostrecent submissionto the Ostraconwas 'Meresankhlll" , Vol' 7 No.3. Fatl lg . Sheis a retired prolessor and a many'times travelerto study in EgWt. Duing two visits to Abu Rawashwith special pemission, she developed a curiosity about Diedefre, whbh led to the witing of this anicle.

have been untinishedat his death' This hypothesishas been (1974Pp' repeatedby otherauthors- for exampleMendelssohn ol tradition' status the to it almost raising 52-3), But Ahmed Fakhry(1974,pp- 127, 129J.notes that lhele is no basis tor the accusationsagainstDjedefre,and archaeological stateol the tomeat Abu Rawashis dilapidated the suggeststhat quarrying ratherthan to Djedetre'slailure to stone laler due-to can be completeii beforehis death.The extentof the "quarrying" by FlindersPetde'sremarkin 18&3that 300 camelappreciated loadsof stonea day werebeingtakenlrom lhe site ln lact,there evidenceto supportFakhry'sview,andlhe purpose is substantial oI this articleis to presentit in detail

1: " f i*

Djedefre'sTomb

The site of Abu Rawash is not oPen lo the casual tourisl, who in any case would be disappointedby the remains that are slill visibte there. Vet it is an imposing location, set on a high blutf bore pyrathan 5oo feet above the cultivation,with a view oI the Giza place have would in this located A tomb mids to the southeast. Red quartzite head of Diedefrc trom Abu Rawash the practical standpoint, a From Louvre, Pais monument. impressive been an site also olfered and abundanceot limestone Todaythere are slill The grandeur of the Great Pyramid at Giza has ensured that lhe many stone and gravel quarries in the vicinity We should also name ot Khulu, the king for whom it was built, will never be lost to remember that until Khafre built his pyramid at Giza, the practice history The second pyramid at Giza, built by Khutu's son Khafre' among kings ol the late third and early fourth dynasties had been is an equallypermanentmonumenl.But only the most ardentstu- lo select a new tomb-site, rather than building next to their prededents of Egypt's Old Kingdom know that a king ruled between cessors. Thus, Huni moved from the traditional necropolis at Khufuand Khafre.And we will look in vain for a pyramidtor him at Saqqara to Meidum, Sneferu constructed his two pyramids at Giza. Dahshur,and Khufumovedto the open site ol Giza' Why, therefore, should Djedefre not have selected a new site for his own Khulu'simmediatesuccessorwas anotherson by the name of tomb? Diedefre(Dedef-ra,Tetefraor Ra'zedefin some older works) ln 1954, Djedetre'scartouche was discoveredon the limestone Very littleremainsof Djedefre'stomb,thanksto millenniaol quarblockssealingthe boat pit south ot the Great Pyramid Withinlhe rying and perhapsalso to deliberatedestructionduringthe First pit vvasthe magnificentsolar boat that was pad ol Khufu'sfuner- IntermediatePeriodlollowingthe Old Kingdom Thus, we cannot This indicatesthat Djedefrecarefullyperformedthe be surewhetherDiedefrehad time to completehis tomb duringhis ary equipment. dutiesowedto his lather.Why, then, did Djedelrenot commrssron short reign,but there are severalindicationsthat he did so a pyramidJorhimselfat Giza,as Khalrewas soon to do? Instead, The pyramidutilizeda largeknollof natulallimestone,whichwas he orderedhis tomb to be builtat a site aboutfive milesnorthwest shapedto receiveadditionalquarriedcore blocks.The substrucol Giza, near the modern town of Abu Flawash(Abu Ruash or Abu A largeverticalpit was dug intothe ture was entirelysubterranean. Flouashin some sources). knoll, at least 75 leet deep and measuring 70 feet from east to decision Djedefre's pieces information, of Along with some other west and 30 leet from north to south. A burial chamber was confamous the inspired Giza at complex not to build his funerary structed at the bottom of this pit, probablyfrom limestoneor granand lanciful his more ot to one Fleisner A. George archaeologist ite blocks. lt may have had a pent rool like that in the Khafre pyra'1955,pp 7-9) He suggestSmith (Reisner & hypotheses sinister mid, or it may have been equipped with flat beams and relieving Khufu's of death the for responsible been had Diedelre that ed chamberslikethosein the GreatPyramid.The burialchamberwas eldestson, Kawab,who would otherwisehave been the natural accessed via a passageway built in an open trench cut into the successor.Havingcausedthe deathof the CrownPrince- as well' knollfrom the northside.The passagewaywouldhave been lined perhaps,as those of some other heirs - and seized the throne' with tine stone blocks and roofed over. Then the pit and trench bjedelre was at odds with ihe rest of Khufu'slamily Djedefredies would have been filled to ground levelwith additionalstone blocks' after a reign ol only eight years, and Reisner proposedthat Khafre and the superstructureof the pyramid built above them Pieces ol took revenge on Djedetre by destroying his pyramid, which may

red granitecan still be seen in a tew areas,indicatingthat this malgddwas usedto casethe pyramid,at leastfor a lew courses. Granitetragmentsalso litterthe area:the debristromlateretforts piecesfor removal. to cut the blocksinlo mors manageable Thg componentsof a pyramidcomplexhave also been discovered,andtheseare the bestevidencethatthe tombwascompletfor use- althoughtherdis a suggestion ol haste.For ed sulticiently example,the mortuarytemple was constructedof mud-brick insteadot stone.lt has been proposedthat the templewas completedby a successorof Ojedefre(Maragoglio and Rinaldi1966), whichwouldturtherweakenthe hypothesisof familystrife.The remainsof manystalueswere found in the lemple,so we know thatit musthavebeencompletedand probablyput intouse.There is at leastone boal pit, and the remainsof a causewaye)tending nearlya mile to the northeaslwas reportedby early observers (Perring1842).A subsidiarypyramidwaslocatedat the southwest nearby.All of comer,andoneor moremastabaswereconstructed these structuresawait addiiionalsludy.The pyramidcomplexis and currentlybeingexcavatedby a teamof Flencharchaeologists, theirworkwill doubllessshedmorelighton this period.

daughterol his body."lt is unknownwhelherthe latterdaughter ll atterher marriageto Ojedefre, was bomto Hetepheres or merely named in her honor.Hetephereslwas Khufu'smother,and henceDjedetre'sgrandmother. ll was a commonpracticeat this timelo usethe namesof queenslor otherroyaldaughters, andwe find many girls namesHetepheres, Meresankhand Mertiotesat was notcommonin lhis lime. By contrast,the nameNeterhetepes the fourlhdynasty,and Porterand Mosslist onlyoneolherexample of the nameduringthisperiod,whichwill be discussedbelow. It is interestingto lind lhat two of Djedefre'schildrenhad been appointedas priestand priestessot Ra'zedel,to serve in their falher'smortuarycult.Althoughit was morecommonin thal perito thesepositions,we do see somechilod to appoinlnon-royals drenandgrandchildren of kingsservingin theirmortuarycults.The positionsmay havebeenmostlyhonoraryhowever.The continuing presenceof suchtitles into the titth and s*th dynastiesindicatesthatthecultof Djedelrecontinuedwithoutinterruption during the changesin reignsand dynasties,whichlurthersuggeststhat revengetakenagainsthim. therewas no posthumous

Little is knowntor certainaboutthe tombs of Djedelre'slamily members.Khentetenkawould presumablyhave been buriedat Abu Rawash,and there are still unexcavatedmastabasin the area.We havealreadymenlionedthat Hetepheres was preparing ]: a tombfor hersellat Giza,whichshe relinquished to her daughter Meresankh.She did not sharethat tomb,however,and her final resting'place is unknown.Therearetwosmallgroupsol mastabas Djedefre's Family datingto the Old Kingdomto the east of the pyramidat Abu was lound Almost all our informationabout Djedefre'simmediatefamily Rawash,and in one ol them (F13)an otfering-table probably bearing the name ot Harnit Djedefre's son. on fragmentsol statuesdiscovered during comeslrom inscriptions lhe excavationof the mortuarytemple in the eady '1900s.For example,onetragmentthat appearsto comefroma stalueof lhe king showsa small womancrouchednear his leg: her name is givenas Khentetenka (Smith1946).

" fi *

There is also evidence lhat Djedetre married crown prince Kawab'swidow,Hetapheres ll, who happenedto be Khufu'seldest daughter(tora detailedgenealogyof the royaltamilyot the founh dynasty,see Sampsell1996).This evidenceincludesthe tactlhat Hetepheres did acquirethe titlesoI a queenandlhat in the otferingchapelof herdaughler,Meresankhlll, oneof ihe offeringbearers comesfroman estatelhat belongedto Djedefre(Dunhamand We believethat Hetephreswas the onewho preSimpson1974). paredthe lomb for her daughterbecausethe sarcophagus in the tomb was tirst inscribedtor Hetepheresherselt;later il was reinscribed,statingthat she had given it to her daughter.Thus, Reisne/ssuggestion aboutthismaynot be so tar-fetched. Hesaid "it is also likelythat Dedet-ralDjedetre],who alreadyhad a chiet queen named Khentet-n-ka,married Hetepheres,in order to slrengthenhisclaimto lhe throneby an alliancewitha pdncessof the directline."(Reisnerand Smith 1955,p. 7) Marriageto ths eldestdaughterof the precedingking has beenallegedto confer legitimacyon the successorduring regal transitionsin the Old Kingdom,evenif the practicewanedlaterin dynastichistory. Inscriplionson statuesor tragmentsthereothave also provided inlormationaboutDjedetre'schildrenand lheir titles(all the titles citedin thisarticleare tromPorter& Moss,1974and 1978).Three sons are known:Setka, "king'seldest son of his body;"Baka, "king'seldest son and priest of Ra'zedef[i.e. Djedefre];"and Hamit,"king'sson." Fragmentsof two other statuesprovidethe namesof daughters:Neferhetepes, "king'sdaughterof his body and a priestessof Ra'zedet"and another Hetepheres,"king's

The tombs ol Djedefre'sother sons and daughiers have not been discovered,but there is a mystery surrounding a pair of mastaba tombs at Giza. Since the name Neferheteoeswas not common in the lounh dynasly, the identity of a woman named Neterhetepes, buried in lomb G4714 and bearing the title "king's daughter of his body," naturallyarouses curiosity.The tomb has been dated lo the first halt oI the tourlh dynasty,as has the ad.iacenttomb G4712, in which was buried one Nima'ethap who bore the queenly titles "seer ot Horus and Seth and great tavorite."As usual with inscriptions of this type, the king with whom the tomb owner claims relationship as "king's wife", "king's daughted' or "king's son" is not explicillynamed. These two small mastabasseem very modest tor the burial ol a queen and a princess. Perhaps there is some connection betweenthem and the adiacenl mastaba. The two tombs were built at the southwest corner or G4710, a much more elaborate maslaba dating to the fifth dynasty and belonginglo a man named Sethu. He bore the titles "directorot the palace, secrelary ol the toilet house, master of largesse in the mansion ot life", among others. His wite, Nubhotep, had the titles "priestessof Hathor, priestessof Neith, and king's acquaintance," as did the wives of many coun ofiicials of that period. lt was common for individualslo build lheir tombs near those of their relatives, and mastabasG4712 and G4714 seem lo have been built in close proximity to that of Sethu. Perhaps Sethu was a relative ot Neferhetepesor Nima'ethap,or maybe he simply used his position to secure a burial for the two women. There is a great temptation to imaginethal this Neferhetepesis the daughter of Diedefre,and that Nima'ethapwas her mother or some minor queen of thal king. But there is a crucial title missingtrom this Neferhetepes'tomb that would contirm this suggestion.

Three mastabasat Giza. From E-4. Wa is Budge, "TheMummf, Dover Books 1989 his falher,directorot the palace."ll the datingof the tomb is correct,he cannothavebeena son of D.iedetre. But Reisner(1942) explainedthat this title beganto be appliedto Khutu'sgrandchildren in the tourthdynasty.In fact, Ni-kau-razedef 's lomb is near thatof Harnit,mentionedabove,and he mayverywell havebeen grandson. Harnit'sson and lhereloreDjedefre's

What is importantaboutNi-kau-razedel lor our discussionis that he held high otficeand was in lavorwith the regimeot his time. Thetaclthathe choseto be buriedat AbuRawashat thislatedate indicatesthat is wasstillconsidered a suitableDlacefor the tombs ol court otticials,particularlythose with a family conneciionto Diedefre.And linally,it is signilicanlthat his name incorporated that of Dredetre- thiswouldnot havebeendone,evenby a dutiful The picture thal emerges from the lragmentary record is perhaps grandson,if Djedelrehadbeenanathematized by his successors. best described as "benign neglect"

ol the family oI Djedefre by Khutu'sother descendantsduringthe remainingyears of the lounh dynasty,rather than outrightpersecution.But the story is not over. After the relgns ol Menkaure and his son Shepseskaf,there were apparentlyno more male heirs in that branch ot lhe lamily. Instead, for some reason lhe crown passed to a man named Userkal, who was married to Khentkawes,a daughter of Menkaure.There are a number of versions ol the genealogyat this point - see Verner and Callender 1997. Userkaf may have been a high priest ot Heliopolis before his accession lo lhe throne. His mother was one Neterhetepes;thus, Djedefre'sdaughter became a king's mother, and the fifth dynasty was to see a rise in her lamily's fortunes.

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Djedefre'sMofiuary Cult

Severalexamplescan be toundof menwho heldDositions associatedwith Djedetre'smortuarycult longatterhis death.Atterthe deathandburialot a king,a monuarycull wasestablished to conduct ritualsthat wouldprovideotferingsand prayersin perpetuity to ensurethe survivalof the king'sbodyand ka. The ritualswere performedin the mortuarytempleby severalkindsot priests.One typewascalleda wabpriest,andwas in chargeof the purification rituals.The full-timemembersof the cult usuallylivedin a village near the pyramid,and were sustainedby producefrom eslates whichthe kinghad endowedfor thispuFose.Thus,in additionto the priests,the maintenance of the cult requiredthe servicesot otherotficials(overseersof estates,treasurers,scribes,etc.)and variouslesserpersonnel. Sabusu, an "overseerof the kaservants of the pyramid ot Fla'zedef," wasburiedal AbuRawashin mastabaM. XV at the end oI the fitth dynaslyor later.This is strongevidencethat the pyramid oI Djedefrewas slill intact,and that his cult was beingmaintained,andthat the villagewas inhabitedat thattime.

Al this point we continue the search for anyone who might have Ruzwasburiedat Gizain maslabaG3086in the sixthdynasty.His been a descendantof Djedefre,or have held a position within his titlesincluded"priestof Khufu,priestot Djedefre,priestof Khatre, mortuary cult. Fortunately,the names and tilles of many otficials wab-priest ot ihe king'smother,supervisorot police,"amongothhave been preserved in their tombs, even though the monuments ers. His father,lymerery(G3098)was also "wab-priesttor the of the kings they served may have been completelydemolished. Returningto the small fields ol mastabas at Abu Rawash, we find mastaba F15 which has been dated to the end of the fitth dynasty or later. lt was the burial-place of a man named Nikau-razedel (notice the last element, which is a version of Djedetre's name), and he claimed to be a "king's son ol his body, sole companionot

king'smother."Givenhis manytitles,it is doubtfulthal Ruzwas a full-timepriesttor any ol thesecults.lt was probablycommonfor such orlicialsto participatefor a monthat a time, on a roiation basis.Whatis particularly interesting, however,is that Fluzcarried appointmenls for threekings,and that Diedefreshouldbe included alongwith Khulu and Khalre.This is not consistentwith the

hypothesis that Khalrehad takenrevengeon Diedetre,lor surely onemanwouldnol havebeenableto servein allthreecaoacilies undersuchcircumstances. Seneb,who lived in the sixth dynasty,providesanothersimilar exampleof a personwho servedthe cultsof morethan one king. Seneb, a dwarf, is lamiliar to many tourisls and studentsof Egyptology fromthe charmingstatubtteshowinghimwithhis family.A seatedSenebis embracadby his (normalsized)wite,while his two childrenslandin frontol him,wherethe legsof a normalsized man would be. Few peoplewho see this statuettein the or leamthe restof CairoMuseumare ablelo readthe inscriglions Seneb'sstory.Like many other dwarfsin ancientEgypt,he had achievedmanyresponsible offices.His titlesindicatethat he was "directorof dwarfsin chargeot dressing,tutorof lhe king'ssons, rewardedfor his accomplishments. Among the other domains priestof Khutu,and a priestot Djedefre."Again,we see a dual were two trom lssi, two from Kakai,one from Sahure,two from appointment witha priesthoodin the mortuarycultsof both Khufu Usekatandtwo tromlkauhor. and Djedetre. Akhethotep, the son ot Ptahhotep,was buriedin mastabaD64at Seneb'sname,toundin his tombin the westemcemeteryal Giza, Saqqara.He alsoachievedthe positionol chiefjusticeandvizier, was acluallyKhulu-seneb,commemorating the king. His wife, andservedas overseerol the pyramidtownsand inspectorot the Sentiotes,was a priestessot Hathorand Neith.His son'sname pyramids of Niuserre,Menkauhorand Zadkare-lssi.Thirty{ive was Ankh-ma-razaeder. Can we imaginea couple,obviouslyin domainsare lisled in his tomb, ol whichtwo carry the nameof great favor at court, choosingto name their only son atter an Djedefre(thoughbothestateshavethe samename)and twentyusurper,if thatwaswhatDjedelrehadbeenconsidered? Ot course five carry namesof otherkings. the not. Persen,an "overseerof oilsof lhe king'sadornersandoverseerof Kingsendowedtheirmortuarycultswithestatesto providetor their the two l&chambersof the king'sadornersof the greathouse," continuingneeds.They could also deed these domainsto their was buried at Saqqara in mastabaD45. His tomb lists ten childrenor to other otficialswho were chargeswith the perfor- domains,includingone fromSneferu,one fromD.iedelre and one manceof certainduties in exchange.The estatesbelongingto from Neterhetepes, who is calledthe 'king'smother." 1962).lf Khatrehad eachkingcarrieshis name(Jecquet-Gordon I wasburiedat Giza (G4940)in lhe earlypartot the wishedto seek revengeon Djedetre,he could have seizedhis Seshemnefer endowedestates and directed their producelo other ends. fifthdynasty.Hertitlesare of greatinierest,lor lhey include"royal he might also have changedlhe namesot those chamberlain,one belongingto the estate 'Mansionof HarConceivably, priest estales,lo expungeall relerenceslo Diedetre'sname.Yet,late in Khepher'(thenameot the pyramidvillageat Abu Flawash), the OldKingdom,we findotlicialswhosetombscontainthe names of Hekal,judge and boundaryotticial,overseerot worksof the of estatestormedwith the nameoI Djedefre.We haveno assur- king."Hereis clearevidencethal the pyramidvillagehousingthe ot Diedefre's cultwasslillfunctioning in thelifthdynasty. ance,oI course,that the possessionof theseestaiescarriedwith personnel was probablyan administrator tor villageattairs. it dutiesto that long-deadking,but it may havebeenso. At least, Seshemnefer it showsthal the nameswerenot changed. As mentionedbefore,Neferhetepes was not a commonnamein Ptahhotep was buriedin mastabaD62 al Saqqaraduringthe tifth the tourthdynasty,and only the one buriedal Giza in G4714is lhe nameappears dynasty.He had many tilles, includingihat of "chiefjuslice and known.In thelitthandsixthdynasties,however, vizier," lhe highest administrativetitles in Egypt. Thirtyjour among the wives of variouscourt otlicials.Perhapsthe name domainsor estatesare represented in his lomb:one is calledthe became more popularafter Nelerhetepesb€camethe "king's "Firmament ol Diederre,'which was ihe nameof the pyramidat mother."All lhe examolesthatcouldbe loundin tombsat Gizaand Abu Rawash.Plahhotephad been favoredby many kings and Saqqaraare listedbelow.

among Tomb

Hsr llllo!

D61 ,?

Royalacqualntance motherot Shepsoskafankh Ka servam

Hu.b.nd

women

HIBTltlat

P&U.

lrkaplah

1't3

Dendenu

211

Wazed Merenkat

272 Priestol Khulu

274 468

D22 #60

Pdeslossof Hathor and Neith

D13*73 O47

Priestess ot H6lhor Priestessof Hathor

Shepsi Nsnkhef[(a

OveGeerof lhe pwamiclsol Neted*are and Nulsere, overseerol lho sunlempl€sol Sahur6,Noteri*ar€,RanglerandNlusere Judge,oversoorol scrib€s Wab-pdestat severalpylamidsand sun temples

St€la Slela

daughl$ol Messa Royalacquaintance

Netemutgr

Chielleciorpdsst Overso€rof the king'swab-priests

482 580 736

736 'Ponet & Mosa,Uol-lll, pages

thatthisdetilement wasorderedby any fourthdynastyor laterOld Kingdompharaohs.Th6 batteredfragmentsot a granitesarcophagusand dioritestatuarylhat Petrie(1883)reporledtindingin the debrisaroundthe pyramidsare verysimilarlo thosehe foundat Giza, and which he attributesto deliberateetfacementof many tourthdynastymonuments duringthe FirstIntermediate Period.

"f i*

Conclusions

Takenas a whole,lhe evidencesuggeststhat Djedefre,in spiteof his shorlreignof only eightyears,did manageto buildan imposingtombat Abu Rawash,in whichhe was interred.Thereis proof lrom inscriptions in the tombsof privateindividuals thatDjedetre's mortuarycull was functioningin the titth and sixthdynasties,that estatesbearinghis namewerestill in exislenceand perhapsprovidingrewardslo thosechargedwith dutiesto him or his family, thathighofficialscarrieddualappointmenls in the cultsol Diedetre and those ol olher fourth-dynasty kings,and that some otficials even named lheir childrenatter him. PerhaDsthe idea thal Diedefre'smemorybegan to be particularlyreveredwhen his daughter'sson becamekingis nol too unreasonable.

We have so much evidencethat Egyptiankings did usurpthe monuments, statuesandbuildingmaterialsot lormerkingsthatwe cannotdenythatthe practiceoccurred.But we haveno evidenco of such actionswithindynasties.MiddleKingdomrulersre-used blocksfrom the Old Kingdomtemplesat Giza in their pyramid complexes,bul lhere is evidencethal thoseearliertempleswere alreadyin ruins.Certainly,New Kingdompharaohsshowedlittle compunclion abouthelpingthemselves to ilemsfromearliereras.

It musl have besn sssential,however,tor kingsto maintainthe monumenlsandcultsol lheir immediatepredecessors withsome reverence,given their religiousbeliefsconcerningthe need to preservethe bodylor etemity.Certainly,it wouldhaveset a bad Thecurrenlsadstateof Djedelre's"houseot etemily"is mostlikeexampleand bodedill for their own funeraryneedsit they had ly lhe resultof manygenerationsof stone-robbers quarryingits ignoredor desecrated the lombsot any but the basestmurderer, blocksof limestoneand granite.Deliberatedeslructionmay also usurperor traitor.Evidently, then,Diedefrewas noneof these. haveplayeda role,but thereis absoluielyno evidenceto suggest

Dyllasry L

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Khufu (Cheops).

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The pharaohsof theFoutth Dynasty From E.A. WallisBudge, "TheMummf, Dover Books 1989

References Dunham,Dows and Simpson,William Kelly, The Mastabaof Queen Mersyankhlll, Museumof Fine Arts, Boston,1974 FakhryAhmed,The Pyramids,Universityof ChicagoPress,Chicago, 1974 Jacquet-Gordon, HelenK., Les Nomsdes DomainesFuneruiressous I'ancien empire Egyptlan, L'lnstitute Francais d'Archaeologie Orienlale, Cairo,1962 Maragioglio,Vito, and Hinaldi,Celesle,L'Architefturade a Piamidi Menfite,Patle V, OtficineGraticheCanessa,Rapallo,'1966 Mendelssohn,Kun, The Riddleof the Pyramids,Praeger,New York, 1974 Perring,J. E. (sic), Ihe Pytamidsof Gizeh,3 parts, London,1839. 1842 Petrie,W. M. F., The Pyramidsand Templesof Gizeh,London,1883

Porter,Berthaand Moss,RosalindL. 8., Topographical Bibliography of AncientEgyptianHieroglyphicText,Beliefsand Paintings.Vol.Il: Memphis, Pattl, AbuBawashto Abusir, SecondeditionwithJaromir Malek.Clarendon Press.Odord1974 Porter,BerthaandMoss,Rosalind L. 8., Topogruphical Bibliography ol AncientEgyptianHieroglyphicText,Reliefsand Paintings.Vollll: Memphis,Pan ll, Saqqanto Dashur,SecondeditionwithJaromir Malek,GrifiithInstitute, Ashmolean Museum, Oxford1978. Reisner, George,andSmith,WilliamStevenson, Historyof the Giza Necropolis, Vol.l, HarvardUniversity Press,Cambridge, MA,1942 Sampsell, Bonnie,"Featured lll", TheOstracon, Queen:Meresankh Vol.7 No 6 (Fall1996),Egyptian StudySociety,DenverMuseumof NaturalHistoryDenver1996 Smith,WilliamStevenson, The Historyof EgyptianSculptuteand Paintingin theOldKingdom, London.1946 An onlinephoto galleryof Abu Rawashcan be foundat http:/h ages.prodigy.com/G/U/ Mg uardian/djed 1.htm

'The Most UncomfofiablePlaceImagiruble, Excerpts from letters by T.E. Lawrence at Kafr Ammar, Upper Egypt, 1912 Tnnscribed by Fandalt T. Nishiyama About the authoc RandallNishiyamahas degrcesin the engineering sciences and is employedat the Universiu ol Coloradoat Boulder.He b a member ol the ESS,a member ot the Boulder Societyof the Archaeologicallnstituteof Ameica, and excavates under the MamertionFoundationat OppidoMamenina(Contrada MeIa) in Calahria,naly.

cultivated landsbordeing on the Nile. They scrupe this softsand with hoes- one'sfeet sinkin it each step- and wherethey do not feel rottenstoneat the tool depth,they hollow out. ln a lew minutes,il they disclosea rectangular form ol 4' by 3'6' they know they are at the top of a well-tomb.They then dig down trom I to 15 teet in the same soft sand,fillingol the shaft,and at the bottomfind a room, or two rooms, still clear of debis, unlessthe rcol has fallen-

In March 1911, T.E. Lawrence began his associationwith the BritishMuseumexcavationol the great mound at ln theseroomsare piled up threeot lour mummy-bodies, Jerablus (Carchemish) on lhe River in rcning coffins withgroat saorcof bead-netsalong their length,and amulets,and sometimespottery."[1] Euphratesin Syria, then a part ot the aging Ottoman Empire. D.G. Lawrence,unaccustomed to burialarchaeology, toundthe archaeHogarth,who had worked wilh ologicalmethodsadoptedby Petrie'steam to be very ditterent Arthur Evansat Knossos,was the lrom thoseusedat Carchemish. He describesthese methodsin lirst head'ol the excavationand a the tollowingpassage: mentor to Lawrence. He had "nis a strangesight to seethe menforcingopena square arranged for Lawrence to learn wooden coffin, and taking out the painted anthropoid archaeologicalmethod and techenvelope within, and splittingthis up also to drag out a niquetrom ProfessorW.M.Flinders gloious in bight wruppings,but da* brown, mummy, not Petrie.who was currentlvexcavalfibrous, visibly rotting- and thenthe thingbeginsto come ing in Upper Egypl under the British School and Egyptian pieces, to and the men tear olf iE head, and bare the young FlesearchAccount.The Lawrence,who was in his early skull, and the vettebraedrop out, and the ibs, and legs twenties,hadhopedto workwilh ProfessorPetrieat Heliopolis, but and pehaps only onepoot amuletis the result: the smell the excavationat that site was not to begin until March 1912. and sightsara honido.' l1l Therefore,he decidedto join Petrieat KatrAmmar,60 km. south of Cairoon the westside of the Nile The environmentand day-lo-dayaoulineencounteredai an archaeologicalsite during the early parl ol the cenlury are described. Theyare nol unlikecircumslances encountered today: "Outhouseftabontoryl wouldmakeyou laugh. Wespend Thursd4/,4th: At(ivesin Cairo.Registersat the Bristol out days stinging beads,or copyingpainted terts of the book of the dead, until the littleroomis moreancientthan modem,and until you cannotgo in or out withoutbrushSatuday,6th:Eveningmeetingwith Pror.Petrie,who was ing past mummiesor statuettes,or tomb poftery. Even recovering from a seriousillness. our very tirewoodcomes from 24th dynastycoffins,and our charcoalbrazier firstpeiormed that officein the days gth:DepartsCairoat 9:30a.m.ArrivesKafr Tuesday, of the lall of Carchemish.At night jehoas pertorm tiat 11: 15a. m . umphal dances over my body, and mosquitoesare the orchestra.'(1] Tuesday, 30th:DepartsKalrAmmarfor Cairo. "Am quite well but very dirly: people in this camp wash Petrie's students that winter included C. Elverson, Fleginald only twice a week and never change their clothes. lt is Englebach,ErnestJ.H. MacKay,and Gerald A. Wainwrighl in addi cenainlythe mostuncomfoftableplace imaginable."{11 tion to Lawrence.Some ol these men went on to become eminenl in their field (tetet lo Who Was Who in Egyptology, 1972l,. Petriefinallyarrivedat KalrAmmaron 18Januaryattera six week to writeto Hogarth Lawrence, known for his contributions in archaeology was also lay-upin Cairo.Lawrencelook the opportunity about lhe Petries, and especially Wainwrighl, who two yearsprelater known, because ol his exploits in lhe Near East during the viously had done notable work at El Gezeh: Great War, as Lawrence of Arabia. About thisplace, Mrs. P.[Hilda Petie] is here, whichis a Lawrence recounls in a letter to his family the excavation ot novelty in camp. He [Petrie] is enormoustun, wilh sysPrehistorictombs ol the Harka Period (Third IntermediatePeriod) temsof openingtins and ... aI else. Wainwight[is] a under G.A. Wainwright,who was supervisingduring Petrie's medgood man who loves the Hinib nation and is witing a ical stay in Cairo. The work day began at 8:00 a.m. book upon themapparently- or provingthat theyare not About 15 men and 20 boys are digging for them: they the Cypiotes- He is painfully anxiousto get you to talk find them [tombs] in sand and flint soil, the edge of the and can't: digs better than anyoneelse here. ll seems to great desen of Africa, where it dips down in flats to the me very carelessly done compared with Carchemish:

however there are lo|s of little things with wax and suchlike tools to be picked up; only it seems to me that Wainwight is better than the Professor just now." 13\ Lawrenceprofilesthe venerable Professorin another letter home. He also rellects on the ditlerences ot digging at Kafr Ammar: "He is intercsting - but so intensely self-centered and self-standing. Argument etc. is ludicrous between them [Petie and his wife], lor either's opinion is rooted against all winds that blow- I like him exceedingly, but rather as one thinks of a cathedtal or something immovablebut by eatlhquake. He is a quite inspired archeologist - and I am pickng up hints of sods all day long. Very liftle of his methods applies to Sy a as yet. The styles of digging are so utterly dissimilar and the things dug and the eanh you dig them in. This here is ghastly wotk - too easy, too monolonous, and mostly body-snatching - not one tenth the joy ot ruin exploration."{1} He writesagain about Petrieand his Victorianmanner.This time to a friend: "He's about 5'11" high, white haited, grey bearded,broad and active, with a voice that splits when excited, and a constant feverish speed ol sDeech:he is a man of ideas and systems, from the right way to dig a temple to the only way to clean one's teeth. Also he only is right in all things: all his subs.[subordinates]have to take his number ot sugar lumps in their tea, his species of jam with potted tongue, or be dismissed as ofticial bound unprogtessists. Fudher he is easy-tempered,lull ol humour, and fickle to a degree that makes hin delighttully quaint,

and a constant source ol ioy and amusement in his camp." l3l At Carchemish, Lawrence was keen on photography, pottery, sculplure, and inscriptions,and he got on very well with the North Syrian Arab labourers.Things were probably no ditterentat Katr Ammar; in olher words, Lawrence probably dressed in his French grey blazer with pink trim, lennis shirt, foolball shorls, tasseled Arab belt, grey stockings,and red Arab slippers.C.L. Woolley,who was later to gain immortalityfor his work at Ur, knew Lawrence from the latter's schooldays in Oxford, and would later work with him at Carchemish(1912-1914)and in southernPalestine(1914). He wrote the followingdescriptionof Lawrence. "ln the actual work he was cuiously effatic. lt all depended on how far he was intercsted, and not everythingin field archaeology did interest him or appeal to his sense of values. He could take very lull and carcful notes, not always in a fonn easy tor others to follow ... and at other times he would take no notes at all. Once I asked him to write a detailed desciption of a row of sculptured slabs and he duly handed in a notebook which he said contained ali that was wanted; long aftetwards when I came to look at it I found that each slab was dismissed with a sentence or two which merely made fun of it ,., His impatience of the written record might have been due in paft to his ptodigious mernory. He would look at a small fragmenl ot a Hittite insciption which had just come to light and rematk that it fitted on to an equally small piece found twelve months before, and although there were many hundreds of such in our store-rcom he was alwavs ioht:

or he wouldquotelrcm memorya patlicularpotshed that had been foundin a lormer seasonand coulddescibe its stratum and associations,allhough I and not he had excavatedthe piece and wilten the notes about it. His mind was indeedentirely set on the work he was doing, but he did it in his own way.He wouldmake brilliantsuggestionsbut would seldomargue.in suppotl of them:they werebasedon sound enougharguments,but he expected you to see those tor yourself,and if you did not agree he wouldrelapse intosilenceand smile."l2j The Egyptianfellahswould refer io Lawrenceas Es Shami- The Syrian - and althoughhe longed lor his adopted homeland, Lawrencebecameentrancedby his Egyptiansurroundings. "l shall be glad to be back in Syria - and shouldbe now, only tor the present beauty ot the weatherand the misty sunlight,magnifyingthepalm-trees,and makingtheWramid of lllahun, ou neighbour,greater than many mountains. Also we see the Nile two miles awa)/, with the brown sails of boats passing up and down its sluggish length."11) "l am digging on the [sagas of] Laxdale and Bumt Nial, Ordeic Wtalis,Cantefuury tales, Daudet, and Richard Yea& Nay: - a very tolerableselectionol the light sort: wa staftat 7 and stopat 5 and do some night-wo*, mostly dovelopment[of film] - the weatheris warmand sunny withouta drop ol rain and neady windless- whichis as well with all the Sahara unbrokenlying W.[west] ot us. "

ft)

kets, and timbers,as well as sealingsot Nar-mer,coppertools, weaponsand itemsol alabaster. A linenshirttromone ot the 1st dynastyburials,perhapsthe oldestlinengarmenlin Egypt,is on display at the Petrie Museum in UniversityCollege. Petrie describesLawrencoas the "bightest of companions"-l3j Lawrenceand Petriediscussedlhe influenceof lhe NearEaston Egyptianarl. In a letterhomehe writes: "l tind very distinctinfluencesof Mesopotamianan in the caruingsol thiâ&#x201A;Ź cemetety:not in the ponery. Prof. Petie agrees,and hassuggestedthat he pay for a tentativedig in Bahrein... or any otherpoint on the Arabian coastI seltle for. lt appearsto me that Bahrein --.is the mostlikely half-way house between Mesopotamia or Elam and EgWt." l4l This illustrates the conlidencePetriehad in Lawrence,althoughit wouldnot be until 1925that E.J.H.MacKayexcavatedtumulion lhe islandot Bahreinwhich possiblydatedto 2000 B.C. As lor Lawrence.he decidedlo resumehis work at Carchemishbut relurnedto Upper Egyptthe tollowingyear to visit Petrieand Englebach. Sludyingwith Petrieat Kafr Ammarwas an importantperiodin Lawrence'searlyarchaeological career.He was giventhe opporlunityto expedence a ditferenttypeof excavation, but moreimportanllyhe probablylearnedlhe techniquethat Petriewas developing of sequencedatingusingpottery. Eachmanhada deeprespectfor one another,andalthoughthey seldomkeptin contactafterlheir daysat KafrAmmar,Petriewas verysaddenedwhenhe heardot Lawrence's deathin 1935.

In his autobiography, Petriewrole about the excavationat Kafr with Petrieis summarized in lhe following Tarkan- whichis specifically wherelhe earlyremainswerefound, Lawrence'sexperience passage. whereasKafrAmmaris the namegivento the generalarea and wherethe remainsafter the 1st-2nddynaslieswere tound. He "WhatP [Petrie] wantsis a pedestrianintelligenceto do describesthe cemeterywhichprovedlo be of the 1st-6thdynasty, the hackwotktor him, while he does the frne things.Am wherelherewerealso burialsol the late 23rddynasly.The most aMuly glad I hrcntto him. But whata life!" 15) interesling findswereof the 1st dynasty,and includedbeds,basWorks Cited:

ExcavationReports:

1. Lawrence,M.R.,ed. Ihe Home Lettersof TE. Lawrenceand Petrie,W.M.F,Wainwright, G.A.andGardiner,A.H.Tarkan I and HisBrothers.London:Blackwell,1954. Memphb\f, BSAE23 (1913). 2. Lawrence,A.W., ed. T.E-Lawrenceby His Fiends: A New Pelde,W.M.F.'Iarkan ll",BSAE25 (1914). Selectionof Memoirs.NewYork Mccraw-Hill,1963. Petrie,W.M.F.,and et al (MacKay,E., Wainwright,G.A., 3. Petrie,F SeventyYearcin Archaeology. NewYork Greenwood, Englebach, R., Derry,D.E., Midgley,WW). "Heliopolis, Kafr 1969. AmmarandShurafa", BSAE24 (1915). 4. Garnett,D., ed. Ihe Lettersol T.E. Lawrence.New York: Doubleday, Doran,1939. 5. Lawrence,T.E. T.E.Lawrenceto His BiographeLLiddellHart. NewYork Doubleday, Doran,1938.

currentissue ot BiblicalArchaeologyFeyiewleaturesan on Lawrence'sarchaeologicalcareer: abachnick,S.E. 'Lawrence oI Arabia As Archaeologisl",Biblical Review, 23, No. 5, pp. 40-47& 70-71, 1997.

Readerswhowantto knowmoreaboutLawrenceand his lifewill be interestedin T. E. Notes:A T. E. LawrenceNewslefter.lt is editedby DenisW. McDonnell& SuellenJ. Miller,Editorsand be ordered from 653 Park Street, Honesdale,Pennsylvania 1U31-1421, Tel: (717) 253-6706, Fax: (717) 253-6786,email @Did.net.T. E. Notes also has a Web site at

AnotherWeb site of interestis the Lawrenceof Arabia Factfileal htlp://www.press.u-net.com/teweb/home.htm. This informative siie is maintained by the BodleianLibraryat OxfordUniversity, andeditedby JeremyWilson,Lawrence's authorizedbiographer. It you haveany troubleconnecting to thissite,try the Bodleian Library'smoreslightlylessup-to-date versionat: http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uUusers4t/teweb/home. htm.

<dly(Grrorrurlp, 6llii,gJhutr Slp,,o, Srrrur The Mummy Sfudy Group by Frank'Pettee

A costumedFEnk Pelteea@lainsthe linet pointsol coltin consltuctitn to a lascinatealaudience Phob by DavisShrade, copfign I9

In 1988,the Famsesll and hisTimesexhibitat DMNHclosedatter a successtul8-monthrun.Havingworkedcloselytogetherfor lhat lengthof time, a dozen docentvolunteersmet in a home and decidedto form an organizalionof peopleinteresledin further studyof ancientEgypt.Sincethen,the EgyplianSludySocietyhas within blossomed,becominga very largeand viableorganizatlon the DenverMuseumol NaluralHistory

DMNH

x 16 inch 12s-yeaFold floorioiststo cut and shapelor the coltin. producedthe roughassemHis skillwith toolsand woodworking bly,usinga smallamountof gluebut tasteningit all togetherwith pegs.Thenolhermembefscarvedandsmoothedto shape.

The construction ot the cotfintook placeright in the publicAaze, wheremuseumvisilorsand schoolchildrencouldwatchthe work in progress.Several membersacted as costumed docents, the use of the ancienl Severalsub-groupshaveformedwithinthe ESSto studyspecitic answeringquestionsand demonslrating subjects.You will be familiarwith theil namesfrom the short tools. madeduringthe businessportionol ESS meetannouncements when the construction ot the coffinwas complete,it was painled ings,but untilnowthe detailsol theirworkhavenot beenpresentby the Arl StudyGroupunderthe directionol AliceGemmell,who at large. ed to the ESSmembership did mosl of lhe gessoingand painting- but that is her story for a The MummyStudy Group meets once a month in members' lateredition. homes,and aftera businessmeeting,thereis a shortsocialgalhThe completedcoftinwill soon be on displayagain.in the new videosand at timesa "mummymovie'. eringpriorto informative Egyplianexhibiithat will be openedat the museumnextyear.lts and brilliantcolorswill cerlainlymakeit the envy The grouphas accrolnplished severalthingsso far,and has plans fine conslruction lor thetuture.In 1987,for example,the museumallowedspaceon of lhe mummieson displayl the the mainfloortor us to buildan anthropoidcoftin,reproducing Althoughthe coflin proiectis lhe MummyStudy Group'smost ancienlcoftinthal is now in the Dermanentexhibit.Exacl meathe group remainsvery active.Members notableachievement, surementsweretakenand loftedontolormerstor the cuttingand have made reproductionfunerary afilulets from sieatite and shapingof the wood,downto the lastquarterinch.Thetoolsused purposes,and this is just the beginningof taiencetor educational in the projectwerereplicasot thosethatwouldhavebeenusedby lhe thingswe hopeto accomplish! the cotfin'soriginalmakers. Spacedoesnot permitnamingall of the memberswho workedon in its success. We would love to bdng the activitiesand achievementsof the project,but two in particularwere instrumental group to the wholeot the ESSmembership!Please drew up the plans, Jack Kullmantook all of the measuremenls, member ol the editoial committee and let us sDtead and madefull size tormers.He also madeall ol the copperand 4 woodtools.JohnMcGannwas ableto obtaintull measurement

LECT(IRE REPORTS ,NA'A| AND WSDO|II: BASIC THINKINGABOUT SALVAT'ONIN ANCIENTEGYPT Presenledby Dr. Emily Teeler ESS Meeting,April 7th Dr. Emily Teeterot the OrientalInstilutein Chicagotreatedthe ESS to a fascinatinglectureon the complexand often contradictorysubiect of salvationand damnationin ancient Egyptianlhinking.This is a subjectwhich Dr. Teeterhas been researchinglor some time, and her conclusions will be publishedmorefullyin an academicjournal at some lime in the tuture. To the ancient Egyptians,the idea ot damnalionconcistedof exclusion trom good ihings - the afterlife,the company of the gods (signifiedby the name of the deceasedbeing compoundedwith that of Osiris),and eternalyoulh and beauty. The word Ma'at - the personilicationol ethical standards against which the deceased'sheart was weighed in the Hall of Judgment,is commonly translated into English as "truth", but to the ancient Egyptians,the concept of ma'at was much more complex. Ma'at was the force thal maintainedorder in the universe by preserving the cosmic balance. Without ma'at, chaos - isfet - would overwhelm all creation. By extension,lhen, individualswho trans- THE SECRETS OF ASWAN gressed against ma'at by not behaving correctly did more than Presentedby Alice Gemmel endanger their own afterlives: they jeopardized the established ESS Meeting,June 17th order ot the universe,which manifesteditself in the regularityof the From the earliest times, Aswan played a major role in the northNile tloods, the constancy of the stars, and in many other ways. southtrade betweenEgyptand Nubia.The earliestknown text from Transgressorsput the whole of societyat risk, not just themselves. Nubia is located at Gibel Shelique,the second cataract area, and The king was the source ol ma'at to the people,just as he was the recordslhe viclory of lirsfdynasty King Djar over Nubia.This is the source of ka (see the reporl on Bob Hanawalt'sleclure The Ka, the first real record of the Pharaohbeing in the southernpart of Egypt. Ba and the Akh in Vol.8 No. 1, Summer1997),makingpoliticalobe- Nubia was a wealthy area, producing gold, copper, the highly dience a divine duty, and as importantas personalmoral rectitude. prized pink granite tor monuments, diorite tor great statues, quarlzite, malachite, and best quality sandstone. Many Old The negativeconlessionsin The Bookol the Deadhintat the nature of the virtuesthat constituiedma at. Though it is a New Kingdom Kingdom pharaohs sent trading expeditionssouthward, including document,it is corroborated by olfier,earliersources.But Ma'at- Khufu,Pepi I and Merenra,who had a canal cul aroundthe lirst passage of goods downstream. Pepi ll lvas righiness- alonewas not sufiicientlo ensurea favorablejudgment. calaract to ease the also actave in tha southern lrade, and perhaps the best-known The malerialtrappingsof burialwere also important,and the living instance of when the B-year-oldpharaohwas presenled this is had a duiy to carefor the weii-beingof theirdead. witha dwarfby a noblemanlrom ihe Aswanarea,and repliedwith Althoughit is widelyassumedthat strictadherenceto the ethical a letter comrnanding that the dwarl should be brought lo court conceptsembodiedby Ma'atwas sufricientto ensurea favorable immedialelyand with the greatestcare. judgment,one could attainjustificalionthroughknowledgerather ln the FirstlntermediaiePeriod.the southernbordershiftednorth than correct behavior As attested by texts as early as the Middle to Luxor,then to Abydos.To hold the fronlierestablishedin the KingdomCofiinTexts,knowingcertainmagicalspells- the names lvliddleKingdom,a chain of thirteenfortswas built,startingat the of guardians, eventhe namesoi objects- was, in somecontexts,as first cataracl and reaching to just past the second cataract. l-he importantas, or even a substituteior, iiving life accordingto Ma'at. goods that llowed northwardsincludedexotic animals,incense This emohasisuoon wisdom ratherthan actionfor salvalionhas and gold. intereslingimplicationsfor Egyptiansociety.Correct action according to the preceptsol Ma'atwas consideredto have been passed Egypt controlled Nubia until the 13th Dynasty,but the local army down from the beginningof time and hencewas part of the overall becameincreasinglyindependentand settled.When the Kushite traditionof society.Such means were assessableto all. In conlrast, kingsotferedthe soldiersland, many joinedthem. This heralded the SecondlntermediatePeriod. iustificationon the basis ol wisdom was limited to the lilerateelile. In the earlyyearsof the New Kingdom,Thutmoselconqueredthe Nubians,and claimedthe fiflh catafacias a colonialland to be adminisleredby an Egyptianviceroy. Because of its position close to the first cataract, Aswan brought goods and tributeinto Egypt from Nubia and the Atricanhinterland. These goods were vital to majntainingthe wealth and power of ancienl Egypt.

CHANG//dGNYTHOLOGYIN EGYPNANHIS|ONY Presentedby LindaEngle ESSMeeting,September16th Lindaintroducedus to a colortulcastof divinecharaclersandtollowed their careerslrom Predynastictimes throughthe New Kingdom. Horus,we leamed,was alreadya polenttiguroin the predynastic period,andhispowerneverdimslhroughout the historyot ancienl Egypt.The Horuscuftarosein the northand the god camelo be "the perfect metaphortor majesty' and lhe protectorof the pharaoh.Horus is often pairedwith Sel who, in earlytimes, is as "chaos"or as Horus'"worthyopponent."In the early depicted Presentedby RobertLitterell dynasties, Set is not vililiedto lhe degreethathe is in laterdynasESSMeeting,July 1sth ties. lt is onlywhenthe Osirianmythsare lirmlyenlrenchedthat Philosophers say musicandstorieswerethe lirst orderingof Set becomesentirelyevil.Al lirst he is portrayedas an odd-lookchaos.Withthisthought,on July 15thRobertLitterellpresented ing dog-anteater hybridor crocodileor hippoand laterhe comes an oulstandingmulti-media lour of the musicof ancientEgypl. as an ass-headed snake. to be reoresented tor dancing,marching,moving, Anubisdatestrom the predynastic Musichas beenuseduniversally period,and was importantin singingand tellingstories.The ancientEgyptiansweresimilarlo the PyramidAge for his role in the deceased'sjourneyto lhe otherearlypeopleswho believedlhat musicwas magical,and Unden/orld.But beginningin the slh DynastyOsirisbeginsto be couldcarrymessageslo the worldof lhe dead. the principalligure presidingover the transitionto ihe alterlife. Usingtapedmusicalexamples,slidesof templearl and artifacts, Pharaohsstantakingan Osiriannameoncelhey die. Robertentrancedthe listenersand broughtthe ancientartslo Onelemaledeity,Neith,the "Mislressot the Bow"and "Rulerof life.Oetailssuchas lhe directorsot the musiciansin carvings times.Her popularity lhe Arrow,"was very popularin predynastic gavea tascinatingconnectionto existingCopticpractices.Tapes outweighed eventhatof lsis in thisearlytime.In the PyramidAge, broughla welcomedimen- Neiih is sometimesdepictedwearingthe red crown ol upper andthe playingol aclualinstrumenls sionto the presentation, as did storiesrangingtromancienlfolkEgypt.Withthe riseol the Osiriscult,however,lsis'statusis elelorelo a real-lifesearchlor a gluegun in Cairo. vatedto "DivineMothe/'andshebecomesoneot the mostimporthe 1gth-cen- lant deities.Her earlybovinereference,"DivineCow Who Gives The eveningendedwitha harpduetdemonstrating Birthto lhe SacredBull of Memohis."is retainedand she later tury Europeanconceptionof ancienlEgyptianmusic- which cowhornsalongwiththesolardisk.Neith'spopneedlessto say was verydiflerentfromRobert'sreconstructions! wearsHaihor-like and ularity wanes, she is relegatedto adorningcanopicjars to Repon by Noma J. Livo guardroyalinnards. Ptahrisesto powerduringthe powerstrugglebetweenthetwocult centersot Heliopolisand Memphis.The priestsol Memphisproot claimedhimthe supremegodio helplegitimizethe importance Sekmet,is alsoa verypowtheircity.Hisconsorl,the lion-headed ertulgoddesswho conceiveskings,causesplaguesand dispels illness. Amon,the "HiddenOne' of the conqueringHyksos,was worshippednearThebesand creditedwilh the Hyksos'militaryvictohe becamea nationaldeity,and combinedwith ries.Eventually, goddesswho somelimes Ra. His consort,Mut, is a lion-headed wearsthe crownsot upperand lowerEgypt. MUSICOF ANCIENTEGYPT

Throughthe examinationof these and severalother deities, Linda'spoint was clearlymade:the ancienl Egyplianswere a thritty peoplewho rarely discardeda deity.PerhapsHorus is uniquein that he mainlaineda steady,highpopularitytrom early dynasticthroughNewKingdomtimes. Reponby Judy Greenfield

Volunteers Wanted! we needpeople to help with this sectionof the Ostracon.The publicationscommifteewouldlove to hear from anyonewho is intercstedin witing bief repo,ts on ESSlecturesand other activities.Youdon't have to commityourselfto coveing every singlelecture- once ot twicea year wouldbe fine. lf you are interested,pleasecontactany memberof thepublicationscommittee.

Houseof Scrolls '

Book Reviews

Ostrccon Back lssues Announcingan excitingEgyptologicaldiscovery,right here in pyramidlhat Denver!No, it's not the long-awaited Egypto-Mayan tinallyprovesthevalidityot theChildrenol theSuntheory,it'sa documentcacheof international significance - or to be moreprecise,it's a couple of hundred back issues of lhe Oslracon,recently unearlhedin the Pettâ&#x201A;Źes'basementand full of all kindsot articles. reviewsandreports. These pricelessdocumentscan be yours lor only $1.52 each, includingpostage.ContactFrankPeneeat 777-5494,or at ESS monlhlymeetings.Act now as stocksare limited! Vol. I, No. I, Winler1989 The Oslracon'spremiereissue.Mountainsot StoneSymposium, BennuBird,ESSFirstAnniversary. Vol.1, No.3, May1990 Oslraconinscriptions, EgyptianScience,Studyingthe Pyramids, The Calendar. Vol.2, No.1, October1991 The Environment and Cultureof the Nile,The Obelisk.CT scanningDMNHMummy. Vol.2, No.2, November'1991 PyramidConstruction, PreDynasticEgypt,NewKingdomArmy. Vol.3, No. I, February1992(talselymarkedas Vol.2, No. 1) Prolessionals andAmaleursin Egyptology, DonRyanInterview, GiovanniBelzoni,Natron,Medicines,DMNHEgyptExhibit,Valley of the KingsWalkingTour. Vol.3, No. 2, May 1992 Cleopatra,Hatshepsut, T.G.H.James,Nile RiverPollution, Animalsin AncientEgypt.

Vol, 3, No. 3, August 1992 Predynastic Burials,DwarlTomb,FaiyumPortraits. Vol. 3, No. 4, November1992 Tutankhamun sDecialissue Vol. 4, No. 1, February1993 Ramsgsll, OrientalInstituteMuseum,Bookot Am-Duat. Vol. 4, No. 2, July 1993 WoodCofiins,EgyptReborn?,Traveler'slmpressions, Travel Diary. Vol. 5, No. 2, Summer/Winter1994 Conservation, Mentuhotep ll part l. Vol. 6, No. 5, Summe tggs Menluhotepll partll, DidTutankhamun Lie in State?,Egyptian Literalu16. Vol. 6, No. 3, Winter'1995 The OldestPavedRoad,The lmpaciot Geography, Fleconstrucled Boardgame. Vol.7,No. 1, Spring1996 Hatshepsut's RecarvedSarcophagus, Murderin Memphis, Sneteru,Set. Vol.7, No.2, Summer1996 Metals,CivilLaw'GranvilleMummy,Senusertlll, Neith. Vol. 7, No. 3, Fall 1996 Meretaten's Bathroom,New InsightsAboutOld Pyramids, Meresankh lll, FelineDeities. Vol.8, No.1, Summer1997 ARCE1997AnnualMeeting,Egyptand Mesopotamia, Nefertiti andAhkenaten.

The chapterspromisedinlormationon everydaylife in Egyptian times- and delivered.The last chapterin the book highlights,in A Popular lntroduction to Lite in the Pyramid Age brief,the existingruinsfromOld Kingdomto Ptolemaic timesand I can'trecallif it was the slimnessot the volume,the titlepromis- wouldbe a goodintroduction for thosein the earlystagesof planing glimpsesintoeverydaylife in ancientEgyplor the wallpainting nlnga trip to Egypt. on the cover,showinga lineot youthsperformingsomehigh-steppingaerobics,promptedme to choosethis bookfromthe library Kamilhas livedin Egypttor manyyearsand has wdttena series ot guidebooks to Luxor,Sakkaraand Memphis,and UpperEgypt. shelves. TheAncientEgwtiansis wellwrittenand highlyreadable.SinceI Kamilestablishes her unabashedpreferencetor the Old Kingdom am no Egyptianscholar,notevenan amaleurone,I can'tvouchfor early in the book. "The Old Kngdom, the PyramidAge, is considthe accuracyot the intormationbetweenthe pale bluecoversol ered hy many histodansas the high-watermark ol acheivement." the book.Kamilhasembellished her bookwithnicelinedrawings, Sheproclaimsit "anaistocraticage,"onecharacterized by "vigormapsand goodblack& whitepholographs. lt is a conciseprimer ous and able monarchs,"a strongcentralizedgovemment,high good on ancient Egypt and would serve as a introduction for the productivity andrelinement. The authorplacesthe PyramidAge in goodrefresherfor thosewishingto brushup on neophyle or as a contelit,beginningthe bookwith an overyiewot Egyplianprehistory and an explanationol how landscapeand climatemolded the essentialsol ancieniEgypt.Forthosealreadyin the know,try ancientEgyptboth materiallyand spiritually.A large sectionis somethingmorein-deplh. devotedto mylhology, whichsomewhatilluminated this ratherelu- The Ancient Egwtians: A Popular lntroduction to Lile in the in CairoPress, sivetopicfor me. Kamilroundsoutthe pictureol ancientEgyptian PytamidAgebyJillRamil,TheAmericanUniversity litewithchaptersentitled"HowTheyTravelled," "HowTheyLived," 1984,152pp, ISBN977-424-0510 Reviewby Judy Greenfield "HowTheyWorked-and "HowThey SpentTheirLeisurel]me."

The Ancient Egyptians:

The Electric Papyrus

EGYPTOLOGYRESOURCESPAGE

Egyptologyin the New Media

ARCE HOME PAGE

http://wwwarce.org Web site,the AmericanResearchCenter This Web sile is the source ol our "Egyptian Computing" image, On a very slick-looking aboutthe organizalion and and a lot more besides. Although it is not an otficialpublicationol in Egyptofiersa wealthof information the Universityof Cambridge, il does carry the latest news on the whal il does. University'sfield project at Theban iomb 99. For philologists,the The Eventssectioncoversnot onlylhe programson oflerin New Beinlich word list is presented in the torm of a searchableonline York and Cairo,but also the activitiesof ARCE'Slocalchaplers database. acrossthe nation.There is also a previewof the 1998Annual The rest of the site consisls oI links to other sites; while not as Meeting(see last issuetor Dick HaMood'sreporton the 1997 exhaustive as the Oriental Institute's Abzu Flegional Index meeling),and a callfor papers. (reviewedin the last issue), it is easy to use, and offers uselul links Thereare also reportson ARCE'Sprojeclsin Egypt both comto lhe Web pages of museums, institutionsand journals,as well as pletedand still in progress and an exhaustivelist ot research other Egyptologicalresourcesat Cambridgeand elsewhere.There opportunities in forthcoming expeditionsand projects.The site is is also a good amount ol timely material,such as news, announce- roundedout by pagesot membership inlormation(includingthe ments of conferences and publications,and so torth. This site is abilityto a listot ARCE'spublications andlinks toinARCEonline), well worth bookmarkingand returningto, lo see whal's new. resources. to otheronlineEgyptology http://www.neMon.cam.ac.uldegypv

"f i*

HIEROGLYPHSFOR MAC & PC

For ESS memberswho are alreadymembersof ARCE,the site to supplementARCE'S otfersa convenientsourceol information journalsand newsletters; lor thosewho are thinkingol joining,it is an imoressiveadvertisement tor ARCEand the thinoslhat membershiDotfers.

SENETAND 20 SOUARESFOR PC httD://www.deniart.con/ DeniartSystemsotfers "over 920 unique Phonogramand Steve Neeley has reconstrucledrules tor these two ancienl ldeographHieroglyphic symbols",whichyou can use lo dressup Egyptianboard games,and they can be downloadedfree lrom your documentsor - if you know how - to composeentiredocu- http://www.neMon.cam.ac.uldegypvad.html on Nigel Strudwick's mentsin hieroglyphs! EgyptologyResourcesWeb site (reviewedabove).Both games to run. maybe purchased are writtenin VisualBasic3.0,andrequireVBBUN3oo.DLL Availabletor bolhMacand PC,the hieroglyphs This can easily be downloaded from many sites on the Intemet, as a bundletor$140,or as tourseparatevolumeswithpricesranging from $30-$50.They can be orderedonline(for instantdown- and is easyto install. Bothgamesare goodlooking,and the computerprovidesa worload)as wellas by mail,phoneor tax. thy opponent.Some readersmay remembermy reconstructed are decFromthe sampleson Deniart'sWeb site,lhe hieroglyphs rules lor Tauor 20 Squares,whichwerepublishedin KMfand the whichmighlbe a goodthingforsome orativeratherthanulilitarian, alew yearsago;Steve'sreconstruction, I haveto admit, Ostracon usersanda badlhingtor others.Also,thereis no listingon thesile play. is more elegant and easier to of exacllywhich920 symbolsare supplied,aparttrom set titles "HIEFIOGLYPHBothgamesare accompanied by periodic"MummyFacts"which suchas "HIEROGLYPH A: Men,Women,Deities", B: PartsOt HumanBody,Mammals", "HIEROGLYPH C: Mammals pop up on the screenlrom time to time, otferingtactoidsabout (Cont'd),PartsOt Mammals,Birds",and so on. ancientEgyptor quoteslrom ancientEgyptiandocuments. A wide rangeol otherlonts typesis advertisedon the Web sites, Both gamesare free,fun to play,and make a changefrom the whilingawaythoseidle includingAztecand Mayasymbols,Coptic,Sanskrit,variousmys- usualroundot Solitaireor Minesweeperfor tical symbolsand alphabets,and fonts basedon the works of momentson the comDuler. J.R.B.Tolkien. DenverMuseumot NaturalHistory2001ColoradoBlvd.,DenverCO 80205