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MONDAY 28 July | 2014 | 29 Ramadhan, 1435 AH | PAGES 08|
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Extortionist held with toy pistol Srinagar, July 27:(KIP)-A toy pistol and a tear smoke grenade were recovered from an extortionist in Pulwama who was apprehended in a joint operation with Army and CRPF last evening. The arrested extortionist was allegedly extorting money from Panches, Sarpanches and other civilians in Pulwama District. Last week, Pulwama police received an information that a person posing as terrorist is threatening local Panches, Sarpanches and other civilians and is extorting money from them. Police started investigation in this regard and activated its sources in the area. Last evening on a tip off, Police Pulwama along with 55-RR and 182 Bn/183 Bn CRPF arrested Aijaz Ahmad Shah @ Bilal @ Suhail @ Molvi resident of Fakeer Mohalla Tral at village Chakora, in the jurisdiction of Police station Pulwama. During his questioning, police recovered a toy pistol and a tear smoke grenade and cash worth Rs.50,000/- along with a mobile phone used during the commission of offence from his possession. He confessed of extorting money from some locals besides Panches, Sarpanches posing as terrorists visiting their houses during night. Pulwama police has registered a case FIR number 179/2014 under section 382 RPC, 7/25 I. A. Act and investigation has been taken up.
04 Labourers rescued, 01 succumbs at hospital Srinagar, July 27 : Police and Fire services team rescued four laborerers from a well who were doing cleaning job of it in Handwara, among them one succumbed at Hospital. Four labourers went down into a well to clean it at village Batpore in the jurisdiction of police station Handwara, but none of them came out. However, some locals raised alarm and a team of Police and Fire service was called in. The joint team rescued all the 04 laborerers who were taken out in unconscious state from the well. All of them were shifted to SDH Handwara where Fayaz Ahmad Hajam son of Abdul Ahad resident of Batkoot, Handwara was declared dead. Other three have been referred to Srinagar hospital for further treatment. (KNS)
Hepatitis is swelling and inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis is most commonly caused by a viral infection. There are, however, other causes of hepatitis. These include autoimmune hepatitis (a disease occurring when the body makes antibodies against the liver tissue) and hepatitis that occurs as a secondary result of medications, drugs, toxins and alcohol. The liver is located on the upper right side of the abdomen. It performs many critical functions that affect metabolism throughout the body, including: bile production that is essential to digestion filtering of toxins from the body excretion of bilirubin, cholesterol, hormones, and drugs metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins activation of enzymes (specialized proteins essential to metabolic functions) storage of glycogen, vitamins (a, d and k), and
See More On Pg 07
WEATHER FORECAST FOR NEXT 24 HRS:
Light rain/thunderstorm could occur at isolated places over the state.
FORECAST OF SRINAGAR: Partly cloudy sky. Maximum &Minimum temperatures would be round 31°C & 21°C respectively.
C TEMPERATURE M MAXIMUM Y MINIMUM K
SUNSET ON(MONDAY) SUNRISE ON (TUESDAY)
32.6 C 21.5 C 07:37PM 05:41AM
Almonds reduces Cholesterol
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>>>>> PG 05
Visit to Nepal more successful than expected Both countries agree to finalize text of power trade deal: Swaraj Kathmandu, July 27: External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj has described her three-day visit to Nepal as very successful during which the two neighbours agreed to finalise the text of a power trade deal and review and adjust a crucial treaty of 1950 to reflect the current realities. “I am highly satisfied with my visit to Nepal and the visit was more successful than expected,” Swaraj said talking briefly to media persons at the Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu on Sunday. “I had come here with high expectations and aspirations and the visit turned to be much more successful than I had expected earlier,” Swaraj said. “I have already said that the visit would strengthen Nepal-India relations and we have prepared a full roadmap for the purpose,” she said. Swaraj said both sides removed hurdles and agreed to step up cooperation in a number of key areas. During her visit, the External Affairs Minister met Nepal’s top leaders including President Ram Baran Yadav and Prime Minister Sushil Koirala. Swaraj also met UCPN-Maoist chief and Leader of Opposition Prachanda. Swaraj on Sunday morning called on Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister
Bamdev Gautam, who is also the acting chairman of the CPN-UML, which is a constituent of the ruling coalition. Swaraj was in Nepal to co-chair the meeting of the Indo-Nepal Joint Commission (JC) which was held on Saturday after a gap of 23 years and to prepare the ground for the two-day official visit of Prime Minister Narendra Modi from 3rd August-- the first visit by an Indian Premier in over 17 years. The late Prime Minister I K Gujral had visited Nepal in 1997. “We have agreed on 26 points,” Swaraj said
mentioning about the 26 point joint communique issued at the conclusion of the Nepal-India Joint Commission Meeting. “The bond of friendship will be further consolidated in the days ahead,” she said. She also performed prayers at the revered Hindu temple Pashupatinath on Sunday morning amid tight security. During the visit, India told Nepal that the new Indian government is very keen to impart “renewed momentum” to their multifaceted bilateral ties even as the two countries decided to step up cooperation in key areas of defence, security, trade and hydro power. The two countries also agreed to review and adjust the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950 to reflect the current realties. The Joint Commission directed the Foreign Secretaries to make necessary recommendations. The agreement between the two countries comes in the wake of various political parties in Nepal demanding revision of treaties such as 1950 Peace and Friendship Treaty with India, terming them ‘unequal’. Nepal had convinced India to take up the issue in the JC meeting arguing that the political context in 1950, when the treaty was signed, was completely different from today’s.
Sky rocketing prices on Eid eve
No control, no presence of any Govt authority
On Page 07 World Hepatitis Day
Largely Circulated, No. 1 Bilingual Daily of J&K
DC Ang directs officers to expedite making functional new adm. units
Watermellon reduces hypertension
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VOL NO: 4 | ISSUE NO: 207| RS: 2/- (AIR SURCHARGE FOR JAMMU /DELHI/LEH 50 Paisa)
Srinagar, July 27: Despite appeals for austerity by religious and social groups, frenzied Eid shopping started Sunday here two days ahead of the festival, with sellers dictating the prices. Markets are full of edibles, includ-
ing mutton, poultry, eggs and festive merchandise like firecrackers and toys for children, garments for families and jewellery for the rich. Despite a public holiday Sunday, the Jammu and Kashmir Bank kept all its branches open in the
state so that customers could withdraw heavy amounts and transact businesses not normally possible through ATM cards. Eid-ul-Fitr will be celebrated Tuesday at the end of the holy month of Ramadan. Muslims throughout the world become self-indulgent after successful completion of Ramadan during which they observe dawn to dusk fast. The month comes handy for greedy traders in Kashmir. Mutton, poultry, eggs, bakery and garments are usually the items where availability on Eid is generally believed to be more important than fair prices. “I saw people literally hanging from mutton shops in the city to buy mutton while it is still two days to Eid.” “The mutton sellers are sitting like monarchs across their chopping blocks. Bakery sellers are passing on loads of bakery to buyers who have no time to check goods before they part with their money. “Believe me, it must be See Prices on pg 07
“Since many changes have transpired over the years we need to find solution to avoid any disputes,” Mahendra Bahadur Pandey, the Nepalese foreign minister was quoted as saying by the media. The meeting also directed the Nepal-India Boundary Working Group (BWG) to commence field works at the earliest to settle the border disputes over Susta and Kalapani. The BWG is entrusted with the responsibility to make recommendations based on facts and evidences available to their respective governments to permanently settle disputes. The two leaders underscored the importance of harnessing vast hydropower potentials of Nepal for mutual benefits. They directed the concerned authorities to finalise the text of a Power Trade Agreement (PTA) at the earliest. While noting the finalisation of the Terms of Reference of the Pancheswar Development Authority, they directed the concerned authorities for early completion of the Detailed Project Report (DPR) of the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project. The Joint Commission expressed satisfaction over the implementation of 400 kV Dhalkebar-Muzaffarpur See Swaraj on pg 07
No proposal to cut short Budget session of Parliament: Naidu New Delhi, Jul 27: There is no proposal to cut short the Budget session of Parliament and the government will bring in several important Bills in the coming days, Parliamentary Affairs Minister, M Venkaiah Naidu told reporters in Hyderabad on Sunday. He said the government has
Hideout busted in Baramulla Srinagar, Jul 27: Based on a specific intelligence input, a joint operation was launched by an RR Unit & J&K Police in Baramulla which resulted in busting of a terrorist hideout and recovery of a large cache of arms and ammunition. Today, on receipt of specific intelligence, a joint operation was launched in Hajibal area of Baramulla. During the search of the area, troops busted a terrorist hideout and recovered 1 AK 47 Rifle & 2 Magazines, 2 pistols & 2 magazines, 225 rounds of AK ammunition, 3 UBGL Grenades, 19 RPG rockets, 2 Radio sets, 1 Icom communication set, 1 Binocular, 13 Detonators, 3 Radio sets with secrecy device & 5 Kgs of explosives. Lieutenant General Subrata Saha, Chinar Corps Commander has complimented the troops of army & SOG Baramulla for this operational success.
38 dead as Libyian army, Gaza carnage, death toll crosses 1000 Hamas agrees to 24-hour truce Islamists clash in Benghazi Gaza, July 27: Ahead of the Muslim holy festival of Eid, Hamas on Sunday agreed to a 24-hour UN-brokered humanitarian truce after initially rejecting it as the 20-day Gaza conflict killed 1,060 Palestinians and 46 Israelis, including an Indian-origin soldier “As a preparation for the end of Ramadan and in response to the UN mediation and also regarding our people’s living circumstances, we have agreed with all Palestinian factions to give a 24-hour humanitarian ceasefire starting from 14:00 on Sunday,” Hamas spokesman Sami Abu Zuhri said in a statement. Israel late last night had extended by another 24 hours the truce announced yesterday, but Hamas had rejected it saying no ceasefire is valid without Israeli troops and tanks withdrawing from Gaza and that it would only halt rocket attacks on Israel once the displaced were allowed to return home. However, Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu today accused Hamas of violating the ceasefire that it had itself called and vowed that Israeli operations in Gaza would go on.
“They (Hamas) are violating their own ceasefire. Under these circumstances, Israel will do what it must do to defend its people,” Netanyahu told the news agency. Earlier, the Israeli cabinet while announcing the ceasefire had said that the army would act if it is breached by Hamas. Hamas had said in a statement that “no humanitarian ceasefire is valid without Israeli tanks withdrawing from the Gaza Strip and without residents being able to return to their See Gaza on pg 07
Benghazi, July 27: At least 38 people, mostly soldiers, were killed in 24 hours of fierce fighting between the Libyan army and Islamists in the eastern city of Benghazi, officials said today. A military source said the clashes broke out yesterday when Islamist groups launched an assault on the headquarters of a special forces unit near the city centre, causing casualties among forces defending their barracks. Benghazi’s main hospital said the bodies of 28 soldiers had been taken there in the past 24 hours, along with 50 injured, while Al-Marj hospital, 100 kilometres (60 miles) to the east, spoke of two soldiers dead and 10 injured. A spokesman for the self-proclaimed Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries, an alliance of Islamic and jihadist militia who have claimed a number of attacks on military bases in the area, announced that eight of its fighters had died. Overnight, special forces commander Wanis Abu Khamada told Libya Al-Ahrar television that his
enough business and that important Bills, like Insurance Bill and on SEBI, are in the pipeline. The government is also working on the Judicial Appointments Bill, he said. The current Budget session, which began on July 7, is scheduled to run till See Naidu on pg 07
troops “still have the capacity to repel any attack on state institutions”. An AFP correspondent reported that several families could be seen leaving the area of the clashes, as loud explosions were heard in the city today morning. Near-daily clashes take place in Benghazi, where parts of the Mediterranean city have become strongholds for Islamist groups since the 2011 revolution that ousted longtime dictator Moamer Kadhafi. The latest bloodshed came a day after the US evacuated its embassy in Tripoli due to fears for the safety of staff and as Britain joined the Americans in advising its citizens against travel to strife-torn Libya. London urged all those Britons currently in the country to leave, although its embassy in Tripoli remains open. “Due to the ongoing and greater intensity of fighting in Tripoli and wider instability throughout Libya, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) advise against all travel to Libya,” See Army on pg 07
CRPF celebrats 75th Raising Day Srinagar, July 27 : CRPF today celebrated 75th Raising day as Diamond Jubilee raising day. The CRPF was raised on 27th July 1939 at Neemuch (M.P) as Crown Representative’s Police. The primary task of the force was to help the princely states to preserve “Law and order” According to a statement issued to KNS, after Independence Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel visualized the multi dimensional role for it and named it as Central Reserve Police Force and presented colour to the force on 19th March 1950. The force has grown in size from one Battalion to more than 230 Battalions, which includes 10 Rapid Action Force Battalions, 10 Cobra Battalions, 5 Signal Battalions, 1 Special Duty Group, I Parliament duty Group and 4 Mahila Bns,. CRPF has also number of Training institution, which imparts all kind of See CRPF on pg 07
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Srinagar,Monday 28 July 2014
FROM THE FRONT PAGE
Swaraj
Double Circuit Cross-Border Transmission Interconnection and noted that the transmission interconnection would integrate the power grids on the two sides of the border and pave the way to initiate unfettered flow of power between the two countries. The Joint Commission decided to expedite the construction of 132 kV Kataiya-Kusaha and 132 kV Raxaul-Parwanipur Transmission Line Projects so that the transmission lines would help import additional power from India in the short term and help address power deficit situation in Nepal. The two sides issued a joint statement which said the meeting reviewed the entire gamut of Nepal-India relations and affirmed that the Joint Commission would make an important contribution to strengthen the traditionally warm and close ties between the two countries. The two ministers expressed satisfaction over the ongoing cooperation in defence sector. They expressed happiness over the ongoing cooperation between the security agencies of both nations and emphasised the need for promoting greater collaboration and cooperation in combating cross-border crimes. “They reiterated the commitment of their respective governments not to allow their territories to be used against each other,” the joint statement said. The two sides noted the significance of enhancing productive capacity in agriculture to positively impact on livelihoods of the people. The Indian side would continue to supply chemical fertilizers to Nepal and extend cooperation for the establishment of a Deemed Agricultural University, it said.
Prices taking the mint more time to print currency than it takes the bakery seller to pocket it in Srinagar on Eid eve,” said Rafiq Qadri, 62, a retired public sector executive here. Qadri said buying fruit was out of the question for the ordinary citizen as fruit prices were already sky high. In such a situation, the oft-repeated claims of the state government that market checking squads have been deployed to keep prices with reasonable limits is widely seen as a joke. “What market checking are they doing? I moved everywhere in Civil Lines area. I found two adjacent shops pricing the same stuff differently,” complained Bashir Ahmad, 38, a driver by profession. The financial crunch the state government is facing is believed to have somewhat dampened the festivities. “My bills amounting to Rs.15 lakh have been pending with the government for over one year. They say there are no funds. “I owe money to labourers and many others... What face do I show those people on Eid?” asked an angry Abdul Gani Mir, 58, a contractor from Saidpora Hamchi on Srinagar’s outskirts. One really heartening thing about Eid festivities in Kashmir is that the locals are making valuable donations to orphans, widows and other underprivileged sections. “This is perhaps because people have better economic strength and they have seen tragedy from close quarters during the last two decades in Kashmir,” said Khwaja Nisar Hussain, 63. “As devout Muslims, it is our duty to take care of the less privileged in the society during festivals and also
Zabarwan Times during normal times,” added Hussain, a retired chief engineer. “But the divine order is that the left hand should not know what the right hand gives away in charity. That is the spirit of Islam, and charity and philanthropy must always be done in this spirit.”
Naidu
August 14.Accusing Congress of indulging in unfair criticism on the Leader of Opposition (LoP) issue, Parliamentary Affairs Minister asserted that the matter is in the purview of the Lok Sabha Speaker. Taking exception to Congress leader Anand Sharma’s reaction to the Attorney General’s opinion on LoP issue, Naidu said his comments are unfair. Sharma had reportedly said that Attorney General’s opinion was not worth the paper on which it is written. Naidu reiterated that the government would abide by whatever decision is made by the Lok Sabha Speaker on LoP issue
Gaza homes and ambulances carrying bodies being able to freely move around in Gaza”. Hamas fired several rockets at Israel from the Gaza Strip, after the initial 12-hour truce ended. It also accused Israel of using previous ceasefires to prepare for more attacks and claimed that there had been truce violations yesterday. During the original 12-hour ceasefire, Palestinians frantically scoured through rubble with medics saying over 130 bodies had been retrieved across the Gaza Strip. The health ministry in Gaza said 1,060 Palestinians, mostly civilians, have been killed and about 6,000 wounded since Israel launched its Gaza offensive on July 8. Meanwhile, 46 Israelis have been killed in the fighting in the Gaza Strip aimed at ending rocket fire against Israel and destroying a sophisticated network of cross-border tunnels. Sergeant First Class Barak Refael Degorker, a 27-yearold Indian-origin reservist from the town of Gan Yavne, was severely injured in the mortar fire overnight and later succumbed to his wounds, the Israeli army said Sunday.
Army the ministry’s website said. “British nationals in Libya should leave now by commercial means.” The United States evacuated its Libyan embassy staff under air cover yesterday as they faced a “real risk” from fierce fighting around Tripoli airport, Secretary of State John Kerry said. The airport has been closed since July 13 because of deadly clashes between armed groups in the area. The US announcement that it was evacuating its embassy came hours after the country’s interim government warned that the clashes between militia vying for control of the strategic airport were threatening to tear Libya apart.
CRPF Training required for the force. The CRPF has been deployed in all parts of the country and it is the most sought force by the States, whether its for law and order duties, Anti Naxal operations or Anti Militancy operations, The CRPF has proved its mettle by foiling a suicidal attack on Parliament House on December 13, 2001 and also
thwarted the evil design of the terrorist by killing them who tried to storm the Ram janamboomi-Babri Masjid complex in Ayodha on 5th July 2005. There are countless occasions when CRPF Stood to the occasion to uphold the unity and integrity of the country. CRPF contingent has also been part of IPKF in Srilanka, U.N Mission in Kosovo, Haiti and is presently in Liberia. CRPF has earned 01 George Cross 01 Ashok Chakra, 01 Vir Chakra, 12 Shaurya Chakra, 03 Padmashree, 03 King’s Police Medal for Gallantry and number of other medals for Gallantry and valuable service to the Nation.
Bike Stolen Somebody stole my bike Pulsar 150 CC, Colour Black, Registration No. JK01L- 1150 at Polo view on Sunday, 27th July, 2014. Anybody having any information about the same may please contact at below mentioned address or call. Persons giving information about the same will be suitably rewarded. Farooq Ahmad Bhat, S/o Ab. Karim Bhat, R/o Bugam, Batpora, Chadoora, Budgam M.No: 9419019372 DD
DC Ang directs officers to expedite making functional new adm. units ANANTNAG, JULY 27: Deputy Commissioner Anantnag, Mr. Bashir Ahmad Khan today convened a meeting of officers to discuss the issues pertaining to the establishment of newly created administrative units in the district. The Deputy Commissioner stressed the need for immediate identification of land for establishing the administrative units. He directed the concerned officers to take immediate measures for making the new administrative units
functional to facilitate the people to bring the governance at their doorstep. He said the Government has prioritized this issue and directed the administration to move on the issue on faster pace. It may be mentioned that as many as three numbers of Sub-Divisions, six Tehsils and seventeen Naibats have been created for district Anantnag. The Deputy Commissioner also reviewed the arrangements for Eidul-Baqrah celebrations and directed the officers to remain present
at their respective headquarters to ensure availability of all essential articles and public services during the festivities. He also issued necessary instructions to the officers to keep close vigil on market, law and order situation and other activities so that the people may not face any kind of hardship in celebrating the festival. He also called for ensuring proper sanitation and gearing up emergency services in view of heavy hustle bustle.
.....World Hepatitis Day..... Dr. Aejaz Iqbal (Microbiologist)
What is Hepatitis?
H
epatitis is swelling and inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis is most commonly caused by a viral infection. There are, however, other causes of hepatitis. These include autoimmune hepatitis (a disease occurring when the body makes antibodies against the liver tissue) and hepatitis that occurs as a secondary result of medications, drugs, toxins and alcohol. The liver is located on the upper right side of the abdomen. It performs many critical functions that affect metabolism throughout the body, including: bile production that is essential to digestion filtering of toxins from the body excretion of bilirubin, cholesterol, hormones, and drugs metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins activation of enzymes (specialized proteins essential to metabolic functions) storage of glycogen, vitamins (a, d and k), and minerals synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin synthesis of clotting factors Viral infections of the liver that are classified as hepatitis are: hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E viruses. Hepatitis A is a milder version of the disease, whereas hepatitis D is more severe. Treatment options vary depending on what form of hepatitis is diagnosed, and what caused it. Some forms of hepatitis are preventable. Symptoms Hepatitis may start and get better quickly. It may also become a long-term condition. In some cases, hepatitis may lead to liver damage, liver failure, or even liver cancer. How severe hepatitis is depends on many factors, including the cause of the liver damage and any illnesses you have. Hepatitis A, for example, is usually short-term and does not lead to chronic liver problems. The symptoms of hepatitis include: • Pain or bloating in the belly area • Dark urine and pale or clay-colored stools • Fatigue • Low fever • Itching • Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes) • Loss of appetite • Nausea and vomiting • Weight loss Causes Hepatitis B infection is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The virus is passed from person to person through blood, semen or other body fluids. When HBV enters your liver, it invades the liver cells and begins to multiply. This causes inflammation in the liver and leads to the signs and symptoms of hepatitis B infection. Common ways HBV is transmitted include:
• Sexual contact. You may become infected if you have unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner whose blood, saliva, semen or vaginal secretions enter your body. • Sharing of needles. HBV is easily transmitted through needles and syringes contaminated with infected blood. Sharing intravenous (IV) drug paraphernalia puts you at high risk of hepatitis B. • Accidental needle sticks. Hepatitis B is a concern for health care workers and anyone else who comes in contact with human blood. • Mother to child. Pregnant women infected with HBV can pass the virus to their babies during childbirth. Acute vs. chronic hepatitis B Hepatitis B infection may be either short-lived (acute hepatitis B) or long lasting (chronic hepatitis B). • Acute hepatitis B infection lasts less than six months. If the disease is acute, your immune system is usually able to clear the virus from your body, and you should recover completely within a few months. Most people who acquire hepatitis B as adults have an acute infection. • Chronic hepatitis B infection lasts six months or longer. When your immune system can't fight off the virus, hepatitis B infection may become lifelong, possibly leading to serious illnesses such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Most infants infected with HBV at birth and many children infected between 1 and 5 years of age become chronically infected. Chronic infection may go undetected for decades until a person becomes seriously ill from liver disease Complications: • Scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). Hepatitis B infection may cause inflammation that leads to extensive scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). Scarring in the liver may impair the liver's ability to function. • Liver cancer. People with chronic hepatitis B infection have an increased risk of liver cancer. • Liver failure. Acute liver failure is a condition in which the vital functions of the liver shut down. When that occurs, a liver transplant is necessary to sustain life. • Hepatitis D infection. Anyone chronically infected with HBV is also susceptible to infection with another strain of viral hepatitis —hepatitis D. You can't become infected with hepatitis D unless you're already infected with HBV. Having both hepatitis B and hepatitis D makes it more likely you'll develop complications of hepatitis. • Kidney problems. Hepatitis B infection can cause kidney problems that may lead eventually to kidney failure. Children are more likely to recover from these kidney problems than are adults, who may experience kidney failure. Tests and diagnosis Screening healthy people for hepatitis B Doctors sometimes test certain healthy people for hepatitis B infection. This is recommended because hepatitis B infection often begins damaging the liver before
it causes signs and symptoms. Testing for hepatitis B infection in people who have a high risk of coming in contact with the virus may help doctors begin treatment or recommend lifestyle changes that may slow liver damage. People who may want to talk to their doctors about screening for hepatitis B infection include: • Anyone who lives with a person who has hepatitis B infection • Anyone who has had sex with a person who has hepatitis B infection • Anyone with an unexplained, abnormal liver enzyme test • Anyone infected with HIV • Immigrants, including internationally adopted children, from areas of the world where hepatitis B is more common, including Asia, the Pacific Islands, Africa and Eastern Europe • People who inject drugs • Inmates • Men who have sex with men • People who have one or both parents from an area of the world where hepatitis B is more common • People who receive kidney dialysis • People who take medications that suppress the immune system, such as anti-rejection medications used after an organ transplant • Pregnant women Blood tests to detect hepatitis B infection Blood tests used to diagnose hepatitis B infection include: • A test to determine whether you can easily pass HBV to others. The hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) test looks for hepatitis B surface antigen — part of the outer surface of the virus. Testing positive for this antigen means you have an active hepatitis B infection and can easily pass the virus to others. A negative test means you're probably not currently infected. • A test to determine whether you're immune to HBV. The antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) test determines if you have antibodies to HBV. Having antibodies can be due to a prior HBV infection from which you've recovered. Or, it can mean you may already have been vaccinated. In either case, a positive anti-HBs test means you can't infect others or become infected yourself because you're protected by the vaccine or your own natural immunity. • A test to determine whether you have had or currently have a hepatitis B infection. The antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) test identifies people who have an HBV infection. If you test positive for hepatitis B core antibodies, you may have a chronic infection that you can transmit to others. A positive result may also mean you're recovering from an acute infection or have a slight immunity to HBV that can't otherwise be detected. How this test is interpreted often depends on the results of the other two tests.
Additional tests to gauge liver health and infection severity If you receive a diagnosis of hepatitis B, your doctor may perform tests to check the severity of the HBV infection as well as the health of your liver. These tests include: • A test to determine how likely you are to spread HBV to others. The E antigen blood test looks for the presence of a protein secreted by HBV-infected cells. A positive result means you have high levels of the virus in your blood and can easily infect others. If the test is negative, you have lower blood levels of HBV and are less likely to spread the infection. • A test to determine how much HBV DNA is in your blood. The hepatitis B DNA test detects parts of HBV DNA in your blood, indicating how much virus is present (viral load). Assessing your viral load can help monitor how well antiviral therapy is working. • Tests to measure liver function. Liver function tests may gauge the amount of damage that has occurred in your liver cells. Removing a sample of liver tissue for testing During a liver biopsy, your doctor inserts a thin needle through your skin and into your liver. A small sample of liver tissue is removed for laboratory analysis. A biopsy may show the extent of any liver damage and may help determine the best treatment for you. Treatments and drugs:Treatment to prevent hepatitis B infection after exposure If you know you've been exposed to the hepatitis B virus, call your doctor immediately. Receiving an injection of hepatitis B immune globulin within 24 hours of coming in contact with the virus may help protect you from developing hepatitis B. Treatment for acute hepatitis B infection:If your doctor determines your hepatitis B infection is acute — meaning it is short-lived and will go away on its own — you may not need treatment. Instead, your doctor will work to reduce any signs and symptoms you experience while your body fights the infection. Your doctor may recommend follow-up blood tests to make sure the virus has left your body. Treatment for chronic hepatitis B infection :If you've been diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B infection, your doctor may recommend: • Antiviral medications. Antiviral medications help fight the virus and slow its ability to damage your liver. Several medications are available. Your doctor can suggest which medications may be most appropriate for you. • Liver transplant. If your liver has been severely damaged, a liver transplant may be an option. During a liver transplant, the surgeon removes your damaged liver and replaces it with a healthy liver. Most transplanted livers come from deceased donors, though a small number come from living donors.
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