MOKSLO RAIDA
GAMTA
TECHNOLOGIJOS
TRANSPORTAS
ISTORIJA
VISATA
Ʋ'208
IR DAR 24 „KIETI“ MOKSLO FAKTAI
%,7Ŝ6 IŠMINUOTOJOS 0=52 /54÷. 2=,),= NUKENKSMINTI SPROGMENIS
ROBOTAICHIRURGAI KAS OPERUOJA -)75=+ ?'>÷. =7 7'/'4=5W
10 VISATOS 3$6/$3ÿ,Ƌ
$76$.<0Ƌ
KOKIAS VISATOS ?õ.3). .+>05=+.5= õ?5>45W
.(,ÿ,$1ÿ,Ƌ 3$6$8/Ů
KOSMOSO ä,8.ä/Ŝ6
NAUJOSIOS 0'.?'.' 5+0 35ø TVARKYMO TECHNOLOGIJOS
Nr.1
Kaina 1199 Lt
POVANDENINIAI
PASTATAI
AR PO VANDENIU GALIMA -<:)>45 2=4'-5=5W
-7)5Ă5=+.5'.
7UDQVSRUWR SULHPRQơV JHULQDQþLRV JUHLþLR UHNRUGXV
UGNIS
GYVENIMAS APKASUOSE
%H NRNLǐ WULMǐ GDO\Nǐ XJQLV .RGơO NDUHLYLDL OHLVGDYR QHGHJWǐ" DLWYDUXV"
'7ø IŠDAIGOS 1HƳWLNơWLQL IDNWDL DSLH RUą NRGơO RUXV VXQNX QXVSơWL"
SVEIKI
Kas ieško, tas randa
18 psl. (25,¥.$,@ .$, .85,26 0('ġ=Ġ 5ġ¥<6 *$/, *<9(17, $0®,1$,???
.RNV ƺGRPXV LU NHLVWDV WXUƾWƿ EǀWL SDVDXOLV MHL JHEƾWXPH JLUGƾWL YLVƿ GDËQLƿ JDUVXV PDW\WL YLVƿ EDQJRV LOJLƿ ÈYLHVƹ PDJQHWLQLXV ODXNXV DU HOHNWURV VURYƽ 7DƻLDX VXYRNWL SDVDXOƺ ä WDL QH WLN UHJƾWL NODXV\WL XRVW\WL VNDQDXWL LU OLHVWL 6XYRNWL SDVDXOƺ ä WDL LU VXSUDVWL VƹU\ÈLXV WDUS VNLUWLQJƿ GDO\Nƿ JHEƾWL JUXSXRWL UHLÈNLQLXV ƺËYHOJWL SULHËDVWLQLXV U\ÈLXV VSƾOLRWL WLNULQWL KLSRWH]HV 1RUƾGDPL JHULDX SDËLQWL VDYH NHOLDPH ƺYDLULXV NODXVLPXV $U NYDSXV XËXRGËLDPH GƾO WR NDG DWSDËƺVWDPH NYDSLRVLRV PROHNXOƾV IRUPƹ DU GƾO WR NDG UHFHSWRULDL QXVNDLWR MRV YLEUDFLMDV" .LHN VNRQLƿ JDOLPH MDXVWL" .RGƾO YDLYRU\NÈWƾMH QƾUD UXGRV VSDOYRV" $U EƾJDQWLV ODLNDV ä WDLS SDW WLN SRMǀWLV NDLS WHLJLD NYDQWLQƾ Ę]LND" 0ǀVƿ PLVLMD ä VXSDËLQGLQWL MXV VX QDXMDXVLDLV DWUDGLPDLV GƾVQLDLV SDVDXOLR LGƾMRPLV NXULRV ÈLDQGLHQ NHLƻLD SDVDXOƺ /HYDV 7ROVWRMXV WRNLXV
Bendraukime
QXRODW LHÈNDQƻLXV ËPRQHV ODLNƾ SDQDÈLDLV ƺ NXUƻLXRVLXV ä LHÈNR DWVDN\Pƿ QRUV GDU QHLÈJLUGR NODXVLPR 3LUPDMDPH ËXUQDOR QXPHU\MH LÈ SLUPƿ OǀSƿ VXËLQRVLWH NRGƾO YLV GDXJLDX DUFKLWHNWƿ QHULD SR YDQGHQLX NRGƾO YLV GDU QHPRNDPH WLNVOLDL QXVSƾWL RUƿ NRNƺ GLGËLDXVLƹ VYRUƺ JDOL JDEHQWL EHSLORƻLDL ëWUDQVIRUPHULDLé NDGD LU NDLS SUDGƾVLPH ULQNWL NRVPRVR ÈLXNÈOHV 7LNLPH NDG MXPV SDWLNV LQIRUPDW\YLRV LOLXVWUDFLMRV R ë3URWR ERNÈWRé UXEULNRV VNDLW\WRMƿ YHLGXRVH DNLPLUNVQLX DWVLUDV MXRNR UDXNÈOƾ 1HVYDUEX NRNV MǀVƿ DPËLXV NRNƺ DXWRPRELOƺ YDLUXRMDWH NRNLXV JƾULPXV JHULDWH NLHN ÈDXNÈWHOLƿ FXNUDXV LÈWLUSVWD MǀVƿ SXRGHO\MH WLNLPH NDG SDSUDVWL WUXPSL LU NRQNUHWǀV DWVDN\PDL ƺ SDVDXOLR LÈPLQƻLXV NDQNLQXVLXV NODXVLPXV NHOLRQƽ SHU ËXUQDOR SXVODSLXV SDGDU\V GLQDPLÈNƹ LU YHGDQƻLƹ SULH YLHQWLVXPR Redakcijos autoriai
Facebook đ5 ®,1$, .$'
¯=,1$,.$'
El. paštas
$5=,1$,¯.$'?/7
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | 3
TURINYS ĕ ė MOKSLO FAKTAI
.DUYƾV MDXƻLD PDJQHWLQƺ ODXNƹ Y\Uƿ RUJDQL]PDV JDPLQD SLHQƹ JDUVXV JDOLPD QH WLN JLUGƾWL LU GDU IDNWDL NXULDLV VXQNX SDWLNƾWL
TECHNOLOGIJOS
MOKSLO RAIDA 16 $59ĝ6 -$8Ĥ,$ 0$*1(7,1ě /$8.Ě???
54 Pastatai po vandeniu đ7/$17,'26 3$,(¥.26 7Ğ6,$6,??? đ5&+,7(.7$, '5ě6,$, 1(5,$ 32 9$1'(1,8 ,5 ,(¥.2 Ĝ.9ğ3,02 1$8-,(06 352-(.7$06
86,3$®,1. 68 02.6/2 )$.7$,6@ .85,( '$5 /$%$, 1(6(1,$, $752'ğ 67(%8./,1*,
22 22 23 23 24
2'ğ/ 6ġ5,6 6.</ğ7$6G $/926 87ğ/,Ġ %,2/2*,-$ (3$35$67$ $/,80,1,2 .(/,21ğ Ĝ 3$®$67Ĝ $17Ġ 3/20%26 ,1./$,1ğA .,7$ 6,(/26 9(,'52'®,2 386ğ
VISATA
58 59 60 62 62
ISTORIJA
26 ĥĈ ,6$726 3$6/$3Ĥ,Ğ $6 67(%,1$ *$56,$86,86 $675212086G
30 31 32
.58='ğ/ğ6 ġ.$6 260262 ¥,8.¥/,Ġ 79$5.<0$6 ,'®,$86,$ 67$7<%Ġ $,.¥7(/ğ
(1.7<1ğ6( 'ğ/ 1$8-Ġ *5(,ĝ,2 5(.25'Ġ %$1'20$ 18*$/ğ7, $0®,1ě 35,(¥ě???
GAMTA 44 Ĉ 18267$%,Ğ )$.7Ğ $3,( 25Ě 25,0( .21752/,827, 9,6.ě@ %(7 252 .2/ .$6 1(*$/,0( 9$/'<7,???
50 50 51 51 52
$0$17,1Ġ *<9(1,0$6 ,7ğ6 ,¥0,18272-26 ,5¥ğ6 ®8',.ğ6 ,(7$86 .9$3$6 (, 32',808 9$,.¥ĝ,27Ġ 3$8.¥ĝ,$,???
4 | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
$59ĝ6 -$8Ĥ,$ 0$*1(7,1ě /$8.Ě??? 54
Pastatai po vandeniu
5,ġ7<6 781(/,826(@ 3ġ9$1ĝ,26 .2-26@ 182/$7,1,6 $/.,6 P 7$, 7,. .(/(7$6 681.80Ġ@ .85,826 .(17ğ 0,/,-21$,???
36 5(,Ĥ,$86,26 3$6$8/<-(
16
64 Gyvenimas apkasuose
TRANSPORTAS
42 (52-$,??? (15,6 25'$6
$,3 75$,¥.20, $87202%,/,$,G $¥.,1,Ġ ĉ*ġ5Ġ *$0<%$ 2%27$,N&+,585*$, $,3 9(,.,$ '86/,1789$6G 3<126 68 .20%,1$&,-20,6
68 70 70 71 71 72 73 74 76 76
$6 ¥,/.,1,$0 ¥,.¥1263$51,8, 3$.,532 63$5186G 2.80(17$6@ 3(5*8'5$9Ğ6 .$5$/,Ġ 5$386,6 '586.26 0,.52)21$6 $6.26 3,(¥,1,Ġ $8725,86G $',$&,-26 '2=ğ P %$7Ġ 3$5'82789ğ-( 586.ě .$6'$92 ,5 %(352ĝ,$, 1'ğ1Ġ .$5<6 "3$7,1*$6 W 21$ ,=26T 5ğ0$6 *,372 .260(7,.$ 2.2/$'$6 5(/,*,1ğ6( $3(,*26(
64
Gyvenimas apkasuose
KIEKVIENAME NUMERYJE .²þò¼ ¼¹®°ò²¸°ò ®· û³¯¸²®ò ²³ýº®ò el. paštu arzinai@kad.lt ir 3=5?÷0 vaizdo ·±¿²ò¾·®¾¯·²þ
26
ĥĈ ,6$726 3$6/$3Ĥ,Ğ
32
,'®,$86,$ 67$7<%Ğ $,.¥7(/ĝ
06 đ
Ĉ 18267$%,Ğ 44 )$.7Ğ $3,( 25Ě
d (3,/27,6 W75$16)250(5,6T d *1,(6 $1$720,-$ d $/72-2 5<./,2 .(/,21ğ d ĢĈ Ĝ'20,Ġ )$.7Ġ
78
PROTO BOKŠTAS
867(%,1. 6$92 '5$8*86 ®,1,20,6 ,5 1(3$0,5¥.A 1(%ġ7,1$ $8.¥7$, /,37,@ .$' 7$9( ,¥*,567Ġ???
82 " đ
(1'5$8.,0( ,5 .$578 68*5,$8.,0( 086 683$1ĝ,86 0,786???
5(,Ĥ,$86,26 36 transporto 35,(021ĝ6
42
Henris Fordas
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | 5
đ =ð¾ µ® ²ð²¸¯ ò¹±ð¼òă²¯
Bepilotis skraidantis W75$16)250(5,6T ƴVSǀGLQJDV NURYLQLQLV VUDLJWDVSDUQLV R JDO VNULVWL JDOLQWLV VXQNYHËLPLV" .DG LU NDLS EǀWƿ ÈL NDULQƾ WUDQVSRUWR SULHPRQƾ VXNHOV SHUYHUVPƹ QXRWROLQLX EǀGX YDOGRPƿ PDÈLQƿ SDVDXO\MH ë-XRGRMR ULWHULR WUDQVIRUPHUƺé DQJO ë%ODFN .QLJKW 7UDQVIRUPHUé VNUDLGLQV QHÈDQWLHML VUDLJWDL URWRULDL R DQW ËHPƾV MLV JDOƾV SDVLHNWL NP SHU YDODQGƹ JUHLWƺ
6 | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | 7
k $GYDQFHG 7DFWLFV ,QF
Ä&#x2018; Â&#x2030; Ugnis
Ä&#x2018; Ä&#x2018;Â&#x2030;Ä&#x2022;
?
Ä&#x2022;
ë7DL Ã&#x2039;Y ë7DL Ã&#x2039;YƾULV NXULV NYƾSXRMD ë7D ë7 7 Ã&#x2039;Yƾ Yƾ ƾULV V NX NXULV NYƾS LV NY NYƾ YƾS ƾSX SXR XRM XRM RMD D D PDLWLQDVL PDLW PD LWLQD QDVL LU YD LU YDLNÃ&#x2C6;WR Y LNÃ&#x2C6;WR LÃ&#x2C6;GLGÃ&#x2039; LÃ&#x2C6;GLG LG GÃ&#x2039;LD LDLL LD L PDLWLQDVL LU YDLNÃ&#x2C6;WR LÃ&#x2C6;GLGÃ&#x2039;LDL Ã&#x2039;YƾULV Ã&#x2039;Yƾ Ã&#x2039;Y YƾULV SU SULYHUÆ»LD SULY LYH YHUUÆ»LD LD NLHNYLHQƹ Mƺ JHUEW NLH LHN NY NYL YLH LHQ HQƹ Qƹ Mƺ JH JHUUEWL UE L L Ã&#x2039;YƾULV SULYHUÆ»LD NLHNYLHQƹ Mƺ JHUEWL MR QH QHUUHLLNLD LD ELLMRWLé ä WDLS LM Lé ä WDLS LMRWLé LS XJQƺ XJQƺ MR QHUHLNLD ELMRWLé ä WDLS XJQƺ DSLEÇ&#x20AC;GLQR Ä&#x2DC;OPR ë6NHUVYƾMLVé DSL DS SLEÇ&#x20AC;GLQR SLE LEÇ&#x20AC; EÇ&#x20AC;G Ç&#x20AC;GLQR QR Ä&#x2DC;OPR Ä&#x2DC;OPR PR ë6N ë6NHU 6NH NH HUVY VYƾ YƾMLV YƾM ƾMLVéé KHURMXV KHURMXV 7DÆ»LDX NRNLRV WLNURVLRV KH HURM RMXV 7D 7DÆ» 7DÆ»LDX DÆ»LD LDX DX NR NRN NRNLR RNLR LRVV WLNURVLR WLNURVLRV LRV XJQLHV DWRPLQƾV VDY\EƾV NDV XJQLH JQLHV LHV DW DWRP DWRPLQƾ PLQƾV VDY\Eƾ QƾV VDY DY\ Y\E \EƾV ND V ND V NDVV QXOHPLD XJQLHV VSDOYƹ" .ƹ UHLNƾWÆ¿ QXOH QX QXOHPL QXOHPLD XJQLHV VSDOYƹ" .ƹ UHLNƾWÆ¿ OHPLD LD XJQLHV VSDOYƹ" .ƹ XJQLH LHV VSDOY OYƹ Yƹ" ƹ" .ƹ .ƹ UHLNƾWÆ¿ UHLLNƾ NƾWWÆ¿ Ã&#x2039;LQR Ã&#x2039;LQRWL DSLH HOHPHQWƹ NXULV \UD QRWL DS DSL SLH HOH SLH LH HOHPHQWƹ NXULV \UD OHP PHQW PHQ HQWƹ ƹ NX NXULV \ \UD J\YDV WDÆ»LDX WDLS SDW JUHLWDL J\YDV WDÆ»LDX WDLS SDW JUHLWDL J\Y J\ \YD YDV V WDÆ» WDÆ»LDX DÆ»LD LDX DX WDLS WDLS LS SDW JUHLW SDW DW JUHLLWD LWDL J\Y\Eƽ JDOL LU DWLPWL J\Y J\ \Y\ Y\Eƽ Y\E \Eƽ JD JDOL JDOL LU DW LU DWLPWL DWLPW PWL
6X XJQLPL VXVLGXULDPH NDVGLHQ .DL XÃ&#x2039;GHJD PH GHJWXNƹ DU WLHVLRJ PƾJDXMDPƾV VDXOƾV VSLQGXOLDLV 0DQRPD NDG SULHÃ&#x2C6; PHWÆ¿ Ã&#x2039;PRQƾV ODXNGDYR Ã&#x2039;DLER NDG JDOƾWÆ¿ SDÃ&#x2039;DERWL XJQƺ R SR WR NDUÃ&#x2C6;WXV SHOHQXV XÃ&#x2039;NDV GDYR ƺ Ã&#x2039;HPƽ NDG YƾOLDX MDLV YƾO JDOƾWÆ¿ SDVLQDXGRWL 8JQLV ä Ä&#x2DC;]LNRV LU FKHPLMRV SURFHVÆ¿ SURGXNWDV MRV YHLNLPR
8 | Ä&#x2018;5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
SULQFLSXV PHV LU QDJULQƾVLPH 1XR NDUÃ&#x2C6;Æ»LR LQWHQV\YXPR LNL GHJLPR QXR DWRPÆ¿ LNL VNOHL GÃ&#x2039;LDPRV Ã&#x2C6;YLHVRV ä VXÃ&#x2039;LQRNLWH YLVNƹ NDV Ã&#x2C6;LDQGLHQ MDX Ã&#x2039;LQRPD DSLH Ã&#x2C6;ƺ IHQRPHQƹ EH NXULR QHJDOƾWXPH LÃ&#x2C6;J\YHQWL ,Ã&#x2C6; DWRPÆ¿ SHUVSHNW\YRV XÃ&#x2039;VLGHJLPDV ä WDL VWDLJL RNVLGD FLMD .DL PHWDODV RNVLGXRMDVL LU UÇ&#x20AC;GLMD XJQLV QHƺVLÃ&#x2039;LHELD QHV SURFHVDV Y\NVWD SHU OƾWDL
1RUƾGDPL VXSUDVWL NRGƾO NDL NXULRV PHGÃ&#x2039;LDJRV JDOL RNVLGXR WLV WDLS JUHLWDL NDG DWVLUDVWÆ¿ XJQLV WXULPH VXYRNWL NRGƾO DSVNULWDL DWRPDL QRUL MXQJWLV ,Ã&#x2C6; HVPƾV GHJD RUJDQLQƾV PHGÃ&#x2039;LDJRV NXULÆ¿ GLGHOƽ GDOƺ VXGDUR DQJOLV $QJOLHV DWRPDL QRUL MXQJWLV VX GHJXRQLHV EHW NDG VXVLMXQJLPDV Y\NWÆ¿ VNODQGÃ&#x2039;LDL LU JUHLWDL MLHPV UHLNLD Ã&#x2C6;LHN WLHN SDJDOERV
3ULVLPLQNLPH IRWRVLQWH]ƽ 6DXOƾV HQHUJLMD UHLNDOLQJD WDP NDG DWVNLUWÆ¿ DQJOLHV LU GHJXRQLHV DWRPXV NXULH YƾO QRUL WXRM SDW MXQJWLV EHW EH PÇ&#x20AC;VÆ¿ PDÃ&#x2039;RV SDJDOERV WR SDGDU\WL QHVXJHED 3DQDÃ&#x2C6;LDL NDLS ƺ NDOQƹ ULWLQDPDV DNPXR -HL ƺ ƺNDOQƽ Mƺ VWXPVLPH SDOHQJYD LU QHSDVLHNƽ YLUÃ&#x2C6;XNDOQƾV SDOHLVLPH ä MLV QXULHGƾV Ã&#x2039;HP\Q 7DÆ»LDX MHL LÃ&#x2C6;
PASINAUDOK QR KODU
VIDEO!
$0$7<.@ .2.,8 *5(,Ĥ,8 3/,17$ 8*1,6??? ,²³Àò²ò 3¯ð³¯ð¯ ¿®²ò·®ò ÈÈÈ ¸±¾®²ò ò°ð®²¼²ð¯ µ±· Æ µ®ò¾®¾þ
NUO RAUDONOS IKI BALTOS LIEPSNOS /LHSVQRV VSDOYD SULNODXVR QXR MXRGRMR NǀQR VSLQGXOLDYLPR DQJO Blackbody radiation LU GHJXRQLHV NLHNLR 8JQƺ VXNHOLD RNVLGDFLMD EHW GHJLPR SURFHVR PHWX DWVLUDQGD LU ƺYDLULƿ SULHPDLÈƿ .XR GDXJLDX GHJXRQLHV WXR PDËLDX YLHWRV OLHND SULHPDLÈRPV ä EǀWHQW MRV ƺNDLWXVLRV LU ÈY\WL UDXGRQD VSDOYD .XR OLHSVQD NDUÈWHVQƾ WXR ML DWURGR EDOWHVQƾ 7DLS \UD WRGƾO NDG HVDQW DXNÈWHVQHL WHPSHUDWǀUDL MXGDPD DXNÈƻLDX HQHUJLMRV VSHNWUH HVDQƻLƿ VSDOYƿ OLQN W \ EDOWRV OLQN %DOWD OLHSVQD LÈ WLHVƿ \UD GDXJ NDUÈWHVQƾ XË UDXGRQƹ
Raudona
ĝ/<1$
Balta
1HJU\QLDXVLD XJQLHV UǀÈLV 3DGLGƾMXV GHJXRQLHV .XR JU\QHVQƾ LU /LHSVQƹ UDXGRQƹ GDUR NLHNLXL SULHPDLÈƿ NDUÈWHVQƾ OLHSVQD WXR WRNLRV GHJDQƻLRV PDËƾMD /LHSVQD ƺJDXQD EDOWHVQƾ ML DWURG\V SULHPDLÈRV NDLS VXRGËLDL PƾO\Qƹ DWVSDOYƺ 7HPSDUDWǀURV SDNLOLPDV GLGLQD LU LÈVLVNLULDQƻLRV HQHUJLMRV NLHNƺ NXULV HOHNWURPDJQHWLQLX VSDOYƿ VSHNWUX PXV SDVWǀPƾMD EDOWRV VSDOYRV OLQN LU ëSUDOHQNLDé UDXGRQƹ LU PƾO\Qƹ VSDOYDV
KLAUSIMAI đ ĕ KL: AR UGNIS GREITA? 1RUV XJQLHV SOLWLPR JUHLWLV DWVNLUDLV DWYHMDLV VNLULDVL QXVWDW\WD NDG GHJDQW PLÈNXL XJQLV MXGD ä NP K JUHLƻLX
KL 0=. ?), 5=-ć ,=7' ,)-5ćW 0HGËLDJRV DWRPƿ QHVWDELOXPDV LU VDY\EƾV MXQJWLV VX GHJXRQLPL
KL: KAIP UGNIS DEGS >+35>÷. GRAVITACIJOS .ć3<-'?5.W
k 63/
(VDQW QXOLQHL JUDYLWDFLMDL XJQLV SOLQWD SDQDÈLDL NDLS SXƻLDPDV EDOLRQDV QHV MRV NLWD NU\SWLPL QHYHLNLD MRNLD NLWD MƾJD
KL 0',÷3 +->5. „SUVALGO“ ,)-+'>õW
6DNRPD NDG 'DUYD]RV NUDWHU\MH 7XUNPƾQLVWDQH GHJDQWLV PHWDQDV DWYHULD GXULV ƺ SUDJDUƹ
k IO\GLPH
,È HVPƾV GHJLPDV ä WDL RNVLGDFLMD 2NVLGDFLMDL UHLNDOLQJDV GHJXRQLV 'HJXRQLHV DWRPDL MXQJLDVL VX NLWDLV DWRPDLV LU VXGDUR QDXMDV PROHNXOHV
NDUWR VWXPVLPH VWLSULDX DNPXR ƺJDXV SDJUHLWƺ LU XËULHGƾV ƺ YLUÈǀQƽ 3DQDÈLDL VƹYHLNDXMD DQJOLHV LU GHJXRQLHV DWRPDL -LH HJ]LVWXRMD YLHQDV ÈDOLD NLWR EHW QHVLPDLÈR LU QHVLMXQJLD 7DƻLDX WHUHLNLD ÈLHN WLHN SDSLOGRPRV HQHUJLMRV LU DWRPDL SUDGƾV MXQJWLV .DL MLH WXUL SDNDQNDPDL HQHUJLMRV MXQJWLV GDOLV HQHUJLMRV LÈVNLULDPD SURFHVR PHWX 3UDVLGƾMXV WRNLDL JUDQGLQL QHL UHDNFLMDL ƺVLSOLHVNLD XJQLV
.DL DWRPDL VXNXULD QDXMƹ PROHNXOƽ WDP WLNUDV HQHUJLMRV NLHNLV \UD DUED VXJHULDPDV DUED LÈVNLULDPDV (QHUJLMRV NLHNLV SULNODXVR QXR JUHLƻLR NXULXR DWRPDL SHUVLWYDUNR NHLƻLD VDYR YLHWƹ ä GHJDQW XJQLDL WDL Y\NVWD \SDƻ JUHLWDL UǀGLMDQW PHWDOXL ä ODEDL OƾWDL 2NVLGXRMDQWLV PHWDOXL WHPSHUDWǀUD SDN\OD WLN YLHQX ODLSVQLX .LHNYLHQDL PHGËLDJDL EǀGLQJD WDP WLNUD
WHPSHUDWǀUD NXULƹ SDVLHNXV SUD VLGHGD JUDQGLQLQƾ DWRPƿ MXQJL PRVL UHDNFLMD 3DY\]GËLXL GHJDQW YDQGHQL OLXL GHJXRQLHV LU YDQGHQLOLR PROHNXOƾV MXQJLDVL NDG VXGDU\Wƿ YDQGHQƺ WDƻLDX UHDNFLMRV PHWX LÈVNLULDPD LU ÈLOXPD -HL LÈVLVN\UƽV NDUÈWLV YLUÈ\V YDQGHQLOLR ULELQƽ WHPSHUDWǀUƹ SUDVLGƾV GDU YLHQD UHDNFLMD 0HGËLDJRV GHJLPR JUHLWLV
KL 0',÷3 35)2.>= VIRPA? -HL OLHSVQRV QHYHLNLD VNHUVYƾMLV YLUSƾMLPDV VXVLGDUR WXRPHW NDL VXVLGDUR WXRPHW NDL OLHSVQD LHÈNR GHJXRQLHV NDG JDOƾWƿ WROLDX GHJWL
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | 9
đ Ugnis
SULNODXV\V QXR WR NRNLH QHVWD ELOǀV \UD DWRPDL .DGDQJL YDQGHQLOLR LU GHJXRQLHV DWRPDL \UD ODEDL QHVWDELOǀV ÈLOXPRV HQHUJLMRV SDGLGƾMLPDV OHLV Y\NWL FKHPLQHL UHDNFLMDL NDL OLNXVLRV PROHNXOƾV VƹYHLNDXV WDUS VDYƽV *DOEǀW QXVWHEVLWH EHW JDOLPD VDN\WL NDG WLHN NLHWLHML NǀQDL WLHN VN\VƻLDL LÈ WLNUR QHGHJD 'HJD LÈ ÈLƿ PHGËLDJƿ N\ODQW\V JDUDL 'HJDQW ËYDNHL WLUSVWDQWLV YDÈNDV SDVLHNLD GDJWƺ LU SUDGHGD JDUXRWL EHW SDWV QHGHJD /LHSVQRV NDUÈWLV YDÈNƹ YLUÈXMH JDULQD R ÈLV SDODLSVQLXL RNVLGXRMDVL VNOHLVGDPDV GDU GDXJLDX ÈLOXPRV 7DLS SDW GHJD LU SRSLHULXV LU PHGLHQD 0HGËLDJRV JDUXRMD R ƺNDLWƽ JDUDL RNVLGXRMDVL LU LÈVNLULD GDU GDXJLDX ÈLOXPRV XJQLHV 7LHVD QH YLVD DQJOLV VXVLMXQJLD VX GHJXRQLPL LU VXGHJD 'DOLV DQJOLHV VXIRUPXRMD NLWDV PROHNXOHV NXULRV OHPLD XJQLHV ÈY\WƾMLPƹ 6XRGËLDL VXVLGDUR GDU SULHÈ MLHPV SDWHQNDQW ƺ XJQƺ ƴNDLWXVLRV VXRGËLƿ PROHNXOƾV LU ÈY\WL UDXGRQDL
.DL GHJD ÈYDUXV NXUDV EH SULHPDLÈƿ XJQLV DWURGR PƾO\QD ÊYDNƾV OLHSVQRV YLGXU\MH WDLS SDW PDW\VLPH PƾO\Qƹ VSDOYƹ QHV WHQ QHEXV NLWƿ PHGËLDJƿ /LHSVQD ÈY\WL UDXGRQDL GƾO VXRGËLƿ LU GǀPƿ NXULH MDL VXWHLNLD WRNƺ DWVSDOYƺ 9LVNDV YLVDWRMH VSLQGXOLXRMD HQHUJLMƹ R NDL NXULDLV DWYHMDLV PHV JDOLPH WDL PDW\WL 3DY\]GËLXL YLHQƹ LÈ ËPRJDXV VNOHLGËLDPƿ HQHUJLMƿ LQIUDUDXGRQƿMƿ VSLQGXOLƿ PHV JDOLPH SDPDW\WL VX QDNWLQLR PDW\PR DNLQLDLV DU ËLǀURQDLV ÊPRQLƿ NǀQDL WLHVLRJ ÈY\WL UDXGRQDL .DL NDV QRUV GHJD UDXGRQD OLHSVQD WDV GDLNWDV SDSUDVƻLDXVLDL LÈVNLULD HQHUJLMƹ HOHNWURPDJQHWLQLDPH VSHNWUH DWLWLQNDQƻLƹ UDXGRQƹ VSDOYƹ 0HWDODL ODYD DU VXRGËLDL ä YLVL JDOL SDVLHNWL WRNLƹ WHPSHUDWǀUƹ NDG VNOHLVWƿ PDWRPƹ MXRGRMR NǀQR VSLQGXOLDYLPƹ .DOEDQW SDSUDVƻLDX GHJGDPRV RUJDQLQƾV PHGËLDJRV PDLWLQV OLHSVQƹ NXUL GƾO VDYR PDWRPRV VSLQGXOLXRWƾV PXPV DWURG\V UDXGRQD
„Kai degantis kuras yra ´± µ·²±¸®² þ ¹²±µòð® ®¾·¯³¯ ¸ý¹Àð®G
đ ėA kalcis
ėA stroncis ir varis
RAUDONAA /,7,6
đA natris Liepsna 7ULQWLHV VXNHOWDV NDUÈWLV LU GHJXRQLV XËGHJD GHJLƹ PHGËLDJƹ HVDQƻLƹ DQW GHJWXNR JDOR
(*78.2 3$*$/,8.$6 1DXGRMDPD GUHEXOƾV DUED EDOWRVLRV SXÈLHV PHGLHQD
*1,(6 trikampis %H ÈLRV WULMXOƾV XJQLV QHJDOƾWƿ HJ]LVWXRWL
(*78.2 *$/,8.$6 'HJWXNR JDOLXNDV GDËQLDXVLDL JDPLQDPDV LÈ IRVIRUR NDOLR FKORUDWR LU VLHURV 7DLS SDW QDXGRMDPDV PLOWHOLƿ SDYLGDOR VWLNODV NLWRV LQHUWLQƾV PHGËLDJRV SDGHGDQƻLRV NRQWUROLXRWL GHJLPR JUHLWƺ GLGLQDQƻLRV WULQWƺ
(*78.Ğ 'ĝ®87ĝ6 paviršius *UXEXV SDYLUÈLXV GLGLQD WULQWƺ GƾO NXULRV LÈVLVNLULD NDUÈWLV
ĢĈ | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
8JQLDL ƺVLSOLHNVWL LU GHJWL UHLNLD WULMƿ HVPLQLƿ GDO\Nƿ GHJXRQLHV NXUR LU ÈLOXPRV HQHUJLMRV NDUÈƻLR .DL GHJWXNX SHUEUDXNLDPH GƾËXWƾV SDYLUÈLƿ PHGËLDJƿ WULQWLV LÈVNLULD ÈLOXPƹ 'HJWXNR JDOLXNDV DWVWRMD NXUƹ R RUH \UD SDNDQNDPDL GHJXRQLHV 'HJDQWL JDOYXWƾ ƺNDLWLQD LU LÈ PHGLHQRV SDJDPLQWƹ SDJDOLXNƹ R NDL YLUÈLMDPD WRV PHGLHQRV LÈ NXULRV SDJDPLQWDV GHJWXNDV ULELQƾ WHPSHUDWǀUD LPD GHJWL LU SDJDOLXNDV .XUDV GHJXRQLV LU NDUÈWLV \UD UHLNDOLQJL QH WLN GHJLPR SURFHVR SUDGËLRMH EHW LU YLVR GHJLPR PHWX .LHNYLHQDV NXUDV HVDQW WDP WLNUDL WHPSHUDWǀUDL LPD MXQJWLV VX GHJXRQLPL .DG GƾO WULQWLHV XËVLGHJWƿ GHJWXNR JDOYXWƾ SDYLUÈLDXV WHPSHUDWǀUD WXUL SDNLOWL LNL ODLSVQLƿ SDJDO &HOVLMƿ
(*,0$6 1(69$5802 %ğ6(12-( ,* $1* /(' 72 %,**(67 7(03(5$785( 'HJLPƹ SDODLN\V PROHNXOLQH GLIX]LMD YDGLQDPDV UHLÈNLQ\V WDƻLDX MLV OLHSVQDV
,PPHGLDWHO\ DIWHU WKH %LJ %DQJ LW LV WKRXJKW WKDW WKH XQLYHUVH ZDV DW WKH NXUVW\V QHW ÈLPWƹ NDUWƿ OƾƻLDX QHL ÊHPƾMH 1HVYDUXPR VƹO\JRPLV XJQLV JDOL PD[LPXP KRWWHVW WHPSHUDWXUH SRVVLEOH XQGHU WKH ODZV RI SK\VLFV ,W KDV GHJWL HVDQW PDËHVQHL GHJXRQLHV NRQFHQWUDFLMDL LU ËHPHVQHL WHPSHUDWǀUDL 'DU EHHQ FDOFXODWHG WR KDYH EHHQ DERXW PLOOLRQ WULOOLRQ WULOOLRQ GHJUHHV GDXJLDX GHJLƿMƿ PHGËLDJƿ KHSWDQR LU PHWDQROLR ODÈDL QHW LU XËJHVLQXV OLHSVQƹ NDL NXULDLV DWYHMDLV LU WROLDX GHJD &HOVLXV PLOOLRQ WULOOLRQ WULOOLRQ GHJUHHV )DKUHQKHLW 1RZ WKDWçV KRW
=7 5>=5 KAD?
k (62
=𿹲º¯ò ¼®·®¹²°ò :²¹»±¹¸®ò + ¼®·²®°¾¯º®ò ÈÊ ¸±¾®²ò ² ¹±²³¯ ûò®¼ú ®¼®·®²ò ³·®°³ ²®ð¾û ¼ÿ·±ð¾² °¿ðû đ đA baris
đ ėA titanas, $/80,1,6 ,6 0$*1,6 đ đ đA stroncis
ė " đA varis
ė SPALVOS
KLAUSIMAI đ ĕ
0HGËLDJRV GHJD ƺYDLULRPLV VSDOYRPLV QHV MRPV XËVLGHJWL UHLNDOLQJD VNLUWLQJD ULELQƾ WHPSHUDWǀUD %DOWDL OLHSVQDL UHLNLD GDXJLDX ÈLOXPRV HQHUJLMRV QHL UDXGRQDL ÇYLHVD JDXQDPD PHGËLDJƹ YHLNLDQW ÈLOXPD YDGLQDPD ƺNDLWLPR ÈYLHVD %ǀWHQW NDUÈWLV OHPLD WDL NDG PHGËLDJD SUDGHGD ÈY\WƾWL ä LÈ SUDGËLƿ ML LPD VNOHLVWL LQIUDUDXGRQƹMƹ ÈYLHVƹ YƾOLDX GLGƾMDQW WHPSHUDWǀUDL LÈ HLOƾV ä UDXGRQƹ RUDQËLQƽ JHOWRQƹ LU EDOWƹ 5HJXOLXRMDQW WHPSHUDWǀUƹ JDOLPD NHLVWL LU IHMHUYHUNƿ VSDOYDV NXUWL Mƿ NRPELQDFLMDV NLWXV VSHFLDOLXRVLXV HIHNWXV
KL 0',÷3 35)2.>= .?=53÷6=>Ă5'. FORMOS? 'ƾO ÊHPƾV WUDXNRV MƾJRV ÈLOWDV RUDV N\OD DXNÈW\Q 6PDLOƾMDQƻLƹ OLHSVQƹ VXIRUPXRMD NRQYHNFLMD
KL: UGNIES S0)7.:÷65. KAS TAI? 8JQLV LÈQDXGRMR YLVƹ SDWDOSRMH HVDQWƺ GHJXRQƺ LU QXULPR WDƻLDX PHGËLDJƿ WHPSHUDWǀUD LÈOLHND DXNÈWD R QDXMDV GHJXRQLHV SOLǀSVQLV VXNHOV VSURJLPƹ
KL: KAS <7= ,ù?=5W 'ǀPDL ä NLHWƿ LU VN\VWƿ DHUR]ROLƿ YDQGHQV JDUƿ LU NLWƿ GXMLQLR GHJLPR SURGXNWƿ PLÈLQ\V
đ đA 0$*1,6
k 1$6$
.RVPLQLƿ ODLYƿ YDULNOLDL GHJLQD YDQGHQLOƺ LU WDLS NXULD WUDXNRV MƾJƹ
đ ėA $1*/,6
(*,02 5($.&-$ 'HJLPR UHDNFLMRV PHWX DWRPDL JDYƽ SDNDQNDPƹ HQHUJLMRV NLHNƺ NXULV UHLNDOLQJDV PHGËLDJRV ULELQHL WHPSHUDWǀUDL YLUÈ\WL LPD MXQJWLV VX NLWDLV DWRPDLV LU NXULD QDXMDV PROHNXOHV 3URFHVR PHWX LÈVLVNLULD ÈLOXPRV HQHUJLMD NXUL UHLNDOLQJD LU NLWLHPV DWRPDPV MXQJWLV *DOLDXVLDL SUDVLGHGD JUDQGLQLQƾ UHDNFLMD *DOLPD VDN\WL NDG NDL ÈLOXPRV HQHUJLMRV NLHNLV DXJD JUHLƻLDX QHL \UD LÈÈYDLVWRPDV ƺ DSOLQNƹ SUDVLGHGD GHJLPDV
H
+Karštis
O
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
H
H
O
H
H H
H
1. Stabilus
ē? ($.&,-$
3. Vanduo
9HLNLDPDV NDUÈƻLR VWDELOXV YDQGHQLOLR LU GHJXRQLHV PLÈLQ\V JDOL SUDGƾWL JUDQGLQLQƽ UHDNFLMƹ
-HL SDNDQND HQHUJLMRV KLGURJHQR DWR PDV + UHDJXRMD VX GHJXRQLHV PROHNXOH 2 LU VXNXULD KLGURNVLOLR UDGLNDOƹ 2+ LU GHJXRQLHV DWRPƹ 2
2+ PROHNXOƾ UHDJXRMD VX PROHNXOH + 7DLS VXVLGDUR YDQGHQV PROHNXOƾ LU KLGURJHQR DWRPDV
H H
O O
H H
H H
H
O
H
O
H H
H ? $%ĝ*,0$6
? (*,0$6
3ULHÈ WDL LÈODLVYLQWDV GHJXRQLHV DWR PDV UHDJXRMD VX GDU YLHQD + PROHNXOH LU VXVLGDUR YDQGHQV PROHNXOƾ LU + DWRPDV 7ROLDX NDUWRMDVL LU ËLQJVQLDL
7U\V LÈODLVYLQWL YDQGHQLOLR DWRPDL UHDJXRMD VX WULPLV 2 PROHNXOƾPLV 6XGDU\WL YDQGHQLOLR DWRPDL JUHLWDL LÈODLVYLQV GDU LU W W
KL: 0',÷3 SKIRTIN-'. ?), 5=-'. SUDEGA TIK ESANT TAM TIKRAI 4)?2)7=4ù7=I? 7DL SULNODXVR QXR DWRPƿ U\ÈLR VWLSUXPR DWRPƿ LU PROHNXOLƿ G\GËLR 7YLUWHVQƾPV NLHWHVQƾPV PHGËLDJRPV VXGHJWL UHLNLD GDXJLDX HQHUJLMRV
KL: MOMENTINIS + SIDEGIMAS. MITAS AR 7)=3</÷W 3DJDO ÈLƹ WHRULMƹ YLVDV REMHNWDV YHLNLDPDV YLHQRGR NDUÈƻLR WXUƾWƿ XËVLGHJWL WXR SDƻLX PHWX 7DƻLDX ÈL WHRULMD NRO NDV QHƺURG\WD LU NHOLD GDXJ PRNVOLQLQNƿ GLVNXVLMƿ
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | ĢĢ
đ
,'®,2-, %$/72-, .(/,21ĝ
6XËLQRNLWH GDXJLDX DSLH PRNVOLQƺ SURMHNWƹ OHLVLDQWƺ DWVNOHLVWL U\NOLƿ SDVODSWLV NXULDV MLH SDOLHND NHOLDXGDPL SR JLOLXV Ë\GUXV YDQGHQ\QXV
'LG\VLV EDOWDVLV U\NO\V OHLGRVL ƺ OHJHQGRPLV DSLSLQWƹ NHOLRQƽ SHU $WODQWR YDQGHQ\Qƹ -ǀUƿ ELRORJDL SULH U\NOLR SDYDGLQWR /\GLD SULWYLUWLQR VLƿVWXYƹ NXULV SLUPƹ NDUWƹ LVWRULMRMH OHLV
VHNWL GLGËLƹMƹ SOƾÈUǀQR NHOLRQƽ 6DYR QXRW\NLXV PHWUƿ LOJLR PLOËLQDV SUDGƾMR )ORULGRMH LÈ NXU SDMXGƾMR %ULWDQLMRV NUDQWƿ OLQN %LRORJDL VSƾMD NDG YƾOLDX U\NO\V SODXNV ƺ $IULNƹ
Ģē | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
đ17,/23ĝ6 *18
ğ5Ğ 9ĝ®/,$,
,$85ĝ6 (/1,$,
Šikšnosparniai
Lašišos
(/,$8'$026 Ĝ 1$8-86 *$1<026, 3/2786 đ)5,.2-( .$578 68 =(%5$,6 ,5 *$=(/ğ0,6 -26 Ĝ9(,.,$ ē ĈĈ .0 $76780ě?
$6,./,$8'$0, (0ğ6 0$*1(7,1,8 /$8.8 ,5 ,(¥.2'$0, ¥,/7(61,Ġ 9$1'(1Ġ 9ğ®/,$, Ĝ9(,.,$ Ģ ĢĈĈ .0 $76780ě?
(/,$8'$0, 3(5 /(',1(6 781'5$6 ,5 ,(¥.2'$0, 0$,672 (/1,$, 9,'87,1,¥.$, 18.(/,$8-$ Ģ ĈĈ .0?
,( ®,1'82/,$, ,(¥.2 0$,672 ,5 186.5(1'$ Ģ ĈĈ .0?
,26 81,.$/,26 ®89<6 /(,'®,$6, Ĝ 520$17,¥.ě .(/,21Ğ P 1(5¥7, -26 *5Ĝ®7$ Ĝ 7ě 83Ğ@ .85,2-( *,0ğ? $¥,¥$ 9,'87,1,¥.$, 183/$8.,$ Ģ ĈĈ .0?
k &RUELV
Keli nepailstantys .(/,$872-$,
đ
10
Ę Ė " ę
,¥.Ğ ,¥1<.,02 ,¥.Ğ ,¥1<.,02 ®(0ĝ/$3,826( P 3/$1(7$, '$520$ ®$/$ $8'2'$0,(6, 3(1.,$,6 ¥,07$,6 0,/,-21Ġ 18275$8.Ġ@ 3$'$5<7Ġ đ đ 3$/<'29Ġ@ W /2%$/ 25(67 $7&+T 25*$1,=$&,-$ $.</$, 67(%, (0ğ6 0,¥.86? ,686 '820(1,6 $3'252-86 W 22*/( $57+T@ %892 68.857, 0,¥.Ġ ,¥1<.,02 ®(0ğ/$3,$,? ,$0( ®(0ğ/$3<-( 5$8'21$ 63$/9$ 3$®<0ğ7, 0,¥.$,@ ,¥1$,.,17, 182 ēĈĈĈ 0(7Ġ? ¥ 9,62 P ē@ 0/1? .9$'5$7,1,Ġ .,/20(75Ġ?
ğ6Ğ $8*,17,1,$, 0$72 '$8*,$8 8® mus
k %$( 6\VWHPV 2USURMHFW 7KLQNVWRFN 8QLYHUVLW\ RI :LVFRQVLQ $ODP\ &RUELV +DQVHQ 3RWDSRY 0RRUH +DQFKHU HW DO 3RWDSRY 0RRUH +DQFKHU H D
85%ġ7 1( .$57ě 686,0ě67ğ7(@ .2'ğ/ ¥82 /2-$@ 1256 35,( 1$0Ġ '85Ġ 1,(.2 1ğ5$G 2 1(5,067$ .$7ğ@ ®,ġ5ğ'$0$ 352 /$1*ě P -8. 1,(.2 1(Ĝ35$672 1(6,0$72G $8 $1.6ĝ,$8 Ĝ52'<7$@ .$' .$, .85,26 9$%='®,Ġ ,5 ®89Ġ 5ġ¥<6 0$72 8/75$9,2/(7,1,86 63,1'8/,86@ 2 ¥,6 *(%ğ-,0$6 3$'('$ 686,5$67, 0$,672 $5%$ .$, .85,$,6 $79(-$,6 P 1(7$37, 0$,678? $8-, 7<5,0$, 3$79,57,12@ .$' .$7ğ6 ,5 ¥81<6 *$/, 0$7<7, ¥,(. 7,(. 8/75$9,2/(7,1,Ġ 63,1'8/,Ġ@ .85,Ġ 0(6 1(0$720(?
Londono metro šildys namus 21'212 9$/'®,$ 18635(1'ğ 0(752 ¥,/8026 (1(5*,-ě 3$1$8'27, *<9(1$0,(6,(06 1$0$06 ¥,/'<7,? ,$ (1(5*,-$ %86 ¥,/'20, 3(5 ĈĈ 1$0Ġ@ (6$1ĝ,Ġ 9,5¥ 0(752? ,/7$6 25$6 9$0='®,$,6 .(/,$86 ,., (1(5*,-26 &(1752 W 6/,1*721T@ .85 -$8 '$%$5 6ğ.0,1*$, 3$1$8'2-$0$ ¥,/80$@ ,¥6,6.,5,$17, *$0,1$17 (/(.75ě? (, 352-(.7$6 %86 Ĝ*<9(1',17$6 6ğ.0,1*$,@ '$8*(/,2 3$6$8/,2 ','0,(6ĝ,Ġ *<9(172-$, *$/ğ6 0ğ*$87,6 0(752 6./(,'®,$0$ ¥,/80$?
ĝ18/<-( P 1$8-$6 krateris
63$1,-26 $6752120$, 67(%ğ-2@ .$,3 0$120$@ ','®,$86,ě ğ18/,2 ,5 $67(52,'2 686,'ġ5,0ě? đ67(52,'$6@ 69(5,$17,6 ĈĈ .,/2*5$0Ġ@ Ĝ 0ġ6Ġ 3$/<'29ě 5ğ®ğ6, Ģ ĈĈĈ .,/20(75Ġ 3(5 9$/$1'ě *5(,ĝ,8? 2.Ĝ .5$7(5Ĝ ,¥08¥7Ġ Ģ 7 7527,/2 785,17,6 6352*082?
272*5$ĉ-$ 7$062-( $6$ĝ86(762 7(&+12/2*,-26 ,167,7872 H I 02.6/,1,1.$, $75$'2 %ġ'ě@ .$,3 7$062-( )272*5$)827, (6$1ĝ,86 2%-(.786@ 5(*,67582-$17 0$®,$86,ě )2721Ġ 6.$,ĝ,Ġ? 25ğ'$0$6@ .$' %ġ7Ġ *$8726 '(7$/,26 )272*5$ĉ-26@ 1$8'2-$17 7,. 9,(1(7,1,86 )272186@ đ+0('$6 ,50$1,6 ,5 -2 .2/(*26 68.ġ5ğ $/*25,70ě@ .85,6 $76,®9(/*,$ Ĝ 6.,57,1*$6 )272*5$)82-$02 2%-(.72 '$/,Ġ 6ě6$-$6 ,5 0$7$9,0Ġ ĉ=,.ě@ (6$17 35$67$0 $3¥9,(7,08,? .63(5,0(172 0(78 02.6/,1,1.Ġ 68.857$ Ĝ5$1*$ 6,/3186 /$=(5,2 ,038/686 6,Ġ6'$92 Ĝ -826 '20,1$17Ĝ 2%-(.7ě? $, '(7(.725,86 $37,.'$92 %(17 9,(1ě $76,63,1'ğ-86Ĝ )2721ě@ ¥, /2.$&,-$ 7$3'$92 7$¥.2 /2.$&,-$ 18275$8.2-(? $'$1*, /$=(5,6 1$8'2-$ 7,. 9,(1ě %$1*26 ,/*Ĝ@ *$81$0$ 7,. 1(63$/927$ 18275$8.$?
2'(51ğ6 ¥$/0$, 3$'ĝ6 .857, .$52 675$7(*,-$6 256 ¥$/0$, -$8 6(1,$, *(/%67, .$5,Ġ *<9<%(6@ ¥,$1',(1 02'(51ġ6 .$5,Ġ *$/926 $3'$1*$/$, P 69$5%ġ6 ,5 $7$.82-$17 35,(¥86? 5,( 02'(51$86 .$5,2 ¥$/02 W N $55,25T 35,79,57,17$0( (.5$1( .29272-$, 0$7<6 1( 7,. 9,(729ğ6 ®(0ğ/$3,86@ %(7 ,5 7,(. 6$92@ 7,(. 35,(¥2 3$-ğ*Ġ ,¥6,'ğ67<02 6&+(0$6? 2/ .$6 72.,86 ¥$/086 785, 7,. .$5,1,1.$,@ 7$ĝ,$8 7,.,0$@ .$' -$8 *5(,7$, -$,6 *$/(6 1$8'27,6 ,5 9,6, .$5,$,?
Ģ | 2: 7 25.6
đ ,'0,(6Ĥ,Ğ *<9(172-$, *5(,7$, *<9(16 akvariumuose (, ','0,(6ĝ,Ġ *<9(172-$, 7$,3 63$5ĝ,$, 7(5¥ 25ě@ -,(06 *5(,7$, 7(.6 .5$867<7,6 Ĝ %85%8/,1,86 $.9$5,8086? 21'212 ',=$,12 $*(17ġ5$ W 5352-(&7T 125, ,1,-2-( 68.857, 252 %85%8/8 8®'(1*7ě 3$5.ě? ,.,0$@ .$' $7(,7<-( 0$®(61ğ0,6 ¥9$5$86 252 7,(.,02 6,67(026 9(56,-20,6 *$/ğ7Ġ %ġ7, 8®'(1*726 ,5 02.<./Ġ $,.¥7(/ğ6? $1'$5,$0(@ 182 ,¥25,1,2 3$6$8/,2 $76.,57$0( 3$5.( %86 ','(/,6 %27$1,.26 62'$6@ 2 -2 /$1.<72-$, .9ğ3826 182/$7 380382-$08 7<58 258?
5<%$06 $*/,2 8/,-26 25Ğ 352*12=ĝ6 P 1(ě'20,26 $/ *5<%$, ,5 1ğ5$ 3$7<6 ®$9,$86, ,5 .9$3ě *1,$8®,$17<6 25*$1,=0$, 3/$1(72-( P -,( 8®$8*$ ,5 683ġ9$ 3$6,6/ğ3Ğ 0,¥.2 7$1.0ğ-(@ 7$ĝ,$8 9,(1ě <3$7,1*ě *$/,ě 7,.5$, 785, P *$/, .(,67, 2586? 5<%$,@ '$5 35,(¥ 3$6./(,6'$0, 6325$6@ 6./(,'®,$ 9$1'(16 *$586? $5$, 25ě $3/,1. *5<%ě $.,0,5.61,8 $79ğ6,1$@ 2 6,/31$6 *5<%2 68.857$6 9ğ-$6 -2 6325$6 181(¥$ 72/,$8 ,5 7$,3 3$',',1$ *$/,0<%Ğ -206 3$6./,67,? ,.,0$@ .$' 9,6, *5<%$, 1$8'2-$6, ¥,$ 81,.$/,$ 6$9<%(@ 72'ğ/ $1.67(61ğ6 7(25,-26@ .$' 6325Ġ 3(51(¥,0$6 35,./$862 182 5(*,21( 9<5$8-$1ĝ,Ġ 9ğ-Ġ@ 1ğ5$ 7(,6,1*26? 5<%$6 3$76 686,.85,$ %(7 .2.,26 .5<37,(6 9ğ-ě?
8.857$ /$%$, '$8* 7(25,-Ġ $3,( 9<5Ġ ,5 027(5Ġ 6.,578086? ,(120,6 -Ġ 3$7,.ğ7, /$%$, 681.8@ .,720,6 P /(1*9$? $ĝ,$8 .$57$,6 7(1.$ 686,7$,.<7, 68 782@ .$' 7,(. 9<5$,@ 7,(. 027(5<6 <5$ ,¥ 726 3$ĝ,26 3/$1(726@ ,5 1,(.2 ĝ,$ 1(3$'$5<6,? đ5 7,.5$,G W 21(.720ĠT@ -81*,$1ĝ,Ġ 6.,57,1*$6 60(*(1Ġ '$/,6@ 7<5,0ě $7/,.2 (16,/9$1,-26 81,9(56,7(72 0(',&,126 02.<./$? $60(1,06 H ēĢ 027(5,$, ,5 ē 9<5$06I 182 ,., ēē 0(7Ġ %892 $7/,.7$ ',)8=,1ğ 7202*5$ĉ-$ H I@ .85, *$/, 3$52'<7, 6.$,'8/Ġ 75$-(.725,-$6 60(*(1<6(? <5,02 0(78 9<5Ġ 60(*(1<6( %892 $37,.7$ '$8*,$8 1(8521Ġ -81*ĝ,Ġ 7$53 3865878/,2 35,(.,2 ,5 *$/,1ğ6 '$/,(6? 2.,26 60(*(1<6 *$/, /(1*9,$8 .225',1827, 9(,.6086? 027(5Ġ 60(*(1<6( '$8*,$8 -81*ĝ,Ġ %892 7$53 .$,5,2-2 ,5 '(¥,1,2-2 3865878/,Ġ P 7$, 52'2 *(5(61Ĝ 5<¥Ĝ 7$53 $1$/,7,1ğ6 )81.&,-26 ,5 ,178,&,-26? <5$06 7,.5,$86,$, *(5,$8 6(.6,6 ,¥02.7, ,5 $7/,.7, .2.,ě 1256 9,(1ě 8®'827Ĝ@ 3$9<='®,8,@ 25,(17827,6? 27(5<6 7,.5,$86,$, 785ğ6 *(5(61Ğ $70,17Ĝ ,5 62&,$/,1ğ6 .2*1,&,-26 Ĝ*ġ'®,86@ 72'ğ/ %86 *(5,$8 3$6,5(1*86,26 $7/,.7, .(/,$6 8®'827,6 9,(18 0(78 ,5 5$67, 635(1',086@ .85,( *$/, %ġ7, 9(,.60,1*(61, *583(,?
,(06@ .85,( 125, ,¥/,.7, ®9$/ġ6 ,5 %8'5ġ6@ 67,35,26 .$926 382'(/Ĝ 5(,.7Ġ ,¥.(,67, Ĝ 0ğ/<1ě ¥9,(6ě? 9(',-26 02.6/,1,1.$, 7(,*,$@ .$' 0ğ/<1$ ¥9,(6$ 9(,.,$ .85 .$6 *(5,$8 1(, .2)(,1$6? ğ/<1$ ¥9,(6$ *$/, 3$',',17, %8'580ě@ %( 72@ .85 .$6 ()(.7<9,$8@ 1(, 67,35, .$9$? $, $76./(,'ğ ,'85,2 9(',-26 81,9(56,7(72 H ,7781,9(56,7(7(7I 02.6/,1,1.$,? ,( '20ğ-26, %8'5802 ,5 3$®,17,1ğ0,6 )81.&,-20,6 35,(¥ Ĝ9$,5,Ġ 8®'82ĝ,Ġ $7/,.,0ě ,5 32 -Ġ? <5,02 '$/<9,$, %892 3$7$/32-(@ $3¥9,(672-( %$/7$ ¥9,(6$@ 2 9,(72- .2)(,12 9$572-2 3/$&(%ě? ğ/,$8 %$/7$ ¥9,(6$ %892 3$.(,67$ 0ğ/<1$@ 2 9,(72- 3/$&(%2 '82'$0$ .2)(,12? $$,¥.ğ-2@ .$' ,5 0ğ/<1$ ¥9,(6$@ ,5 .2)(,1$6 3$*(5,12 5($.&,-26 ,5 635(1',0Ġ 35,ğ0,02 /$,.ě@ 3$',',12 7,.6/80ě? $ĝ,$8 7820(7@ .$, 7,5,$0Ġ-Ġ 'ğ0(6<6 %ġ'$92 %/$¥.20$6@ 9$572-86,(-, .2)(,1ě 7(6786 $7/,.'$92 %/2*,$8? ,( '$/<9,$,@ .85,( %892 9(,.,$0, 0ğ/<126 ¥9,(626@ 68*(%ğ-2 /$%,$8 686,.21&(175827, 1(, 9,6, /,.86,(-,? ĕ'208 7$,@ .$' 7<5,02 0(78 7$,3 3$7 %892 1867$7<7$@ -2* 7(,*,$086 0ğ/<126 ¥9,(626 329(,.,2 ()(.786 /$%,$86,$, 3$-872 0ğ/<1$.,$, ¥,2 7<5,02 '$/<9,$,? (-(@ ¥9('$, ,¥*(5,$ '$8*,$8 .$926 1(, %(7 .85,26 .,726 3$6$8/,2 ¥$/,(6 *<9(172-$,?
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | Ģ
k 1$6$ *HWW\ 7KLQNVWRFN 8S6NL //& 0,7 $KPHG .LUPDQL 'KHHUD 9HQNDWUDPDQ
.,5780$, 7$53 9<52 ,5 027(56 60(*(1Ğ
,(72- .$926 P 0ĝ/<1$ ¥9,(6$
Tema
Fizika
Chemija
Biologija
0®¾±¿¯·²ºþ ·¯³À¼¹ý
?'0.3' 7=5,=
đ ė đ Ę Ę 0
$/9,-$, -$8Ĥ,$@ .85 <5$ ¥,$85ĝ ,5 3,(7ğ6 867$7<7$@ .$' .$59ğ6 /$,.ě 3,(926( '$®1,$86,$, /(,'®,$ *$/9$6 $768.86,26 Ĝ ¥,$85Ğ $5%$ Ĝ 3,(786? 2.,ě -Ġ 3$'ğ7Ĝ /(0,$ *(20$*N 1(7,1,$, /$8.$,?
270
90
180
đ đ Ę 0
9$5.26 1(/,(.$ (7 ,5 6,/31$6 (/(.7526 /$8.$6@ .85,$0$6 /$,'Ġ@ 6/23,1$ .$59,Ġ *(%ğ-,0ě 270 -$867, 1$7ġ5$/Ġ (0ğ6 0$*1(7,1Ĝ /$8.ě? $,3 3$7 .$59ğ6 9(1*,$ ,5 8/75$9,2N /(7,1,Ġ 63,1'8/,Ġ@ .85,826 5(*, '$8*(/,6 *<9ġ1Ġ?
.HLVWL YDLVLDƾGËLƿ ÈLNÈQRVSDUQLƿ ƺSURƻLDL DU PǀVƿ 9LVDWRV VSDOYD NDG LU NDLS EǀWƿ NHLVWD 9LVDWD QƾUD MXRGD PXPV QXRODWRV SULPHQD NDG PHV ËLQRPH JHURNDL PDËLDX QHL PDQRPH .DËNDGD GDEDU MDX QHQXJLQƻLMDPL PRNVOR GƾVQLDL SDY\]GËLXL WUDXNRV DWURGƾ EHSURW\Eƾ R SDËLQLPR WURNÈWDQW\V PDLÈWLQLQNDL UL]LNXRGDYR VDYR JDOYD ,U WD UL]LND SDVLWHLVLQR 'DEDU MDX DLÈNX NDG QHW SURF 9LVDWRV VXGDUR WDPVLRML HQHUJLMD GDU SURF ä WDPVLRML PDWHULMD LU WLN SURF ä KLGURJHQDL KHOLV QHXWULQDL VXQNLHML HOHPHQWDL LU ËYDLJËGƾV 3DJDOLDX DU ËLQDL NDG MHL DWRPR EUDQGXRO\V EǀWƿ WHQLVR NDPXROLXNR G\GËLR DWVWXPDV QXR MR LNL VNULHMDQƻLR HOHNWURQR EǀWƿ NLORPHWUDV"
16 | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
90
180
ĥ? $59ĝ6 -$8Ĥ,$ 0$*1(7,1ě /$8.Ě .DUYƾV \UD WDUVL NRPSDVR URG\NOƾV 1DJULQƾGDPL SDO\GRYƿ SDGDU\WDV QXRWUDXNDV ë*RJJOH (DUWKé SURJUDPD PRNVOLQLQNDL SDVWHEƾMR NDG JDOYLMDL LU HOQLDL GDËQDL LÈVLULNLXRMD ÈDOLD ÇLDXUƾV LU 3LHWƿ DÈLJDOLXV MXQJLDQƻLƿ ÊHPƾV PDJQHWLQLR ODXNR MƾJƿ OLQLMƿ 7LNLPD NDG ÈLH J\YǀQDL QƾUD YLHQLQWHOLDL JHEDQW\V MDXVWL PDJQHWLQLXV ODXNXV ä EDNWHULMRV PROLXVNDL LU SLONLHML VPƾOUDXVLDL WDLS SDW SDVLË\PL ÈHÈWXRMX SRMǀƻLX 7DƻLDX QRUV JHEƾMLPDV MDXVWL PDJQHWLQƺ ODXNƹ PLJUXRMDQWLHPV J\Yǀ QDPV VXWHLNLD DNLYDL]Gƿ SUDQDÈXPƹ YLV GDU QƾUD DLÈNX NXR MLV JDOL EǀWL QDXGLQ JDV NDUYƾPV 0DQRPD NDG ÈLHPV QDPLQLDPV JDOYLMDPV MLV SDGHGD VXVLGDU\WL YLHWRYƾV NXULRMH MLH JDQRVL SODQƹ
5õ,'?ù.
FAKTAI
SMULKMENOS APIE Ģ#đ
5$/(1.ĝ ',12=$8586
1
,.,0$@ .$' 3,5026,26 0('ġ=26 (0ğ-( 3$6,52'ğ 0$®'$8* 35,(¥ Ĉ 0/1? 0(7Ġ@ 7? <? 1(7 ĈĈ 0/1? 0(7Ġ $1.6ĝ,$8 8® ',12=$8586?
,/®,1,¥.$ 0('ğ=$
2
¥ $321,-26 .,/86, Nomura 5ġ¥,(6 0('ġ=$ <5$ ','®,$86,$? , 69(5,$ ēĈĈ .,/2*5$0Ġ@ 2 -26 ',$0(75$6 6,(.,$ '8 0(7586?
5$®,26 P 9,6$'$ 3$92-,1*26
3
ġ5Ġ ¥,5¥ğ6 182'$, <5$ 9,(1, 67,35,$86,Ġ *<9ġ1,-26 3$6$8/<-(? ,26 0('ġ=26 182'826( *$868 72.6,1Ġ@ .85,( 3$5$/,®,82-$ 1(59Ġ 6,67(0ě ,5 $8.ě *$/, 18®8'<7, 926 3(5 75,6 0,187(6?
(¥,5'®,$, 3$'$5$,
4
('ġ=26@ .85,Ġ Ĉ 352&? .ġ12 68'$52 9$1'82@ 1(785, .$8/Ġ@ 60(*(1Ġ@ ¥,5',(6 ,5 .9ğ3$9,02 6,67(026? đ17 -Ġ ĝ,83789Ġ (6$17<6 -87,02 1(59$, 3$'('$ -206 0$7<7,@ 8®8267, ,5 25,(17827,6 $3/,1.2-(?
9<7, *,/,$, 32 9$1'(1,8
5
$, .85,26 0('ġ=Ġ 5ġ¥<6 68*(N %$ ,¥6.,57, ¥9,(6ě? ,6 *(%ğ-,0$6 9$',1$0$6 %,2/,80,1(6&(1&,-$? $8*80$ 0('ġ=Ġ ¥9,(6$ 1$8'2-$6, *52%821,06 $7%$,'<7,@ 1256 .$, .85,26 -ě 3$6,7(/.,$ $8.206 35,9,/,27,?
?®ð¯¸® ¼®³ ò±ð¯Âýò ¸®º®² ²· =°ò¾·®¹²º¯ò ®´¯·²¿±ð®² µ²·¸²±º² ¹±·Â®ò µ·®³ýº¯ ð®°³¯¾² ®²Å³¯¸ò ¿À³À¾²
2. (5920,6 3$'(1*726 ®$,='26 *5(,Ĥ,$8 *<-$ 6LHNLDQW LÈYHQJWL JLOLƿ ËDL]Gƿ DU RSƿ VXNHOLDPRV LQIHNFLMRV QHJ\YL DU PLUÈWDQW\V DXGLQLDL WXUL EǀWL UHJXOLDULDL ÈDOLQDPL ÇLV SURFHVDV YDGLQDPDV ËDL]GRV LÈYDO\PX ÊDL]Gƹ SDGHQJXV OHUYRPLV NXULRV PLQWD PLUXVLDLV DXGLQLDLV WDƻLDX QHOLHƻLD J\Yƿ JHUHVQLƿ UH]XOWDWƿ JDOLPD JDXWL SHU WUXPSHVQƺ ODLNƹ QHL HVDQW FKLUXUJL QLDP ƺVLNLÈLPXL %H WR YLNÈUƿ LÈVN\URV WXUL GDXJ\Eƽ WHLJLDPƿ VDY\ELƿ -RV QH WLN XËWLNULQD JHUHVQƺ J\MDQƻLƿ DXGLQLƿ DSUǀSLQLPƹ PDLVWLQƾPLV PHGËLDJRPLV EHW LU SDGLGLQD UǀJÈWLQJXPƹ GƾO NR ULERMDPDV SDWRJHQLQLƿ EDNWHULMƿ Y\VW\PDVLV
ĕ52'<7$@ .$' /(5926 3$'('$ ,7,1 ()(.7<9,$, ,¥9$/<7, ®$,='$6
2 3
1 ğ1$6 đ17 .,(.9,(12 ®$,='26 &(17,0(752 '('$026 0$®'$8* ¥(¥,26 $3,( 9,(12 &(17,0(752 ,/*,2 /(5926? 2 85126 6,85%78.$, ,$6 3$.,786,$6 0$1',%8/(6 /(5926 1$8'2-$ 0,586,(06 $8',1,$06 $37,.7, ,5 $76.,57,?
1
3 ¥6.<526 (59Ġ 6(,/ğ6( (6$17<6 )(50(17$, 3$'('$ 686.$,'<7, 0$,67ě?
? đ8*$/$, 785, '5$8*Ğ ,5 35,(¥Ğ đ8*$/$,@ .$,3 ,5 ®021ğ6@ (/*,$6, 6.,57,1*$,@ 3$*$/ 7$,@ .$6 <5$ ¥$/,$ -Ġ? 820(7@ .$, -826 683$ W'5$8*,¥.,T $8*$/$,@ Ĝ6.$,7$17 *(1(7,¥.$, 686,-86,$6 $5 1$8',1*$6 9(,6/(6@ .85,26 $36$8*2 -826 182 .(1.ğ-Ġ ,5 3,.7®2/,Ġ@ -,( $8*$ /ğĝ,$8@ 7$83<'$0, ,¥7(./,86? $ĝ,$8 $37,.86 ¥$/,$ (6$17 .21.85(17ě@ 3$9<='®,8,@ 3$35$67ě-Ĝ 3$1.2/Ĝ@ .85,6 ,¥6.,5,$ &+(0,1,86 -81*,1,86@ 6/23,1$1ĝ,86 .,7Ġ $8*$/Ġ $8*,0ě@ -,( 7$03$ $*5(6<9(61,? đ8*$/$, ¥,826 '5$8*86 ,5 35,(¥86 $73$®Ĝ67$ ,¥ -Ġ /$3Ġ ,5 ¥$.1Ġ 6,81ĝ,$0Ġ &+(0,1,Ġ 6,*1$/Ġ ,5 .,726 ,1)250$&,-26@ 2 .$, .85,( 7<5,0$, 52'2@ .$' $8*$/$, *$/, 3$-867, -Ġ .$,0<1Ġ 6./(,'®,$086 *$5686? ,( 7$,3 3$7 *$/, Ĝ63ğ7, .,786 *,0,1,1*86 $8*$/86 $3,( ®2/ğ'®,Ġ $5 3$5$=,7Ġ 3$6,52'<0ě? $9<='®,8,@ 320,'25ě 8®382/86 $0$5$06@ -,6 Ĝ 25ě ,¥/(,'®,$ /$.,$6 &+(0,1(6 0('®,$*$6? ĕ63ğ7, %,ĝ,8/,$, 7$,3 3$7 ,0$ 6./(,67, &+(0,1(6 0('®,$*$6@ $7%$,'$1ĝ,$6 3$5$=,786 ,5 1(7*, 35,9,/,2-$1ĝ,$6 9$369$6@ .85,26 0('®,2-$ $0$586? ,726 5ġ¥<6 *,0,1,1*,(06 $8*$/$06 Ĝ63ğ7, 3$6,7(/.,$ $17 -Ġ ¥$.1Ġ *<9(1$1ĝ,86 *5<%(/,86?
? $5¥7$6 9$1'82 .$57$,6 8®¥Ě/$ *5(,Ĥ,$8 1(, ¥$/7$6 ,6 .(,67$6 '$5 ĈĈ 0? 02.6/,1,1.Ġ $75$67$6 5(,¥.,1<6 9$',1$0$6 3(0%26 ()(.78? Ĝ 0ğ*,17$ 3$$,¥.,17, .(/,20,6 7(25,-20,6? ,$0 5(,¥.,1,8, <5$ 69$5%, ,¥7,5386,Ġ 0('®,$*Ġ H*$582-$1ĝ,Ġ ,¥ .$5¥72 9$1'(16I .21&(175$&,-$? $,3 ¥,2 5(,¥.,1,2 35,(®$67Ĝ %ġ7Ġ *$/,0$ Ĝ9$5'<7, ,5 .219(.N &,-ě? $/',./<-( /$,.20$6 9$1'82 *5(,ĝ,$8 ¥ě/$ 35,( ,1'2 6,(1(/,Ġ@ 2 1( -2 &(175(? </$17 ¥,/7(61,$0@ 1( 72.,$0 7$1.,$0 9$1'(1,8,@ 68.85,$026 .219(.&,1ğ6 %$1*26? ,26 6529ğ6 <5$ *(52.$, 67,35(6N 1ğ6 9$5'$1ĝ,$0( 9$1'(1<-(@ .85,2 7(03(5$7ġ526 ,5 $3/,1.26 7(03(5$7ġ526
6.,5780$, <5$ ,7,1 ','(/,@ 72'ğ/ -,6 ¥ě/$ 63$5ĝ,$8? $8-(61, 7<5,0$, $76./(,'ğ@ .$' 3(0%26 ()(.7ě *$/, /(07, ,5 683(5¥$N /,0$6 H$1*/? supercoolingI P 5(,¥.,1<6@ .85,2 0(78 9$1'82 1( 9,6,¥.$, 8®¥ě/$@ 7(03(5$7ġ5$, 3$6,(.86 Ĉ /$,361,Ġ 3$*$/
(/6,-Ġ? (03(5$7ġ5$, 18.5,786 '$5 .(/,$,6 /$,361,$,6@ 9$1'82 ¥ě/$ ,5 72/,$8@ .2/ 686,'$52 /('$6? $, .85,( 7,.,@ .$' 683(5¥$N /,02 5(,¥.,1<6 '$®1,$8 3$67(%,0$6 .$/%$17 $3,( ¥$/7ě@ 2 1( .$5¥7ě 9$1'(1Ĝ@ 1256 9,6 '$5 %ġ7,1$ 3$79,57,17,@ 'ğ/ .2.,26 35,(®$67,(6 7$, 9<.67$?
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | 17
?'0.3' 7=5,=
4+7754'2.5. ,'17>55 ·ÿ ²±ò ¸±³ÿÅ® µ®ò² À¸² ð±û¾²¼ý¾²ð° ¿À±𲸯 ñ²¼¹° 4±¯·² ¼®² º² ¿®¹ý¾þ ¿À±𾲠®¸ ²ð®²G
? $, .85,26 0('ğ=26 <5$ 1(0,57,1*26 ? (5 ','(/,6 6,'$%52 .,(.,6 *$/, 35,9(567, 2'Ě 3$0ĝ/<1827, đ5*<5,-$ P 7$, 0(',&,1,1ğ %ġ./ğ@ .$, 'ğ/ ','(/,2 6,'$%52 .,(.,2 2'$ 186,'$®2 0ğ/<1$, 3,/.$ 63$/9$? 5$5<7$6 6,'$%5$6 6.5$1'<-( 686.$,'20$6 ,5 .$,3 '586.$ 3$7(1.$ Ĝ .5$8-ě@ 2 .5$8-$*<6/ğ6 -Ĝ ,¥1(¥,2-$ 32 2'ě? (,.,$0$6 ¥9,(626@ 6,'$%5$6 2'2-( 2.6,'82-$6,@ 'ğ/ .2 686,'$52 3,/.$, 6,'$%5,1ğ6 63$/926 -81*,1,$,? $35$67$, ¥,$ /,*$ 6(5*$17<6 ®021ğ6 9$572-2 .2/2,',1,2 6,'$%52 3$3,/'ě@ .85,6 1(785, -2.,26 3$79,57,1726 1$8'26?
? ('86 1(785, 9$572-,02 /$,.2
('8-( 1ğ5$ '$8* '5ğ*0ğ6@ 2 -2 5ġ*¥7,1*80$6 <5$ ','(/,6 H3 @ēP @ IB ¥,26 6$9<%ğ6 68.85,$ 1(3$/$1.,ě 7(53Ğ %$.7(5,-206 ,5 0,.52%$06 '$8*,17,6? ('8-( 7$,3 3$7 <5$ ¥,(. 7,(. 9$1'(1,/,2 3(52.6,'2@ .85,6 <5$ ()(.7<9, $17,%$.7(5,1ğ 35,(021ğ? 217$.72 68 258 0(78 0('86 *$/, *$87, '5ğ*0ğ6@ 125,17@ .$' -2 9$572-,02 /$,.$6 %ġ7Ġ 1(5,%27$6@ 0('Ġ 5(,.,$ /$,.<7, 6$1'$5,$0( ,1'(?
0DË\Wƾ Turritopsis Dohrnii UǀÈLHV PHGǀ]D SDVLË\PL QHƺWLNƾWLQX J\YHQLPR FLNOX SDVLHNXVL O\WLQƽ EUDQGƹ ML YƾO JDOL JUƺËWL ƺ EUHQGLPR ID]ƽ 1ƾUD ƺURG\Pƿ NDG HJ]LVWXRWƿ ULERWDV WRNLƿ FLNOƿ VNDLƻLXV YDGLQDVL WHRULÈNDL ML JDOƾWƿ J\YHQWL DPËLQDL 1RUV GDXJXPD ÈLRV UǀÈLHV PHGǀ]ƿ PLUÈWD ƺSUDVWDL HVDQW NUL]LQƾPV VLWXDFLMRPV MRV JDOL JUƺËWL ƺ SROLSR VWDGLMƹ ÇLV SURFHVDV YDGLQDPDV WUDQVGLIHUHQFLDFLMD LU OHLGËLD MRPV GDXJLQWLV QHO\WLÈNDL LU SUDGƾWL QDXMƹ NRORQLMƹ ÇL XQLNDOL VDY\Eƾ SDGƾMR MRPV SDSOLVWL SDVDXOLR YDQGHQ\QXRVH
? (68%5(1'86, 0('ğ=$ (5 .(/(7ě 6$9$,ĝ,Ġ $5 0ğ1(6,Ġ -$81$ 0('ġ=$ 68%5Ğ67$?
? 8$8*86, 0('ğ=$
$6,(.86, /<7,1Ğ %5$1'ě@ Turritopsis Dohrnii 5ġ¥,(6 0('ġ=$ 9ğ/ *$/, *5Ĝ®7, Ĝ 32/,32 )$=Ğ?
1. đ39$,6,1,0$6 5*$1,=0$6 $76,5$1'$@ 686,7,.86 68$8*86,Ġ 0('ġ=Ġ ,¥/(,67,(06 .,$8¥,1ğ/,$06 ,5 63(50$72=2,'$06??
6. Efyra 82 32/,32 $76,6.<586,26 '$/<6 3/$ĝ,$, 3$6./,1'$ 32 -ġ5ě?
? $7ğ5$/86 ./21$9,0$6 2/,3$6 '$8*,1$6, 1(/<7,¥.$,? $8* .$57Ġ 3$6,'$/<'$0$6 386,$8@ 68.85,$ *(1(7,¥.$, ,'(17,¥.$6 6$92 .23,-$6?
ē? /$18/ĝ ? 2/,3$6
? 5,6,79,57,186, 3/$18/ĝ
ğ/ /ě67(/,Ġ 75$16',)(5(1&,$&,-26 5,6,79,57,186, 35,( 79,572 3$9,5¥,$86 68$8*86, Turritopsis Dohrnii 5ġ¥,(6 3/$18/ğ 68)25082-$ %851ě ,5 0('ġ=$ *$/, *5Ĝ®7, Ĝ ¥,ě 9<67<026, )$=Ğ? ĝ,8378986?
6$17 /(5926 67$',-$, ¥,2 /$,69$, 3/$8.,2-$1ĝ,2 *<9ġ12 )250$ ¥,(. 7,(. 35,0(1$ 0,1,$7,ġ5,1Ĝ 683/27ě ®,51Ĝ?
? ,(6ğ6 3/$8.$, 9(/,$6, /$%,$8 1(, *$5%$127, 86.$,ĝ,$9Ğ .$/7ġ186 $17 9,(126 .,53<./26 /$1.<72-Ġ *$/9Ġ@ 0$7(0$7,.$, 1867$7ğ@ .$' 7,(6,$3/$8.,Ġ *$/92-( 9,'87,1,¥.$, %892 3(1., .$/7ġ1$,@ 2 *$5%$1,Ġ P 7,. 75<6? $7(0$7,1,$, 3/$8.Ġ 9ğ/,026, 7<5,0$, 52'2@ .$' 1256 *$5%$127, 3/$8.$, '$8*,$8 /,(ĝ,$6, 9,(1$6 68 .,78@ 7$ĝ,$8 .$03$6@ .85,82 /,(ĝ,$6, 7,(6ġ6 3/$8.$,@ /(0,$ 7$,@ .$' %ġ7(17 -,( /$%,$8 9(/,$6,?
? ,6$7$ <5$ 60ĝ/,2 63$/926 ĕ9(57,1Ğ ēĈĈ 7ġ.67? *$/$.7,.Ġ 6./(,'®,$0ě ¥9,(6ě@ $6752ĉ=,.$, 1867$7ğ %(1'5ě 0ġ6Ġ ,6$726 63$/9ě? Ġ 7(,*,08@ 0ġ6Ġ ,6$7$ <5$ ¥9(/1,26 60ğ/,2 63$/N 926@ .85,ě -,( 3$9$',12 W 260,& $77(T? 5,(¥ '(¥,07 0,/,-$5'Ġ 0(7Ġ ,6$7$ %892 ¥9,(6,$, 0(/692 $763$/9,2@ 7$ĝ,$8 'ğ/ ','ğ-$1ĝ,2 5$8'21Ġ-Ġ ®9$,*®'®,Ġ 6.$,ĝ,$86 -26 $763$/9,6 3$6,.(,7ğ?
18 | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
ĥĈ? ,(.9,(1$0( ĥĥ? $8*,$8 1(, 32 9,(1Ě 0ğ6Ğ <5$ Ĉ@ē 0* 6(.Ě *5<12 $8.62 , %ġ./ğ@ ®,120$ .$,3 &+,0(5,=0$6@ *$/, %ġ7, 7820(7@ .$, 9,(1$0( 25*$1,=0( <5$ $39$,6,1$0, '8 .,$8¥,1ğ/,$,? ®827 Ĝ35$67$, 9<67Ğ6,6 Ĝ ¥ $3/,1.26 0(6 3$6,6$9,1$0( 1(','(/,86 $8.62 .,(.,86? ,6 ,¥ (60ğ6 ,1(57,¥.$6 0(7$/$6@ 9$572-$0$6 0$®20,6 '2=ğ0,6@ 1ğ5$ 72.6,¥.$6? $ĝ,$8 $575,78 6(5*$17,(06 ®021ğ06 $8.62 -81*,1<6 1$75,2 $8527,20$/$7$6 *$/, 680$®,17, 8®'(*,0ě@ 1256 -2 9(,.,0$6 '$5 1(,¥7,57$6?
6.,57,1*86 1(,'(17,¥.86 '9<1,86@ 9,(1$6 .,$8¥,1ğ/,6 Ĝ75$8.,$ .,7ě@ Ĝ6,6$9,1'$0$6 ,5 -2 /ě67(/(6 %(, ? 2 5(=8/7$7$6 P 9,(1$6 $6082@ .85,2 /ě67(/ğ6( <5$ '8 6.,57,1*, *(127,3$,? $8*(/,6 ®021,Ġ@ .85,(06 %ġ',1*$6 &+,0(5,=0$6@ 1(®,12 $3,( 6$92 *(1(7,1Ĝ ,¥6.,57,180ě@ 7$ĝ,$8 7$, *$/, 68.(/7, Ĝ9$,5,Ġ .(,67(1<%,Ġ? ,( *$/, 785ğ7, '9, .5$8-2 *583(6 $5 1(7 6.,57,1*Ġ *(127,3Ġ 25*$186?
7)0'7,=5
ģ Ę đ
3 500 m.
đ đ đ đ " 7LNLPD NDG VHQRYƾV (JLSWƹ YDOGËLXVLR IDUDRQR 7XWDQFKDPRQR NDSH DSWLNWDP LQGXL VX PHGXPL \UD JHURNDL SHU WǀNVW PHWƿ 'ƾO DQWLPLNURELQLƿ PHGDXV VDY\ELƿ MLV YLV GDU JDOL EǀWL YDOJRPDV
2®¿®¹ ¼ÿ卿À³û ²·¼¹®´¹®¼²þ ò¼¹±²³ ²®¸®ò ¿®·ò®ò À·® ¿®·ò²®°ò²®ò ² ²òþ ¿ÀÂÿðþ ²· ò²±¼²® ÉÉ ³/
ĥ ? $, .85,826 ®021(6 Ĥ,$8'ĝ7, 35,9(5Ĥ,$ ¥9,(6$
ĥē? $¥.2 ®9$.,Ğ /,(3612-( P 3,/1$ '(,0$17Ğ
ĥ ? .<6Ĥ,$, .$57$,6 *$/, 6.5$,'<7,
,53$1ĝ,2-( ®9$.ğ6 /,(3612-( $1*/,$9$1'(1,/,2 02/(.8/ğ6 3$9(5ĝ,$026 $1*/,(6 ',2.6,'8? ,2 352&(62 0(78 $1*/,(6 02/(.8/ğ6 75803$0 Ĝ*<-$ '(,0$172 1$12'$/(/,Ġ )250ě? ,(.9,(1ě 6(.81'Ğ <5$ 68.85,$0$ 1(Ĝ7,.ğ7,1$, '$8* P 1(7 Ģ@ 0/1?@ ¥,Ġ 0,1,$7,ġ5,1,Ġ %5$1*$.0(1,Ġ@ .85,( 782-$8 3$7 68'(*$? 256 .2/ .$6 ¥,Ġ '(,0$17Ġ ,¥*$87, 1(Ĝ0$120$@ 72.6 $75$',0$6 *$/ğ7Ġ /(,67, 68.857, 1$8-Ġ 3,*,Ġ %5$1*$.0(1,Ġ *$0<%26 0(72'Ġ? 2.6/,1,1.$, $3678/%2@ 3$67(%ğ-Ğ@ .$' /,(3612-( ¥$/,$ '(,0$17Ġ 686,'$52 ,5 .,726 75<6 $1*/,(6 )25026 H)8/(5(1$,@ *5$ĉ7$6 ,5 $025ĉ1ğ $1*/,6I?
đ79ğ6,186 %(9(,. ,., 7(03(5$7ġ526@ /<*,26 $%62/,8ĝ,$0 18/,8,@ .$, .85,( 6.<6ĝ,$,@ 3$9<='®,8,@ +(/,6@ *$/, 7$37, 683(56.<6ĝ,$,6@ .85,( <5$ 9,6,¥.$, 1(./$03ġ6? 2.,( 6.<6ĝ,$, *$/, .,/7, Ĝ 9,5¥Ġ $5 Ĝ6,60(/.7, Ĝ 608/.,$86,86 3/<¥,86? $, /(0,$ .(,67$6 .9$17,1,6 ()(.7$6@ 'ğ/ .85,2 $76.,5, $720$, ,0$ (/*7,6 .$,3 9,(1$6 ,5 ,*12582-$ 7,(. 75$8.26 -ğ*26@ 7,(. 3$9,5¥,$86 Ĝ7$0326 'ğ61,86? <*,$, 72.6 3$7 1(Ĝ7,.ğ7,1$6 <5$ ,5 )(526.<67,6 H¥,6 6.<67,6@ 3$*$0,17$6 $/,(-Ġ 680$,¥,86 68 608/.,20,6 *(/(®,(6 '$/(/ğ0,6I@ 9(,.,$17 -Ĝ 0$*1(7,1,8 /$8.8 68)25082-$026 Ĝ0$175,26 6758.7ġ526 68 '$8* 60$,/,Ġ ,5 Ĝ'8%Ġ?
0DËGDXJ NHWYLUWDGDOLXL ËPRQLƿ ƺ DNLV QXNUHLSWD U\ÈNL ÈYLHVD JDOL VXNHOWL ƻLDXGXOƺ ÇLV UHLÈNLQ\V YDGLQDPDV IRWLQLR ƻLDXGƾMLPR UHIOHNVX ƴSUDVWƹ ƻLDXGXOƺ VXNHOLD QRVLHV VLHQHOƾV VXGLUJLQLPDV -LV ƺMDXWULQD WULJHPLQDOLQƺ QHUYƹ LU ƻLDXGLQW SDÈDOLQDPDV GLUJLQDQWLV VYHWLPNǀQLV 2 QHWROLHVH HVDQWLV RSWLQLV QHUYDV VPHJHQLV ƺVSƾMD DSLH SDNLWXVƺ ÈYLHVRV VUDXWƹ VPHJHQ\V UHDJXRMD QXVLƿVGDPRV VLJQDOƹ DNLƿ Y\]GËLDPV VXVLWUDXNWL DUED LÈVLSOƾVWL -HL ËPRJXL EǀGLQJDV WRNV IRWLQLR ƻLDXGƾMLPR UHIOHNVDV GLGHOLV U\ÈNLRV ÈYLHVRV NLHNLV RSWLQLDPH QHUYH VXNXULD HOHNWULQƺ VLJQDOƹ NXULV VXGLU JLQD LU WULJHPLQDOLQƺ QHUYƹ R WDL VDYR UXRËWX VXNHOLD ƻLDXGXOƺ 7DLS SDW \UD PDQDQƻLƿ NDG ƻLDXGXOƺ JDOL VXNHOWL LU VPHJHQƿ VULƻLƿ DNW\YXPR SDVLNHLWLPDV 3Y] LQWHQV\YLDL GLUEXV VWDLJD SUDGƾWL YDOJ\WL DU SDQ
37,1,6 1(59$6 37,1,6 1(59$6 5($*82-$ Ĝ 5<¥.,ě ¥9,(6ě ,5 6,*1$/ě 6,81ĝ,$ 60(*(1,06?
5,*(0,1$/,1,6 1(59$6 $/,$ (6$1ĝ,2 75,*(0,1$/,1,2 1(592 &(175,1ğ $7¥$.$ 8®ĉ.682-$ 126,(6 68',5*,1,0ě?
ģ,$8'8/<6 37,1,2 1(592 ,¥6,Ġ67ě 6,*1$/ě *$/, 8®ĉ.6827, ,5 75,*(0,1$/,1,6 1(59$6@ 2 7$, 68.(/,$ ĝ,$8'8/Ĝ?
ĕ đ đ đ đ đ 27,126 /Ě67(/ĝ ě67(/ğ-( 35$6,'('$ 0$-2=ğ6 (7$3$6@ .85,2 0(78 /ě67(/ğ 3$6,'$/,1$ '8 .$5786 ,5 68)25082-$ .(785,$6 .,$8¥,1ğ/,2 /ě67(/(6?
+5202620Ğ ®<0ĝ-,0$6
27(5,¥.$
<5,¥.$
,$8¥,1ĝ/,6 ,$8¥,1ğ/,2 /ě67(/ğ <5$ +$3/2,',1ğ@ 9$',1$6,@ -2-( <5$ 32 386Ğ .,(.9,(12 7ğ92 /ě67(/ğ6 *(1(7,1ğ6 0('®,$*26?
đ39$,6,1,0$6
ĥ ? (.$/7$6 35$6,'ĝ-,0$6 1ĝ5$ 7,. 0,7$6 .DL NXULƿ J\YǀQƿ NLDXÈLQƾOLV HPEULRQX JDOL WDSWL EH DSYDLVLQLPR ÇLV QHO\WLQLV GDXJLQLPDVLV YDGLQDPDV SDUWHQRJHQH]H JUDLNƿ NDOERMH ËRGLV parthenogenesis UHLÈNLD ëQHNDOWƹ JLPLPƹé LU EǀGLQJDV GDXJHOLXL DXJDOƿ LU YDE]GËLƿ WDLS SDW NDL NXULƿ UǀÈLƿ ËXYLPV LU UHSWLOLMRPV .RPRGR GUDNRQDPV LU NǀMDU\NOLDPV .DL NXULRV UǀÈ\V GDXJLQDVL LÈVNLUWLQDL WLN SDUWHQRJHQH]ƾV EǀGX R NLWRV Mƹ SDVLWHONLD LÈVNLUWLQLDLV DWYHMDLV NDL ÈDOLD QƾUD DSYDLVLQWL JDOLQƻLR SDWLQR 'DXJHOLR UǀÈLƿ SDUWHQRJHQH]ƾV EǀGX DWVLUDGƽ LQGLYLGDL WXUL GX LGHQWLÈNXV FKURPRVRPƿ ULQNLQLXV GƾO NR MLH WDPSD GDOLQLDLV VDYR PRWLQRV NORQDLV
3(50$72=2,'$6 $39$,6,1$ .,$8¥,1ğ/Ĝ@ 2 ,¥ ¥,26 $39$,6,1726 /ě67(/ğ6 8®$8*$ ,1',9,'$6@ ,¥ .,(.9,(12 7ğ92 *$81$17,6 9,(1ě &+5202620Ġ 5,1.,1Ĝ?
đ đ đ H đ #ėI
(-2=ĝ 27,126 /ě67(/ğ '$/,-$6, 0(-2=ğ6 0(78@ 32 .85,2 686,)25082-$ .(785,26 +$3/2,',1ğ6 /ě67(/ğ6?
$/,-,0$6,6 5,(¥ '$5 .$57ě 3$6,'$/,1'$0$@ +$3/2,',1ğ /ě67(/ğ 3$'9,*8%,1$ 6$92 *(1(7,1Ğ ,1)250$&,-ě?
86,/,(-,0$6 9, +$3/2,',1ğ6 /ě67(/ğ6 686,/,(-$ ,5 $76,5$1'$ (0%5,21$6@ 785,17,6 '8 ,'(17,¥.86 &+5202620Ġ 5,1.,1,86?
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | 19
?'0.3' 7=5,=
>¯·ò ²³±ð¾² ¼² ³ÂÀð²®² ®¾ò²·®³¯ ² ¾¯ µ®¾²±ò ®µÂ®²ò²ð¾¯ ¼²®° ²ðý¹²¯ º²± ¾°·² ð±³²³±¹²þ ¿±ðþ ò¼²·¾°¸þG
ĥ ? 5 9<5Ğ 25*$1,=0$6 *$/, *$0,17, 3,(1Ě
17. Genus Alpheidae 5ğ¥,(6 .5(9(Ĥ,Ğ 68.85,$0$6 *$56$6 <5$ ','(61,6 1(, 9,5¥*$56,1,2 /ĝ.7892
,1'82/,Ġ 3$7,1$, 785, 3,(12 /,$8.$6 ,5 *$/, *$0,17, 3,(1ě@ 1256 7$, 3$6,7$,.2 ,7,1 5(7$,? $9<='®,8,@ 7$0 7,.5, +,32ĉ=ğ6 6875,.,0$, *$/, 3$6.$7,17, +250212 352/$.7,12@ .85,6 <5$ $76$.,1*$6 8® 3,(12 *$0,1,0ě@ ,¥6.<5,0ě 9<5Ġ 25*$1,=0(? 869$6,6 9$,6ğ',6 ¥,.¥1263$51,6 <5$ 9,(1,17(/ğ $37,.7$ *<9ġ1Ġ 5ġ¥,6@ 7$53 .85,26 3$7,1Ġ <5$ 3/$ĝ,$, 3$3/,7Ğ6 *(%ğ-,0$6 *$0,17, 3,(1ě? ğ5$ $,¥.8@ $5 -,( ,¥ 7,(6Ġ -$81,./,86 0$,7,1$ 3,(18@ $5 ¥Ĝ 5(,¥.,1Ĝ /(0,$ ¥$/87,1,6 0,7<%26@ .85,2-( *$868 ĉ72(6752*(1Ġ H$8*$/Ġ 02/(.8/,Ġ@ ,0,782-$1ĝ,Ġ 027(5,¥.826,86 +2502186I@ 329(,.,6?
,6, ®,1'82/,Ġ 3$7,1$, 785, 3,(12 /,$8.$6@ 7$ĝ,$8 3,(1ě *$0,1$ 5(7$,
,1,$7,ġ5,1ğ6 Genus Alpheidae 5ġ¥,(6 .5(9(7ğ6 68*(%$ 635$*6ğ7, 7$,3 67,35,$,@ .$' 1(7 3(56.,5,$ 9$1'(1Ĝ@ 'ğ/ .2 686,)25082-$ $8.¥72 6/ğ*,2 '8-Ġ %85%8/$6@ 9$',1$0$6 .$9,7$&,-26 %85%8/8? 352*'$0$6 %85%8/$6 68.(/,$ .857,1$17Ĝ *$56ě@ .85,6 6,(.,$ ēĢ '(&,%(/Ġ ,5 7581.$ 926 9,(1ě 0,/,6(.81'Ğ? 5,(¥ %85%8/8, 6352*67$17@ 7(03(5$7ġ5$ -2 9,'8-( 3$.</$ ,., ĈĈ /$,361,Ġ 3$*$/
(/6,-Ġ ,5 68.85,$ ,17(16<9Ġ ¥9,(626 %/<.61Ĝ H®5? ®(0,$8 (6$1ĝ,ě ',$*5$0ěI? 2.6 75,8.$6 *$/, 1(7 8®08¥7, 0$®ě ®89Ĝ?
352*67$17,6 *$5Ğ %85%8/$6
ĕ 9,'Ğ 18.5(,372 6352*,02 68.(/7$ ¥2.2 %$1*$
¥6,6.,5,$ ¥9,(6$ ,5 *$56$6
đ8.¥7$ 7(03(5$7ğ5$
ĥ ? "5$ '$8*,$8 1(, 9,(1$6 ,$85ĝ6 $¥,*$/,6
2005 1948 1831
,6 ®(0ğ/$3,6 52'2@ .$,3 %ğ*$17 /$,.8, .(,7ğ6, (0ğ6 0$*1(7,1,2 ,$85ğ6 $¥,*$/,2 9,(7$
ĥ ? '(17,¥., '9<1,$, 1ĝ5$ ,'(17,¥., 1RUV LGHQWLÈNL GY\QLDL DWVLUDGR LÈ WR SDWLHV DSYDLVLQWR NLDXÈLQƾOLR MLH WXUL QHGLGHOLƿ JHQƿ VNLUWXPƿ $WLGËLDL LÈW\Uƽ GY\QLƿ JHQRPDV PRNVOLQLQNDL DSWLNR ƺYDLULDV NRQNUHWDXV JHQR NRSLMƿ YDULDFLMDV NXULDV NR JHUR OƾPƾ DQNVW\YXRMX Y\VW\PRVL ODLNRWDUSLX GƾO WDP WLNUƿ VƹO\Jƿ ƺY\Nƽ SRN\ƻLDL DU PXWDFLMRV ÇLRV YDULDFLMRV JDOƾWƿ SDDLÈNLQWL NRGƾO NDUWDLV WLN YLHQDV GY\Q\V LÈVLVNLULD NRNLX QRUV \SDWLQJX SRË\PLX
20 | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
(2*5$ĉ1ğ $5%$ 7,.52-, ¥,$85ğ H$5%$ ,$85ğ6 $¥,*$/,6I <5$ 1(.,17$17,6 7$¥.$6@ .85,$0( (0ğ6 68.,026, $¥,6 686,.(57$ 68 -26 3$9,5¥,80, ,5 .85,6 <5$ ',$0(75$/,$, 35,(¥,1*$6 ,(7Ġ $¥,*$/,8,? $ĝ,$8@ 3$®9(/*86 Ĝ .203$62 52'<./Ğ@ 3$$,¥.ğ-$@ .$' -, 52'2 1( ,$85ğ6 $¥,*$/Ĝ@ 2 8® .(/,Ġ ¥,07Ġ .,/20(75Ġ Ĝ 3,(75<ĝ,86 (6$17Ĝ 7$¥.ě P 0$*1(7,1Ĝ ,$85ğ6 $¥,*$/Ĝ? (0ğ 9(,.,$ 7$56, 0,/®,1,¥.$6 0$*1(7$6 ,5 0$*1(7,1,6 0ġ6Ġ 3/$1(726 $¥,*$/,6 P 7$, 9,(12 ,¥ -26 32/,Ġ 9,(7$? ,82 0(78 0$*1(7,1,6 ,$85ğ6 $¥,*$/,6 18.(/,$8-$ 0$®'$8* 32 .,/20(7586 3(5 0(786? $6,6/,1.Ğ6 182 ¥,$85ğ6 $1$'26@ -,6 ¥,82 0(78 .(/,$8-$ ,%,52 /,1.? $ĝ,$8 $7(,7<-( *$/, /$8.7, '$5 ','(61, 32.<ĝ,$,? $120$@ .$' 35$(,7<-( (0ğ6 0$*1(7,1,$, $¥,*$/,$, <5$ '8 .$5786 $36,.(,7Ğ 9,(720,6 P 7$, 9<.2 .$6 ĈĈ 7ġ.67? 0(7Ġ? ,Ġ $36,.(,7,0Ġ 35,(®$67<6 1ğ5$ ®,12026?
1
1 đ39$,6,1,0$6 3(50$ $39$,6,1$ .,$8¥,1ğ/Ĝ? ¥ -Ġ $%,(-Ġ $76,5$'86, ,5 $%,(-Ġ 7ğ9Ġ -81*,$17, /ě67(/ğ 9$',1$0$ =,*27$?
2
2 #,*27$ 5(,7$, =,*27$ 3$6,'$/,-$ Ĝ *583Ğ /ě67(/,Ġ@ 9$',1$0Ġ %/$678/(?
3
3 $6,'$/,-,0$6 $53 3,5026,26 ,5 '(9,1726,26 ',(126 182 $39$,6,1,02 %/$678/ğ *$/, 3$6,'$/<7, Ĝ '9, '$/,6?
4
4 87$&,-26 $,6,$06 9<67$17,6@ 'ğ/ /ě67(/ğ6 3$6,'$/,-,02 0(78 $76,5$'86,26 W.23,-$9,02 ./$,'26T@ 68.85,$026 608/.,26 '9<1,Ġ *(1(7,1ğ6 0('®,$*26 9$5,$&,-$6?
PASINAUDOK
VIDEO!
$0$7<.@ .$,3 )(526.<67,6 1(3$./ğ67$ 75$8.$,???? 2±· µ®ò¾®·°¯ò²°ò Ç ¸±¾þ ¸®¿ð±¾²ð²ò ²®°·ýò ® ²¿®¹²ò µ®ò²ò¹²ð¼¯ ¸® ³®°¿ ¼²¹¯¸±¾·þ
ēĈ? 82 *5(,Ĥ,$8 -8'$7(@ 782 681.(61, 7$03$7(
(/,$8'$0, ','®,8/,8 *5(,ĝ,8@ -ġ6 7$03$7( 3$67(%,0$, 681.(61,
7DLS WHLJƾ (LQÈWHLQDV NXUGDPDV VDYR UHOLDW\YXPR WHRULMƹ 2EMHNWXL ƺJDYXV JUHLWƺ MLV ƺJ\MD LU NLQHWLQƽ HQHUJLMƹ R WDL OHPLD MR PDVƾV SDGLGƾMLPƹ Èƺ UHLÈNLQƺ JDOLPD DSLEǀGLQWL
ēē? 2%,/,2-2 7(/()212 6.$,Ĥ,$9,02 *$/,$ <5$ ','(61ĝ 1(, Wđ32//2T (5'9ĝ/$,9,2 6.5<'®,2 ě ĝ18/ě 0(78
JDUVLƹMD O\JWLPL ( PF 'ƾO JUHLƻLR NXULXR NHOLDXMD ËPRJXV MR VYRULR SDNLWLPDL OLHND QHSDVWHEƾWL WDƻLDX REMHNWXL SULDUWƾMXV SULH ÈYLHVRV JUHLƻLR HIHNWDV WDPSD QHJLQƻLMDPDV 3DY\]GËLXL NDOEDQW DSLH WRNLƿ GDOHOLƿ JUHLWLQWXYXV NDLS 'LG\VLV KDGURQƿ SULHÈSULHÈLQLƿ VUDXWƿ JUHLWLQWXYDV NXULXRVH SURWRQDL MXGD EHYHLN ÈYLHVRV JUHLƻLX EǀWLQD ƺYHUWLQWL Mƿ SDGLGƾMXVLƹ PDVƽ 9LHQD
Wđ32//2T@ .85,82 ®02*86 3,50ě .$57ě 6ğ.0,1*$, 186,/(,'2 ğ18/<-(@ 9$/'<02 6,67(026 $70,17,6 7(%892 926 .,/2%,7$, ,5 9(,.ğ Ĉ@Ĉ 0(*$+(5&Ġ '$®1,8? ¥,$1',(1,1,Ġ ,¥0$1,Ġ-Ġ 7(/()21Ġ *$/,1*8N 0$6 9,'87,1,¥.$, <5$ Ģē *,*$+(5&Ġ@ 9$',1$6,@ -,( <5$ Ĉ 7ġ.67? .$57Ġ *5(,7(61, 8® Wđ32//2T?
ÈLR UHLÈNLQLR SDVHNPLƿ \UD WD NDG NXR GLGHVQƺ JUHLWƺ MLV ƺJ\MD WXR GLGHVQƾ WDPSD MR PDVƾ R NXR GLGHVQƾ PDVƾ WXR GDXJLDX MDP UHLNLD HQHUJLMRV 5DQND SDOHLVWDV SDSUDVWDV NUHLGRV JDEDOLXNDV DWVLWUHQNƽV ƺ VLHQƹ WLHVLRJ VXE\UƾV WDƻLDX LÈÈDXWDV GLGHOLX JUHLƻLX QHW VLHQƹ JDOL SUDPXÈWL
ēĥ? ğ6Ğ 6925,6 0$®(61,6@ .$, ĝ18/,6 <5$ $8.¥Ĥ,$86,$0( 6$92 7$¥.( .$6 0$®(61,6 ,5 $.,9$,='®,$, 72/,$8@ -2 0$*1(7,1,6 /$8.$6 <5$ *(52.$, 6,/31(61,6 1(, (0ğ6@ 9$',1$6,@ -2 329(,.,6 <5$ %(9(,. 1(-817$0$6B 7? <? (6$17 ','®,$86,$0 ğ18/,2 329(,.,8, ĢĈĈ .* 69(5,$17,6 $6082 69(57Ġ 926 Ĉ@ *5$02 0$®,$8? 5 35,(¥,1*$,@ 7820(7@ .$, ğ18/,6 <5$ 35,(¥,1*2-( (0ğ6 386ğ-(@ 6925,6 %ġ7Ġ ¥,(. 7,(. ','(61,6?
đ ė đ ė "
ē ? đ đ 35,./$862 72.6 ','(/,6 3$67$7$6@ .$' -$0( 1(7 *$/ĝ7Ğ /<7,
ğ526 3279<1,$, ,'®,$86, 3279<1,$, %ġ1$ 7$'$@ .$, $8/ğ ,5 ğ18/,6 <5$ 9,(12-( /,1,-2-( H3,/1$7,(6 ,5 -$81$7,(6 0(78I@ 2 -Ġ *5$9,7$&,1,$, /$8.$, 9(,.,$ 782 3$ĝ,8 0(78?
đ đ 35,./$86$1ĝ,2 0217$9,02N%$1'<0Ġ 3$67$72 (Vehicle Assembly Building) 7ġ5,6 6,(.,$ 1(7 @ 0/1? .8%,1,Ġ 0(75Ġ? 5ğ*120,6 ',(120,6 -$0( ,¥6,6.,5,$17,6 '5ğ*0ğ6 .,(.,6 <5$ 72.6 ','(/,6@ .$' *$/ğ7Ġ 686,.21'(16827, Ĝ '(%(6,6@ 1256 Ģē ¥,$0( 3$67$7( 9(,.,$17<6 9(17,/,$725,$, ,5 3$/$,.2 7,1.$0ě '5ğ*0ğ6 /<*Ĝ?
đ8.¥Ĥ,$86,$6 3279<1,2 7$¥.$6
279<1,$, 9,6$0( 3$6$8/<-( 86,'$52 '9, $8.¥726 3279<1,Ġ %$1*26@ .85,26 9,6$0( (0ğ6 5878/<-( .$572-$6, 926 ¥,(. 7,(. ,/*(61,$,6 1(, Ģē 9$/$1'Ġ ,17(59$/$,6?
ğ18/,2 75$8.$ <5$ 67,35,$86,$ $5ĝ,$86,$, -2 (6$17,(06 2%-(.7$06 ,5 9$1'(16 /<*Ĝ *$/, 3$.(/7, 0$®'$8* Ģ 0(758?
đ175,1,6 3279<1,6 ğ18/,6 <5$ 35,75$8.,$0$6 ¥,(. 7,(. $5ĝ,$8 (0ğ6@ 2 7$, .,72-( 3/$1(726 386ğ-( 68.85,$ 3$1$¥,ě 3279<1,2 %$1*ě?
(0ğ6 9$1'(1<1826( <5$ 0$®'$8* Ģ@ 0/5'? .8%,1,Ġ .,/20(75Ġ 9$1'(16@ 9$',1$6,@ -826( <5$ @ē ; ĢĈ21 ē Ĉ 0,/,/,75Ġ 7$/326 382'(/,Ġ? 382'(/<-( (6$1ĝ,$0( 9$1'(1<-( <5$ 678/%,1$0$, '$8* P 1(7 @ ; ĢĈ24 2 02/(.8/,Ġ? $,*, 382'(/<-( 9$1'(16 02/(.8/,Ġ <5$ 1(7 7ġ.67$17Ĝ .$57Ġ '$8*,$8 1(, 382'(/,Ġ 9$1'(1<1(?
9$'5$7ğ5,1,$, 3279<1,$, (0,$86, -ġ526 3279<1,$, 3$67(%,0, 7820(7@ .$, ğ18/,6 ,5 (0ğ 9$1'(1Ĝ Ĝ 6$9( 75$8.,$ 7,1.$08 .$038@ 7$,3 9(,.'$0, 9,(1$6 .,72 75$8.26 -ğ*ě? 26 3$ĝ,26 -ğ*26@ .85,26 *$/, 785ğ7, Ĝ7$.26 0ġ6Ġ 6925,8,@ 68.(/,$ ,5 3279<1,86
ē ? $5686 *$/,0$ 1( 7,. *,5'ĝ7,??? ,1(67(=,-$ P 7$, 72.6 5(,¥.,1<6@ .$, ®02*$86 32-ġĝ,$, 686,.(,ĝ,$ 9,(720,6? $9<='®,8,@ ®02*8, *,5',0$6 *$56$6 *$/, $752'<7, 6ġ586@ .9(3,$17,6@ 0,1.¥7$6@ $62&,-827,6 68 .85,$ 1256 63$/9$@ 2 7$0 7,.5$6 6.21,6 %8512-( 68.(/7, $7,7,1.$086 9$,=',1,86? ,5*,1$17 9,(12 ,¥ 32-ġĝ,Ġ -87,02 &(175ě@ $76,5$1'$ '8 $5 '$8*,$8 32-ġĝ,Ġ? ,6 5(,¥.,1<6 1ğ5$ /$%$, '$®1$6 ,5 681.8 3$6$.<7,@ $5 7$, 3/,86$6@ $5 0,186$6?
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | 21
k $ODP\ 7KLQNVWRFN 63/ 12$$ 1$6$ *HWW\
$,@ .ě 0(6 9$',1$0( 6925,8@ <5$ ®(0<1 18.5(,37$ -ğ*$@ .85,ě 68.85,$ (0ğ6 *5$9,7$&,1ğ6 75$8.26 9(,.,$0$ 0ġ6Ġ .ġ12 0$6ğ? $ĝ,$8 (0ğ 1ğ5$ 9,(1,17(/ğ 6$9Ğ6 /,1. 75$8.,$17, -ğ*$? ğ18/,6 7$,3 3$7 68.85,$ 7$0 7,.5ě 75$8.26 -ğ*ě@ .85,@ -$0 (6$17 $8.¥ĝ,$86,$0( 6$92 7$¥.(@ ¥,(. 7,(. 680$®,1$ (0ğ6 75$8.26 329(,.Ĝ? $'$1*, ğ18/,6 <5$ .85
ē ? ,(1$0( 382'(/<-( 9$1'(16 <5$ '$8*,$8 02/(.8/,Ğ 1(, 382'(/,Ğ 3$6$8/,2 9$1'(1<1826(
?'0.3' 7=5,=
.¼²·¾²ð¿®² ð±² ´¹°ò¯ò °¾ý¹ýò 𱸯¼® ¯¼²ðý¾² 6¯ò ¼±¹²®°º® ·¯µ¯³®¸¯ò ² ¿®¹Â¯ò û ¿®¹ÂúG
2'ĝ/ 6ğ5,6 6.</ĝ7$6G 1HVYDUEX DU JDPLQDPDV SDUPH]DQDV DU ƻHGHULV UHLNƾV SLHQR EDNWHULMƿ LU IHUPHQWƿ
6ƾNPLQJR VǀULR JDP\ERV SURFHVR HVPƾ ä SLHQR EDOW\PR ND]HLQR SDYHUWLPDV YLHQWLVD WƹVLD PDVH .D]HLQR JXPXOƾOLDL YLHQDV QXR NLWR \UD DWVNLUWL GƾO QHLJLDPR DSYDONDOR NUǀYLR NXUƺ UHLNLD SDQDLNLQWL ä JDOLPD SLHQƹ VXUDXJLQWL DUED SDSLOG\WL Mƺ VXWUDXNLDQƻLDLV IHUPHQWDLV 7HPSHUDWǀUD LU YDQGHQV NLHNLV SDNHLƻLD VǀULR WHNVWǀUƹ LU VNRQƺ 3DY\]GËLXL PRFDUHORV VǀULV \UD LÈO\GRPDV LU VXVSDXGËLDPDV WRGƾO ƺJ\MD HODVWLQJƹ VWUXNWǀUƹ .LWD YHUWXV ÈYHLFDULÈNDV VǀULV \UD EUDQGLQDPDV DXNÈWHVQƾMH WHPSHUDWǀURMH VLHNLDQW SDVNDWLQWL IHUPHQWDFLMƹ GƾO NXULRV VǀU\MH YƾOLDX DWVLUDQGD DQJOLHV GLRNVLGR VXIRUPXRWƿ VN\OXƻLƿ
ē? ğ*¥7,1,0$6 ĕ 3,(1ě '('$0$ %$.7(5,-Ġ@ .85,26 3,(12 &8.5Ġ H/$.72=ĞI 3$9(5ĝ,$ 3,(12 5ġ*¥7,0,B %ġ7(17 7$, 6ġ5,8, ,5 687(,.,$ -2 6.21,2?
ĥ? $67(5,=$&,-$ ,50,$86,$ 3,(1$6 Ģ 6(.81'®,Ġ .$,7,1$0$6 (6$17 ē Ç 7(03(5$7ġ5$,? $,3 680$®,1$0$6 0,.52%Ġ .,(.,6?
? 5$1',1,0$6 ? 5(¥ĝ-,0$6
$8*80$ 6ġ5,Ġ %5$1',1$0$ 182 '9,(-Ġ 6$9$,ĝ,Ġ ,., '9(-Ġ 0(7Ġ? (5 ¥Ĝ /$,.ě '$8*,1$6, 6ġ5,8, 63(&,ĉ1Ĝ 6.21Ĝ 687(,.,$1ĝ,26 %$.7(5,-26?
? 250$9,0$6
I¥5ġ*26 3$¥$/,1$026 ,5 6ġ5,6 63$8'®,$0$6@ 1$8'2-$17 63(&,$/,ě )250ěB .82 '$8*,$8 6.<6ĝ,2 3$6,¥$/,1$@ 782 6ġ5,6 7$03$ .,(7(61,6?
ĕ 3,(1ě '('$0$6 )(50(17$6 5(1(7$6@ .85,6 3,(1ě 686.$,'2 Ĝ $76.,5$6 9$5¥.ğ6 '$/(/(6 H.85,$6 68'$52 5,(%$/$,@ &8.586 ,5 %$/7<0$,I ,5 6.<67$6 ,¥5ġ*$6 H.85,$6 68'$52 9,(1 9$1'82I?
? -$867<0$6 ,5 6ğ'<0$6 $8726 9$5¥.ğ6 *$%$/,8.$, <5$ 683-$86720,@ 7$,3 3$¥$/,1$17 6.<6ĝ,2 3(57(./,Ġ@ 2 7$'$ 6ġ'20,@ 6,(.,$17 3$5<¥.,17, 6ġ5,2 6.21Ĝ ,5 ¥Ĝ 352'8.7ě 8®.216(59827,?
$/926 87ĝ/,Ğ %,2/2*,-$A 0$®,(-, 3$5$=,7$, ¥8.826(1Ğ 1(6,5(1.$
8$8*86, 87ĝ/ĝ
.DLS ÈLH PDË\ƻLDL YDE]GËLDL PDLWLQDVL GDXJLQDVL LU SOLQWD"
(5 '9, ',(1$6 027(5,¥.26 /<7,(6 87ğ/ğ 3$'('$ 3,50826,86 .,$8¥,1ğ/,86?
(6,5,7$17,6 .,$8¥,1ĝ/,6 H*/,1'$I 5$%ğ*86 6$9$,7(,@ .,$8¥,1ğ/,6 ,¥6,5,7$ ,5 3$6,52'2 1(68%5(1'86, 87ğ/ğ $5%$ 1,0)$?
,$8¥,1ĝ/,6 H*/,1'$I $92 .,$8¥,1ğ/,86 H*/,1'$6I 87ğ/ğ6 35,( 3/$8.Ġ ¥$.1Ġ 35,79,57,1$ %$/7<N 0,1,$,6 ./,-$,6?
P
' ,(1 26
M
26 (1 ', ē Ģ P
P ',( 126 ,5026,26 9$/$1'26
$5 '$8*,$8 .,$8¥,1ĝ/,Ğ
7ĝ/ĝ6 *<9(1,02 &,./$6
ēP ',(126
đ7(,1$1ĝ,$6 16 ',(1Ġ -, 3(5 ',(1ě 3$'('$ 182 75,-Ġ ,., .(785,Ġ .,$8¥,1ğ/,Ġ?
,57,6 $/926 87ğ/ğ 9,'87,1,¥.$, *<9(1$ ,., 3(1.,Ġ 6$9$,ĝ,Ġ?
k &'& 7KLQNVWRFN
F
Ģ P Ģ ',( 1Ġ
,0)26 785, 63(&,$/,$, .ě67, 35,7$,.<7$6 %85126 '$/,6@ 72'ğ/ 1('(/6'$026 *$/, 35$'ğ7, 0$,7,17,6?
,$8¥,1ĝ/,Ğ 'ĝ-,0$6
5Ğ6'$0$ 1,0)$ 75,6 .$5786 ,¥6,1(5,$ ,¥ 6$92 (*=26.(/(72?
,(1Ġ Ģ ' Ģ P
22 | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
$/926 87ğ/ğ6 '$8*,1$6, /<7,¥.$,? $6,%$,*86 325$9,08,6,@ 9<5,¥.26 /<7,(6 87ğ/ğ6 '$®1,$86,$, 0,5¥7$?
ĝ5,0$6,6 ,086, .Ě67,
Ġ ,(1 ' Ģē ĢĢP
8WƾOƾV PDLWLQDVL PDËGDXJ ÈHÈLV NDUWXV SHU SDUƹ 6SHFLDOLDL SULWDLN\WD EXUQD MRV SUDNDQGD JDOYRV RGƹ LU ƺ ËDL]Gƹ VXOHLGËLD QHGLGHOƺ NLHNƺ VHLOLƿ NXULƿ NUHÈƾMLPƹ PDËLQDQƻLRV VDY\EƾV XËWLNULQD NDG ËDL]GRV QHNUHÈD 1LHËƾMLPƹ NXULV MDXƻLDPDV XËVLNUƾWXV XWƾOƾPLV VXNHOLD ÈLƿ YDE]GËLƿ VHLOƾVH HVDQW\V EDOW\PDL LU Mƿ LÈPDWRV LPXQLQƾ VLVWHPD DWSDËƺVWD MXRV NDLS VYHWLPNǀQLXV LU UHDJXRMD WDLS SDW NDLS HVDQW XËGHJLPXL .LWDLS QHL EOXVRV JDOYRV XWƾOƾV QHJDOL ÈRNLQƾWL LU QXR YLHQR ËPRJDXV JDOYRV WXUL SHUURSRWL DQW NLWRV 8ËNUDWDV SHUGXRGDPDV WLHVLRJLQLR NRQWDNWR PHWX DUED QDXGRMDQW YLHQƹ UDQNÈOXRVWƺ SODXNƿ ÈHSHWƺ LU W W 1RUV VNODQGR PLWDV NDG XWƾOƾV ODELDX PƾJVWD ÈYDULXV SODXNXV WDL QƾUD WLHVD ÇLH SDUD]LWDL MHL WLN JDXQD JDOLP\Eƽ PDLWLQWLV LU GƾWL NLDXÈLQƾOLXV QƾUD LÈUDQNǀV
$8*,1,0$6,6
8$8*86,Ġ 87ğ/,Ġ ,/*,6 P ē@ P 00? ,( 9$%='®,$, <5$ 3/2.¥7, ,5 %(63$51,$,? ,( <5$ ¥9,(6,$, 3,/.26 $5 5869$, 5$8'2126 63$/926?
6 500 m.
7)0'7,=5
đ ė
đ đ đ đ đ đ .¹¯Âý𲺯º± ®µ¾²¼¾®ò ¸® ³®°¿ È Ç ¸ ò±ð°¸¯ ò°ò¼²¹üò ³®ð¾²ò ´°Â¯ ¾®²òÀ¾®ò ´²ă²þ ® ¼° ²°¯ ¸±¾° ¾À·ýº®² ±·¾²ð® ¼²±¼ ±½±¼¾À°ò ¾¯¼ò ¸±¾¯³®ò ¿®¹ýº¯ ´ÿ¾² ¾²·²® ®· ¾®²µ ´°Â¯ ò¹¯µ²ð®¸®ò ò°¿±³°ò²¯ ³®ð¾²±ò ò¼®°ò¸®ò
,ý¹ ¾®¸ ¾²¼·þ ¿±ð±¾²ð²þ ®·²®ñ²ºþ ¼®² ¼°·²þ ¸¯ð²þ µ® ®ò¾Àò± ð±ò²¿®¸²ð® ´®¼¾±·²º¯ò ò°¼±¹²®ðă²¯ò 𱸮¹¯ðþ ¼Â®µú
(3$35$67$ $/,80,1,2 .(/,21ĝ ě 3$®$67ě 6XËLQRNLWH NDLS QHPDORQXV SDËDVWƿ NYDSDV SDQDLNLQDPDV QHW NHWXULRPV SDURPV 'H]RGRUDQWDL QHOHLGËLD DWVLUDVWL SUDNDLWR NYDSXL Mƺ VORSLQD DUED NRYRMD VX Mƺ VXNHOLDQƻLRPLV EDNWHULMRPLV 6LHNLDQW SDLOJLQWL Èƺ SRYHLNƺ DNW\YLHML GH]RGRUDQWR NRPSRQHQWDL NDUWDLV \UD SDWDOSLQDPL ƺ PLNURNDSVXOHV -RV VXJHULD SUDNDLWƹ VSURJVWD LU LÈOHLGËLD GH]RGRUXRMDQƻLDV FKHPLQHV PHGËLDJDV 3RYHLNLR WUXNPƾ SDLOJLQDPD VXNǀUXV VNLUWLQJƿ G\GËLƿ NDSVXOHV ä SULHÈ VXVSURJGDPRV MRV VXJHULD VNLUWLQJƹ YDQGHQV HVDQƻLR SUDNDLWH NLHNƺ
'DXJHOLR GH]RGRUDQWƿ VXGƾW\MH WDLS SDW \UD VSHFLDOLƿ PHGËLDJƿ YDGLQDPƿ DQWLSHUVSLUDQWDLV NXULH XËNHUWD NHOLƹ SUDNDLWXL $QWLSHUVSLUDQWDL SDSUDVWDL \UD DOLXPLQLR SDJULQGX VXGDU\WL MXQJLQLDL 6X SUDNDLWR OLDXNRPLV VXMXQJWRV RGRV SRUDV VXGDUDQƻLRV OƹVWHOƾV VXJHULD DOLXPLQƺ $OLXPLQLXL SDWHNXV ƺ OƹVWHOHV MLV VXWUDXNLD YDQGHQƺ GƾO NR OƹVWHOƾV SDWLQVWD LU XËYHULD SRUDV 3DJDO DOLXPLQLR MXQJLQLR UǀÈƺ GH]RGRUDQWDV YHLNVPLQJDV EǀQD WUXPSLDX DUED LOJLDX
đ17,3(563,5$17$, 35,9(5ĝ,$ /ě67(/(6 3$7,17,@ 72'ğ/ -26 8®9(5,$ 325$6@ 7$,3 9,6,¥.$, 6867$%'<'$026 35$.$,7$9,0ě
2'(51ğ6 %(721$9,02 '$5%$, %8512-( .RPSR]LFLQƾV KHOLR SORPERV SDPDËX XËLPD WUDGLFLQLƿ PHWDOLQLƿ SORPEƿ YLHWƹ QRUV Mƿ SDWLNLPXPDV LU \UD PDËHVQLV đ3'252-,0$6
/82.61,$9,0$6
+(0,1(, 5($.&,-$, 68 .2032=,78 3$6.$7,17, 1$8'2-$0$ ¥9,(6$? ,26 &+(0,1ğ6 5($.&,-26 0(78 0('®,$*$ 6879,57ğ-$?
/20%$ 7(3$0$ 3/21$,6 6/82.61(/,$,6? ®7(386 .,(.9,(1ě 6/82.61Ĝ@ .2032=,&,1ğ 3/20%$ $3'252-$0$ ¥9,(6$?
$,*,$0,(-, '$5%$, đ1*/,(6 323,(5,$86 *$%$/ğ/,6 1$8'2-$0$6 Ĝ9(57,17,@ $5 687$03$ .$1',02 /,1,-26B 3$*$/ 7$, 3/20%$ <5$ 1832/,582-$0$?
85,¥,02 6,67(0$ 85,¥$17, 0('®,$*$ <5$ 8®7(3$0$ $17 3$582¥72 '$17,(6 3$9,5¥,$86 ,5 /(,'®,$ 3/20%$, *(5$, 35,6,79,57,17,?
(/,2 3/20%$ ĕ ¥9,(62-( .,(7ğ-$1ĝ,Ġ .2032=,7Ġ 68'ğ7Ĝ Ĝ(,1$ ,/*$$0®,¥.802 687(,.,$1N ĝ,26 1(25*$1,1ğ6 0('®,$*26@ 72.,26 .$,3 6,/,&,2 ',2.6,'$6?
ğ*¥7,6
đ5 0(7$/$6 <5$ %/2*$,G 5$',&,1ğ6 6,'$%52 63$/926 $0$/*$026 <5$ *$0,1$026 ,¥ Ĝ9$,5,Ġ 0('®,$*Ġ 0,¥,1,2@ -$6 '$®1$, 68'$52 0$®'$8* Ĉ 352&? *<96,'$%5,2? 6725,¥.$, Ĝ52'<7$@ .$' 72.,2 7,32 3/20%26 %892 1$8'2-$026 -$8 Ĉ 0?@ ,5 1256 -Ġ 68'ğ7,6 1(72%8/$@ ¥,26 3/20%26 1$8'2-$026 ,5 ¥,$1',(1? $0 7,.5$,6 $7®9,/*,$,6 72.,2 7,32 3/20%26 1(7*, <5$ 35$1$¥(61ğ6 8® .2032=,&,1(6 3/20%$6@ -$6 *(52.$, 5(ĝ,$8 7(1.$ 7$,6<7, $5 .(,67,? đ0$/*$0206 5(,.,$ *(52.$, 0$®,$8 35,(®,ġ526 1(, .2032=,&,1ğ06 3/20%206
đ17 *5ě®72 <5$ 8®/$¥,1$0$6 7$0 7,.5$6 5ġ*¥7,(6 .,(.,6@ 6.$7,1$17,6 0,.526.23,1,Ġ 3/20%26 6.</8ĝ,Ġ ,¥1<.,0ě ,5 3/20%26 6/82.61,Ġ 686,-81*,0ě?
$*5,1'$6 Ę'821,(6 3$9(,.7$ '$17,(6 '$/,6 <5$ 3$¥$/,1$0$ 1$8'2-$17 *5ě®7ěB 7$,3 68.85,$0$6 38,.86 3$*5,1'$6@ 35,( .85,2 3/20%$ 79,57,1$0$?
k 7KLQNVWRFN 63/
ė'821,6
820(7@ .$, 1$8'2-$026 *,/(61ğ6 3/20%26@ -26 3$3,/'2026 67,./2 -2120(5,1,8 $5%$ &,1.2 )26)$7,1,8 &(0(178@ .85,6 '$17,(6 1(59ě ,=2/,82-$ 182 7(03(5$7ġ526 32.<ĝ,Ġ?
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | ē
Tema
Fizika
Chemija
Biologija
0®¾±¿¯·²ºþ ·¯³À¼¹ý
?'0.3' 7=5,= 4²ð¼¹®²ðý
đ đ đ 5<6 0$®,$86, ®02*$86 .$8/$, <5$ $86<-(?
<5,0$, 52'2@ .$' 027(5Ğ ,081,1ĝ 6,67(0$ W6(167$T /ĝĤ,$8@ 72'ĝ/ 027(5Ğ *<9(1,02 758.0ĝ <5$ ,/*(61ĝ? đ8.¥Ĥ,$86,$6 3$6$8/,2 ®02*86 H-2 ğ*,6 ē ē &0I %892 1(7 Ĉ &0 $8.¥7(61,6 8® 6$92 %,2/2*,1ě 7ĝ9Ě? 02*$86 78¥Ĥ,2 6.5$1'®,2 7ğ5,6 P Ĉ 0/? ,'87,1,6 5ğ*¥7,1*8N 0$6 P ē@ 3 ?
,1./$,1ĝA .,7$ 6,(/26 9(,'52'®,2 386ĝ đ0$.5,1,1ĝ6 /Ě67(/ĝ6
.DLS ÈL ÈYLHVDL MDXWUL DNLHV GDOLV OHLGËLD PXPV DWSDËLQWL YDL]GXV"
7LQNODLQƾ \UD ÈYLHVDL MDXWUXV DXGLQ\V HVDQWLV DN\MH 7DL FHQWULQƾV QHUYƿ VLVWHPRV GDOLV -HL DNƺ ODLN\WXPH NDPHUD WLQNODLQƾ EǀWƿ NLQR MXRVWD 7DƻLDX WLQNODLQƾ QH WLN VLXQƻLD YDL]Gƹ ƺ VPHJHQLV ä SULHÈ SHUGXRGDPD Mƺ RSWLQLX QHUYX ML WXUL VXPDËLQWL YDL]GLQƾV LQIRUPDFLMRV NLHNƺ NDGDQJL WLQNODLQƾMH HVDQW\V IRWRUHFHSWRULDL JDOL SULLPWL GDXJLDX LQIRUPDFLMRV QHL JDOL SHUGXRWL RSWLQLV QHUYDV 7LQNODLQƾ DSLPD GHÈLPWƺ QHUYƿ OƹVWHOLƿ VOXRNVQLƿ NXULƿ YLVL \UD VXMXQJWL VLQDSVƾPLV .LHNYLHQDPH LÈ ÈLƿ VOXRNVQLƿ \UD NHOLƿ WLSƿ OƹVWHOƾV IRWRUHFHSWRULDL YDGLQDPL NǀJHOLDLV LU VWLHEHOLDLV ÈYLHVDL MDXWULRV JDQJOLQLR VOXRNVQLR QHUYLQƾV OƹVWHOƾV ELSROLQƾV OƹVWHOƾV LU NLWRV NXULRV \UD QDXGLQJRV UHJXOLXRMDQW DNƺ SDVLHNLDQƻLRV ÈYLHVRV NLHNƺ LU DSGRURMDQW EHL SHUGXRGDQW YDL]GXV 6WLHEHOLDL \UD MDXWUHVQL ÈYLHVDL LU QXR Mƿ SULNODXVR YDGLQDPDVLV ËPRJDXV QDNWLQLV SHULIHULQLV UHJƾMLPDV NLHNYLHQDV Mƿ JDOL UHDJXRWL ƺ DWVNLUƹ IRWRQƹ DUED ÈYLHVRV GDOHOƽ .LWD YHUWXV NǀJHOLDL \UD DNW\YǀV GLHQRV ÈYLHVRMH LU \UD DWVDNLQJL XË JHEƾMLPƹ PDW\WL VSDOYDV VPXONLDV GHWDOHV LU JUHLWXV MXGHVLXV ,NL ;; DPËLDXV SDEDLJRV EXYR PDQRPD NDG UHJƾMLPƹ OHPLD WLN NǀJHOLDL LU VWLHEHOLDL 7DƻLDX YƾOLDX W\UƾMDL DSWLNR JHURNDL UHWHVQHV ÈYLHVDL MDXWULDV JDQJOLQLR VOXRNVQLR QHUYƿ OƹVWHOHV 3DVWDURVLRV SDGHGD UHJXOLXRWL OƾOLXNƾV G\Gƺ LU WDPVRV ÈYLHVRV FLNOƹ 3HUƾMXVL SHU VNDLGULXV QHUYƿ OƹVWHOLƿ VOXRNVQLXV ÈYLHVD SDVLHNLD NǀJHOLXV LU VWLHEHOLXV -DL SDVLHNXV ÈLXRV IRWRUHFHSWRULXV ÈYLHVD OHPLD FKHPLQLXV NǀJHOLƿ LU VWLHEHOLƿ SDNLWLPXV 1HDSGRURWL GXRPHQ\V SHU QHUYƿ OƹVWHOLƿ VOXRNVQLXV \UD LÈVLXQƻLDPL DWJDO R SULHÈ RSWLQLX QHUYX YDL]GXV LÈVLƿVGDPRV VPHJHQLPV ÈLRV OƹVWHOƾV MXRV DSGRURMD LU XËNRGXRMD
đ./2-, 'ĝ0ĝ (1,$86,$0 3$6$8/,2 6808¥7,1,8, P ē 0(7$,? 7,35,$86,$ 3$6$8/<-( 9$1'(1,/,2 Ċ825,'2 5ğ*¥7,6 7,53'2 67,./Ě? 24 | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
ÇLRV OƹVWHOƾV \UD DWVDNLQJRV XË SURF IRWRUHFHSWRULƿ JDXQDPƿ GXRPHQƿ LU UHJXOLXRMD ELSROLQHV OƹVWHOHV
9LVƿ DN\VH \UD DNORML GƾPƾ GDU YDGLQDPD VNRWRPD 7DL WLQNODLQƾV YLHWD NXU QƾUD ÈYLHVƹ VXJDXWL JDOLQƻLƿ IRWRUHFHSWRULƿ OƹVWHOLƿ -L ËLQRPD NDLS RSWLQLV GLVNDV \UD WRMH YLHWRMH NXU RSWLQLV QHUYDV NHOLDXGDPDV ƺ VPHJHQLV NHUWD WLQNODLQƽ 1RUV DNORML GƾPƾ \UD JDQD GLGHOƾ QHSDWRJXPƿ PXPV QHVXNHOLD 7DLS \UD WRGƾO NDG DELHMƿ DNLƿ DNORML GƾPƾ \UD VNLUWLQJRVH YLHWRVH WDLJL YLHQD DNLV NRPSHQVXRMD NLWRV DNLHV WUǀNVWDPDV YDL]GR GDOLV LU DWYLUNÈƻLDL 'HÈLQƾMH SDWHLNLDPDV ëDNORVLRV GƾPƾV WHVWDVé 8ËPHUNLWH NDLULƹMƹ DNƺ LU ËLǀUƾNLWH ƺ DSVNULWLPƹ R WDGD SDPDËX DUWƾNLWH SULH SXVODSLR 3DVWHEƾVLWH NDG SOLXVR ËHQNODV LÈQ\NR
đ ė ė đ
5õ,'?ù.
FAKTAI
(/(9,=25,86 ,5 .203,87(5,6
1
ė đ
(*ğ-,08, .(1.,$ 1( ®,ġ5ğ-,0$6 Ĝ .203,87(5,2 $5 7(/(9,=25,86 (.5$1ě@ 2 5(7(61,6 0,5.6ğ-,0$6? ,5%$17 .203,87(5,8@ $.<6 *$/, ,¥6$86ğ7, 'ğ/ 72@ .$' 5(ĝ,$8 0,5.6,0$? (5 0,187Ğ ®02*86 680,5.6, $3,( ēĈ .$57Ġ?
5(,7$6 ®9,/*61,6
2
,1./$,1ĝ6 75$163/$17$&,-$
ēĈĈ 0? $¥,1*7212 9$/67,-26 ®25'®7$812 81,9(56,7(7( $7/,.72 7<5,02 0(78 1867$7<7$@ .$' ®02*$86 $.,(6 7,1./$,1ğ 68*(%$ 3(5 6(.81'Ğ 3(5'827, @ 0(*$%,72 ,1)250$&,-26?
3
256 $.,(6 5$*(126 3(562',1$026 '$®1$,@ %$1'<0$, 75$163/$17827, 7,1./$,1(6 .2/ .$6 1(6ğ.0,1*,? ,82 0(78 7<5ğ-$, %$1'2 68.857, ',5%7,1Ğ 7,1./$,1Ğ?
,/0Ğ .ğ5ĝ-2 $.,6
4
,(1$$.,6 ),/0Ġ .ġ5ğ-$6 2%$6 3(1&$6 68.ġ5ğ $.,(6 3527(=ě@ 68'$5<7ě ,¥ .$0(526 ,5 6,Ġ67892@ 6.$,70(1,1,8 %ġ'8 5(*,67582-$1ĝ,2 9,686 -2 0$72086 9$,='86?
$8'2126 $.<6
5
272*5$),-26( $.<6 5$8'2126 %ġ1$ 72'ğ/@ .$' %/<.67ğ6 ¥9,(6$ $76,63,1', 182 $.<6( (6$1ĝ,Ġ .$3,/,$5Ġ? 25,17 72 ,¥9(1*7,@ 1(5(,.ğ7Ġ ®,ġ5ğ7, 7,(6,$, Ĝ )272$3$5$72 %/<.67Ğ?
= ¾°¯ð¼¯º¯ ®¼Àò± À·® ð±·Âþ ¼°·²± ò°º°ð¿¾² ò° ¿®¹²ð± ¾²ð¼¹®²ðýò ò·²¾²¸² ®³²ð®ò² ²± ¿ÀÂÿ𮲠𱾰·² ®¼¹þºþ ³ý¸²þ
,1$36ĝ6
k 63/
(175,1ĝ *(/72126,26 'ĝ0ĝ6 '$/,6 *HOWRQRVLRV GƾPƾV FHQWUH HVDQƻLDPH ƺGXELPH EHYHLN QƾUD VWLHEHOLƿ
>±°·¯ð®² ¼°·²± ò°ò²ò¾±¸²ð® ² ¼ÿ¿±¹²þ ²· ò¾²±´±¹²þ ¿®°ð®¸°ò ³°¯¸±ð²ò
37,1,6 1(59$6 1HUYDV VPHJHQLPV SHUGXRGD YDL]GLQƽ LQIRUPDFLMƹ NXULƹ SULLPD DNLV
$1*/,1,2 6/82.61,2 1(59,1ĝ6 /Ě67(/ĝ6 ÇLH QHXURQDL LÈ IRWRUHFHSWRULƿ NǀJHOLƿ LU VWLHEHOLƿ SHULPD QHDSGRURWƹ LQIRUPDFLMƹ
,32/,1ĝ6 /Ě67(/ĝ6
,32/,1ĝ6 /Ě67(/ĝ6 %LSROLQƾV OƹVWHOƾV SDODLNR U\Èƺ VX NǀJHOLDLV DU VWLHEHOLDLV LU SULLPD SURF YLVƿ IRWRUHFHSWRULƿ VLXQƻLDPƿ VLJQDOƿ
.LHNYLHQD ELSROLQƾ OƹVWHOƾ DWLWLQND WDP WLNUƹ NǀJHOƺ LU VWLHEHOƺ
25,=217$/,26,26 /Ě67(/ĝ6 ÇLH QHXURQDL VXMXQJLD VNLUWLQJƿ WLSƿ IRWRUHFHSWRULXV LU UHJXOLXRMD Mƿ IXQNFLMDV
2725(&(3725,$, 5HJƾMLPR SURFHVR PHWX NLHNYLHQDV NǀJHOLV LU VWLHEHOLV SHUGXRGD NRQNUHƻLƹ LQIRUPDFLMƹ
2UDQËLQƾV LU URËLQƾV OLQLMRV URGR VXGƾWLQJƹ RSWLQƺ GLVNƹ LÈUDL]JLXVLƿ DNLHV WLQNODLQƾV NUDXMDJ\VOLƿ VWUXNWǀUƹ
(/7212-, 'ĝ0ĝ
k 63/
k 'DQQ\ +RSH
ÇLRMH JHOWRQRV VSDOYRV WLQNODLQƾV VULW\MH \UD GDXJ NǀJHOLƿ NXULH OHPLD UHJƾMLPR DÈWUXPƹ
ğ*(/,$, ,5 67,(%(/,$, 7LQNODLQƾMH \UD PDËGDXJ POQ VWLHEHOLƿ LU POQ NǀJHOLƿ NXULH LÈVLGƾVWƽ YLVRMH WLQNODLQƾMH LÈVN\UXV JHOWRQƹMƹ GƾPƽ
9<1,Ğ 7,1./$,1ĝ6 P 6.,57,1*26 $NLHV UDLQHOƾV QXVNDLW\PDV \UD GDËQLDXVLDL QDXGRMDPD ELRPHWULQLƿ DNLHV GXRPHQƿ W\ULPR IRUPD WDƻLDX DU ËLQRMRWH NDG PǀVƿ WLQNODLQƾV SDVLË\PL VSHFLDOLRPLV LGHQWLĘNDYLPR VDY\EƾPLV" 9LVNƹ OHPLD VXGƾWLQJDV WLQNODLQƽ LÈUDL]JƽV NUDXMDJ\VOLƿ WLQNODV QHW GY\QLƿ WLQNODLQƾV \UD VNLUWLQJRV 3DËYHOJXV ƺ WLQNODLQƾV VNDLW\WXYƹ
PDWRPDV NDSLOLDUXRVH DWVLVSLQGLQWLV QHU\ÈNXV LQIUDUDXGRQRVLRV ÈYLHVRV VSLQGXO\V *DXWD XQLNDOL VWUXNWǀUD NRGXRMDPD LU VDXJRPD GXRPHQƿ ED]ƾMH 7LQNODLQƾV VNDLW\WXYDL \UD JUHLWL LU SDWLNLPL WDƻLDX EUDQJǀV EH WR GƾO WDP WLNUƿ OLJƿ DU NLWƿ VX DNLPLV VXVLMXVLƿ SUREOHPƿ ODLNXL EƾJDQW WLQNODLQƾV VWUXNWǀUD JDOL NLVWL
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | ē
Tema
Astronomija
Visata
.¯°¹ýò ò²ò¾±¸®
Tyrimai
0®¾±¿¯·²ºþ ·¯³À¼¹ý
VISATA
,6$7Ě 68'$52A Ĉ Å $06,2-, (1(5*,-$? (0$720$ ,5 .2/ .$6 1(,¥7,57$? ē Å
$06,2-, 0$7(5,-$? $,3 3$7 1(0$720$ ,5 681.,$, $3ĝ,823,$0$?
Å
$,69,(-, +,'52*(1$, ,5 +(/,6?
Ĉ@ Å 9$,*®'ğ6? Ĉ@ Å (875,1$,? Ĉ@Ĉ Å 81.,(-, (/(0(17$,? 806 0$720, ,5 $3ĝ,823,$0,? $8-$86, đ đ '820(1<6
ĥĈ ,6$726 3$6/$3Ĥ,Ğ 1HVLEDLJLDQWL DWVDN\Pƿ SDLHÈND LU PƺVOLƿ ƺPLQLPDV MDX WǀNVWDQƻLXV PHWƿ \UD DVWURQRPƿ YDURPRML MƾJD QRUV GDËQDL DWURGR NDG DWVNOHLGXV YLHQƹ SDVODSWƺ WXRM SDW DWVLUDQGD NLWD 'DEDUWLQLDL DVWURQRPDL OLQNƽ PDQ\WL NDG MLH JDQ JHUDL VXYRNLD 9LVDWRV YHLNLPR SULQFLSXV ËYDLJËGËLƿ HJ]LVWDYLPR FLNOƹ LU JDODNWLNƿ HYROLXFLMƹ %H DEHMRQƾV ÈLDQGLHQ PHV DSLH NRVPRVƹ ËLQRPH GDXJ GDXJLDX QHL SULHÈ PHWƿ 7DƻLDX \UD GDU GDXJ QHDWVDN\Wƿ NODXVLPƿ EH WR Mƿ QXRODW GDXJƾMD 0ƺVOLƿ ƺPLQLPDL ä WDL JDQ QDXML DWUDGLPDL LÈ SLUPR ËYLOJVQLR ODXËDQW\V QXVLVWRYƾMXVLDV
26 | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
WDLV\NOHV ÊLQRPD QHJDOLPD QLHNR WHLJWL NRO WDP WLNUL UHLÈNLQLDL GDU QƾUD DWVNOHLVWL WDƻLDX GDËQDL ÈLƿ SDLQLƿ PƺVOLƿ ƺPLQLPDV \UD ODLNR DU JLOHVQLR VXYRNLPR NODXVLPDV ä YRV SDVDXOLV LQIRUPXRMDPDV DSLH WRNLXV SDVODSWLQJXV REMHNWXV NDLS ëQHJDOLQWL HJ]LVWXRWLé ËYDLJËGƾ 6'66 - DU VWDƻLDNDPSLR IRUPRV JDODNWLND /('$ PRNVOLQLQNDL VXWHONƽ VDYR MƾJDV LU QDXGRGDPLHVL PRGHUQLDXVLRPLV VWHEƾMLPR SULHPRQƾPLV SUDGHGD LHÈNRWL Wƿ UHLÈNLQLƿ DWVLUDGLPR SULHËDVƻLƿ 9LV GƾOWR EDQG\PDL ƺPLQWL NDL NXULDV PƺVOHV XËWUXNR 3DY\]GËLXL QDXMRV 8UDQR SDO\GRYR
0LUDQGRV QXRWUDXNRV QHDEHMRWLQDL DWVNOHLVWƿ GDXJLDX DSLH QHUDPLƹ ÈLR GDQJDXV NǀQR LVWRULMƹ WDƻLDX DUWLPLDXVLX PHWX PRNVOLQLQNDL QHËDGD VLƿVWL DXWRPDWLQLR ]RQGR MDP W\ULQƾWL 'DU YLHQDV LOJƹ ODLNƹ UDP\EƾV QHGDYƽV UHLÈNLQ\V ä 6DXOƾV YDLQLNDV YƾO EXV WLULDPDV SDWREXOLQXV WHFKQLNƹ 3DVODSWLV YLV GDU \UD LU 9LVDWRMH SO\WLQWL WDPVLRML PHGËLDJD 3ULHÈ GYLGHÈLPW PHWƿ DVWURQRPDL QLHNR QHQXWXRNƾ DSLH 9LVDWRV SOƾWLPƹVL GƾO WDPVLRVLRV HQHUJLMRV SRYHLNLR WDƻLDX SDVWDUXRMX PHWX WDPVLRML HQHUJLMD \UD YLHQD ëNDUÈƻLDXVLƿé DVWURQRPLMRV WHPƿ
õ,'?+
ĥ? đ
ė ė
$8/ĝ6 '$/(/ĝ6
ē? ģ đ
260,1,$, *$/$.N 7,.Ğ 63,1'8/,$,
¥ $8/ğ6 Ĝ .260,1Ğ (5'9Ğ 6./,1'$ '$/(/ğ6@ -8'$1ĝ,26 ¥,07Ġ .,/20(75Ġ 3(5 6(.81'Ğ *5(,ĝ,8? (0Ğ -26 3$6,(.,$ 3(5 '9, 75,6 ',(1$6?
$, 63,1'8/,$,@ $76,5$1'$1N 7<6 683(5129Ġ 6352*,0Ġ 0(78 ,5 6.5,(-$17<6 *5(,ĝ,8@ .85,6 35,/<*67$ 386(, ¥9,(626 *5(,ĝ,2?
ĥ? ,'®,2-, ,6$726 '$/,6 P 1(0$720$ 3HU SDVWDUXRVLXV GHÈLPW PHWƿ PRNVOLQLQNDPV WHNR VXVLGXUWL VX PƺVOH SDQHLJXVLD WDL NDV EXYR ËLQRPD DSLH NRVPRVƹ 0DQ\WD NDG 9LVDWƹ VXGDUR GYLHMƿ UǀÈLƿ PHGËLDJRV ƺSUDVWLQƾ DUED EDULRQLQƾ PHGËLDJD VƹYHLNDXMDQWL VX ÈYLHVD EHL NLWRPLV VSLQGXOLDYLPR UǀÈLPLV LU QHPDWRPD QHDSƻLXRSLDPD WDPVLRML PHGËLDJD HQHUJLMD QHVSLQGXOLXRMDQWL LU QHDWVSLQGLQWL ÈYLHVRV WDƻLDX WDUVL YLVD DSVXSDQWL LU WXULQWL ƺWDNRV RMR GHÈLPWPHƻLR SDEDLJRMH NRVPRORJDL DWUDGR QHWLNƾWƹ UHLÈNLQƺ 9LVDWRV SOƾWLPDVLV NXULV WHRULÈNDL WXUƾWƿ OƾWƾWL GƾO UHJLPRVLRV LU WDPVLRVLRV PHGËLDJRV VXNXULDPR JUDYLWDFLQLR ODXNR YLV GƾOWR JUHLWƾMD 7DL ƺURGR JDODNWLNRVH XË
? ģ đ đ
PLOLMDUGƿ ÈYLHVPHƻLƿ QXR ÊHPƾV Y\NVWDQW\V VXSHUQRYƿ VSURJLPDL NXULH QƾUD WRNLH U\ÈNǀV NRNLH WXUƾWƿ EǀWL UHPLDQWLV DQNVWHVQLDLV 9LVDWRV SOƾWLPRVL PRGHOLDLV 0DQRPD NDG WR SULHËDVWLV WDPVLRML HQHUJLMD SURF LU WDPVLRML PDWHULMD SURF NXULRV SDVLURGR VXGDUR QHW SURF YLVRV PXPV ËLQRPRV 9LVDWRV 7LNVOLDL QHËLQRPD NDV WRML WDPVLRML HQHUJLMD EHW DWUDGLPR IDNWDV \UD WDV NDG ÈL HQHUJLMD YLV GLGƾMD 0DËGDXJ SULHÈ PLOLMDUGR PHWƿ 9LVDWRV SOƾWLPDVLV OƾWƾMR EHW WDPVLRML HQHUJLMD ƺYHLNXVL JUDYLWDFLMƹ YƾO ƾPƾ SOƾVWLV 3URJQR]XRMDPD NDG ÈLV UHLÈNLQ\V \UD WRNV JDOLQJDV NDG JDOL LÈVNDLG\WL JDODNWLNDV ËYDLJËGHV LU QHW DWRPXV
$6ĝ6 &(175$6
1(5*,-26 /$8.$6
(*,02-, ,5 7$06,2-, 0('®,$*$ .21&(17582-$6, *$/$.7,.Ġ 9,'8-( ,5 ,¥25ğ-(@ 7$,3 67$%'<'$0$ ,6$726 3/ğ7,026, 329(,.Ĝ?
$06,2-, (1(5*,-$ P 1($,¥.,26 .,/0ğ6 -ğ*26 /$8.$6@ %(6,3/(ĝ,$17,6 ,6$72-( ,5 '$5$17,6 Ĝ7$.ě (5'9ğ/$,.,2 3/ğ75$,?
/75$ $8.¥726 (1(5*,-26 .260,1,$, 63,1'8/,$,
1(5*,1*,$86, 63,1'8/,$,@ .2 *(52@ $7.(/,$9Ğ ,¥ $.7<9,Ġ-Ġ ,6$726 9,(7Ġ? Ġ *5(,7,6 35,/<*67$
Å ¥9,(626 *5(,ĝ,2?
? W (*$/,1Ĥ,26 (*=,67827,T ®9$,*®'ĝ6 $57$,6 $6752120$, $37,1.$ ®9$,*®'®,Ġ@ .85,26 35,(¥7$5$8-$ 9,6,(06 ®,120,(06 'ğ61,$06 ,5 6.$7,1$ 02.6/,1,1.86 3(5®,ġ5ğ7, ,/*$, %5$1',17$6 7(25,-$6? ēĈĢĢ 0? 852326 ,(7Ġ 2%6(59$725,-2-( $75$67$6 2%-(.7$6 ĢĈē Ģ µĢ ē ē P ®9$,*®'ğ@ (6$17, ,ġ72 ®9$,*®'<1(@ 0$®'$8* ĈĈĈ ¥9,(60(ĝ,Ġ 182 (0ğ6? 9$,*®'ğ@ .85,26 0$6ğ 35,/<*67$ .(785,(06 3(1.7$'$/,$06 $8/ğ6 0$6ğ6@ 68'$5<7$ ,¥ '9,(-Ġ ,6$72-( ®,120Ġ /(1*9,$86,Ġ &+(0,1,Ġ (/(0(17Ġ P 9$1'(1,/,2 ,5 +(/,2? ,( (/(0(17$, 68'$52
@
352&? 9,626 ®9$,*®'ğ6 6758.7ġ526@ 681.(61,Ġ (/(0(17Ġ H0(7$/ĠI %(9(,. 1ğ5$? $120$@ .$' 72.,$ 7<5$ ,5 /(1*9$ ®9$,*®'ğ 686,)250$92 '$8*,$8 1(, 35,(¥ Ģ 0,/,-$5'Ġ 0(7Ġ ,¥ .260,1,Ġ 0('®,$*Ġ@ /,.86,Ġ 32 ,'®,2-2 6352*,02? $ĝ,$8@ 5(0,$17,6 ®,120$,6 ®9$,*®'®,Ġ )250$9,026, 02'(/,$,6@ 72.,$ ®9$,*®'ğ $36.5,7$, 1(*$/ğ-2 $76,5$67,? $0@ .$' $76,5$67Ġ *5$9,7$&,-$@ 5(,.$/,1*$ 1$8-$, ®9$,*®'(, 686,.857,@ 352®9$,*®'ğ 35,9$/2 785ğ7, 7$0 7,.5ě .,(.Ĝ 681.(61,Ġ 0(7$/Ġ $5%$ ','(61Ğ %(1'5ě-ě 0$6Ğ? 2.6/,1,1.Ġ 7(,*,08@ 72.,26 0$®26@ ®(0ě 7$1.Ĝ 785,1ĝ,26 ®9$,*®'ğ6 ,¥9,6 1(785ğ7Ġ (*=,67827,?
VXQNHVQLǐ HOHPHQWǐ
25 % helio
75 % vandenilio
5'9ĝ/$,.,6 (7850$7ğ (5'9ğ6 ,5 /$,.2 6,67(0$@ .85,ě *$/,0$ Ĝ6,9$,='827, .$,3 6/82.61Ĝ@ 68'$5.<7ě 0$6ğ6 ,5 *5$9,7$&,-26 .21&(175$&,-Ġ?
ē? 260,1,Ğ 63,1'8/,Ğ .,/0ĝ 260,1,$, 63,1'8/,$, P 7$, ,7,1 *5(,726 ,5 (1(5*,1*26 .260262 '$/(/ğ6@ .85,26@ 6.5,('$026 9,5¥87,1ğ-( (0ğ6 $7026)(52-(@ 68.85,$ 1$8-$6@ 0$®,$8 $.7<9,$6 '$/(/(6? 2.6/,1,1.$, .260,1,86 63,1'8/,86 3$*$/ -Ġ *5(,7Ĝ ,5 (1(5*,1*80ě 6.,5672 Ĝ .(/,$6 .$7(*25,-$6? $120$@ .$' '$8*(/,6 63,1'8/,Ġ <5$ 68.85,$0, 6352*67$17 72/,0206 683(5129206? $ĝ,$8 ','®,$86,ě 18267$%ě .(/,$ 8/75$ $8.¥726 (1(5*,-26 .260,1,$, 63,1'8/,$, P 0$®26 68%$720,1ğ6 '$/(/ğ6@ .85,Ġ (1(5*,-$ 35,/<*67$ %(,6%2/2 .$082/,8.2@ 6.5,(-$1ĝ,2 ĢĈ .0 3(5 9$/$1'ě@ (1(5*,-$,? 85Ĝ /$,.ě %892 0$120$@ .$' 8/75$ $8.¥726 (1(5*,-26 .260,1Ĝ 63,1'8/,$9,0ě 9(,.,$ *$0$ ®<%61,$, H 6I P 0,/®,1,¥., (1(5*,-26 3/,ġ361,$,@ 68.(/7, 6352*67$1ĝ,Ġ ®9$,*®'®,Ġ $5 -82'Ġ-Ġ 6.</,Ġ 686,-81*,02? $ĝ,$8 1$8-, 7<5,0$,@ $7/,.7, W &( 8%(T 1(875,1Ġ 7(/(6.238 H1(875,1Ġ ,(¥.$17,6 7(/(6.23$6 <5$ 68.21675827$6 32 đ17$5.7,'26 /('8I@ 1($37,.2 1(875,1Ġ@ 3$*5,1'®,$1ĝ,Ġ 3$67$5ě-ě 7(25,-ě? (, *$0$ ®<%61,$, 1ğ5$ 8/75$ $8.¥726 (1(5*,-26 63,1'8/,Ġ ¥$/7,1,6@ 7$, ,¥ .85 -,( $76,5$1'$G đ6752120$, *5Ĝ®7$ 35,( +,327(=ğ6@ .$' ¥,( 63,1'8/,$,@ 9(,.,$0, .,7Ġ *5(,7$, 6.5,(-$1ĝ,Ġ '$/(/,Ġ@ 686,'$52 -82'26,26( 6.</ğ6(@ .85,26 3/<7, 72/,026( *$/$.7,.26(?
? 5$1.(1¥7(,12 ĝ18/,6@ .85,6 1(785ĝ7Ğ (*=,67827, #21'8, W 2<$*(5NēT Ģ 0? 35$6.5,'86 352 5$1ě@ ,¥ $57, 3$'$5<726 ®,('82726,26 3/$1(726 9,',1,2 3$/<'292 ,5$1'26 18275$8.26 1867(%,12 3$6$8/Ĝ? ,$0( 0$®$0( Ĉ .0 6.(560(16 3$/<'29( $37,.7$ ','(/ğ *(2/2*,1,Ġ '$5,1,Ġ Ĝ9$,529ğ 3$1(,*ğ 186,6729ğ-86,ě 7,(6ě@ .$' 0$®26 3/$1(726 1ğ5$ *(2/2*,¥.$, $.7<9,26? (758.86 $6752120$, ,5$1'ě 35$0,1ğ W 5$1.(1¥7(,12 ğ18/,8T@ 1(6 3$/<'29$6 $752'2 /<* 68'$8®<7$6 ,5 9ğ/ 685,1.7$6 ,¥ '$/,Ġ? $/%ġ7 6(129ğ-( 72.6 7$533/$1(7,1,6 686,'ġ5,0$6 ,5 Ĝ9<.2? $ĝ,$8 ¥,2-( 7(25,-2-( <5$ 635$*$A ,5$1'$ <5$ 7$,3 $57, 5$12@ .$' -(, ,5 %ġ7Ġ 6352*86,@ -, 1(%ġ7Ġ *$/ğ-86, 9ğ/ 686,'$5<7,? đ76,5$1'$ 1$8-Ġ +,327(=,Ġ@ .$' ,5$1'26 3$9,5¥,Ġ 3$9(,.ğ ,5 68)250$92 ,7,1 67,35,26 %$1*26? ,5$1'26 1(Ĝ35$67$ ,¥25ğ /,8',-$ $3,( -26 1(5$0,ě 35$(,7Ĝ@ 7$ĝ,$8 $5 7,.5$, -, 68'8®2 ,5 9ğ/ 686,-81*ğG
(, 6352*67$1ĝ,26 ®9$,*®'ğ6 ,5 686,-81*,$1ĝ,26 -82'26,26 6.</ğ6 1(68.85,$ 8/75$ $8.¥726 (1(5*,-26 63,1'8/,Ġ@ 02.6/,1,1.$, 785, $75$67, .,7ě@ '$5 *$/,1*(61Ĝ ¥$/7,1Ĝ???
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | ē
2¹®ð±¾® ð® ¹®²¾ýG ´°Â¯ ®µ¾²¼¾® ¾²¼ ³ý¹ ²ð½·®·®°³¯ð¯º¯ º¯ò µ®Â²· ²®°ò òµ²ð³°¹²®Â²¸¯G
VISATA
? /$1(7$ W1$¥/$,7ĝT
('$ Ĉ @ 35$0,17$ W 260,1,8 0$5$*'8T@ <5$ 5(7$6 67$ĝ,$.$03,6 ®9$,*®'®,Ġ '$5,1<6
$*$/ Ĝ35$67ě $3,%5ğ®,0ě@ 3/$1(7$ P 7$, '$1*$86 .ġ1$6@ %(6,68.$17,6 25%,7$ $3/,1. ®9$,*®'Ğ@ 68)250827$6 ,¥ 0('®,$*26@ $76,5$'86,26 ,¥ ®9$,*®'®,Ġ? $'$ .2'ğ/ .$, .85,26 3/$1(726 ./$,'®,2-$ *$/$.7,.2-( 9,(126@ 72/, 182 .,7Ġ ®9$,*®'®,ĠG đ6752120$, $75$'2 .(/(7ě 72.,Ġ 3/$1(7Ġ? đ57,0,$86,$ ,5 Ĝ'20,$86,$ ,¥ -Ġ 3$9$',17$ ēĢ ?ēN Ĉ Ĉ Ĉ ? ? ēĈĢē 0(7$,6 3,50ě .$57ě 3$67(%ğ7$ 3/$1(7$@ 1872/86, 0$®'$8* ĢĈĈ ¥9,(60(ĝ,Ġ 182 (0ğ6@ 6.5,(-$17, 1(72/, *583ğ6 -$81Ġ ®9$,*®'®,Ġ 7(/.,1,2@ ®,1202 .$,3 đ8.62 89,(6 đ -8'$17, *583ğ? /$1(7$ '$8* 681.(61ğ 8® 83,7(5Ĝ@ -26 3$9,5¥,$86 7(03(5$7ġ5$ 6,(.,$ ĈĈ /$,361,Ġ 3$*$/ (/6,-Ġ? $120$@ .$' 7$, 7,.5,$86,$, '8-,1ğ 0,/®,1ğ@ 9,6 '$5 1($79ğ67$17, 32 6$92 686,)250$9,02@ 785,17, 7$0 7,.5ě 9,',1Ĝ (1(5*,-26 ¥$/7,1Ĝ? /$1(7$ W1$¥/$,7ğT %892 $37,.7$ 7,. 'ğ/ ,1)5$5$8'212-2 -26 3$9,5¥,$86 63,1'8/,$9,02@ 1(6 %892 3(5 72/, 182 %(7 .2.,26 ®9$,*®'ğ6@ .$' $763,1'ğ7Ġ -26 6./(,'®,$0ě ¥9,(6ě? $,3 ,5 'ğ/ .,7Ġ 3/$1(7Ġ W1$¥/$,ĝ,ĠT@ 02.6/,1,1.$, 1ğ5$ 7,.5,@ $5 -, 686,.ġ5ğ ®9$,*®'ğ6 25%,72-( ,5 7$'$ %892 ,¥67807$ H*$/%ġ7 32 686,'ġ5,02 68 .,7$ ®9$,*®'(I@ $5 686,)250$92 ,¥ 7$53®9$,*®',1,2 ġ.2 .$,3 ¥$/,$ (6$17,6 ®9$,*®'®,Ġ 7(/.,1<6 ,5 7ğ5$ 58'2-, 1<.¥78.ğ? , 3/$1(7$ W1$¥/$,7ğT@ 6.5,(-$17, đ8.62 89,(6 đ -8'$1ĝ,2-( ®9$,*®'®,Ġ *583ğ-(@ -8'$ 72/, 182 %(7 .2.,Ġ ®9$,*®'®,Ġ
? 7$Ĥ,$.$03,2 )25026 *$/$.7,.26 5%,7,1ğ6 0(&+$1,.26 'ğ61,$, 6$.2@ .$' ®9$,*®'ğ6@ 9(,.,$026 *5$9,7$&,-26@ 25%,726( ,¥6,'ğ672 (/,36ğ6 )250$@ 7$' ','(/, ®9$,*®'®,Ġ 63,(ĝ,$, 68'$52 $5%$ 3/2.¥ĝ,$6 ',6.,1(6 63,5$/(6@ $5%$ 5878/,2 )25026 (/,36(6? đ752'2@ 67$ĝ,$.$03,2 )25026 686,'$5<0$6 .26026( 1(Ĝ0$120$6@ 7$ĝ,$8 $6752120$, $75$'2 .(/,$6 72.,$6 *$/$.7,.$6? $9<='®,8,@ 5,'$12 ®9$,*®'<1( $37,.7$ đ Ĉ <5$ 1(','(/ğ 67$ĝ,$.$03,2 )25026 *$/$.7,.$@ (6$17, .,72-( *$/$.7,.Ġ *583ğ-(? $%$, 60$/68@ $5 -26 )250$ <5$ 3$6729,@ $5 .,17$17,? đ6752120$, ¥Ĝ 1$8-ě 5(,¥.,1Ĝ 7<5,1ğ-$ *,*$17,¥.8 -$321Ġ W 8%$58T 7(/(6.238? ĕ 02.6/,1,1.Ġ .(/,$0ě ./$86,0ě@ $5 686,'ġ586 ,5 686,/,(-86 '9,(0 *$/$.7,.206@ $72.,$8 %8986,26 ®9$,*®'ğ6 *$/ğ-2 68'$5<7, 67$ĝ,$.$03,2 )250ě@ .85,@ *$/, %ġ7,@ ¥,$0( '$5,1<-( 6.$7,1$ 1$8-Ġ ®9$,*®'®,Ġ $76,5$',0ě@ .2/ .$6 1($76$.<7$?
? $8/ĝ6 9$,1,.$6 1(785ĝ7Ğ %ğ7, .$5¥7(61,6 1(, $8/ĝ6 3$9,5¥,86 (*,0$6,6 $8/ğ6 3$9,5¥,86 P 9,(1$ 9ğ6,$86,Ġ $8/ğ6 9,(7Ġ@ 9,'87,1ğ 7(03(5$7ġ5$ ĝ,$ <5$ 0$®'$8* ĈĈ /$,361,Ġ 3$*$/ (/6,-Ġ? (18267$%8@ .$' $8/ğ6 %5$1'82/,2 7(03(5$7ġ5$ 6,(.,$ Ģ 0,/,-21Ġ /$,361,Ġ 3$*$/
(/6,-Ġ@ 7$ĝ,$8 67(%,1$ )$.7$6@ .$' $8/ğ6 9$,1,.2 H3/212 $8/ğ6 ,¥25,1,2 $7026)(526 6/82.61,2I 7(03(5$7ġ5$ *$/, ¥2.7(/7, '$8*,$8 1(, ,., ē 0,/,-21Ġ /$,361,Ġ 3$*$/ (/6,-Ġ? ,6 0,/®,1,¥.$6 7(03(5$7ġ526 ¥82/,6 9<.67$ $8/ğ6 .219(.&,1ğ-( =212-(@ 0$®(61,$0( 1(, Ģ ĈĈĈ .0 *</<-( P $8/ğ6 ĉ=,.$, 9,6 '$5 1(®,12@ .$6 -Ĝ 68.(/,$? ($/,$86,$ +,327(=ğ@ .$' 7(03(5$7ġ526 3$.,/,0ě 9(,.,$ 60ġ*,$,@ 68.(/,$0, *$56,1,Ġ %$1*Ġ@ 9,/1,-$1ĝ,Ġ $8/ğ6 3$9,5¥,80,@ ,5 75803$/$,.,$, $8/ğ6 ®<%61,$, P (1(5*,-26 3/,ġ361,$,@ ,¥6,9(5®,$17<6 'ğ/ $8/ğ6 0$*1(7,1,2 /$8.2 32.<ĝ,Ġ? đ%8 0,1ğ7, 5(,¥.,1,$, %86 67(%,0, 1$8-$ 35(&('(172 1(785,1ĝ,$ 9$,='2 67(%ğ-,02 7(&+12/2*,-$@ Ĝ',(*7$ đ đ $8/ğ6 ',1$0,.26 2%6(59$725,-2-(? ,.,0$6,@ .$' 72.6 67(%ğ-,0$6 3$'ğ6 5$67, 7,.6/(61,86 $76$.<086?
ē | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
$8/ĝ6 9,',1ĝ 6$1'$5$
¥25,1ĝ $7026)(5$ $8/ğ6 ,¥25,1ğ $7026)(5$ '5,(.,$6, 0,/,-2186 .,/20(75Ġ Ĝ .26026ě@ 7(03(5$7ġ5$ ĝ,$ 3$.</$ ,., ē 0/1? 2 ?
$8/ğ6 9,'86 68'$5<7$6 ,¥ 3$/$,361,8, .$5¥7ğ-$1ĝ,Ġ 6/82.61,Ġ P .219(.&,1ğ6 =2126@ 63,1'8/,1ğ6 =2126 ,5 %5$1'82/,2?
(*,0$6,6 3$9,5¥,86 /21, 1(3(50$720, 6/82.61,$, P )2726)(5$ ,5 &+52026)(5$@ .85,Ġ 7(03(5$7ġ5$ 6,(.,$ W7,.T .(/,6 7ġ.67$1ĝ,86 /$,361,Ġ 3$*$/ (/6,-Ġ?
đ ė H đ
STATIS- đ đ đ ēĈĢē 0? đ ė Ĉ0/1? ģ Ę đ ė đ ė I Ģ;ĢĈ TIKA đ# đ 03H ĈM ?ēS đ đ NĢ ą ą ą
đ Ĉ
>®°³¯³®¸² µ®¹À³¯Âú .;5*4G ®ò¾·¯ð¯¸®² :²ò®¾¯º± ®¾·®³¯ ·±ð¾¿±ð¯ òµ²ð³°¹²þ µ¹²ÿµòð²°ò
? $06,26,26 0$7(5,-26 3$,(¥.$
$06,26,26 0$7(5,-26 329(,.,6 ,'(/ğ 7$06,26,26 0$7(5,-26 .21&(175$&,-$ $3/,1. *$/$.7,.ě '()25082-$ (5'9ğ/$,.Ĝ ,5 3$.(,ĝ,$ ¥9,(626 63,1'8/,Ġ .5<37Ĝ?
7(%ĝ-,02 7(&+1,.$ Ğ¥,8 3$'$5<7Ġ 18275$8.Ġ )250$ ,5 5<¥.80$6 687(,.,$ $6752120$06 *$/,0<%Ğ 7$06,ě-ě 0$7(5,-ě 67(%ğ7, *$/$.7,.2-( ,5 8® -26 5,%Ġ?
3,1'8/,Ğ 689(',0$6 đ1.6ĝ,$8 $76,5$'Ğ ¥9,(6,26 63,1'8/,$,@ 6./,1'$17<6 $%,(-26( *$/$.7,.26 386ğ6(@ 18.5(,3,$0, Ĝ (0Ğ?
$/$.7,.$ 352 2%-(.7<9Ě 7(%ğ72-$6 (0ğ-( 0$72 &(175,1Ğ *$/$.7,.ě 68 '()250827$,6 .9$=$52 $79$,='$,6?
đ6752120$, *$/, 67(%ğ7, 7$06,26,26 (1(5*,-26 3$3/,7,0ě 9,62-( ,6$72-(@ %(7 /$%,$8 7,.ğ7,1$@ .$' -26 .,/0ğ 3$$,¥.ğ6 '$/(/(6 7<5,1ğ-$17 $5ĝ,$8 (0ğ6?
? (1863ĝ-$0, .9$=$5$, 8/6$5$, <5$ 9,(1, 3$7,.,0,$86,Ġ /$,.2 0$78272-Ġ ,6$72-(? ,26 1(87521,1ğ6 ®9$,*®'ğ6 H,7,1 ','(/,2 7$1.,2 .$'$,6( 6352*86,Ġ 683(5129Ġ %5$1'82/,$,I@ ,17(16<9,$, 5(17*(12 63,1'8/,86 63,1'8/,82-$1ĝ,26 Ĝ .26026ě ,5 785,1ĝ,26 *$/,1*ě 0$*1(7,1Ĝ /$8.ě@ 68.85,$ 5(,¥.,1Ĝ@ 3$1$¥Ġ Ĝ W.260,1Ĝ ¥9<785ĜT@ .85,6@ ®,ġ5,17 ,¥ (0ğ6 3(563(.7<926@ ®<%6, '$8* .$57Ġ 3(5 6(.81'Ğ? $8*(/,6 .9$=$5Ġ 63,1'8/,82-$ 5(17*(12 63,1'8/,86 $5 5$',-2 %$1*$6 H$5%$
$%8I@ 7$ĝ,$8 ēĈĢ 0? 35$'®,2-( $6752120$, $75$'2 81,.$/Ġ 38/6$5ě µĢĈ? , ®9$,*®'ğ 3$.$,720,6 63,1'8/,82-$ 5$',-2 %$1*$6 ,5 5(17*(12 63,1'8/,86@ 2 63,1'8/,Ġ 7,3$6 3$.(,ĝ,$0$6 926 3(5 .(/,$6 6(.81'(6? ,6 5(,¥.,1<6 *$/, %ġ7, 68.(/7$6 1(87521,1ğ6 ®9$,*®'ğ6 3$9,5¥,$86 W9,53ğ-,02T@ .85,6@ 0$120$@ 7$,3 3$7 68.(/,$ ġ0,86 38/6$52 68.,026, W3$*5(,7ğ-,086T@ 7$ĝ,$8 *$/, %ġ7, ,5 7$,3@ .$' .9$=$5826( 9<.67$ .$®.$6 ,¥7,(6 18267$%$86 ,5 1(6892.,$02? µĢĈ P 81,.$/86 .9$=$5$6@ .85,6 3$.$,720,6 63,1'8/,82-$ 5$',-2 %$1*$6 ,5 5(17*(12 63,1'8/,86
-DX NHWYLUWDMDPH GHÈLPWPHW\MH DVWURQRPDL VXSUDWR NDG 9LVDWƹ VXGDUR NDËNDV GDXJLDX QHL PHV JDOLPH PDW\WL ƴSUDVWLQƾ DUED EDULRQLQƾ PHGËLDJD VƹYHLNDXMD VX ÈYLHVD LU NLWRPLV HOHNWURPDJQHWLQLR VSLQGXOLDYLPR UǀÈLPLV ä ËYDLJË GƾV VSLQGXOLXRMD SOLND DNLPL PDWRPƹ ÈYLHVƹ ƺNDLWXVLRV GXMRV VSLQGXOLXRMD UHQWJHQR VSLQGXOLXV QHW ÈDOƻLDXVLRV 9LVDWRV PDWHULMRV VSLQGXOLXRMD UDGLMR EDQJDV LU LQIUDUDXGRQXRVLXV VSLQGXOLXV R GHEHV\V VXGDU\WL LÈ SDVWDURVLRV PHGËLDJRV VXJHULD SUR MXRV VNOLQGDQWƺ VSLQGXOLDYLPƹ 7DƻLDX \UD LU NLWD PDWHULMRV UǀÈLV YLVLÈNDL QHSDYDOGL ÈYLHVDL ä YDGLQDPRML WDPVLRML PHGËLDJD NXUL QƾUD WLHVLRJ WDPVL ä ML QHPDWRPD LU QHDWVSLQGL MRNLRV ÈYLHVRV $SLH MRV HJ]LVWDYLPƹ ËLQRPD WLN LÈ MRV JUDYLWDFLQLR SRYHLNLR UHJLPLHPV REMHNWDPV SDY\]GËLXL SRYHLNLR ËYDLJËGËLƿ RUELWRPV JDODNWLNRVH DU JDODNWLNƿ WHONLQLDPV 9LVDL QHVHQLDL DVWURQRPDL SDWREXOLQR EǀGƹ VNLUWƹ VWHEƾWL WDPVLRVLRV PHGËLDJRV SDSOLWLPƹ VXNH OLDQWƺ JUDYLWDFLQLR OƽÈLR HIHNWƹ ä UHLÈNLQƺ NDL GLGHOƾV NRQFHQW UDFLMRV PDWHULMRV SDNHLƻLD JUHWLPƿ ÈYLHVƿ EDQJƿ NU\SWƺ 7\ULPƿ UH]XOWDWDL URGR NDG WDPVLRVLRV LU UHJLPRVLRV PHGËLDJƿ VDQW\NLV O\JXV 7DG LÈ NR SDGDU\WD WDPVLRML PDWHULMD" $QNVƻLDX DVWURQRPDL PDQƾ NDG PDV\YǀV NRPSDNWLÈNL ÈY\WLQW\V DVWURĘ]LQLDL NǀQDL 0$&+2V ä WDPVǀV LU VXQNLDL DSWLQNDPL SDY\]GËLXL YLHQLÈRV SODQHWRV DU MXRGRVLRV VN\OƾV ä VXGDUR WDPVLƹMƹ PDWHULMƹ WDƻLDX PRNVOLQHL ƺUDQJDL SDWREXOƾMXV WDSR DLÈNX NDG ÈLƿ NǀQƿ HJ]LVWXRMD QHSDNDQNDPDL ÇLXRODLNLQLDL NRVPRORJDL WLNL NDG WDPVLƹMƹ PHGËLDJƹ VXGDUR VLOSQDL VƹYHLNDXMDQƻLRV PDV\YLRV GDOHOƾV :,03V ä VXEDWRPLQƾV GDOHOƾV QHVƹYHLNDXMDQƻLRV VX VSLQGXOLDYLPX DU ƺSUDVWLQH EDULRQLQH PDWHULMD EHW VXGDUDQƻLRV GLGËLƹMƹ 9LVDWRV GDOƺ 'HMD YLV GDU QHDLÈNX LÈ NR ÈLRV GDOHOƾV VXGDU\WRV
$0$ 63,1'8/,$, (17*(12 63,1'8/,$, $8.¥Ĥ,Ğ $.$6 W (50,T 63,1'8/,$, 0ġ6Ġ *$/$.7,.2-( *$/ğ-2 686,)25N 0827, 35,(¥ 0,/,-2186 0(7Ġ?
$8/ĝ
ĥĈ? $0$ 63,1'8/,Ğ %85%8/$, 8 ,7,1 Ĝ.$,786,Ġ '8-Ġ %85%8/$,@ .85,Ġ 6.(56082 P 0$®'$8* ē ĈĈĈ ¥9,(60(ĝ,Ġ@ 7Ğ6,$6, 9,5¥ ,5 ®(0,$8 $8.¥ĝ,Ġ $.2 3/2.¥78026? W (50,T %85%8/$,@ $75$67, ēĈĢĈ 0? W (50,T *$0$ 63,1'8/,Ġ .260,1,8 7(/(6.238@ <5$ 9,(1, ','®,$86,Ġ '$5,1,Ġ 0ġ6Ġ ,6$72-(? $,3 -,( 686,)250$92G 85%8/$, 785, 5<¥.,$6 ,¥25,1(6 5,%$6 ,5 <5$ 78¥ĝ,$9,'85,$,? $, 3(5¥$ ,¥9$'ě@ .$' 3/ğ67,6 -,( ğ0ğ -$8 35,(¥ 0,/,-21ě 0(7Ġ 32 7$0 7,.52 .260,1,2 Ĝ9<.,2? ,(1$ 7(25,-$ %</2-$@ .$' %85%8/$, <5$ 60ġ*,1,Ġ %$1*Ġ@ 68.(/7Ġ 0ġ6Ġ ,6$726 %5$1'82/,8, 3$7<586 1$8-Ġ ®9$,*®'®,Ġ .ġ5,026, 3/,ġ361,86@ /,(.$126? ,7$ 7(25,-$ 7(,*,$@ .$' -,( $76,5$'2 'ğ/ 0ġ6Ġ *$/$.7,.2-( 3/<7,1ĝ,26 -82'26,26 6.</ğ6@ .85, ¥,82 0(78 1ğ5$ $.7<9,@ 329(,.,2?
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | ē
k 1$6$ 63/ (62 (6$ $:0 *UDKDP
9,(626 63,1'8/,$,@ $76,5$'Ğ 72/,026(@ %(7 5<¥.,26( *$/$.7,.26( P .9$=$5826( P 6./,1'$ 9,620,6 .5<37,0,6?
Ĉ ĈĈĈ ¥9,(60(Ĥ,Ğ
2/,0, .9$=$5$,
VISATA
0®²µ ûµ·®ò¾® ¿üò¾®ð¾² ®²¿ ³ý û ¼¯ò¸¯òú ² ¸±¾® ³°º®òG
(%,-2.,7(@ 7$, P 1( 0,/®,1,¥.$6 9$%='<6 .26026(? 3ğ-$0$@ .$' .58='ğ/ğ6 ġ.$6 72.,26 )25026 <5$ 'ğ/ -Ĝ 9(,.,$1ĝ,Ġ 0$*1(7,1,Ġ /$8.Ġ
.58='ĝ/ĝ6 ğ.$6 6NUX]GƾOƾV ǀNDV \UD YLHQDV ƺGRPLDXVLƿ JDODNWLNRV IHQRPHQƿ 'YLHMƿ ÈYLHVPHƻLƿ GLDPHWUR ǀNDV \UD 1RUPRV ËYDLJËG\QH ÈYLHVPHƻLƿ QXR 6DXOƾV VLVWHPRV ƸNDV DWVLUDGR NDL XËJHVR ƺ 6DXOƽ SDQDÈL ËYDLJËGƾ R XQLNDOL IRUPD LQWULJXRMD GDXJHOƺ DVWURQRPƿ ä LÈVLNLÈLPDL DELHMRVH ËYDLJËGƾV SXVƾVH SULPHQD VNUX]GƾOƾV JDOYƹ LU NUǀWLQƽ
Ĉ | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
0RNVOLQLQNDL YLV GDU QHËLQR NDLS ǀNDV WDSR WRNLRV IRUPRV .DLS ƺSUDVWD JƽVWDQWL ËYDLJËGƾ ƺ NRVPRVƹ LÈPHWD GXMDV QRUV 6NUX]GƾOƾV ǀNDV NRO NDV GDU QHLÈVN\Uƾ YLVƿ VDYR GXMƿ 9LHQD WHRULMD DLÈNLQD NDG GXMRPV LÈVLVNODLG\WL QHOHLGËLD QHPDWRPD ËYDLJËGƾ VNULHMDQWL DSOLQN 0HQ]HO NLWDV 6NUX]GƾOƾV ǀNR SDYDGLQLPDV .LWD ä NDG GXMDV VXODLNR SDƻLRV XËJHVXVLRV ËYDLJËGƾV
PDJQHWLQLR ODXNR VY\UDYLPDL 6NUX]GƾOƾV ǀNDV DWLGËLDL VWHELPDV LU GDU GƾO YLHQRV SULHËDVWLHV ä PDQRPD NDG SDJDO WRNƺ SDWƺ VFHQDULMƿ JHV LU 6DXOƾ R WDL DWVLWLNV SR SHQNLƿ PLOMDUGƿ PHWƿ 0RNVOLQLQNDL VWHELQW\V Èƺ XQLND Oƿ ǀNƹ VWHELVL VLPHWULÈNX WYDUNLQJX GXMƿ MXGƾMLPX NRVPRVH QHV SULHÈ WDL EXYR PDQ\WD NDG GXMRV MXGƾV FKDRWLÈNDL
k $ODP\
1XRVWDEXV YDL]GDV JDOLQWLV SDURG\WL NDLS NHLVLV 6DXOƾ
đ @ ė đ đ ġ
Ĉ 9$/?
đ ĕ ė đ đ đ đ Ģ
đ đ ė
ė
ĈĈ ĈĈĈ 40 Å
ė @ đ đ đ " Ę Ę đ Ę đ " Ę
0(7$,
STATISTIKA
ĥ ĈĈĈ .0]6(.?
đ Ę đ đ Ė ė đ đ Ę đ " đ
đ đ Ę
?¯ð±¾¯ò ³À³ ²¯ ¼¯ò¸¯ò¯ ²°¼ ¹ýò ò¸ÿ¿²ò µ·²¹À¿ò¾® ´¯°¹²ð¿¯ ¼®¸°¯¹²¯ ò¼·²±º®ðă²¯ ÊÆ ¼¸ » ¿·±²ă²° ò¸ÿ¿²°²
260262 ¥,8.¥/,Ğ 79$5.<0$6 .DLS SODQXRMDPD VXVLGRURWL VX SDYRMLQJRPLV NRVPRVR ÈLXNÈOƾPLV
.RVPRVR ÈLXNÈOƾV NHOLD GLGHOƺ SDYRMƿ ÊHPƾV RUELWD VNULHMDQWLHPV SDO\GRYDPV ÇLXR PHWX XËUHJLVWUXRWD SHU QXRODXËƿ NXULƿ G\GLV \UD QXR VWDOR WHQLVR NDPXROLXNR LNL DXWRPRELOLR 1XRODXËRV VNULHMD NP K JUHLƻLX LU JDOL VXQDLNLQWL EHW NXUƺ SDO\GRYƹ /DLPHL ÊHPƾV RUELWD \UD JDQD GLGHOƾ WRGƾO VXVLGǀULPR WLNLP\Eƾ PDËD EHW WLNUDL ƺPDQRPD 3DY\]GËLXL PHWDLV VXVLGǀUXV UXVƿ LU DPHULNLHƻLƿ SDO\GRYDPV SR RUELWƹ SDVNOLGR SHU QDXMƿ QXRODXËƿ NXULRV \UD ODEDL SDYRMLQJRV
NLWLHPV SDO\GRYDPV 6LHNLDQW LÈVSUƽVWL NRVPRVR ÈLXNÈOLƿ SUREOHPƹ VLǀORPD SDQDXGRWL OD]HULXV LU RUELWD VNULHMDQƻLDV QXRODXËDV LÈVWXPWL ƺ DWPRVIHUƹ NXU MRV VXGHJWƿ 7DƻLDX ÈYHLFDUƿ NRPSDQLMD ë6ZLVV 6SDFH 6\VWHPVé SDVLǀOƾ LQRYDW\Yƿ LU GDXJ SLJHVQƺ EǀGƹ P NRPSDQLMD SODQXRMD ƺ NRVPRVƹ SDOHLVWL NJ ƺUHQJLQƺ ëÇYDUXV NRVPRVDVé NXULDPH VXNRQVWUXRWD ËQ\SOLƿ URERWR UDQND ÈLXNÈOHV QXNUHLSV ƺ DWPRVIHUƹ 3LUPRML WRNLD PLVLMD NDLQXRV SHU POQ OLWƿ LU MHL EXV VƾNPLQJD WDSV SDY\]GËLX SDO\GRYXV YDOGDQƻLRPV NRPSDQLMRPV
5$9,7$&,-$ (, 0$7ğ7( ĉ/0ě W 5$9,7$&,-$T@ *$/,7( Ĝ6,9$,='827,@ .2.,86 3$92-86 .(/,$ .260262 182/$8®26? ,/0( 68'8®86,2 586Ġ 3$/<'292 182/$8®26 $5'ğ .,786 3$/<'2986@ 2 9,6 ','ğ-$17,6 ¥,8.¥/,Ġ .,(.,6 68.ğ/ğ *5$1',1,1Ğ 5($.&,-ě? $/<'29$06 'ġ®7$17@ 25%,72-( '$8*ğ-2 182/$8®Ġ@ .85,Ġ ,¥9(1*7, '$5ğ6, 9,6 681.,$8? 256 ĉ/0( *5$1',1,1ğ 3$/<'29Ġ '8®,02 5($.&,-$ 3$9$,='827$ .,(. +,3(5%2/,=827$,@ 3$1$¥86 6&(1$5,-86@ 9$',1$0$6 (6/(5,2 6,1'5208@ 7,.5$, Ĝ0$120$6? đ đ 02.6/,1,1.$6 21$/'$6 (6/(5,6 '$5 Ģ 0? 5$¥ğ $3,( *5$1',1,1ğ6 3$/<'29Ġ '8®,02 5($.&,-26 *$/,0<%Ğ ,5 6,ġ/ğ ,¥9$/<7, (0ğ6 25%,7ě?
W 9$5$86 .260262T 0,6,-$ $,3 %86 635(1'®,$0$ .260262 ¥,8.¥/,Ğ 352%/(0$
? $/(,',0$6
ē? đ ĢĈ .0 $8.¥7<-( đ W¥$7/$6T (angl. Suborbital Reusable Shuttle) $76,6.,56 182 -Ĝ 3$.ğ/86,2 /$,1(5,2?
? 5,$57ĝ-,0$6 ? đ76,6.<5,0$6 260,1,6 /$,9$6 3$.,/6 ,., ĈĈ .0 ,5 3$/(,6 W 9$5$86 .260262T Ĝ5(1*,1Ĝ?
.5,('$0$6 ē ĈĈĈ .0]+ *5(,ĝ,8 Ĝ5(1*,1<6 35,6,$57,16 35,( W7$,.,1,2T?
? $1.26 2%272 5$1.26 68*5,(%6 .260262 ¥,8.¥/Ğ ,5 18.5(,36 Ĝ $7026)(5ě?
,-$ 725 . ( $2 75 0 , 5,( 6. Ğ ® 8 2/$ 8
ĥ? $.,/,0$6 W 9$586 .26026$6T ,¥ 35$'®,Ġ %86 35,79,57,17$6 35,( 02',ĉ.8272 Wđ,5%86 ĈĈT /ğ.7892?
k &UHGLW k (3)/ 3DVFDO &RGHUD\
$.(726 đ 3$.(/6 Ĝ Ĉ .0 $8.¥7Ĝ@ .85,$0( 182 W¥$7/2T $76,6.,56 0$®(61,6 .260,1,6 /$,9$6?
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | Ģ
Tema
Astronomija
Visata
.¯°¹ýò ò²ò¾±¸®
Tyrimai
0®¾±¿¯·²ºþ ·¯³À¼¹ý
VISATA
,'®,$86,$ 67$7<%Ğ $,.¥7(/ĝ P $79,5$6 .26026$6
.RGƾO ËPRQƾPV J\YHQWL WLQNDPL DSDUDWDL WRNLH NDLS 7.6 7DUSWDXWLQƾ NRVPLQƾ VWRWLV DU UXVƿ ë0LUé NXULDPL NRVPLQƾMH HUGYƾMH GDXJ\Eƾ NLORPHWUƿ YLUÈ ÊHPƾV" .RGƾO ÈLƿ VWRƻLƿ QHEXYR JDOLPD VXULQNWL ÊHPƾMH" 3DJDOLDX NR DVWURQDXWXV JDOƾWƿ SDPRN\WL SDW\Uƽ VWDW\ELQLQNDL" .RVPLQƾV VWRW\V ä WDL KHUPHWLÈNL ËPRQƾPV J\YHQWL SULWDLN\WL NRVPLQLDL DSDUDWDL NXULXRVH ƺUHQJWD J\Y\EƾV SDODLN\PR VLVWHPD -LH VNULHMD ËHPHVQLRMRMH ÊHPƾV RUELWRMH ä PDËGDXJ NP DXNÈW\MH .RVPLQƾV VWRW\V \UD JHURNDL ËHPLDX QHL NRPHUFLQLDL SDO\GRYDL NXULH \UD SHNHOWL ƺ JHRVWDFLRQDULƹ RUELWƹ PDËGDXJ NP DXNÈW\MH WDƻLDX MRVH DWOLHNDPL WDP WLNUL W\ULPDL LU EDQG\PDL NXULƿ ÊHPƾV VƹO\JRPLV DWOLNWL QHƺPDQRPD 6WHELPD ÊHPƾ 6DXOƾ LU NLWL GDQJDXV NǀQDL HVDQW\V XË DWPRVIHURV ULEƿ WLULDPRV PLNURJUDYLWDFLQƾV VƹO\JRV DQDOL]XRMDPD QHVYDUXPR ƺWDND ËPRJDXV RUJDQL]PXL
ē | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
1HGLGHOƾV NRVPLQƾV VWRW\V SDY\]GËLXL 5XVLMRV ËYDOJ\ELQƾ RUELWLQƾ VWRWLV ë6DOLXW é LU -$9 ë6N\ODEé JDOL EǀWL VXNRQVWUXRWRV ÊHPƾMH LU SDOHLGËLDPRV ƺ RUELWƹ 7DƻLDX VXGƾWLQJHVQL PRGHOLDL WRNLH NDLS 7DUSWDXWLQƾ NRVPLQƾ VWRWLV 7.6 LU MRV SLUPWDNƾ 5XVLMRV ë0LUé NHOLD GDXJ GDXJLDX UǀSHVƻLƿ 'ƾO PLOËLQLÈNR Mƿ VYRULR LU JUHPƾ]GLÈNƿ EHW JDQD WUDSLƿ VDXOƾV EDWHULMƿ PRGXOLƿ LÈGƾVW\Wƿ VWDWPHQDL ODLYR NRUSXVXL ÈLƿ LNL JDOR VXULQNWƿ ODLYƿ QXJDEHQWL ƺ RUELWƹ QHƺPDQRPD 7LSLÈNDV HUGYƾODLYLV DU YLHQNDUWLQLR QDXGRMLPR UDNHWD QHÈƾMD ƺ ËHPHVQLƹMƹ ÊHPƾV RUELWƹ JHULDXVLX DWYHMX JDOL QXVNUDLGLQWL PDËGDXJ WRQƿ NURYLQƺ ƺ DXNÈƻLDX HVDQƻLDV RUELWDV ä GDU PDËLDX ë0LUé
7)0'7,=5
',(126
đ đ W ėT 5XVƿ NRVPRQDXWDV 9DOHULM 3ROLDNRY ä SDVDXOLR UHNRUGR VDYLQLQNDV GDXJLDXVLDL GLHQƿ NRVPRVH SUDOHLGƽV ËPRJXV ë0LUé NRVPLQƾMH VWRW\MH MLV LÈEXYR QXR P VDXVLR G LNL P NRYR G
2²·¸ú ¼®·¾ú ¼¯ò¸²ðý ò¾¯¾²ò ´°Â¯ ®µ·® À¾® ®µò®¼À¸± ?ýð°¹²ò ² µ¹À¾þG 4»± =¾¹®ð¾²ñ ?¯ð¾»¹ÀG °·ð®¹± ÊÈÉ ¸
$6 3$67$7ĝ G
9,/*61,6 ě
852326 .260262 $*(17ğ5$ H đI
(¥,070(7ě 758.86,26( $537$87,1ĝ6 .260,1ĝ6 6727,(6 67$7<%26( '$/<9$92 ¥,26 9$/67<%ĝ6?
W 2/80%86T /$%25$725,-$@ 35,-81*7$ 35,( đ W $5021<T 02'8/,2@ %892 ','®,$86,$6 852326 .260262 $*(17ġ526 ,1'ğ/,6 Ĝ 352-(.7ě?
5$=,/,-26 .260262 $*(17ğ5$ Hđ I
$,3 /$,.8, %ĝ*$17 .(,7ĝ6,G
1999 686,'('$ ,¥ '9,(-Ġ 02'8/,ĠA 86,-26 W#$5,$T ,5 đ W 1,7<T? <.67$ 6727,(6 3$3,/'<02 $76$5*20,6 0,6,-26?
5$=,/,-$ <5$ đ đ 3$571(5ğ@ 3$/(,'86, (0ğ6 67(%ğ-,02 02'8/Ĝ H I@ .85,6 %892 35,-81*7$6 35,( đ W (67,1<T /$%25$725,-26?
2002 727,6 63$5ĝ,$, $8*$@ $7*$%(17, 6$8/ğ6 %$7(5,-Ġ 02'8/,$,@ W#9(='$T 02'8/,6@ W (67,1<T /$%25$725,-$@ 52%27$6N0$1,38/,$725,86 ,5 852326 .260262 $*(17ġ526 68.857$6 /2*,67,.26 02'8/,6?
$321,-26 .260262 7<5,0Ğ $*(17ğ5$ H đ!đI
$&,21$/,1ĝ $(521$87,.26 ,5 .260262 $'0,1,675$&,-$ H đ đI
$321,-$ ,¥6,817ğ +(50(7,¥.ě 02'8/Ĝ@ 6.,57ě 7<5,0$06 $7/,.7, ,5 .529,1,$06 /$,.<7,@ 7$,3 3$7 $720$7,1Ğ 5$1.ě@ 35,-81*7ě 35,( đ W $5021<T 02'8/,2?
đ Ĝ 3$/(,'2 '$8*,$86,$, 02'8/,Ġ H,¥ 9,62 I@ 7$53 -Ġ ,5 $175ě-Ĝ 02'8/Ĝ W 1,7<T@ .85,6 68)250$92 3,50ě-ě 6727,(6 -81*7Ĝ?
$1$'26 .260262 $*(17ğ5$ H đI 86,-26 )('(5$/,1ĝ .260262 $*(17ğ5$ H đI 86,-$, 7(.2 *$5%ğ 68.857, W#$5,$T@ 3,50ě-Ĝ 02'8/Ĝ@ 3$/(,67ě Ģ
0?
đ3/,1. (0Ĝ .$6',(1 $36,68.$ ĥ .$57Ğ . (0Ĝ .$6',(1 $36,68. $8/ĝ đ đ
$ $537$87,1ğ .260,1ğ 6727,6 25%,7$ 6.5,(-$ 672 0$®'$8* Ĉ .0 0 $8.¥7<-(@ 9,'87,1,6 -26 $8 *5(,7,6 <5$ ē ĈĈĈ .0]+? *5 $6',(1 $3/,1. (0Ğ -, $ 3$'$52 Ģ @ $36,68.,0Ġ? 3$
NRVPLQƾ VWRWLV VYƾUƾ PDËGDXJ W R 7.6 VYHULD GDXJLDX QHL W ä GDXJ GDXJLDX QHL EHW NXULRV GDEDUWLQƾV SDOHLGLPR VLVWHPRV QXPDWRPD GLGËLDXVLD DSNURYD 7RGƾO EXYR QXVSUƽVWD NRVPLQƽ VWRWƺ JDEHQWL GDOLPLV 0DËHVQL PRGXOLDL ä NRQVWUXNFLMRV VXGDUDQƻLRV WLN GDOƺ EHQGUR ODLYR VYRULR VXUHQNDPL ÊHPƾMH R WDGD UDNHWD QHÈƾMD DU HUGYƾODLYLX QXJDEHQDPL ƺ UHLNLDPƹ DXNÈWƺ .RVPLQƾV VWRWLHV VWDW\ED SDQDÈL ƺ ODLYR NRQVWUDYLPƹ YDQGHQ\MH QHV DELHP DWYHMDLV EǀWLQD SDODLN\WL J\Y\ELQHV IXQNFLMDV $VWURQDXWDL DWYLUDPH NRVPRVH RUELWLQƽ VWRWƺ ƺUHQJLQƾMD WLN ƺGLHJXV J\Y\EƾV SDODLN\PR VLVWHPƹ 7DLJL SLUPDVLV LU VYDUELDXVLDV ODLYR VHJPHQWDV ä FHQWULQLV
(1'5$'$5%,$8-$17 68 đ đ@ $1$'26 ,1'ğ/,6 Ĝ 352-(.7ě <5$ Ģ 0(75Ġ ,/*,2 0$1,38/,$725,86 H,¥ 35$1&? .$/%26 manipulateur P W'$5$17,6 5$1.20,6TI W $1$'$50ēT@ 52%27$6N 0$1,38/,$725,86 W (;75(T ,5 02%,/,2-, '$5%,1ğ 3/$7)250$?
ēĈĈ 5$ğ-86 .(/(5,(06 0(7$06 32 W 2/80%,$T 75$*(',-26 ,5 $7/,.86 Ĝ9$,5,86 67(%ğ-,N 086@ 35,( (/(.7526 6,67(026 35,-81*7$6 1$8-$6 6$8/ğ6 %$7(5,-Ġ 02'8/,6?
W 2/80%,$T .$7$6752)$ W 2/80%,$T P đ đ (5'9ğ/$,9,6@ 68'8®Ğ6 ēĈĈ 0(7$,6? $,9$6 6352*2 9,5¥ (.6$62 9$/67,-26@ .$, 6.5<'®,2 Ĝ*8/$@ $7/,.86, 68 0,.52*5$9,7$&,-$ 686,-86,86 7<5,1ğ-,086 ,5 %$,*86, 6$92 0,6,-ě .26026(@ /(,'26, Ĝ (0ğ6 $7026)(5ě? 892 9,6, 6(37<1, Ĝ*8/26 1$5,$,? 2/ đ đ 7<5ğ Ĝ9<.,2 $3/,1.<%(6@ 9,6,(06 .,7,(06 (5'9ğ/$,9,$06 %892 8®'5$867$ 3$.,/7,? ğ/ ¥,26 35,(®$67,(6 $537$87,1ğ6 .260,1ğ6 6727,(6 .21675$9,02 '$5%$, %892 1875$8.7, '9(-,(06 0(7$06? 82 /$,.27$53,8 %892 5,%2-$0$6 25%,72-( $7/,(.$0Ġ 7<5,0Ġ 6.$,ĝ,86@ 2 35,®,ġ5ğ-2 '9,(-Ġ $67521$87Ġ Ĝ*8/$?
PRGXOLV ä WXUL EǀWL EHSLORWLV -DP SDVLHNXV RUELWƹ LÈ DQNVWR XËSURJUDPXRWRPLV NRPDQGRPLV DNW\YXRMDPRV NRPXQLNDFLQƾV DQWHQRV OHLGËLDQƻLRV PLVLMRV NRQWUROƾV JUXSHL FHQWULQƺ PRGXOƺ YDOG\WL QXRWROLQLX EǀGX 7DLS ƺUHQJWDLV VXVLMXQJLPR PHFKDQL]PDLV SULH MR JDOLPD SULMXQJWL NLWXV PRGXOLXV .XR JUHLƻLDX KHUPHWLÈNDV PRGXOLV SULMXQJLDPDV LU DWJDEHQDPL ƺJXORV QDULDL WXR VSDUƻLDX DVWURQDXWDL SUDGHGD NRQVWUXRWL NRVPLQƽ VWRWƺ 6WRƻLƿ ë0LUé LU 7.6 VWDW\ED WUXNR GDXJLDX QHL GHÈLPWPHWƺ R .LQLMRV ë7LDQJRQJé NRVPLQƾV VWRWLHV VWDW\ERV GDUEXV SODQXRMDPD EDLJWL P SUDGËLRMH
2007 $72%8/,17$ 6$8/ğ6 %$7(5,-Ġ 02'8/,Ġ ,5 .2081,.$9,02 6,67(0$@ 7$,3 3$7 $7*$%(1N 7$6 đ W $5021<T 02'8N /,6@ 6.,57$6 .,7,(06 02'8/,$06 68-81*7,?
2010 ĕ5(1*7$6 3$6.87,1,6 6$8/ğ6 %$7(5,-Ġ 02'8/,6@ $321,-26 (.63(5,0(17,1,6 02'8/,6 W ,%2T ,5 $1$'26 52%27$6N 0$1,38/,$725,86 W (;75(T?
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G |
7°ò²º¯ò ¼¯ò¸¯ò¯ ®¿±ð¾ÿ·¯ò µ®¾²·¾²ò û¿À¾® ò¾®¾®ð¾ ?²·G ¾®µ¯ ð±û¼®²ð¯º®¸® 40. µ·¯º±¼¾±G
VISATA W ,5T 6$1'$5$
đ7*$/ ě 35$(,7ě???
$1$*5,1ĝ.,0( 6(1826,86 .260262 7<5,1ĝ-,02 67$1'$5786 68/$8®,86,26 02'8/,1ĝ6 .260,1ĝ6 6727,(6@ 3,507$.ĝ6@ 6$1'$5Ě?
256 W ,5T 72/, *5$®8 1(%892 3,502-, .260,1ğ 6727,6@ 6.5,'86, 25%,7$ $3/,1. (0Ğ@ 7$ĝ,$8 -, %892 3,502-, 02'8/,1ğ .260,1ğ 6727,6? ., $76,5$',02@ W ,5T 6727,6 %892 9,(1$ ','®,$86,Ġ ,5 Ĝ63ġ',1*,$86,Ġ? , %892 3$/(,67$ Ģ 0?@ 6727Ĝ 68'$5ğ -$8 02'8/,$,? N$-$0( '(¥,070(7<-( 586$, ,5 $0(5,.,(ĝ,$, H đ đ W .</$%TI %892 /<*,$9(5ĝ,$, .260,1,Ġ 672ĝ,Ġ .ġ5,02 35$',1,1.$,@ 7$ĝ,$8 W ,5T .216758.&,-$ 3$'$5ğ 0,/®,1,¥.ě 7(&+12/2*,1Ğ 3$®$1*ě? 86,-26 .260262 $*(17ġ526 3$7,57,6@ Ĝ*<7$ 67$7$17 W ,5T@ 7$32 1(Ĝ.$,12-$0$ 352-(.7( H182 3,502-2 02'8/,2 68.ġ5,02 Ģ
0? ,., 352-(.72 Ĝ*<9(1',1,02 3$%$,*26 ēĈĢĢ 0?I?
W 3(.75T <5,0Ġ 02'8/,6@ 785ğ-Ğ6 .(785,6 6$8/ğ6 %$7(5,-Ġ 02'8/,86@ 35,( W ,5T 35,-81*7$6 Ģ
0? 2 '9(-Ġ 0(7Ġ@ 686,'ġ5Ğ6 68 $37$51$8-$1ĝ,8 .260,1,8 /$,98 W 3(.75T@ 68'8®2 1(3$7$,620$,?
W 5,52'$T (37,17$6,6 ,5 3$6.87,1,6 02'8/,6@ 6.,57$6 (0ğ6 $7026)(5$, ,5 9$1'(1<1$06 7<5,1ğ7,? ğ/ (/(.7526 *(',0Ġ ,¥.,/2 1(6./$1'80Ġ -Ĝ -81*,$17 35,( %$=,1,2 %/2.2?
W 5,67$//T (79,57$6,6 W ,5T 02'8/,6@ .85,2 7ġ5,6 P Ĉ@ 0 ? 5,( 6727,(6 35,-81*7$6 Ģ
Ĉ 0? %,5®(/Ĝ?
86,-81*,02 6.<5,86 2 W 3(.75T 35,-81*,02@ ¥,6 02'8/,6 35,( 6727,(6 785ğ-2 35,6,-81*7, ,7,1 $76$5*,$,@ .$' 1(3$®(,67Ġ 6$8/ğ6 %$7(5,-Ġ 02'8/,Ġ?
260,1,Ğ /$,9Ğ ,6725,-$ <0,$86,26 6727<6 25%,7,1,Ğ /$,9Ğ ,6725,-2-( 3(5 3$67$5826,86 Ĉ 0(7ĞA
| đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
W 9$17NēT (&+1,1,2 $35ġ3,1,02 02'8/,6@ 6.,57$6 $76$5*206@ 02.6/,1,$06 Ĝ5(1*,1,$06 /$,.<7, ,5 9$1'(1,8, 3(5',5%7,? 5,( W ,5T 35,-81*7$6 Ģ 0? *582'Ĝ?
W ,5T %$=,1,6 %/2.$6 ,50$6,6 ,5 3$*5,1',1,6 W ,5T 6727,(6 6(*0(17$6@ Ĝ 25%,7ě 186.5$,',17$6 5$.(7$N1(¥ğ-$ W 52721N T?
W $/,87 ĥT
W .</$%T
ĥ 0? *(*8®ĝ6 ĥ '?
ĥ 0? 58*6ĝ-2 ē '?
86$,@ 68.ġ5Ğ ,5 3$/(,'Ğ 3,50ě-ě 3$6$8/<-( .260,1Ğ 6727Ĝ@ 3$6,(.ğ 1$8-ě $6752120,1Ĝ 5(.25'ě? W $/,87T ,¥9(5786 5(,¥.,$ W $%$6T? $,3 -, 3$9$',17$ 85,-$86 $*$5,12@ 3,502-2 ®02*$86@ Ĝ .26026ě 3$.,/86,2 Ģ Ģ 0?@ *$5%(,?
,502-, đ đ .260,1ğ 6727,6 H'(¥,1ğ-(I@ 68.857$ 325$ 0(7Ġ 9ğ/,$8 1(, W $/,87 ĢT? 8.857$ 5$.(7ĠN1(¥ğ-Ġ W $7851 T 3$*5,1'8@ ,¥6,6.<5ğ 3$72*(61( *<9(1$0ě-$ (5'9(@ 6.,57$ Ĝ*8/$, ,5 69$5%,(06 7<5,0$06 $7/,.7,?
,502-, ,5 6ğ.0,1*,$86,$ 29,(7Ġ ě-81*26 $17526,26 .$5726 .26N 0,1ğ 6727,6? 2-( %892 7,5,$0$6 .260,1,Ġ 6.5<'®,Ġ 329(,.,6 ®02N *$86 25*$1,=08,@ 7$,3 3$7 35,,0$0, 8®6,(1,2 $67521$87$,?
ĥ ĥ 0? %$/$1'®,2 ĥ '?
W $/,87 T
đ đ
VIDEO!
$0$7<.@ .$,3 35,,0$ .260,1,86 /$,986??? 2²·¸¯ò²¯ò ¼¯ò¸²ðýò ò¾¯¾²±ò .®¹²°¾ G û¿°¹® °Â¯ ¹±²ò³®¸®ò² û ±¸ü ³ý¹ ò°¿±³°ò²¯ò ò¹ý¿²¯ »±·¸±¾²Å®ñ²º¯ò ò²ò¾±¸¯ò
W ,$1*21*T ,¥ $5Ĥ,$8
5'9ĝ/$,9,6 W +(1=+28T
đ36,/$1.<.,0( '$5 7,. 67$7202-( ,1,-26 .260,1ĝ-( 6727<-(?
, @ 0 ,/*,2 .$368/ğ 6.,57$ Ĝ*8/26 1$5,$06 ,¥ 5$.(726N1(¥ğ-26 3(56,.(/7, Ĝ 6727Ĝ?
ēN$6,6 (.63(5,0(17,1,6 02'8/,6
ĥN$6,6 (.63(5,0(17,1,6 02'8/,6 W ,$1*21*NēT 02'8/,6@ 68 Ĝ',(*7$ .260,1( /$%25$725,-$@ 3$.(,6 6(*0(172 W ,$1*21*NĢT (.63(5,0(17,1Ĝ 02'8/Ĝ?
(50(7,¥.$6 02'8/,6 W ,$1*21*N T 35,( .,7Ġ 02'8/,Ġ 35,6,-81*6 ēĈĢ 0?@ ¥,82 0(78 7(6782-$0$ -2 5(*(1(5$&,1ğ *<9<%ğ6 3$/$,.<02 6,67(0$?
(175,1,6 02'8/,6 6 ĈĈĈ .* 6925,2 ,5 ĢĈ@ 0 0 ,/*,2 02'8/<-( W ,$1*21*NĢT *NĢT Ĝ',(*7$ 3$*5,1',1ğ 02.6/,N /,N 1,Ġ 7<5,0Ġ Ĝ5$1*$ ,5 35,6,-81*,02 0$=*$6?
ĕ $7(,7ě??? W ,$1*21*T HW $1*,¥.,(-, 5ġ0$,TI P 1$8-26 .260,1ğ6 6727,(6 352-(.7$6@ .85Ĝ 9<.'2 ,1,-26 1$&,21$/,1ğ .260262 $'0,1,675$&,-$ H đI? ,2 352-(.72 Ĝ*<9(1',1,0$6 35$6,'ğ-2 9,6$, 1(6(1,$,@ .$, ēĈĢĢ 0? %892 3$/(,67$6 W ,$1*21*NĢT 02'8/,6? 2'8/Ĝ W ,$1*21*N T 35,( 6727,(6 180$7<7$ 35,-81*7, ēĈĢ 0? ,5 /$,.,1$, $3*<9(1',1$086 $76.,586 6(*0(1786 3$9(567, '$8*,$02'8/,1( .260,1( 6727,0,? $120$@ .$' 9ğ/,$86,$, ēĈēē 0? W ,$1*21*T 6727,6 %86 72.,$ ','(/ğ@ .$' *$/ğ6 .21.85827, 68 W ,5T ,5 ? W ,$1*21*T 6727<-( ',5%6 75,-Ġ $67521$87Ġ Ĝ*8/$?
260,1,Ğ 672Ĥ,Ğ '<',6 $/<*,1.,0( ®02*$86 ,5 .260,1,Ğ 672Ĥ,Ğ@ 685,1.7Ğ 25%,72-(@ '<'ě
W 9$17NĥT 02*86
W ,$1*21*NĥT H ,1,-$I
W ,5T H 86,-$I
H7$537$87,1,6 %(1'5$'$5%,$9,0$6I
,5
W ,$1*21*T
,502-, 586Ġ 68.857$ 02'8/,1ğ .260,1ğ 6727,6 H'(¥,1ğ-(I@ 6.5,'86, ē .0 $8.¥7<-(? 260,1ğ 6727,6 3$7<5ğ 1(0$N ®$, Ĝ9$,5,Ġ *(',0Ġ@ 72'ğ/ %892 ,¥9(67$ ,¥ 6$92 25%,726? , 25%,72-( ,¥%892 .$5786 ,/*,$8@ 1(, %892 3/$1827$?
H'(¥,1ğ-(I ®021,Ġ 3,/2782-$0$ -$8 Ģē 0(7Ġ@ Ĝ*8/$ .(,ĝ,$0$ 5(*8/,$5,$,6 ,17(59$/$,6? 727,6 $,¥.,$, 0$720$ '$1*8-(@ 2 3(51$, -ě *$/ğ-2 ,¥9<67, ,5 9,/1,(ĝ,$, %(, ¥,2 0,(672 69(ĝ,$,?
,82 0(78 ,1,-26 68352-(.782726 .260,1ğ6 6727,(6 W ,$1*21*T 02'8/,$, <5$ 6,81ĝ,$0, Ĝ 25%,7ě? 260,1ğ6 6727,(6 67$7<%26 '$5%86 3/$182-$0$ %$,*7, ,., ēĈēĈ 0?
ĥ 0? 9$6$5,2 ēĈ '?
ĥ
0? /$3.5,Ĥ,2 ēĈ '?
ēĈĥĥ 0? 58*6ĝ-2 ē '?
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G |
k 7KLQNVWRFN 1$6$ &RUELV $GULDQ 0DQQ (6$
W ,5T 6727,(6 $6752ĉ=,1,6 02'8/,6? ,6 1(785ğ-2 9$5,./,Ġ@ 7$' 35,( %$=,1,2 %/2.2 %892 35,-81*7$6 )81.&,1,8 7$51<%,1,8 %/2.8?
Tema
=¾±²¾²±ò ¾·®ðòµ¯·¾®ò
:®ð³±ðò ¾·®ðòµ¯·¾®ò
Keliai
-±¹± ²ð¼±¹²ò
Aviacija
Automobiliai
0®¾±¿¯·²ºþ ·¯³À¼¹ý
TRANSPORTAS
ė đ ģ
đ
WDV L H U DV J MRV MDX L È L VRMD DV ä LU ÈLƿ S R L UDË DVXNLP LDVL SR V GƾO S X X MD OYRV S DV VOHS DVLǀO\ ULDL" W U L LV ä ƾWDV JD %HW N U\WRM S QËLQLH XONƹ Q V N L R N 0LU DV 3HU O DNLUDƻL LDLV Nƹ DPLÈƽ QXPé SDOHƾLVJWƾƹMLÈNXV V R Jƻ DXV S GLQLR ë0DQJG\GDPL VP OƾNWXYXDY \NR LQ Y Q È D D D W P LÈ NOLƿ G VNDLƻL XË LÈ OHJHƿQ ËXYR EUDLPHQWLQLXLHNDP QH S R J GLQ Lƿ YDUL QLQLR JUHLƻLPDXWDL ËPRDQVL LU HNVSNHXULRV GDVUR QV JUHLWL VG UäƹVLDXVL ǀQ R RNWD DPH 2UPRQDGVR ODÇLLYXV UDNNRHO W\UD ULEVRD D U QHW ÈQYNLƿH SURWDULL LLPU WL MLHPV L O D J OLQL LDX J ƽ S J D U VQL ULGRMH HVDQUHƻLLƻLR WUROÈRN JLDPUƿ 7Dƻ QJ W L ä V PRN V D VL UHQ H W H È S \ Ë W V SHU V )OR RQLMRV J HQ ËLED UR V W D Q Y L D L EX DXN W L HWDL ULP ƾV O ËP P ƹG PH \Q GLP\MH HVQLV 7 H VSLGR V OHQNW M ƿ ǀ U R O \ S ËLQ ELO NRUG SDS DU VWL RPR ƹ R DP LDOLƹ UH V G W R X S D WD PH K Ë\P ƾ ƺ RĘF PƾJLQ WL é H RPD ƾO YDU ƾ NP SHUVLN QG 66& ƺ LU VNUL R L O N X N R L L R L U H ƻ H K U LW L Y YD G H J ƺ ƺ U R ƾ LR J HVQ %OR \NO URG GËLDXV HWDLV ë UWƿ GLG L D P G V O N L W ƾ G LD LP Jƹ Ç GHÈ NQ\ NWL QHW H L SDV
QH WJD ƺ UǀN QXW ƹ L ÈÈǀ N W PH V
/,6 ě $5,. .<0 $6 ĥ 93$*$/ 8®6 $3$*$0,1*7 $/,ĠI
,6 :257+T $5./,2 7ě 6 ( Ĉ W 2 H ,1Ğ 5$. 1'(1,/,2 ' . $ ,
5 9 % , Ġ 5 + Ĉ /,7 ./,6 9$5, 3,16 Ĉ ġ 5 ? 3 2 $ .6,' 3(52
36 | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
5õ,'?ù. ĥ
5(,Ĥ,$86,$ W6.$5',1ĝT đ đ Wđ32//2 ĢĈT Ĝ*8/$
FAKTAI
3$6,(.ğ *5(,ĝ,$86,2 *5Ĝ®,02 Ĝ (0ğ6 $7026)(5ě 5(.25'ě P -Ġ .$368/ğ .5,72 ĢĢ .,/20(75Ġ 3(5 6(.81'Ğ *5(,ĝ,8?
5(,7$(,*,6 /$,9$6
G-force H*5$9,7$&,-26 -ĝ*$I
W (55$5,T $17 %ĝ*,Ğ
$8/ĝ6 (1(5*,-$
ē
Ģ
Ģ 0? 3/$8.'$0$ 3523(/(5,2 9$52N
08 329$1'(1,1,8 /$,98@ $6$ĝ86(762 7(&+12/2*,-26 81,9(56,7(72 678'(17Ġ .20$1N '$ 3$*(5,12 ®02*$86 -ğ*$ 9$5202 /$,92 *5(,ĝ,2 5(.25'ě ,5 3$6,(.ğ Ģ 0$=*Ġ *5(,7Ĝ? HĢ 0$=*$6 P Ģ -ġ50</ğ 3(5 9$/? $5%$ Ģ ē 0(75$, 3(5 9$/?I
(¥7$-$0( '(¥,070(7<-(@
6,(.'$0$6 ,¥%$1'<7, *5$9,7$&,-26 329(,.Ĝ ®02*$86 25*$1,=08,@ đ 252 3$-ğ*Ġ ),=,.$6 ®21$6 7$33$6 68.ġ5ğ ,1',9,'8$/,$6 5$.(7,1(6 52*(6? 26 3$6,(.ğ G-force P @ē *?
W 2508/$ 266$T@ (6$17,6 8%$-8-(
Ĝ.857$0( W (55$5, 25/'T 35$02*Ġ 3$5.(@ <5$ *5(,ĝ,$86,$6 $75$.&,21$6@ 3(5 6(.81'(6 3$6,(.,$17,6 1(Ĝ7,N .ğ7,1ě ē Ĉ .0]+ *5(,7ĜB ¥,$0( $75$.&,2N 1( 3$7,5,$0$ G-force <5$ @ *?
A8675$/,-26 678'(17Ġ 68.857$ W 816:,)7 T <5$ 3$6$8/<-( *5(,ĝ,$86,$ $8/ğ6 (1(5*,-$ 9$520$ 75$1632572 35,(021ğ H1(785,17, $.808/,$725,$86I? ēĈĢĢ 0? -, 3$6,(.ğ @ .0]+ *5(,7Ĝ? 5 7$, 3$'$5ğ '(%(6827ě ',(1ěE
8 6 ,$, / , % 2 ,$,6 0 2 đ87 .7<9,1 5($ ,./,$,6 9$5
LW ƿ H EU PRM X N MR G\ L U ÈL RORV U W ƹ Y 8 D V R N PRV L U Pƹ GRV X VX L D R S X V L V H HN W EL O L ƻLRM UƾW L ƿ VL RPR VDQ D OƾW OR W X DXW D MH H J é Y V R L & L G O U 6 YD REL LV S W VW 6 U WR 1H WRP V SR KUX K M HÈL P P UD Q V ë7 N P G DX HL G W D D L W Q N Q Ç V L L WR DP W L UD DP HVQ SL OR SDJ HU L Q LW ƺ 7 N X U LV \ G LG PD V J UH X YR SDJ R W R R G E V Q G O V R U U D L Y R JD W L YD LHN L N X U H EX UHN U Eǀ LD L ä ƾJ ƺ L O\ M X L 6 L L ƻ LR O U V E H W V U R X H R ULNO W J U P D D P R R U Y W V L ƾ P ULV V DX X NR OD L N Q LD L Q LD NHW X W UD W\Y ƾ DW UDW L U PR é R N R Q L G O D I V R D V N H Y Oƾ P DUL \ é U /,6 P N PX NHWR Y H SU LH U D . D R S , R Q U W D V Q 5 ) 6 H H GXR \F H ë ƿ Y L N Y LH LD P ,6 9$221T WRQ YDL ] . LH 1 ƹ È VW D V 5R , O D J O H P 9 M \ R 3 O X ƾ UL LO XV <3+ .7< O Lƿ
X ë5 VW DE W D L S U RMH S R JD RW L G ($52ĉ*+7(5 6 8.857$6 V VX O LX L X V R D UN O L QW X Y LHQ Q R N T EL O L R , H 8 W R P Ĉ L DULN ƺ X L W 17898 ēĈ Y N P ƹ X Q R L W OR ,6 , LHQ O LHV é DX ED \ Y LQ N L 1$,. 6N 2<&( $5,./,6 /( 6,(.7, SR Y D QJ DNW 66& L D U Nƾ $ // V L È R UH D O LD X QG VLH X Y R D D J W 2 <9,1,6 9 T 3 X J K ƿ Q W Mƾ 7 ORW ' EL O L È \ WL ORRG QD L N L Q RU WR 5($. '+281 ,7Ĝ? Y L U U LH J RPR U WRV ë% é Q VS ( 2 DXW LHN V W UD D LV S RRQ D L V W K È N Q R W /2 0]+ *5 S L V W \ MR SX V WDLV . W Y LU U HU 7 QDX NRU LR UD SU L J KW V SH L QWR GLQ HW D U RĘ L YR \ N X P O D N D ( R L ë J LH W H U D Q V L Q D S L P R S U LG LW D Q D O LX W X UƾW ƿ K LE L U W 6X H LW ƺ H LW ƺ U R È WR U X J O J S K P K N P N ƾ Q R P Lƿ SU LH QG Ë HN X V
7$ 5$.(7,1ğ-( $ ĝ 1 ,', .(7 81* ,%5 ,$86,$ 857$ 5$ 68
8. .,$ /86 ,'® , ' /<67ğ-( 6 6 '(*$ ,5 3$6,( .,$ 8 , 2 $ 7 5 . ( 0 ,8 $ 2-$ ., ,ě@ $725 H72. ' 1$8 8 2.6,' 6 -ğ*ě 725,ĠI? 7 2 6.<6 75$8. ĈĈ 75$. . Ģ Ģēē 7Ġ $3,( . 75$8
6 $,Ĥ,8 . 6 Ğ ,9, (/( 1
/*, 6 0 Ģ @
7$, ,2 5$80,1,2 ,5 1 , ' , / ,2 /< 1,2 $ 0,1 9,$&, đ/,8$0,17, ,¥ $? $* /<',1,2 2 &,1.
$ $,? 1/,7Ġ
/1 Ĉ 0
,1,6 .7<9 $ ( 5 $ ĈĈT ē $.(7 $ $2/,//6N 2<&,(%5,',1ğ 5 W ./,6 ,5 + 9$5, $6I
720 80$ 1 H 6 5(,7, ,$6 * 6 8 $ , ,' ®Ĉ .0]+ Ģ 5,6 92 .* @
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G |
TRANSPORTAS /,ğ7<6 .(/<-( .XULDQW YLUÈJDUVLQHV VDXVXPRV WUDQVSRUWR SULHPRQHV YLHQDV GLGËLDXVLƿ LQËLQHULQLƿ LÈÈǀNLƿ \UD WULQWLHV VXPDËLQLPDV 1HGLGHOLDPH DXNÈW\MH VNUDLGDQW\V QDLNLQWXYDL NXULƿ JUHLƻLXL UDWƿ WULQWLV QHWXUL ƺWDNRV SDVLHNLD WLN NP K JUHLWƺ 3ULH ËHPƾV RUDV \UD JHURNDL WDQNHVQLV QHL GLGHOLDPH DXNÈW\MH YDGLQDVL DXWRPRELOLDL SULYDOR EǀWL \SDƻ DHURGLQDPLÈNL WRGƾO MLH NXULDPL UDNHWRV IRUPRV LU DWODLN\WL GLGËLXOƽ DSNURYƹ 'DU YLHQDV GLGHOLV LÈÈǀNLV ä UDWDL -LH SULYDOR VXNWLV PLOËLQLÈNX JUHLƻLX LU WYLUWDL VXNLEWL VX ËHPƾV SDYLUÈLXPL 1DXGRMDPL UDWDL EH SDGDQJƿ NXULH JDPLQDPL LÈ WLWDQR DUED DOLXPLQLR VLHNLDQW SDGLGLQWL DWVSDUXPR DSNURYRPV LU VYRULR VDQW\Nƺ ë$XVVLH ,QYDGHUé DOLXPLQLR UDWDL \UD VXNXUWL WDLS NDG EH SUREOHPƿ VXNWƿVL WǀNVW NDUWƿ SHU PLQXWƽ ë7KUXVW 66&é YLUÈLMXV JDUVR JUHLƻLR ULEƹ GDQJD SR DXWRPRELOLX SUDGƾMR O\G\WLV R YDLUDYLPR VƹO\JRV WDSR LWLQ VXGƾWLQJRV
2·²± ±¸ýò ¯·®ò À·® ¿±·¯¼®² ¾®ð¼±òð²ò ð±² ³²³±¹²®¸± ®°¼ ¾Àº± ®³²ð®ò² ®°¾¯¸¯´²¹²®² µ·²Â®¹¯ ´ÿ¾² ²¾²ð ®±·¯³²ð®¸² ¼²G
(,*,$0$@ .$' W (120 T <5$ *5(,7(61,6 8® W 8*$77, 83(5 3257T@ 7$ĝ,$8 7$, '$5 5(,.,$ 3$79,57,17,
ēĈĢē 0? 6$86Ĝ (.6$62 9$/67,-2-( W (11(66(< (120 T $87202%,/,6 3$*(5,12 3$6$8/,2 *5(,7ğ-,02 5(.25'ěA ,., ĈĈ .0 3(5 9$/$1'ě *5(,ĝ,2 -,6 Ĝ6,%ğ*ğ-2 3(5 Ģ @ 6(.? 25386ě H6925,6 P Ģ ē .*I Ĝ 35,(.Ĝ 6780,$ HĢ ē $5./,2 *$/,26I 9$5,./,6@ .85,2 68.,02 020(17$6 1(7 Ģ Ģ ? 81.(61,6 W 8*$77, 83(5 3257T 35$/$,0, W (120 T 635,172 581*7<-(@ 7$ĝ,$8 *$/, ,/*(61Ĝ /$,.ě 9$®,827, ','®,$86,8 *5(,ĝ,8?
,7, *5(,Ĥ,2 021675$,??? $17 ®(0ĝ6 5(,Ĥ,$86,$6 9ĝ-8 9$520$6 $87202%,/,6 W &275,&,7< 5((1%,5'T@ ēĈ .0]+
5(,Ĥ,$86,$6 0272&,./$6 Wđ&. đ77$&.T@ Ĉ .0]+
5(,Ĥ,$86,$6 $87202%,/,6 68 67ğ02./,1,8 9$5,./,8 W 3((' (021T@ @ .0]+
đ đ ĥĈ ĈĈĈ Ę
,'87,1ĝ6 '(*$/Ğ 6Ě1$8'26 N ē @Ģ /,752]ĢĈĈ .0
925,6 Ģ .*
$9$5Ğ 'ĝ®ĝ
$,1$
@ 0/1? /,7Ġ
đ
,'®,$86,$6 *5(,7,6 H5,%2-$0$6I Ģ .0]+
5(,7ĝ-,0$6
ĈP .0]+ 3(5 ē@ 6(.81'ğ6
| 2: 7 25.6
5(,7,6 ,5 *5(,7ĝ-,0$6
ë%XJDWWL 6XSHU 6SRUWé DXWRPRELOLV ËDYL QH WLN QXRVWDELD LÈYDL]GD EHW LU JDOLQJX DXVLPV PLHOX ULDXPRMLPX ë%XJDWWLé FLOLQGUƿ DUNOLR JDOLƿ YDULNOLV NLORPHWUƿ JUHLWƺ SDVLHNLD YRV SHU VHNXQGƾV 9LHQLQWHOLV GDO\NDV WUXNGDQWLV ë%XJDWWLé YLUÈ\WL GLGËLDXVLƹ NP K JUHLWƺ \UD JXPLQƾV SDGDQJRV NXULRV GƾO DSNURYRV SDSUDVƻLDXVLDL VXSO\ÈWƿ .DGDQJL NHWXULRV MR SDGDQJRV NDLQXRMD OLWƿ JHULDX MDV SDWDXVRWL $ÈWXRQLƿ OLWUƿ YDULNOLV GHJDOXV WLHVLRJ U\MD OƾNGDPDV GLGËLDXVLX JUHLƻLX ë%XJDWWLé SLOQƹ GHJDOƿ EDNƹ LÈWXÈWLQD SHU PDËGDXJ PLQXƻLƿ
$5,./,6
Ģ &,/,1'5Ġ@ . HĢ ēĈĈ $5./,2 *$/,ĠI
;;; 1';54;'70.,=53< &'?
ĥ? đ
$8-, +25,=217$,
ē?
$, ēĈĈ 0? .260,1ğ6 (5'9ğ6 7<5,02 $3$5$7$6 $76,6.<5ğ 182 6$92 5$.(726 Wđ7/$6 T@ -,6 .(/,$92 ','(61,8 1(, Ģ .0 3(5 6(.81'Ğ *5(,ĝ,8?
ģ đ
? ģ đ đ
W (/,26 T ,5 W (/,26 T
W 2/$5 52%( /86T
(/,$8'$0, $8/ğ6 /,1.@ ¥,( $¥7817$-$0( '(¥,070(7<-( 3$/(,67, 9,(12', =21'$, 9,5¥,-2 Ĉ .0 3(5 6(.81'Ğ *5(,7Ĝ?
,6 ēĈĢ 0? 3$/(,67, 3/$182-$0$6 đ đ =21'$6 785ğ7Ġ 7$,3 35,$57ğ7, 35,( $8/ğ6@ .$' -26 75$8.26 -ğ*$ *5(,7Ĝ 3$',',16 ,., ēĈĈ .0 3(5 6(.81'Ğ?
.²±¼³®¸² ²¸²¾°¯¾² ·®¼±¾¯ò ò¼·À³û >=.= ¯·¯ µ®ºý¿þ ¾À·ýº®² ò°¼ÿ·ý ·®¼±¾²ð±ò ·¯¿±ò ¼°·²¯ò µ®ò²±¼ý ÆÁÇ ¼¸ » ¿·±²¾û ,'®,$86,$6 $8.¥7,6
đ ģ đ đ đ đ đ đ " *UHLƻLDXVLDV SLORWXRMDPDV RUODLYLV SDVDXO\MH ƺ VDYR UHNRUGLQƺ VNU\Gƺ SDNLOR SULHÈ PHWXV .RVPLQLƿ OHQNW\QLƿ GLHQRPLV EXYR VXNXUWDV ë; é 1DLNLQWXYR IRUPRV ë; é YLGXMH EXYR ƺPRQWXRWD UDNHWD 7DP NDG ÈLV RUODLYLV SDNLOWƿ Mƺ LNL PHWUƿ DXNÈƻLR SDNHOWL WXUƾMR PLOËLQLÈNDV ERPERQHÈLV ë% é 3DOHLVWDV LÈ ERPERQHÈLR ë; é XËGHJƾ VDYR WǀNVW DUNOLR JDOLƿ VN\VWƿMƿ GHJDOƿ UDNHWƹ ë; é GHJDOƿ SDNDNR YRV VHNXQGƾPV VNU\GËLR WDƻLDX WR XËWHNR NDG MR SLORWDL SDWHNWƿ ƺ UHNRUGƿ NQ\Jƹ
,'®,$86,$6 *5(,7,6
ĢĈ Ĉ 0
.5<'®,$, 68 0,6,-$
đ đ !Nĥ
ē .0]+
$.(726 9$5,./,6 !
9$5,./,6 %892 68 6./(1'(? $5,./,6 *$/ğ-2 9(,.7, '9,(0 5(®,0$,6 H3,/18 $5%$ '$/,1,8I?
5803, 63$51$,
199
5803, 63$51$, 8®7,.5,12 0$®(61Ĝ 252 3$6,35,(¥,1,0ě ,5 /(,'2 3$6,(.7, ','(61Ĝ *5(,7Ĝ@ 7$ĝ,$8 25/$,9,6 7$32 681.,$8 9$/'20$6?
8986,Ğ-Ğ 6.$,Ĥ,86
¥25,1,6 ĉ8=(/,$®$6 ,(.,$17 ,¥635Ğ67, 'ğ/ ','(/,2 *5(,ĝ,2 686,)250$986,2 .$5¥ĝ,2 352%/(0ě@ W!NĢ T %892 3$'(1*N 7$6 &+5202N1,.(/,2 '$1*$?
1
đ8.¥7ĝ-,02 63$57$
Ĉ 0 3(5 6(.81'Ğ
$5$1Ĥ,2-, -ĝ*$
W ($&7,21 27256 !
T 5$.(7$
(*821,(6 7,(.,0$6 $'$1*, '(*821,(6 .,(.,6 $7026)(52-( 67,35,$, 680$®ğ-$@ '(*$/$06 '(*,17, W!NĢ T 1$8'2-2 6$92 '(*821,(6 $76$5*$6?
¥0(7$0, %$.$,
5,(.,1,6 9$,5$5$7,6
$, /(,',026, 0(78 %892 3$®(,67$6 -$8 5,(.,1,6 5$7$6 1(*$/ğ-2 %ġ7, 68.,1ğ-$0$6@ $175$6,6 W!NĢ T@ -2 .216758.&,-$ %892 3$.(,67$@ 72'ğ/ W!NĢ T 785ğ-2 /(,67,6 $17 9$1'(16 680217$986 ,¥0(7$086 '(*$/Ġ %$.86? 3$9,5¥,$86@ 2 1( $17 186,/(,',02 7$.2?
đ(52',1$0,1,$, ,¥¥ğ.,$, 2UODLYLXL SULDUWƾMXV SULH JDUVR JUHLƻLR Mƺ VXSDQƻLRV GXMRV VXWLUÈWƾMD LU LPD ODELDX ëOLSWLé SULH RUODLYLR SDYLUÈLDXV NHLVGDPRV MR DHURGLQDPLQƽ IRUPƹ %HW NRNLD WULQWLV VX GXMRPLV VXNHOLD PLOËLQLÈNƹ WXUEXOHQFLMƹ RUR VǀNXULXV QHƺWLNƾWLQƹ NDUÈWƺ LU VPǀJLQHV EDQJDV 9LUÈJDUVLQLDL OƾNWXYDL \UD VX DWJDO QXNUHLSWDLV VSDUQDLV NXULƿ QHSDOLHƻLD YLUÈJDUVLQƾV VPǀJLQƾV EDQJRV 3DY\]GËLXL ë) é UHDNW\YLQLV QDLNLQWXYDV JDOL LÈ GDOLHV VXWUDXNWL VSDUQXV R SULUHLNXV MXRV YƾO LÈVNOHLVWL WDLS SDGLGLQGDPDV SDVLSULHÈLQLPƹ SUDUDVGDPDV JUHLWƺ EHW ƺJ\GDPDV VWDELOXPƹ 7ULQWLV GDU ODELDX VXPDËLQDPD YLUÈJDUVLQLXV RUODLYLXV JDPLQDQW LÈ WRNLƿ OHQJYƿ PHGËLDJƿ NDLS DOLXPLQLV ÊLQRPD YLUÈJDUVLQLR JUHLƻLR QHƺPDQRPD SDVLHNWL EH JDOLQJR YDULNOLR ë; é ä SLUPDVLV OƾNWXYDV P YLUÈLMƽV JDUVR JUHLWƺ ä EXYR YDURPDV UDNHWD WDƻLDX PRGHUQǀV WXUERUHDNW\YLQLDL YDULNOLDL RUODLYLXL WDLS SDW OHLGËLD SDVLHNWL YLUÈJDUVLQƺ JUHLWƺ 3DVLHNXV WRNƺ JUHLWƺ LPD VNDLG\WLV GXMƿ PROHNXOƾV R WDL VXNHOLD GLGHOHV VPǀJLQHV EDQJDV 7RNLH HNVSHULPHQWLQLDL YLUÈJDUVLQLƿ RUODLYLƿ PRGHOLDL NDLS ë)DOFRQ +79é ODELDX SULPHQD EHVSDUQHV PRNVOLQƾV IDQWDVWLNRV WUDQVSRUWR SULHPRQHV QHL WUDGLFLQLXV OƾNWXYXV
W NēT %$1'20$6,6 6.5<',6 758.2 0$®'$8* '(9<1,$6 0,187(6@ .2/ 'ğ/ .$5¥ĝ,2 3$'$5<726 ®$/26 0,6,-$ %892 1875$8.7$
,7, *5(,Ĥ,2 021675$,??? 25( 5(,Ĥ,$86,$6 .260,1,6 /ĝ.789$6 W ,5*,1 $/$&7,&T@ 68.857$6 W 3$&( +,3 :2T@ Ģ ē .0]+
5(,Ĥ,$86,$6 5($.7<9,1,6 /ĝ.789$6 W /$&.%,5' N ĢT@ Ģ .0]+
5(,Ĥ,$86,$6 1(3,/2782-$0$6 /ĝ.789$6 W $/&21 NēT@ ēĈ ēĢ .0]+ đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | 39
TRANSPORTAS .52'®,$17<6 9$1'(1ě 9DQGXR \UD PDËGDXJ WǀNVWDQWƺ NDUWƿ WDQNHVQLV XË RUƹ ,URQLÈND WDƻLDX JUHLWƺ DQW YDQGHQV JHULDXVLD SDGLGLQWL VWHQJLDQWLV NXR PDËLDX OLHVWL YDQGHQƺ 3HU JUHLWDHLJLƿ NDWHULƿ YDUË\EDV GDXJHOLV Mƿ SDN\OD YLUÈ YDQGHQV ä WDL DHURGLQDPLQLV SDVLHNLPDV YDGLQDPDV ëVO\GLPX YLUÈ YDQGHQVé 9LVƿ $PHULNRV WDXUƾV YDUË\ERVH GDO\YDXMDQƻLƿ NDWDPDUDQƿ DEX NRUSXVDL \UD SDNLOƽ YLUÈ YDQGHQV R ƻLXRËLDPD WLN DQW SORQƿ SRYDQGHQLQLƿ VSDUQƿ 3DWL NDWDPDUDQƿ NRQVWUXNFLMD SDGLGLQD VWDELOXPƹ NXULDP XËWLNULQWL QHEǀWLQDV JLOLDL ƺ YDQGHQƺ SDQLUƽV NRUSXVDV
2±· ¿·±²¾®±²¿²þ ¼®¾±·²þ ®· À´®ò ³®°¿±¹²ò ºþ µ®¼À¹® ²· ®ð³±ðòG
,7, *5(,Ĥ,2 021675$,??? 9$1'(1<-( 5(,Ĥ,$86,$6 .$5,1,6 /$,9$6 W $9< 1'(3(1'(1&(T@ .0]+
5(,Ĥ,$86,$ $0ĉ%,-$ W 1,9(56$/ Ģ A (11< T@ Ģ @ .0]+
5(,Ĥ,$86,$6 /$,9$6 $17 329$1'(1,1,Ğ 63$51Ğ W $9< 5(6+ ĢT@ Ģ @ .0]+
W 3,5,7 2) đ8675$/,$T
đ8675$/$6 .$7(5,Ġ 0ğ*ğ-$6 (1$6 $5%,6 '$5 %ġ'$0$6 9$,.$6 69$-2-2 3$*(5,17, 3$6$8/,2 *5(,ĝ,2 5(.25'ě? đ¥7817$-$0( '(¥,070(7<-( ,'1ğ-8-( ? $5%,6 1$02 *$/,1,$0( .,(0( %( -2.,26 5ğ0ğ-Ġ 3$*$/%26 3$67$7ğ W 3,5,7 2) đ8675$/,$T@ Ĝ .85Ĝ Ĝ0217$92 $5$/,¥.Ġ-Ġ 252 3$-ğ*Ġ H đ I 685(1*7$0( $8.&,21( Ĝ6,*<786 75,6 ','(/,86 5($.7<9,1,86 9$5,./,86? ? $5%,6 68.ġ5ğ 6$92 +,'523/$12 02'(/Ĝ? ,$0( 02'(/<-( 180$7<7$@ .$'@ 3$6,(.86 ','(/Ĝ *5(,7Ĝ@ /$,92 $3$ĝ,$ 9$1'(16 3$9,5¥,Ġ /,(67Ġ 7,. 75,0,6 '$/,0,6 ,5 7$,3 *(52.$, 680$®,17Ġ 75,17Ĝ? Ģ 0? ? $5%,6 3$6,(.ğ 1(Ĝ7,.ğ7,1ě ĢĢ@Ģ .0]+ *5(,7Ĝ? ,6 $17 9$1'(16 3$6,(.7$6 5(.25'$6 9,6 '$5 1(3$*(5,17$6?
,'®,$86,$6 *5(,7,6
ģ đ đ đ đ đ "
ĢĈ @ .0]+
/*,6
0
216758.&,-26 6925,6
9LHQD ä VWHEƾWL PDË\ƻLXV NDWHULXV OHQNW\QLDXMDQƻLXV YDQGHQ\QR SDYLUÈLXPL LU YLVDL NDV NLWD \UD SDPDW\WL PHWUƿ LOJLR NHOWƹ VX WǀNVWDQƻLX NHOHLYLƿ LU DXWRPRELOLƿ VNULHMDQWƺ NLORPHWUƿ SHU YDODQGƹ JUHLƻLX .HOWDV ë)UDQFLVFRé \UD $XVWUDOLMRV ODLYƿ JDPLQWRMR ë,QFDWé QDXMDXVLDV SDVLHNLPDV ÈLV GYLHMƿ NRUSXVƿ NDWDPDUDQDV \UD YDURPDV PLOËLQLÈNƿ WXUELQLQLƿ YDULNOLƿ NXULHPV QDXGRMDPRV VXVN\VWLQWRV JDPWLQƾV GXMRV 6*' ë)UDQFLVFRé NHOHLYLXV SOXNG\V LÈ $UJHQWLQRV VRVWLQƾV %XHQRV $LULƿ ƺ 8UXJYDMXMH HVDQWƺ 0RQWHYLGƾMDXV PLHVWƹ
Ĉ 721Ġ
(/(,9,Ğ 6.$,Ĥ,86 Ģ ĈĈĈ
đ đ
đ87202%,/,Ğ 6.$,Ĥ,86 Ģ Ĉ
ē ĈĈ /$,92 '8-Ğ 785%,1$ W 5$1&,6&2T *$/,26 ,5 *5(,Ĥ,2 3$6/$37,6
2035(625,86 (6,68.$1ĝ,26 9(17,/,$725,Ġ 0(17ğ6 Ĝ75$8.,$ 25ě@ .85,6 63(&,$/,$,6 6863$8',02 3(,/,$,6 <5$ 686/(*,$0$6 6$17<.,8 Ģ ,5 Ģ?
(*,02 .$0(526 86.<67,1726 *$07,1ğ6 '8-26 <5$ /(,'®,$026 Ĝ 686/ğ*72 252 .$0(5ě ,5 8®'(*$026B '(*,02 0(78 ,¥6,6.,5,$ ','(/,6 (1(5*,-26 .,(.,6?
85%,1$ $5¥726 ,¥0(7$026,26 '8-26 68.$ *583Ğ 9$1'(16 6529Ğ 5(*8/,82-$1ĝ,Ġ 785%,1Ġ?
,6$'$ 3$*$/ 79$5.$5$¥7ěA
,¥ 21'212 ě ,8-25.Ě Hapie 5 500 kmI
,(. /$,.2 35,5(,.7Ğ *5(,Ĥ,$86,206 3$6$8/,2 75$1632572 35,(021ĝ0,6 ','®,$86,8 *5(,Ĥ,8 3(56.5267, đ7/$172 9$1'(1<1Ě@ ě6,9$,='82-$17@ .$' 8523Ě ,5 đ0(5,.Ě -81*,$ 7,/7$6G
Ĉ | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
W &253,21 ĥĈĥT 7$1.$6 @ 9$/$1'26
W (/2! T '9,5$7,6 Ģ@ 9$/$1'26
W 8*$77, 83(5 3257T Ģē@ 9$/$1'26
đ đ
VIDEO!
$0$7<.@ .$,3 /(.,$ *5(,Ĥ,2 5(.25',1,1.$6????
.8%$17 %ĝ*,$,6
ğ5$ -2.,Ġ $%(-21,Ġ@ .$' $7(,7<-( *5(,7,(-, 75$8.,1,$, 9$®,1ğ6 0$*1(7,1,$,6 %ğ*,$,6? $*1(7,1ğ6 /(9,7$&,-26 35,1&,3$6 /(,6 75$8.,1,$06 680$®,17, 75,17Ĝ@ 6./(1'®,$17 $17 ĢPĢĈ &(17,0(75Ġ $8.¥ĝ,2 252 3$*$/9ğ6@ .85, 686,'$5<6 'ğ/ %ğ*,Ġ ,5 75$1632572 35,(021ğ6 .85,$0Ġ (/(.7520$*1(7,1,Ġ /$8.Ġ? ēĈĈ 0? $1&+$-$86 0$*1(7,1ğ6 /(9,7$&,-26 75$8.,1<6 7$32 3,5082-8 .20(5&,1,8 72.,2 7,32 75$8.,1,8? $0 9,6 '$5 35,./$862 .20(5&,1,Ġ 75$8.,1,Ġ *5(,ĝ,2 5(.25'$6 P Ģ .0]+? $ĝ,$8 ,5 $321,-$ -$8 .85,$ 6$92 0$*1(7,1ğ6 /(9,7$&,-26 75$8.,1,Ġ /,1,-ě 7$53 2.,-2 ,5 $*2-26@ 2 ¥,( 75$8.,1,$, %$1'<0Ġ 0(78 3$6,(.ğ ĈĈ .0]+? (56/,1,1.$6 /21$6 86.$6 HW 3$&(!T Ĝ.ġ5ğ-$6I 3/$182-$ 3$72%8/,17, 0$*1(7,1ğ6 /(9,7$&,-26 75$8.,1,86? 2 W <3(5/223T 02'(/<-( 75$8.,1,$, <5$ 9$520, $17 252 3$*$/9,Ġ *8/,1ĝ,8 +(50(7,¥.8@ ®(02 6/ğ*,2 9$0='®,8 ,5 3$6,(.,$ Ģ ĈĈ .0]+ *5(,7Ĝ? ,$1',(1 Ĝ35$67, *5(,7,(-, 75$8.,1,$, 63$1,-2-(@ 5$1&ġ=,-2-(@ 7$/,-2-(@ ,(7Ġ 25ğ-2-( ,5 '$8*<%ğ-( .,7Ġ 9$/67<%,Ġ 9,5¥,-$ ĈĈ .0]+ *5(,7Ĝ? 2.6 *5(,7,6 3$6,(.,$0$6 1$8'2-$17 /(1*9ě .216758.&,1Ĝ 3/$67,.ě ,5 (/(.75$ 9$52086 /2.2027<986?
ģ đ đ ė đ ė
$8-$6,6 $321,-2-( %$1'20$6 Ĉ 0$*1(7,1ğ6 /(9,7$&,-26 75$8.,1<6 -$8 3$6,(.,$ ĈĈ .0 3(5 9$/$1'ě *5(,7Ĝ
1
5(,7$6 3,(129(®,6
9DLUXRWRMDV 7RPDV 2QVORYDV ƺ SLHQR LÈYHËLRMLPR VXQNYHËLPƺ ƺPRQWDYƽV 9 YDULNOƺ %ULWDQLMRV ËLHGLQLƿ OHQNW\QLƿ ƻHPSLRQDWH British Touring Car Championship SDVLHNƾ NP K JUHLWƺ
2
2/,$3-29ĝ@ .85, 1(/(,6 -806 686,'5$8*$87, 68 .$,0<1$,6
ë+RQGDé VXNXUWD HNVWUHPDOL ËROLDSMRYƾ ë0HDQ 0RZHUé 97 NP K JUHLWƺ SDVLHNLD SHU NHWXULDV VHNXQGHV 7HLJLDPD NDG ÈLRV ËROLDSMRYƾV GLGËLDX VLDV JUHLWLV ä NP K 1RUV WRNLD ËROLDSMRYƾ XËWLNULQWƿ LWLQ VSDUWƿ GDUEƹ WDƻLDX NXEL QLƿ FHQWLPHWUƿ PRWRFLNOR YDULNOLR JDXVPDV JDOL ëJURWLé NDLP\QR QHUYDLV
,1./$,
(1*9$6 ,5 -8'586 W &253,21 ĥĈĥT <5$ 72%8/$6 *5(,Ĥ,2 ,5 79,57802 '(5,1<6 .$52 =2126(?
5(,7, ,5 60$/6ğ6???
$*5,1',1,6 00 ¥,2 7$1.2 3$%ġ./$6 1ğ5$ 6.,57$6 382/,08,@ 1(6 W &253,21T %892 68.857$6 ®9$/*<%$,@ 2 1( .29$,?
3
2/,&,-26 3$-ĝ*26
5,*,1$/86 W $*8$5T %(1=,1,1,6 9$5,./,6 %892 3$.(,67$6 *$/,1*(61,$,6 W 800,16 đ ? T '<=(/,1,2 9$5,./,2 02'(/,$,6?
(','(/,6 6925,6 9(5'$0$6 926 $¥7821,$6 721$6@ *5(,7$6 ,5 0$1(95,1*$6 W &253,21T 6$9<%ğ0,6 *(52.$, /(1.,$ 0ġ¥,8, 6.,5786 7$1.86@ 3$9<='®,8,@ ē 721Ġ W +$//(1*(5T?
5$1',1,1,$, 5$7$,
$7$,
8'ğ-,0ě Ĝ 35,(.Ĝ 8®7,.5,1$1ĝ,86 *5$1',1,1,86 5$786 9$52 7$1.2 9$5,./,6?
$®,82-$17 ','(/,8 *5(,ĝ,8@ 9$®,$9,08, 668¥9(/1,17, 3(1., .,(.9,(12-( W &253,21T 386ğ-( (6$17<6 5$7$, 1$8'2-$ +,'5$8/,1Ğ 3$.$%ě?
W 3,5,7 2) đ8675$/,$T ĢĈ@ 9$/$1'26
W +5867 T $87202%,/,6N5$.(7$ @ 9$/$1'26
W!Nĥ T 5$.(7,1,6 /ĝ.789$6
4
9,5$7,6 32 .,$8¥,1,2 /8.¥78
ë9HOR; é NXUƺ VXNǀUƾ 2ODQGLMRV XQLYHUVLWHWR VWXGHQWDL DWURGR WDUVL LOJDV NLDXÈLQLV 3XVLDX JXORPLV PLQDPDV GYLUDWLV \UD XËGHQJWDV \SDƻ DHURGLQDPLÈ NX JDXEWX NXULV P SDGƾMR SDVLHNWL UHNRUGLQƺ NP SHU YDODQGƹ JUHLWƺ
5
,('/(17ĝ
0LVFKR (UEDQDV \UD WLNUDV QXWUǀNWJDOYLV OHQNW\QLDXMDQ WLV ULHGOHQWH P .DQDGRV .YHEHNR SURYLQFLMRMH HVDQƻLD PH NDOQƿ NHO\MH (UEDQDV SDVLHNƾ QDXMƹ SDVDXOLR JUHLƻLR UHNRUGƹ ä ULHGOHQWH MLV VNULHMR NP K JUHLƻLX
0,187ğ6
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | Ģ
k 1$6$ '$53$ *( ,QFDW *HWW\ 66& 3URJUDPPH %ORRGKRXQG 66& 7HUU\ 3DVWRU 7KH $UW $JHQF\ $OH[ 3DQJ
$5,./,6
7DL JDOL Y\NWL WLN 'XEDMXMH P ÈLV PLHVWDV VDYR YLHÈRVLRV WYDUNRV VHUJƾWRMXV DSUǀSLQR ë/DPERUJKLQL $YHQWRUé LU ë)HUUDUL ))é DXWRPRELOLDLV NXULƿ EHQGUD YHUWƾ VLHNLD POQ WǀNVW OLWƿ 1XR WRNLƿ ëSROLFLQLQ Nƿé EXV VXQNX SDEƾJWL
HEROJAI… TRANSPORTAS
(15,6 25'$6 .DLS SHU PLQXWHV WXUWXROLƿ ËDLVOLXNDV WDSR SDWRJLRV NDVGLHQ\EƾV VLPEROLX +HQULV )RUGDV QHLÈUDGR DXWRPRELOLR WDƻLDX VXNǀUƾ SLUPƹMƹ DXWRPRELOLƿ PDVLQƾV JDP\ERV OLQLMƹ GƾO NXULRV YLHQ /LHWXYRV NHOLDLV ÈLXR PHWX ULHGD DSLH POQ WUDQVSRUWR SULHPRQLƿ )RUGDV JLPƾ P 0LƻLJDQH LU MDX YDLN\VWƾMH GLGËLƹMƹ VDYR ODLNR GDOƺ DUGƾ ËDLVOXV LU ODLNURGËLXV %ǀGDPDV SDDXJO\V P + )RUGDV SDOLNR WƾYƿ QDPXV LU LÈY\NR ƺ 'HWURLWƹ NXU GLUER SDPHLVWULX PHFKDQLNRV GLUEWXYƾVH P MLV ƺVLGDUELQR LQËLQLHULXPL ë(GLVRQ ,OOXPLQDWLQJ &RPSDQ\é (GLVRQR DSÈYLHWLPR NRPSDQLMRMH -DP SDY\NR JUHLWDL XËVLGLUEWL SLQLJƿ NXULXRV JDOƾMR LQYHVWXRWL LU SUDGƾWL NXUWL ULHGDQWƺ YHËLPƹ NXULR QHWHPSLD DUNOLDL P MLV EDLJƾ NRQVWUXRWL VDYDHLJƽ WUDQVSRUWR SULHPRQƽ NXULƹ SDYDGLQR NYDGULFLNOX ÇL NDUNDVLQƾ EHQ]LQX YDURPD WUDQVSRUWR SULHPRQƾ VX ODEDL SDQDÈLDLV ƺ GYLUDƻLR UDWDLV EXYR YDOGRPD VSHFLDOLD
1 *¯·³®ò ý¸ý ¼°·¾² µ®µ·®ò¾°ò ¸® ®² ¼®²ð°¯º®ðă²°ò ®°¾¯¸¯´²¹²°ò ¼°·²°¯ò ´°Â¯ ¹±ð¿Â® µ·² ²ÿ·ý¾² ®¹³À¾² ²· ®²·°¯¾² ð±¹À¿²®²ò ¾þ ¹®²¼þ ¼±¹²®²òG
,62 *<9(1,02 '$5%$6 (15,2 25'2 .(/,21ĝ ě 7$537$87,1Ĝ ¥/29Ĝ
ē | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
1863
(15,6 25'$6 *,0ğ ,ĝ,*$12 ġ.,1,1.Ġ ,/-$02 ,5 $5,-26 ¥(,02-(?
1879
(15,6 3(56,.ğ/ğ Ĝ (752,7ě ,5 7$32 3$0(,675,8 0(&+$1,.26 ',5%789ğ6(?
1891
,6 Ĝ6,'$5%,12 ,1®,1,(5,80, W ',621 //80,1$7,1* 203$1<T H ',6212 $3¥9,(7,02 .203$1,-2-(I@ .85 -2 $,675ě $87202%,/,$06 '$5 /$%,$8 3$.8567ğ 20$6 ',621$6?
UDQNHQD -L JDOƾMR SDVLHNWL NLORPHWUƿ SHU YDODQGƹ JUHLWƺ .YDGULFLNOR VƾNPƾ OƾPƾ LQYHVWXRWRMƿ VXVLGRPƾMLPƹ P )RUGDV ƺNǀUƾ VDYR DXWRPRELOLƿ JDP\ERV EHQGURYƽ 7DƻLDX WLHN ÈLDL WLHN NLWDL NLHN YƾOLDX ƺVWHLJWDL NRPSDQLMRPV YHUVOR LÈSOƾWRWL QHSDY\NR + )RUGDV QHSDVLGDYƾ LU QXVSUHQGƾ YLVXV WXULPXV LÈWHNOLXV VNLUWL DUNOLR JDOLƿ OHQNW\QLQLR DXWRPRELOLR NXUƺ MLV SDYDGLQR ë é JDP\EDL ÇLV DXWRPRELOLV P VSDOLR PƾQHVƺ Y\NXVLRVH ë0DQXIDFWXUHUæV &KDOOHQJH &XSé OHQNW\QƾVH EXYR JUHLƻLDXVLDV + )RUGR LGƾMRPLV YƾO SUDGƾMR GRPƾWLV LQYHVWXRWRMDL P EXYR ƺNXUWD ë)RUG 0RWRU &RPSDQ\é .RPSDQLMD ƾPƾ NXUWL SDSUDVWXV PDËDL NDLQXRMDQƻLXV DXWRPRELOLXV ëNDVGLHQ\EƾV ËPRQƾPVé P )RUGDV SULVWDWƾ VDYR ë)RUG 0RGHO 7é ä SDSUDVWƹ DXWRPRELOƺ XË SDWUDXNOLƹ NDLQƹ NXUƺ EXYR OHQJYD SULËLǀUƾWL YDOG\WL LU YDLUXRWL QHO\JLDLV Wƿ ODLNƿ NHOLDLV $XWRPRELOLR SDNODXVD JUHLWDL SUDOHQNƾ SDVLǀOƹ WRGƾO EHQGURYHL UHLNƾMR LHÈNRWL QDXMƿ WHFKQRORJLQLƿ VSUHQGLPƿ 1HWUXNXV EXYR VXNXUWD ëVOHQNDQWLé DXWRPRELOLƿ VXULQNLPR OLQLMD .LHNYLHQDV GDUEXRWRMDV DWOLNR SR YLHQƹ IXQNFLMƹ LU GDUEƹ SHUOHLVGDYR NLWDP OLQLMRV GDUEXRWRMXL NRO DXWRPRELOLV EǀGDYR EDLJWDV 7DL OHLGR SDGLGLQWL HIHNW\YXPƹ R P YLHQR ë0RGHO 7é DXWRPRELOLR VXULQNLPR ODLNDV VXWUXPSƾMR QXR YDODQGƿ LNL YRV PLQXƻLƿ LU VHNXQGËLƿ $XWRPRELOLR NDLQD WDLS SDW VXPDËƾMR QXR LNL YRV -$9 GROHULƿ *UHLWDL SXVƾ SDVDXOLR DXWRPRELOLƿ MDX EXYR ë)RUG 0RGHO 7é 3R NXULR ODLNR ë)RUG 0RGHO 7é SRSXOLDUXPDV
1896
(15,6 68.ġ5ğ 6$92 3,50ě-ě 6$9$(,*Ğ 75$1632572 35,(021Ğ P .9$'5,&,./ě@ .85,6 *$/ğ-2 3$6,(.7, ē .0]9$/? *5(,7Ĝ?
(*(1',1,6 Ģ Ĉē 0? 3$*$0,17$6 /(1.7<1,1,6 (15,2 25'2 $87202%,/,6 W
T@ .85,82 -,6 3$*(5,12 3$6$8/,2 *5(,ĝ,2 5(.25'ě
? 25'$6 6ğ', 6$92 3,50$-$0( $87202%,/<-( P .9$'5,&,./(
ĕ Ģ đ đ A (15,6 25'$6 $35$67$6 ',=$,1$6 *$5$17$92 6ĝ.0Ĝ ,5 35$'ĝ-2 5(92/,8&,-Ě $87202%,/,Ğ 35$021ĝ-(
$9$5Ğ 'ĝ®ĝ 9,(-Ġ %ğ*,Ġ 3$9$5Ġ Ġ 'ğ®ğ 785ğ-2 9,(1ě 6$1.$%26@ 9,(1ě 67$%'®,Ġ@ 9,(1ě $7%8/,1ğ6 (,*26 3('$/86 $/86 ,5 '9, 5$1.,1(6 69,57,6@ 6 .85,26 $7/,.2 *5(,ĝ,2 3('$/2 ,5 5$1.,1,2 67$%'®,2 )81.&,-$6?
1
$&,ĉ67$6 ,502-2 3$6$8/,1,2 .$52 0(78
$,5$6 W 25' 2725 T .$,5ğ-( 386ğ-( (6$17,6 9$,5$6 7$32 đ ,5 852326 $87202%,/,Ġ 35$021ğ6 67$1'$578?
+HQULV )RUGDV JULHËWDL SDVLVDNƾ SULHÈ 3LUPƹMƺ SDVDXOLQƺ NDUƹ LU QHW SDUHQJƾ SURMHNWƹ WXUƾMXVƺ XËWLNULQWL WDLNRV GHU\EDV WDUS NDULDXMDQƻLƿ SXVLƿ 7DƻLDX ÈL PLVLMD EXYR JUHLWDL QXWUDXNWD
2
$/7,12 ®<'86
1RUV + )RUGDV EXYR YLHQDV LÈ GDXJLDXVLDL GDUER YLHWƿ PLOLMRQDPV MXRGDRGËLƿ LU LPLJUDQWƿ VXWHLNXVLƿ GDUEGDYLƿ MLV WDLS SDW EXYR LU DQWLVHPLWDV LÈOHLGƽV QHPDËDL WHNVWƿ NXULXRVH Ë\GXV NDOWLQR PDQLSXOLDFLMRPLV ULQNRMH
$5,./,6 (785,Ġ &,/,1'5Ġ 9$5,./,6 75$8.'$92 .$,3 ēĈ $5./,Ġ@ 2 72.,$ *$/,$ /(,'2 3$6,(.7, ē .0]+ *5(,7Ĝ?
,%,17$, 5$'®,2-( ®,%,17$, %892 *$0,1$0, ,¥ ®$/9$5,2 ,5 $&,7,/(12@ 7$ĝ,$8 Ģ Ģ 0? 1$8-, $87202%,/,$, -$8 785ğ-2 (/(.75,1,86 ®,%,1786?
$1'<0$, $9,$&,-26 65,7<-(
$.$%$
$1.,1,6 8®9(',02 69(57$6
5,-Ġ 7$¥.Ġ 3$.$%26 6,67(0$ /(,'2 5$7$06 -8'ğ7, 3/$ĝ,8 63,1'8/,8@ 72'ğ/ %892 *$/,0$ ,¥9(1*7, 1(/<*,Ġ $1.67<9Ġ-Ġ .(/,Ġ '$520Ġ 3$®(,',0Ġ?
đ1.67<9,(-, 02'(/,$, %892 8®9('$0, 5$1.,1,8 8®9(',02 69(578@ 7$ĝ,$8 ,., Ģ ēĈ 0? -826( -$8 %892 '8 $.808/,$725,80, 9$520, 67$57(5,$,?
VPXNR MR YLHWƹ ULQNRMH XËƾPƾ ë*HQHUDO 0RWRUVé VXNXUWDV SDWRJHVQLV LU JDOLQJHVQLV ë&KHYUROHWé DXWRPRELOLV ë)RUG 0RWRU &RPSDQ\é NǀUƾ LU NLWRNLXV PRGHOLXV WDƻLDX Qƾ YLHQDV Mƿ QHEXYR WRNV VƾNPLQJDV NDLS ë)RUG 0RGHO 7é P EǀGDPDV PHWƿ + )RUGDV SULVWDWƾ VDYR SDVNXWLQƺ LÈUDGLPƹ ä OHQJYƹ LU QHEUDQJƿ 9 YDULNOƺ 7DƻLDX QHW LU ÈLV SXLNXV JDPLQ\V QHOHLGR MDP VXJUƺËWL ƺ SLUPDXMDQƻLRMR -$9 ULQNRMH SR]LFLMƹ P ë)RUG 0RWRU &RPSDQ\é ULQNRV O\GHULR SR]LFLMDV XËOHLGR ë*HQHUDO 0RWRUVé LU ë&KU\VOHU &RUSRUDWLRQé 7LHVD + )RUGR VXULQNLPR OLQLMD WDSR ;; D DXWRPRELOLƿ JDP\ERV VWDQGDUWX PLOLMRQDPV ËPRQLƿ YLVDPH SDVDXO\MH VXWHLNXVLX MXGƾMLPR ODLVYƽ
1902
? 25'2 Ĉ $5./,2 *$/,Ġ /(1.7<1,1,6 $87202%,/,6 W
T /$,0ğ-2 W $18)$&785(5R6
+$//$1*( 83T /(1.7<1(6?
1903
892 Ĝ.857$ W 25' 2725 203$1<T?
3
+ )RUGDV WDLS SDW SURMHNWDYR LU JDPLQR OƾNWXYXV -LV VXNǀUƾ LU SLUPƹMƺ VƾNPLQJƹ -$9 NHOHLYLQƺ OƾNWXYƹ 3LUPDVLV ÈLR OƾNWXYR VNU\GLV ƺY\NR P MXR VNULGR NHOHLYLƿ
4
,(126 63$/926 $87202%,/,Ğ *$0<%$
2.ĝ-2 '2/(5,86 8® ',(1Ě /(1.$17, ? 25'2 $87202%,/,Ġ 685,1.,02 /,1,-$ 3$.(,7ğ $87202%,/,Ġ *$0<%26 W9(,'ěT? ,.6/ġ6 ,5 3$6,.$572-$17<6 '$5%,1,1.Ġ -8'(6,$, 3$'ğ-2 ',',17, ()(.7<980ě? $.$.2 7,. 0,1,0$/$86 '$5%8272-Ġ $302.<02@ 72'ğ/ 3$6 ? 25'ě *$/ğ-2 ',5%7, 1(.9$/,ĉ.827, ,5 Ĝ*ġ'®,Ġ 1(785,17<6 '$5%8272-$,@ '$8*,$86,$, P ,0,*5$17$,? $5%$6 %892 1(Ĝ7,.ğ7,1$, 182%2'86@ '$5%8272-$, ,¥',5%'$92 926 32 .(/,6 0ğ1(6,86? ? 25'$6 .$60(7 3$6$0'<'$92 7ġ.67?
'$5%8272-Ġ@ 1256 -$0 5(,.ğ-2 926 Ģ 7ġ.67? 182/$7 ',5%$1ĝ,Ġ? ,(.'$0$6 ,¥635Ğ67, ','(/ğ6 '$5%8272-Ġ .$,726 352%/(0ě@ Ģ Ģ 0? 25'$6 02.$0ě $7/<*,1,0ě 3$'9,*8%,12 ,., đ '2/(5,Ġ 8® ',(1ě? $,6 /$,.$,6 7$, %892 9,(1$6 ','®,$86,Ġ 02.$0Ġ $7/<*,1,0Ġ 8® 72.Ĝ '$5%ě? $5 '$8*,$8@ .$, *$0<./Ġ '$5%8272-$, *$92 *$/,0<%Ğ 3,*,$8 Ĝ6,*<7, $87202%,/,86@ .85,826 3$7<6 *$0,12@ 125,1ĝ,Ġ-Ġ ',5%7, 3$'$8*ğ-2@ 2 7$, /(,'2 ? 25'2 %(1'529(, 3,50$87, 5,1.2-(?
1908
5$'ğ7$6 *$0,17, W 25' 2'(/ T? ,6 7$32 *(5,$86,$, 3$5'82'$08 $87202%,/,8 3$6$8/<-(?
1914
3ULHÈ VXNXULDQW DXWRPRELOLƿ VXULQNLPR OLQLMƹ YLVL )RUGR EHQGURYƾV JDPLQDPL DXWRPRELOLDL EXYR YLHQRV VSDOYRV 3DWV )RUGDV \UD SDVDNƽV ë%HW NXULV NOLHQWDV JDOL JDXWL DXWRPRELOƺ QXGDË\Wƹ EHW NRNLD VSDOYD MHLJX WLN WDL EXV MXRGD é
5
(/,21ĝ /('8
P YDËLXRGDPDV XËÈDOXVLX HËHUX VDYR OHQNW\QLQLX DXWRPRELOLX ë é )RUGDV VXPXÈƾ VDXVXPRV JUHLƻLR UHNRUGƹ *UHLWLV VLHNƾ NP SHU YDO
? 25'$6 3$6.(/%ğ '$8*,$8 1(, '9,*8%$, ',',1$17,6 6$92 '$5%8272-Ġ $7/<*,1,0ě P ,., đ '2/(5,Ġ 8® ',(1ě?
1932
ġ'$0$6 0(7Ġ@ ? 25'$6 68.ġ5ğ .203$.7,¥.ě ,5 1(%5$1*Ġ 9$5,./Ĝ@ .85,$0 1(%892 /<*,Ġ?
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G |
k *HWW\
$®,17,6 68 W 25' 2'(/ T
?±¾±¯·¯¹¯¿²º®
đ đ đ 82'26,26 0$0%26 <5$ *5(,Ĥ,$86,26 *<9$7ĝ6 3$6$8/<-(? 26 *$/, 3$6,(.7, ĥ .0]+ *5(,7ě? 25ĝ-$86 81*85<6 *$/, /(1*9$, 18.Ě67, ®02*$86 5$1.26 3,5¥7Ě?
0²±¼ ®²´þ ¼²±¼Â²±ðú ò±¼°ð³ü ¾·±ð¼²® µ®ò®°¹Àº±W
Tema
=°¿¸±ð²º®
Geologija
Geografija
'·®ò
-ÀÂÿ𲺮
0®¾±¿¯·²ºþ ·¯³À¼¹ý
-=?4=
50
đ Ę đ Ę
87%2/2 $,.¥7ĝ6 '<'®,2 $72*5Ě®Ğ 0,¥.( *$/,0$ $37,.7, ,., Ĉ 6.,57,1*Ğ 0('®,Ğ 5ğ¥,Ğ? ,¥.( 85232-( P 7,. ?
0²±¼ ®°³·þ ¼²±¼Â²±ðú ò±¼°ð³ü µ·®ò²³±³® µ®ò®°¹Àº±W ,'®,$86,$ 8®ĉ.6827$ 2=212 6.</ĝ %892 %(9(,. Ĉ 0/1? .9$'5$7,1,Ğ .,/20(75Ğ '<'®,2? ,/2 83ĝ 686,)250$92 35,(¥ ē ĈĈĈ 0(7Ğ .$,3 ,.725,-26 (®(52 ,¥7$.$? ,/2*5$0$6 %5$1*,$86,26 .,$8/,(126 .$,182-$ 3(5 ē Ĉ /,7Ğ? $5.27,.Ğ %$521$6 $%/$6 6.2%$5$6 $8*,12 %(*(02786? | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
0¯¼²® À·® .®°¹ýò ¾±¸µ±·®¾ÿ·®W
Á
.®°¹ýò ´·®ð³°¯¹²¯ ¾±¸µ±·®¾ÿ·® ò²±¼²® ¸® ³®°¿
Ç ~&
0HV QRUƾWXPH JHEƾWL NRQWUROLXRWL YLVNƹ WDƻLDX RUDV ä ÊHPƾV DWPRVIHURV SRN\ƻLDL OHPLDQW\V OLHWDXV VQLHJR NDUÈƻLR ÈDOƻLR LU NW SDQDÈLƿ UHLÈNLQLƿ DWVLUDGLPƹ ä \UD YLHQDV LÈ GDO\Nƿ NXULƿ PHV NRO NDV QHJDOLPH YDOG\WL *DOEǀW WRGƾO VDXOƾWD GLHQD NXULRV QHWHPGR Qƾ PHQNLDXVLDV GHEHVƾOLV DU ƺVSǀGLQJDV ËDLEDV PXV WDLS ËDYL 3HU LOJƹ O 3HU LOJƹ ODLNƹ PHWHRURORJDL LÈPRNR GƾVQLQJDL O ODLN Nƹ PHWHRURORJDL LÈPRNR G GƾVQLQJDL L QXVSƾWL RUXV VWHEƾWL Mƿ SRN\ƻLXV LU SDWHLNWL SURJQR]HV 9LVJL PHWHRURORJƿ VSƾMLPDL QH YLVDGD EǀQD WHLVLQJL 0HV YLV GDU QHVXJHEDPH LNL JDOR VXYRNWL YLVƿ RUƿ SRN\ƻLXV OHPLDQƻLƿ SURFHVƿ ÊLQRPD WLN WDL NDG YLVL RUƿ SRN\ƻLDL SUDVLGHGD QXR RUR WHPSHUDWǀURV LU DWPRVIHURV GUƾJPƾV NRQWUDVWƿ 9LVNDV DWURGR WDLS SDSUDVWD DU QH" ,È WLHVƿ WDLS QƾUD 7HPSHUDWǀUD LU GUƾJPƾ JDOL ODEDL VNLUWLV SULNODXVRPDL QXR GDXJ\EƾV
ƺƺYDLULDXVLƿ YHLNVQLƿ WRNLƿ NDLS ÊHPƾV VXNLPDVLV DSLH VDYR YDLLULDXVL L L Lƿ YHLNVQLƿ WRNLƿ NDLLS Ê ÊHPƾ ƾV VXNL NLPDVLV DSLH VDYR DÈƺ NRQNUHƻLRV JHRJUDĘQƾV YLHWRV NDPSR NXULXR 6DXOƾV VSLQGXOLDL SDVLHNLD ÈLƹ YLHWƹ NRQNUHƻLX ODLNX YLHWRV DXNÈƻLR YLUÈ MǀURV O\JLR LU DWVWXPR LNL YDQGHQ\QR 9LVD WDL OHPLD DWPRVIHURV VOƾJLR SRN\ƻLXV $WPRVIHUD \UD LWLQ VXGƾWLQJD YDGLQDVL QHW PHQNL YLHWLQLR PDVWR SRN\ƻLDL JDOL WXUƾWL VYDUELƹ UHLNÈPƽ GLGHOHL WHULWRULMDL %ǀWHQW WRGƾO \SDƻ VXQNX SDWHLNWL WLNVOLDV RUƿ SURJQR]HV LOJHVQLDP QHL NHOLƿ GLHQƿ ODLNRWDUSLXL
đ đ
VIDEO!
$0$7<.@ .$,3 6,$87ĝ-$ 8*1,(6 7251$'$6??? 2¯¹²ñ²º®² ´°Â¯ ð± ¼®·¾ú µ·®ð± ¾® ®µ²± ² ³®ð¿®°ò ¼·²¾°ò²°ò û®²·²þ ·ÿ ²þ ¿ÀÂÿð°ò ûò¼®²¾®ð¾ ®·¹±ò ¼²·¸²ð°ò ²· °Â²ò
$,%Ğ ,5 *5,$867,1,Ğ $5,70(7,.$
ĥ? 5$'ĝ.,7( 6.$,Ĥ,827,
.DGDQJL JULDXVWLQLV ä ËDLER LÈNURYRV VXNHOWDV JDUVDV MLV YLVDGD O\GL ËDLEƹ ÊDLER WHPSHUDWǀUD VLHNLD EHYHLN WǀNVW ODLSVQLƿ SDJDO &HOVLMƿ WRGƾO MR VNURGËLDPDV RUDV LWLQ VWLSULDL ƺNDLVWD LU JUHLWDL SOHƻLDVL 7DV SOƾWLPRVL JDUVDV \UD YDGLQDPDV JULDXVWLQLX LU YLGXWLQLÈNDL VLHNLD PDËGDXJ GHFLEHOƿ SDY\]GËLXL JUDQGLQLQLR SMǀNOR JDUVDV VLHNLD GHFLEHOXV .DUWDLV JDOLPD LÈY\VWL ËDLEƹ EHW QHLÈJLUVWL JULDXVWLQLR WDƻLDX WLN WRGƾO NDG ËDLEDV WUHQNƾ SHUQHO\J WROL .DGDQJL ÈYLHVD NHOLDXMD VSDUƻLDX QHL JDUVDV SLUPLDXVLD SDPDWRPH ËDLEƹ R WLN WDGD SDVLJLUVWD JULDXVWLQLV
¥9<'Ğ ®$,%ě@ 35$'ğ.,7( 6.$,ĝ,827,? ,82 $79(-8 7,.6/,$86,86 5(=8/7$786 *$/,0$ *$87, 1$8'2-$17,6 &+52120(758?
ē? (1.,26 6(.81'ĝ6
(, 182 ®$,%2 3$6,52'<02 ,., *5,$867,1,2 *$562 35$(,1$ 6(.81'ğ6@ 9$',1$6,@ $8'5$ 182 -ġ6Ġ <5$ 0$®'$8* Ģ@ .0 $767808?
đ đ đ đ đ " Ģ đ đ đ G G /DELDXVLDL WLNƾWLQD NDG L WLNƾWLQD NDG DG G VWLSUXV YƾMDV ÈLXRV J\YLXV DV ÈLXRV J\YLXV XV V SDNƾOƾ LÈ YDQGHQV WHONLQLƿ DU DQGHQV WHONLQLƿ ƿ DU DU U NLWƿ YLHWƿ NXULRVH MLH WHONƾVL NXULRVH MLH WHONƾVL SHUQHÈƾ ƺ NLWƹ YLHWƹ LU MXRV QXPHWƾ 3DSUDVWDL WRNLH LÈ GDQJDXV NULQWDQW\V J\YǀQDL \UD QHGLGHOL LU J\YHQD YDQGHQV WHONLQLXRVH DUED ÈDOLD Mƿ
đ ĕ đ đ đ đ đ G
0¯¼ò ³²³ ²®°ò²®ò ° _¼ò°¯¾®ò Âýº¯ ð± ¾¯·ð®³¯! ¿·±²¾²òW
¼¸ »
Æ ¸ ò±¼ !
4¯¼²± Âýº¯ ¿ÿò²®² ° ½²¼ò°¯¾² ÉÉÈ m. µ·²± :®¼®·þ =°ò¾·®¹²º¯ò ¼·®ð¾þ ò²®°¾°ò²¯ ñ²¼¹¯ð¯ '¹²Â²º® ¸±¾° ÊDLEDL GDËQLDXVLDL VXVLIRUPXRMD HVDQW NDUÈWDP YDVDULÈNDP NOLPDWXL
ĕ 7Ě 3$7ě ®02*Ğ ®$,%$6 75(1.ĝ .$5786 3DSUDVWDL ËDLEDL VXVLIRUPXRMD YDVDURV PHWX 'DËQLDXVLDL ËDLEXRMD WRVH YLHWRVH NXU YLVXV PHWXV Y\UDXMD YDVDULÈNL RUDL SDY\]GËLXL $IULNRMH \SDƻ 'HPRNUDWLQƾMH .RQJR 5HVSXEOLNRMH HVDQƻLDPH .LIXNRV NDLPH .DVPHW YLHQDPH NYDGUDWLQLDPH NLORPHWUH XËĘNVXRMDPD GDXJLDX QHL ËDLEƿ 1RUV 5RMXV 6XOOLYDQDV QLHNDGD QHJ\YHQR .LIXNRMH MDP GLUEDQW SDUNR SULËLǀUƾWRMX ÇHQDQGRD QDFLRQDOLQLDPH SDUNH -$9 ËDLEDV ƺ Mƺ \UD WUHQNƽV QHW VHSW\QLV NDUWXV 9LUGËLQLMRV YDOVWLMD NXULRMH ÈLV ËPRJXV J\YHQR QHSDVLË\PL GLGHOLX SHUNǀQLMƿ VNDLƻLXPL WDƻLDX GLUEGDPDV VDYR GDUEƹ 6XOOLYDQDV GDXJ ODLNR SUDOHLVGDYR NDOQXRVH WRGƾO WLNLP\Eƾ EǀWL QXWUHQNWDP ËDLER JHURNDL SDGLGƾMR
(%(6Ğ ğ.,1,1.$, $, .85,( 02.6/,1,1.$, %$1'2 3$9(,.7, 2586@ 3$6,7(/.'$0, ',5%7,1,Ġ W'(%(6Ġ 6ğ-ěT $5%$ .(,6'$0, 1$7ġ5$/,$, 686,'$5$1ĝ,Ġ '(%(6Ġ 352&(686@ 1$8'2'$0, 72.,86 &+(0,1,86 -81*,1,86@ .$,3 .,(7ě $1*/,(6 ',2.6,'ě H'$5 ®,120ě .$,3 6$86ě /('ěI@ .$/&,2 &+/25,'ě $5%$ 6,'$%52 -2','ě? ,26 0('®,$*26 %892 3$1$8'2726 125,17 68.(/7, /,(7Ġ 6$86526 0(78 $5%$ 8®.,567, .(/,ě $8'5206?
$,3 686,)25082-$ '(%(6<6G
7UXPSDODLNLDL QHƺSUDVWL RUR SDNLWLPDL QHWXUL QHLJLDPRV ƺWDNRV WDƻLDX SULHÈLQJD VLWXDFLMD VXVLGDUR LOJDL WUXQNDQƻLƿ JDPWLQLƿ DQRPDOLMƿ PHWX 3DY\]GËLXL GƾO ÈLOWR RUR ËLHPƹ DXJDODL JDOL SHUQHO\J DQNVWL LÈVNOHLVWL ËLHGXV R J\YǀQDL LPWL SRUXRWLV JHURNDL SULHÈ SUDVLGHGDQW WLNUDMDP SDYDVDULXL
đ đ@ đ đ đ đ đ đ # đ ġ ġG 5DXGRQD GDQJDXV VSDOYD DWVLUDQGD DQW GHEHVƿ DWVLVSLQGLQW UDXGRQRV VSDOYRV VDXOƾV VSLQGXOLDPV .\ODQW VDXOHL PDWRPDV UDXGRQDV GDQJXV JDOL SURJQR]XRWL OLHWƿ QHV VSLQGXOLDL DWVLVSLQGL DQW GHEHVƿ NXULH JDOL SODXNWL VWHEƾWRMR OLQN LU DWQHÈWL OLHWƿ .LWD YHUWXV WRNLXV UDXGRQXV GHEHVLV LÈY\GXV VDXOƾO\GËLR PHWX JDOLPD WLNƾWLV NDG OLHWDXV SDYRMXV SUDƾMR $U WRNLD SURJQR]ƾ \UD JHUD DU EORJD SULNODXVR WLN QXR SRËLǀULR
đ " đ W đ TG ë6QLHJR ULWLQLDLé \UD UHWDL SDVWHELPDV JDPWRV UHLÈNLQ\V 9HLNLDQW WUDXNRV MƾJDL LU VQLHJXL NUHQWDQW GLGHOLDLV NƹVQLDLV VXVLIRUPXRMD ULWLQ\V 1RUV GDËQDL WRNLH GDULQLDL JUHLWDL VXJULǀQD NDUWDLV VXVLGDUR WXÈƻLDYLGXULDL ULWLQLDL ÇLDP UHLÈNLQLXL GLGHOƾV UHLNÈPƾV WXUL YƾMDV LU WHPSHUDWǀUD
(%(6,6 2UR VURYƾV N\OD LU WDPSD ÈLOWR EHVLSOHƻLDQƻLR RUR VURYƾPLV
86,'$5<0$6 ÇLOWDV GUƾJQDV RUDV kaupiasi PDËGDXJ ä P DXNÈW\MH
</$17,6 ¥,/7$6@ '5ĝ*1$6 25$6
$*5,1'$, .LHNYLHQR GHEHVLHV DSDƻLD ä WDL YLHWD NXU NDXSLDVL GUƾJPƾ LU NXUL \UD ODEDL WRO\JL
6DXOƾ ÈLOGR ÊHPƾV SDYLUÈLXMH HVDQWƺ YDQGHQƺ LU Mƺ JDULQD
;;; 1';54;'70.,=53< &'?
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G |
„Uraganai taip pat vadinami tropiniais ñ²¼¹¯ð®²ò ®·´® ¾®²½ÿð®²òG
GAMTA Meteorologija M KAS K KA S YRA YR KATABATINIS KATAB ė đ G ė đ *UDLNƿ NDOERMH ËRGLV * UDLNƿ N katabaino UHLÈNLD k kat ka abain ëEHVLULWDQ ëE ëEHVLULWDQWLV ËHP\Qé 7 7UDXNRV MƾJR 7UDXNRV MƾJRV YHLNLDPDV U N NDWDEDWLQLV YƾM NDWDEDWLQLV YƾMDV QXR D DXNÈ DXN DX DXNÈWHVQLƿ YLHWRYLƿ SDY\]GËLXL ÈWHVQLƿ YLHWRYLƿ N NDOQƿ YLUÈǀQLƿ Mƿ ÈODLWDLV QHÈD O O WDQNƿ RUƹ 7RNV YƾMDV SDSUDVWDL EǀQD WRNLRVH YLHWRVH NDLS $QWDUNWLGRV SROLDULQƾ SO\QDXNÈWƾ NXU QHƺWLNƾWLQDL ÈDOWDV SO\QDXNÈWƾV YLUÈǀQƾMH HVDQWLV RUDV ëULWDVLé ËHP\Q LU NHOLDXMD QHO\JLX NUDÈWRYDL]GËLX SDODLSVQLXL ƺJ\GDPDV YLV GLGHVQƺ JUHLWƺ 9ƾMDV NXULV \UD SULHÈLQJDV NDWDEDWLQLDP YDGLQDPDV DQDEDWLQLX MLV SXƻLD VWDƻLX ÈODLWX DXNÈW\Q
$6 68.(/,$ 85$*$186G 3DJDO WDL NXULRMH ÊHPƾV YLHWRMH DWVLUDQGD XUDJDQDL GDU YDGLQDPL WURSLQLDLV FLNORQDLV DU WDLIǀQDLV -LH GƾO ÈLOWR GUƾJQR RUR YLVDGD VXVLGDUR YLUÈ YDQGHQ\Qƿ ÈDOLD SXVLDXMR ÇLV RUDV N\OD LU VXIRUPXRMD GHEHVLV R GDU ÈLOWHVQLV LU GUƾJQHVQLV RUDV QXVWXPLDPDV ƺ ËHPLDX HVDQƻLƹ ËHPHVQLR VOƾJLR VULWƺ &LNOXL NDUWRMDQWLV YƾMDV LPD MXGƾWL UDWX LU ƺJ\MD GLGHOƺ JUHLWƺ 9ƾMXL SDVLHNXV NLORPHWUƿ SHU YDODQGƹ JUHLWƺ MLV
0¯¼²® ¾²¼²¸À´ý kada nors ¿À±𲸱 ´ÿ¾² nutrenktam ®²´¯W
1 iš 10 000
RILFLDOLDL ODLNRPDV XUDJDQX 8UDJDQXL SDVLHNXV ËHPƽ MLV VXVLOSQƾMD LU EH ÈLOWR YDQGHQ\QR RUR $/7$6@ 6$86$6 25$6 JDOLDXVLDL QXULPVWD 'HMD XUDJDQDL JDOL 6LVWHPRV YLUÈXMH FLUNXOLXRMDQWLV QXNHOLDXWL WROL ƺ ËHP\QR YLGƿ LU DWQHÈWL GLGËLXOƺ DWYƾVƽV VDXVDV RUDV \UD ƺWUDXNLDPDV ƺ MRV FHQWUƹ LU VXVWLSULQD YƾMXV OLHWDXV NLHNƺ EHL YLVD JULDXQDQƻLXV YƾMXV .DOEƾGDPL DSLH XUDJDQXV ËPRQƾV GDËQDL PLQL đ8'526 W$.,6T ëGUXJHOLR HIHNWƹé 7DL UHLÈNLD NDG QHW WRNV $XNÈWR VOƾJLR RUDV SOǀVWD ËHP\Q SDƻLDPH DXGURV PHQNDV MXGHV\V NDLS GUXJHOLR VSDUQR PRVWDV FHQWUH HVDQƻLD DXGURV YƾOLDX JDOL VXNHOWL GLGËLXOLXV SRN\ƻLXV ëDNLPLé ä UDPLD ËHPR VOƾJLR VULWLPL
ĝ-$, 6DXVDP GUƾJQDP RUXL N\ODQW YƾMDL LPD FLUNXOLXRWL
AR AFRIKOJE KADA đG
KOKIOS SPALVOS YRA đ đ G 3DSUDVWDL ËDLEDV \UD EDOWDV WDƻLDX LÈ WLHVƿ MLV JDOL EǀWL EHW NXULRV YDLYRU\NÈWƾV VSDOYRV (J]LVWXRMD GDXJ\Eƾ YHLNVQLƿ OHPLDQƻLƿ ËDLER VSDOYƹ ƺVNDLWDQW YDQGHQV JDUƿ NLHNƺ DWPRVIHURMH OLHWƿ LU WHUÈDOƿ NLHNƺ RUH 3DY\]GËLXL GƾO GLGHOƾV R]RQR NRQFHQWUDFLMRV ËDLEDV JDOL DWURG\WL PƾO\QDV
0¯¼²® À·® ®²´¯ ¾±¸µ±·®¾ÿ·®W
Á È ~&
© SPL
.DL NXULRVH $IULNRV YDOVW\EƾVH VQLHJDV \UD JDQƾWLQDL ƺSUDVWDV GDO\NDV ä LÈ WLHVƿ 0DURNH QHWJL \UD VOLGLQƾMLPR NXURUWƿ R 7XQLVH VQLHJR LÈNUHQWD NDVPHW 5HWNDUƻLDLV VQLQJD LU $OË\UH EHL 3LHWƿ $IULNRMH 8ËILNVXRWD NDG YLHQƹ NDUWƹ VQLHJDV LÈNULWR QHWJL 6DFKDURV G\NXPRMH WDƻLDX MLV SHU SXVYDODQGƺ LÈWLUSR
46 | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
2UXL N\ODQW QXR YDQGHQV MLV YƾVWD LU VXVLNRQGHQVXRMD ƺ GHEHVLV
(%(6Ğ 5ğ¥<6 Ğ đ8.¥7,(-, .$082/,1,$, '(%(6<6 (lot. Altocumulus) ÇLH YLGXWLQLR DXNÈƻLR GHEHV\V ä WDL NDPXROLQƾV VWUXNWǀURV GHEHV\V VXGDU\WL LÈ DWVNLUƿ VOXRNVQLƿ -LH GDËQDL ODLNRPL DXGUƿ SUDQDÈDLV 3DSUDVWDL GULHNLDVL \M ä NP DXNÈW\MH
ė đ MIESTUOSE YRA SAVAS đ đ G .DL NXULH GLGLHML PLHVWDL SDVLË\PL DWVNLUX PLNURNOLPDWX W \ LQGLYLGXDOLRPLV NOLPDWLQƾPLV VƹO\JRPLV NXULRV VNLULDVL QXR YLHWLQƾV DSOLQNRV 'DËQDL WRNƺ PLNURNOLPDWR DWVLUDGLPƹ OHPLD GLGËLXOLDL PLHVWH HVDQƻLR EHWRQR DVIDOWR LU SOLHQR NLHNLDL ÈLRV PHGËLDJRV NDXSLD LU VSLQGXOLXRMD NDUÈWƺ QHVXJHULD YDQGHQV WRGƾO PLHVWH QDNWƺ \UD ÈLOƻLDX ÇLV NRQNUHWXV UHLÈNLQ\V GDËQDL \UD YDGLQDPDV NDUÈƻLR VDORV HIHNWX DQJO heat island 'LGHOLƿ PLHVWƿ PLNURNOLPDWR DWVLUDGLPXL ƺWDNRV WXUL LU \SDƻ GLGHOL MDPH VXQDXGRMDPRV ƺYDLULRV HQHUJLMRV NLHNLDL
,/7$6@ '5ĝ*1$6 25$6
/82.61,1,$, .$082/,1,$, '(%(6<6 (lot. Stratocumulus)
$6 187,.7Ğ 25$06@ -(, 1(%ğ7Ğ ĝ18/,2G 6XQNX WLNVOLDL SDVDN\WL NDV QXWLNWƿ PǀVƿ SODQHWRV RUDPV MHL LÈQ\NWƿ 0ƾQXOLV WDƻLDX DNLYDL]GX NDG SDVHNPƾV EǀWƿ WLNUDL NDWDVWURĘÈNRV 0ƾQXOLV VXNHOLD SRWY\QLXV LU DWRVOǀJLXV R MLH VDYR UXRËWX WXUL ƺWDNRV PǀVƿ SODQHWRV RUƿ VLVWHPRPV %H WR LÈQ\NXV PǀVƿ SDO\GRYXL EǀWƿ SDYHLNWDV LU ÊHPƾV VXNLPDVLV DSOLQN VDYR DÈƺ 0ƾQXOLV ÈLHN WLHN DSVXQNLQD ÊHPƾV VXNLPƹVL WRGƾO MDP LÈQ\NXV VXNLPRVL JUHLWLV SDGLGƾWƿ R WDL WXUƾWƿ ƺWDNRV GLHQRV LU QDNWLHV WUXNPHL ,ÈQ\NXV 0ƾQXOLXL SDNLVWƿ LU ÊHPƾV SDVYLULPR NDPSDV OHPLDQWLV PHWƿ ODLNƿ NDLWƹ 'ƾO ÈLRV SULHËDVWLHV NDL NXULRV YLHWRV WDSWƿ JHURNDL ÈDOWHVQƾV R NLWRV ä JHURNDL NDUÈWHVQƾV
6WRUL NDPXROLQƾV VWUXNWǀURV QHGLGHOLDPH DXNÈW\MH NDEDQW\V GHEHV\V GDËQDL DWQHÈDQW\V VPXONLXV NULWXOLXV -LH JDOL VXVLIRUPXRWL YRV PHWUƿ DXNÈW\MH
/81.61,1,$, '(%(6<6 (lot. Cirrus)
ÇLH SORQL SODXNXV SULPHQDQW\V GHEHV\V VXVLGDUR GDXJLDX QHL WǀNVW PHWUƿ DXNÈW\MH LU JDOL EǀWL DXGUƿ SUDQDÈDL
đ8.¥7,(-, 6/82.61,1,$, '(%(6<6 (lot. Altostratus) ÇLH LWLQ SORQL SLONL GHEHV\V JDOL DWQHÈWL QHGLGHOƺ OLHWƿ LU JDOLDXVLDL VXIRUPXRWL VOXRNVQLQLXV GHEHVLV
$082/,1,$, '(%(6<6 (lot. Cumulus) ÇLH YHUWLNDOLDL EHVLIRUPXRMDQW\V GHEHV\V \UD SXUǀV R SDWL Mƿ DSDƻLD \UD ËHPLDX QHL WǀNVW PHWUƿ DXNÈW\MH
$082/,1,$, /,(7$86 '(%(6<6 (lot. Cumulonimbus) ÇLH YHUWLNDOǀV WDQNǀV GHEHV\V IRUPXRMDVL YLHQDV YLUÈ NLWR LU GDËQDL DWQHÈD VWLSULDV DXGUDV
/82.61,1,$, '(%(6<6 (lot. Stratus) ÊHPLDXVLDL NDEDQW\V KRUL]RQWDOǀV SLONÈYL GHEHV\V GDËQDL VXVLIRUPXRMD QXR ËHPƾV SDYLUÈLDXV N\ODQW UǀNXL
REKORDAS
VISA ŠLUOJANTIS POTVYNIS
3,7-4 mln.
'$8*,$86,$, ä021,Ǐ $8.Ǐ 3$5(,.$/$986, 67,&+,1Ơ 1(/$,0Ơ
Ģ Ģ 0? 8$1*+ğ 83ğ6 3279<1,2 0(78 %892 8®79,1'<7$6 ĢĈĈ ĈĈĈ .0 2 (/72126,26 ,1,-26 83ğ6 %$6(,12 3/27$6? , 67,&+,1ğ 1(/$,0ğ 3$5(,.$/$92 0ğ 3$5(,.$/$92 1(Ĝ7,.ğ7,1$, '$8* P 186,1(¥ğ 1(7 0/1? ®021,Ġ *<9<%(6?
.±·®ò *·±ðò²ò /¯½¯·¾®ò Âýº¯ ò¾²µ·°¸¯ ò¼®¹ü ò°¼ÿ·ý ¸®¾®Â²¸®¸ò ð®°³¯³®¸®ò ¹®²Â¯ Âý¹²®Â®ò ²· ´°·±ò ²· ´°·±ò ò
$6 <5$ .$082/,1,6 ®$,%$6G ,6 3$6/$37,1*$6 5(,¥.,1<6 P 7$,
0²±¼ ¯¹¾þ ² ò²ò¼²·²® ¥9<7,17,6 ®$,%2 .$082/<6@ ²±ð¯ò ®²´¯ .85,6 .(/,$8-$ 1(72/, ®(0ğ6@ .2/ ² ¼·¯Â¯ò ¸±¾°W *$/,$86,$, ,¥1<.67$@
© SPL
đ87202%,/,6 7$03$ 6$8*,8 0(7$/,1,8 1$598 $QNVƻLDX PDQ\WD NDG JXPLQƾV SDGDQJRV ƺËHPLQD D $QNVƻLDX PDQ\WD NDG JXPLQƾV SDGDQJRV ƺËHPLQD DXWRPRELOƺ WRGƾO EǀQDQW DXWRPRELO\MH QƾUD SDYRMDXV EǀWL QXWUHQNWDP ËDLER 7DƻLDX LÈ WLHVƿ DXGURV PHWX OLNWL DXWRPRELO\MH \UD VDXJLDX GƾO MR PHWDOLQLR UƾPR -LV YHLNLD NDLS HOHNWURV ODLGLQLQNDV QXNUHLSLDQWLV HOHNWUƹ ƺ ËHPƽ WDLJL DSVDXJR YLGXMH HVDQWƺ ËPRJƿ DU EHW NRNƺ REMHNWƹ QXR QHLJLDPR HOHNWURV LÈNURYRV SRYHLNLR ÈLV UHLÈNLQ\V ËLQRPDV NDLS )DUDGƾMDXV QDUYDV 1RUV GƾO WR NDG ËDLER HOHNWURV LÈNURYD JDOL EǀWL SHUGXRGDPD ODLGDLV DXGURV PHWX QHUHLNƾWƿ NDOEƾWLV ODLGLQLX WHOHIRQX DU QDXGRWLV NLWDLV HOHNWULQLDLV SULHWDLVDLV
3$/,.'$0$6 6,(526 .9$3ě? 2/ .$6 02.6/$6 1(*$/, 3$$,¥.,17,@ .$6 68.(/,$ ¥Ĝ 5(,¥.,1Ĝ?
ĝ/ .2 .58¥26 0(78 686,)25082-$ 0,/®,1,¥., /('2 *$%$/$,G
3DSUDVWDL NDOEDQW PLOËLQLÈNL OHGR JDEDODL DWVLUDQGD VLDXƻLDQW GLGËLXOƾPV DXGURPV ä \SDƻ DXGURPV YDGLQDPRPV ëVXSHUDNLPLVé DQJO supercell ÇLRPV DXGURPV EǀGLQJRV VWLSULRV N\ODQƻLR RUR VURYƾV NXULRV OHPLD YƾMR MXGƾMLPƹ YLUÈXMH HVDQƻLƿ GHEHVƿ OLQN GƾO NR OHGR GDOHOƾV LOJƹ ODLNƹ LÈVLODLNR RUH $XGURV YLGXMH \UD YDGLQDPLHML DXJLPR UHJLRQDL LOJƹ ODLNƹ MXRVH SDEXYƽ OLHWDXV ODÈDL JDOL VXVLMXQJWL ƺ GLGHVQLXV QHL ƺSUDVWD OHGR JDEDOXV
$,3 $8/ĝ /(0,$ 0(7Ğ /$,.Ğ .$,7ĚG 0HWƿ ODLNXV OHPLD ÊHPƾV VXNLPDVLV DSOLQN 6DXOƽ LU ÊHPƾV DÈLHV SDVYLULPDV ÊHPƾV SXVUXWXO\MH NXUƺ SDVLHNLD GDXJLDXVLDL WLHVLRJLQLƿ 6DXOƾV VSLQGXOLƿ \UD SDYDVDULV LU YDVDUD R SULHÈLQJDPH ä UXGXR LU ËLHPD ÇLOWHVQLDLV PƾQHVLDLV 6DXOƾ \UD DXNÈƻLDX GDQJXMH LOJLDX QHQXVLOHLGËLD XË KRUL]RQWR LU MRV VSLQGXOLDL NUHQWD ODELDX VWDWPHQDL 9ƾVHVQLX PHWƿ ODLNX 6DXOƾV VSLQGXOLDL QƾUD WRNLH VWLSUǀV R SDWL 6DXOƾ WLHN QHSDN\OD <SDƻ VYDUEXV \UD ÊHPƾV DÈLHV SDVYLULPDV WRGƾO WXR PHWX NDL ÇLDXUƾV SXVUXWXOƺ NDXVWR VQLHJDV LU VSHLJDV 3LHWƿ SXVUXWXOLR J\YHQWRMDL VDXOƾV VSLQGXOLDLV JDOL PƾJDXWLV SDSOǀGLPLXRVH
VASARA
đ
6DXOƾ SDVLHNLD GLGËLDXVLƹ DXNÈWƺ ]HQLWH LU LOJLDX QHQXVLOHLGËLD XË KRUL]RQWR -RV VSLQGXOLDL NUHQWD ODELDX VWDWPHQDL
6DXOƾ SDVLHNLD PDËLDXVLƹ DXNÈWƺ ]HQLWH ä GLHQD EǀQD ODEDL WUXPSD
© SPL
1 milijardas
$9$6$5,2 /<*,$',(1,6 ÇLDXUƾV SXVUXWXO\MH ÈL GLHQD \UD PDËGDXJ NRYR RML ML Ë\PL WLNURMR SDYDVDULR SUDGËLƹ ÇLƹ GLHQƹ ÊHPƾV DÈLV \UD VWDWPHQD OLQLMDL WDUS ÊHPƾV LU 6DXOƾV R GLHQRV LOJXPDV \UD WRNV SDW NDLS QDNWLHV
KAS YRA A G đ đ G ÇLV UHLÈNLQ\V DWVLUDQGD \V DWVLUDQGD GD D WXRPHW NDL GHEHVLV DL GHEHVLV VXGDUDQW\V VPXONǀV V VPXONǀV YDQGHQV DU OHGR NULVWDODL U OHGR NULVWDODL L LÈVNODLGR ÈYLHVƹ NXUL LÈVLVNDLGR ƺ YLHVƹ NXUL LÈVLVNDLGR LGR GR ƺ VSDOYƿ YDLYRU\NÈWƽ 7DL QƾUD GDËQDV NÈW 7 L ƾ G Ë UHLÈNLQ\V QHV GHEHV\V WXUL EǀWL ODEDL SORQL WDƻLDX QHW LU WXRPHW GDËQDL VSDOYƿ GƾO U\ÈNLDL ÈYLHƻLDQƻLRV VDXOƾV QHƺPDQRPD ƺËLǀUƾWL
KOKIA YRA Ę đ " Ę đ G
GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) VLVWHPƹ YDOGR -$9 1DFLRQDOLQƾ DSOLQNRV VWHEƾMLPR SDO\GRYƿ GXRPHQƿ LU LQIRUPDFLMRV WDUQ\ED 1(6',6 ä National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service 1(6',6 LÈ HVPƾV VWHEL NHWXULV JHRVLQFKURQLQLXV SDO\GRYXV QRUV \UD LU NLWƿ JHRSDO\GRYƿ NXULƿ SDVNLUWLV \UD NLWRNLD DUED NXULH MDX QHEHY\NGR VDYR YHLNORV 1DFLRQDOLQƾV YDQGHQ\Qƿ LU DWPRVIHURV DGPLQLVWUDFLMRV 12$$ ä National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 1DFLRQDOLQƾ PHWHRURORJLMRV WDUQ\ED National Weather Service ÈLƹ VLVWHPƹ QDXGRMD SURJQR]ƾPV PHWHRURORJLQLDPV W\ULPDPV LU DXGURPV VWHEƾWL 3DO\GRYDL WDLS SDW VWHEL 6DXOƾV Ë\EVQLXV LU JHRPDJQHWLQƺ DNW\YXPƹ
,(026 6$8/ĝ*5ě®$ ÊLHPRV VDXOƾJUƺËD Ë\PL WLNURVLRV ËLHPRV SUDGËLƹ NDL 6DXOƾ SDVLHNLD PDËLDXVLƹ DXNÈWƺ ]HQLWH .LHNYLHQDLV PHWDLV ÈL GLHQD \UD PDËGDXJ JUXRGËLR RML
8'(16 /<*,$',(1,6 $6$526 6$8/ĝ*5ě®$ 9DVDURV VDXOƾJUƺËD ä PDËGDXJ ELUËHOLR G ä ILNVXRMDPD WXR PRPHQWX NDL 6DXOƾ SDVLHNLD GLGËLDXVLƹ DXNÈWƺ DUED ODELDXVLDL ƺ ÈLDXUƽ QXWROXVƺ WDÈNƹ ]HQLWH
ÇLDXUƾV SXVUXWXO\MH ÈL GLHQD \UD PDËGDXJ UXJVƾMR RML LU Ë\PL WLNURMR UXGHQV SUDGËLƹ ÇLƹ GLHQƹ ÊHPƾV DÈLV \UD VWDWPHQD OLQLMDL WDUS ÊHPƾV LU 6DXOƾV
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | 47
=¾¸¯ò½±·¯ò ½·¯ð¾®ò À·® ³Â²±ºþ ò¼²·¾²ð¿þ ¯·¯ ¸®ò²þ ò®ð³ÿ·® ®¾¸¯ò½±·¯º±G
GAMTA Meteorologija M KIEK K IEK LA LAIKO M ATO MATOMA đ đ " ėG
2.6 6.,5780$6 7$53 /,(7$86@ ¥/$3'5,%26 ,5 61,(*2G
1ƾUD QXVWDW\WDV 1 ƾUD QXV WWLNVOXV ODLNDV NLHN LNVOXV OD OODLNR YDLYRU\NÈWƾ JDOL ODLNR YDLYR D EǀWL PDWRPD 9LVNDV Eǀ EǀWL PDWRP SULNODXVR QXR WR NLHN ODLNR SUL SULNODXVR QXR DWPRVIHURMH HVDQƻLXRVH DWPRVIHURMH HVDQƻ DWP DW YDQG YDQ GHQVODÈHOLXRVH SY YDQGHQV ODÈHOLXRVH SY] OLHWDXV ODÈXRVH DUED GƾO QXR NULRNOLR NULQWDQƻLR YDQGHQV VXVLGDUDQƻLRMH PLJORMH OǀËWD ÈYLHVD
ÇLV NYDSDV DWVLUDQGD GƾO GLUYRMH HVDQƻLƿ WDP WLNUƿ EDNWHULMƿ ÊHPHL LÈGËLǀYXV ÈLRV EDNWHULMRV YDGLQDPRV DNWLQRPLFHWDLV LÈOHLGËLD VSRUDV /LHWXV ÈLDV VSRUDV SDNHOLD ƺ RUƹ R GUƾJQDV RUDV MDV LÈVNODLGR %ǀWHQW ÈLRV VSRURV LU SDVLË\PL VDOVYX ËHPƾV NYDSX
KIEK LIETAUS GALI đ đ đ đ G
9LGXWLQLV XUDJDQDV DSLPDQWLV PDËGDXJ NLORPHWUƿ SORWƹ JDOL DWQHÈWL QHW [ NXELQLƿ FHQWLPHWUƿ YDQGHQV SHU GLHQƹ 7LHN SDNDNWƿ SULSLOG\WL LNL POQ ROLPSLQLR G\GËLR P LOJLR LU P SORƻLR SODXNLRMLPR EDVHLQƿ
KUO SKIRIASI SAUSRA IR đ ģ đ G
6DXVUD ä \SDWLQJDV NHOLV PƾQHVLXV DUED QHWJL PHWXV WUXQNDQWLV YDQGHQV WUǀNXPDV NXUƺ SDSUDVWDL VXNHOLD YLGXWLQLR NULWXOLƿ NLHNLR WUǀNXPDV .LWD YHUWXV WLNVOXV NDUÈƻLR EDQJƿ DSLEUƾËLPDV QƾUD SDWHLNLDPDV WDƻLDX ÈLV WHUPLQDV SDSUDVWDL UHLÈNLD DXNÈWHVQƽ QHL YLGXWLQƽ WHPSHUDWǀUƹ NXUL ILNVXRMDPD NHOLDV GLHQDV LÈ HLOƾV 7DƻLDX WLHN YLHQDV WLHN NLWDV JDPWRV UHLÈNLQ\V JDOL OHPWL QHGHUOLƿ
ė đ " ė " đ đ G
9DLYRU\NÈWƾV IRUPƹ OHPLD NDPSDV NXULXR OLHWDXV ODÈHOLDL LÈVNODLGR VDXOƾV VSLQGXOLXV 3HUHLGDPL SHU ODÈHOLXV VDXOƾV VSLQGXOLDL LÈOLQNVWD QHV VXPDËƾMD Mƿ JUHLWLV 7DGD VSLQGXOLDPV YDQGHQV ODÈHOLXRVH OǀËXV MLH ƺJ\MD ƺSUDVWƹ JUHLWƺ LU GDU NDUWƹ VXOLQNVWD
© SPL
ė đ đ ģ đ đ đ đ đ G
ÇLXR DWYHMX VYDUELDXVLD \UD WHPSHUDWǀUD .DL DWPRVIHURMH \UD SDNDQNDPDV YDQGHQV NLHNLV MR JDUDL LPD IRUPXRWLV ƺ GHEHVLV DSOLQN OHGR GUXVNRV DU SDVLWHONLDQW GLUEWLQƽ ëGHEHVƿ VƾMƹé VXIRUPXRWXV GHEHVLV -HL YDQGHQV NLHNLV DWPRVIHURMH LU WROLDX GLGƾMD YDQGHQV ODÈHOLDL WDLS SDW DXJD LU MXQJLDVL WDUSXVDY\MH NRO WDPSD WRNLH GLGHOL NDG JDOƾWƿ LÈNULVWL OLHWDXV IRUPD 6QLHJDV VXVLGDUR WXRPHW NDL RUDV \UD SDNDQNDPDL ÈDOWDV NDG \SDƻ DWYƾVƽ YDQGHQV ODÈHOLDL JDOƾWƿ VXVWLQJWL WHPSHUDWǀUD WXUƾWƿ EǀWL ËHPHVQƾ QHL 0& R WDGD QXNULVWL ËHP\Q ÇODSGULED \UD WDUSLQLV YDULDQWDV WDUS OLHWDXV LU VQLHJR YDQGHQV ODÈHOLDL VPDUNLDL DWYƾVWD LU WDPSD VQDLJƾPLV WDƻLDX SULHÈ SDVLHNGDPL ËHPƽ MLH SDWHQND ƺ ÈLOWHVQLR RUR VOXRNVQƺ GƾO NR SUDGHGD WLUSWL
$6 <5$ ®(0ĝ6 75$8.26 %$1*Ğ 68)250827, '(%(6<6G
2.6 7251$'2 9(,.,02 35,1&,3$6G 2/,$5,1,6 25$6 7RUQDGXL VXVLGDU\WL \UD EǀWLQDV ÈDOWDVLV VDXVR RUR IURQWDV ODEDL GLGHOLDPH DXNÈW\MH
523,1,6 25$6 ÇDOWDVLV DWPRVIHURV IURQWDV VXVLWLQND VX ÈLOWXRMX LWLQ GUƾJQR RUR IURQWX QHGLGHOLDPH DXNÈW\MH
ÊHPƾV WUDXNRV EDQJRV \UD RUR EDQJRV MXGDQƻLRV VWDELOLRMH DWPRVIHURV GDO\MH 2UXL MXGDQW Mƺ SDNHLVWL JDOL N\ODQƻLR RUR VURYƾV DUED SDY\]GËLXL MR NHO\MH DWVLUDGƽ NDOQDL 9HUWLNDOLD NU\SWLPL QXNUHLSWDV RUDV VXIRUPXRMD GHEHVƿ MXRVWDV VX WXÈƻLRPLV HUGYƾPLV WDUS Mƿ 9ƾVXV RUDV OHLGËLDVL ËHP\Q WDƻLDX Mƺ YƾO VXODLNR N\ODQƻLR RUR VURYƾ GƾO NR VXVLGDUR YLV GDXJLDX ËHPƾV WUDXNRV EDQJƿ VXIRUPXRWƿ GHEHVƿ
Piltuvas 9ƾMDV LPD VXNWLV LU VXIRUPXRMD ËHPR VOƾJLR VULWƺ YDGLQDPƹ SLOWXYX
2'ĝ/ 3$6,%$,*86 61<*,8, %ğ1$ 7$,3 7</8G 8672-86 61,*7, 7</8 <5$ 72'ğ/@ .$' 61,(*$6 3$6,®<0, *$56ě 6/23,1$1ĝ,8 329(,.,8B 7$53 61$,*,Ġ 686,'$5Ğ 252 7$53$, 68*(5,$ 75,8.¥0ě? $ĝ,$8 9ğ-827ě ',(1ě@ .$, 61,(*$6 -$8 <5$ 686,*8/ğ-Ğ6@ -,6 *$/, 1(7 6867,35,17, *$56ě?
7RUQDGDL VXVLIRUPXRMD VLDXƻLDQW GLGËLXOƾPV DXGURPV NXULRV YDGLQDPRV ëVXSHUDNLPLVé DQJO supercell -LH DWVLUDQGD SROLDULQLDP RUXL VXVLGǀUXV VX WURSLQLX RUX ODEDL QHVWDELOLRPLV DWPRVIHURV VƹO\JRPLV 6LDXƻLDQW ÈLRPV GLGËLXOƾPV DXGURPV VXVLIRUPXRMD EHVLVXNDQWL N\ODQƻLR RUR VURYƾ ËLQRPD NDLS PH]RFLNORQDV GƾO NXULR ÈLRV DXGURV WUXQND LOJƹ ODLNƹ 'LGHOL YƾMDL SDVSDUWLQD VXNLPƹVL LU JUHLWLV YLV GLGƾMD NRO JDOLDXVLDL VXVLIRUPXRMD RUR SLOWXYDV 3LOWXYR GHEHVLHV DSDƻLRMH VXVLGDUR ËHPR VOƾJLR VULWLV WUDXNLDQWL YLVNƹ DSOLQNXL ÇLDP SLOWXYXL SDVLHNXV ËHPƽ DWVLUDQGD WRUQDGDV
$6 <5$ $7026)(526 )5217$6G $WPRVIHURV IURQWDV ä WDL GYLHMƿ VNLUWLQJƿ RUR PDVLƿ NXULRPV EǀGLQJDV VNLUWLQJDV WDQNLV WHPSHUDWǀUD LU GUƾJPƾ VDQGǀUD 2Uƿ ËHPƾODSLXRVH ÈLH IURQWDL Ë\PLPL OLQLMRPLV LU VLPEROLDLV 'YLHMƿ VNLUWLQJƿ IURQWƿ VLVWHPƿ VXVLGǀULPDV VXNHOLD GDXJ\Eƽ ƺYDLULƿ DWPRVIHURV UHLÈNLQLƿ
$86ğ6 .5,78/,$, -HL ÈDOWDPH RUH \UD GDXJ GUƾJPƾV SOHLÈWX ƺVLWHUSƽV ÈDOWDVLV DWPRVIHURV IURQWDV WDLS SDW JDOL DWQHÈWL QHPDËDL NULWXOLƿ LU DXGUƿ
đ8'526
ğ.$6
1HVWDELOLRV ÈLOWR RUR PDVƾV GDËQDL DWQHÈD VOXRNVQLQLXV GHEHVLV VX DXGURPLV
5ǀNDV VXVLIRUPXRMD SULHÈ OƾWDL MXGDQWƺ ÈLOWƹMƺ DWPRVIHURV IURQWƹ
Kokia yra ®°¼ ă²®°ò²® µ®ò®°¹Àº± ° ½²¼ò°¯¾® ¾±¸µ±·®¾ÿ·®W
ÇÊ ~ & ÆÈ ~*! + ·±¿²ò¾·°¯¾® 1922 11 13 Azizijos mieste 3²´²º®!
48 | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
/(,¥7,1,6 ě6,7(53,0$6 .DGDQJL ÈDOWDV RUDV \UD WDQNHVQLV MLV GDËQDL O\J SOHLÈWDV ƺVLWHUSLD ËHPLDX ÈLOWR RUR IURQWR 7DL JDOL VXNHOWL VWLSULXV YƾMXV
$/7$6,6 )5217$6
,/7$6,6 )5217$6
ÇDOWDVLV DWPRVIHURV IURQWDV VO\SL JLOLRVH ËHPR VOƾJLR ]RQRVH LU VXVLIRUPXRMD QXNULWXV WHPSHUDWǀUDL
ÇLOWDVLV DWPRVIHURV IURQWDV VO\SL SODƻLRVH ËHPR VOƾJLR ]RQRVH LU VXVLIRUPXRMD SDJULQGLQLDPH GLGHOƾV ÈLOWRV RUR PDVƾV NUDÈWH
,'$%5,¥.,(-, '(%(6<6 686,'$52 7820(7@ .$, 0(=26)(52-( H P .,/20(75Ġ $8.¥7<-( (6$1ĝ,$0( $8.¥ĝ,$86,$0( (0ğ6 $7026)(526 6/82.61<-(I 686,'$5,86,826( '(%(6<6( $76,63,1', %/ğ67$17, %(6,/(,'®,$1ĝ,26 6$8/ğ6 ¥9,(6$@ 'ğ/ .85,26 /$,.,1$, $3¥9,(ĝ,$0$6 '$1*86?
© 0DUWLQ .RLWP¦H
õ,'?+
â9<7,17<6 1$.7,1,$, '(%(6<6
7ÿ¼ú ò°³®·¯ ¸²¹²º¯ð®² ¯·± µ¹ÿ³°·²°¯º®ðă²þ ®ð³±ðò ¹® ±¹²þ
$6 <5$ -ğ5,1,6 %5,=$6G </$17,6 .$5¥7,6
đ8.¥7$6 6/ĝ*,6
6DXOƾ ƺÈLOGR VDXVƹ ËHPƾV SDYLUÈLƿ WRGƾO ÈLOWDV RUDV N\OD ƺ YLUÈƿ LU DWYƾVWD
$XNÈWDV VOƾJLV DWYƾVXVƺ RUƹ QXVWXPLD YLUÈ YDQGHQV
đ79ĝ6Ĝ6 25$6
đ8.¥7$6 6/ĝ*,6
$WYƾVƽV RUDV SDPDËX OHLGËLDVL ËHP\QR OLQN
$XNÈWDV VOƾJLV DWYƾVXVƺ RUƹ QXVWXPLD ËHP\QR OLQN
đ79ĝ6Ĝ6 25$6
</$17,6 .$5¥7,6
$WYƾVƽV RUDV SDPDËX OHLGËLDVL YDQGHQ\QR OLQN
9DNDUH ËHPƾ DWYƾVWD JUHLƻLDX QHL YDQGHQ\QDV ÇLOWDV RUDV N\OD YLUÈ YDQGHQ\QR LU DWYƾVWD
$9,5¥,1,6 9ĝ-$6
$9,5¥,1,6 9ĝ-$6
9ƾMDV SXƻLD ÈDOWƹ RUƹ YLUÈ YDQGHQ\QR ËHP\QR OLQN
9ƾMDV RUƹ SXƻLD DWJDO YDQGHQ\QR OLQN 7RNV YƾMDV YDGLQDPDV NUDQWR EUL]X
đ5 *$/, ®$,%$6 ě 7Ě 3$Ĥ,Ě 9,(7Ě 75(1.7, '8 .$5786G
$6 <5$ $8'526 $.,6G ë$NLVé ä WDL UDPXV DXGURV XUDJDQR DU WRUQDGR FHQWUDV NXULDPH $NLVé WDL UDPXV DXGURV XUDJDQR DU WRUQ QHY\NVWD MRNLH DWPRVIHURV UHLÈNLQLDL .DGDQJL ÈLDV VLVWHPDV VXIRUPXRMD UDWX MXGDQW\V YƾMDL RUDV SUR DXGURV DNƺ WDUVL WXQHOLX \UD WUDXNLDPDV ËHP\Q WDLS VXVWLSULQGDPDV DXGUƹ
ÊDLEDV WLNUDL JDOL ƺ Wƹ SDƻLƹ YLHWƹ WUHQNWL GX NDUWXV 6LDXƻLDQW DXGUDL NXULRV PHWX ËDLEXRMD WDL QHWJL ODEDL WLNƾWLQD $XGUƿ PHWX ËDLEDL QXRODWRV WUHQNLD ƺ GDXJ\Eƽ DXNÈWƿ REMHNWƿ WRNLƿ NDLS JDUVXVLV 1LXMRUNR ë(PSLUH 6WDWHé SDVWDWDV DU )ORULGRMH .DQDYHUDOR N\ÈXO\MH HVDQWL 1$6$ VNU\GËLƿ DLNÈWHOƾ
© 1$6$
0¯¼²® À·® ±¸²®°ò²® µ®ò®°¹Àº± ° ½²¼ò°¯¾® ¾±¸µ±·®¾ÿ·®W 8UDJDQR FHQWUH HVDQƻLRV ëDNLHVé VNHUVPXR VLHNLD NP
-ÊÉ~& ÁÉ~*!
+ ·±¿²ò¾·°¯¾® ÉÊÆ Á =ð¾®·¼¾²³¯º± ±ò®ðă²¯º± :¯ò¾¯¼ ÁG ò¾¯¾Àº±
$6 <5$ 25$1®,1,2 5$8'21802 W.$8.$,T ,5 0ĝ/<1,(-, ®$,%Ğ 65$87$,G
© SPL
$8/ĝ-(???
2UDQËLQLR UDXGRQXPR ëNDXNDLé DQJO sprites) LU PƾO\QLHML VUDXWDL DQJO blue jets) \UD WLHN DWPRVIHURV WLHN HOHNWULQLDL UHLÈNLQLDL NXULH Y\NVWD YLUÈXWLQLXRVH DWPRVIHURV VOXRNVQLXRVH ÇLH UHLÈNLQLDL VXVLIRUPXRMD DXNÈƻLDX QHL ƺSUDVWL ËDLEDL PƾO\QLHML ËDLEƿ VUDXWDL VXVLGDUR NLORPHWUƿ DXNÈW\MH R RUDQËLQLR UDXGRQXPR ëNDXNDLé VXVLIRUPXRMD GDU DXNÈƻLDX ä NLORPHWUƿ DXNÈW\MH YLUÈ ÊHPƾV SDYLUÈLDXV 0ƾO\QLHML VUDXWDL \UD NǀJLR IRUPRV VXVLGDUR YLUÈ DXGURV GHEHVƿ LU QƾUD QLHNDLS VXVLMƽ VX ËDLEDLV -ƿ PƾO\Qƹ VSDOYƹ OHPLD MRQL]XRWRV D]RWR HPLVLMRV .LWD YHUWXV RUDQËLQLR UDXGRQXPR ëNDXNDLé JDOL EǀWL SDƻLƿ ƺYDLULDXVLƿ IRUPƿ LU WXUL DWÈDNDV -LH VXVLIRUPXRMD WHLJLDPR NUǀYLR ËDLEXL NHOLDXMDQW LÈ GHEHVLHV ƺ ËHPƽ
,$0( 086 */2%2-$1ĝ,$0( .ġ1( 182/$726 '(*$ 9$1'(1,/,6@ '(*,02 0(78 9,567$17,6 +(/,8 H¥,6 352&(6$6 9$',1$0$6 %5$1'82/,Ġ 6ě/$-$I? $, /(,'®,$ 68.857, ','(/Ĝ (1(5*,-26 .,(.Ĝ@ 72'ğ/ $8/ğ6 %5$1'82/<6 3$6,(.,$ 1(7 Ģ 0/1? /$,361,Ġ 3$*$/ (/6,-Ġ 7(03(5$7ġ5ě? 2.6 ','®,8/,6 .$5¥7,6 /(0,$ ,5 ','(/,2 ¥9,(626 .,(.,2 ,¥6,6.<5,0ě?
ė YS DEBESYS ATRODO DO Ģ G G
3ǀNXRWL GHEHV\V GHEHV\V DWURGDQW\V WDUVL GLGHOL \V WDUVL GLGHOL OL YDWRV JXPXODL YDGLQDPL PXODL YDGLQD DP PL PL L NDPXROLQLDLV -LH QLDLV -LH VXVLIRUPXRMD ÈLOWDP RUXL N\ODQW XRMD ÈLOWDP RUXLN\ODQ ODQW DQW QXR ËHPƾV LU VXVLGǀUXV VX ÈDOWR RUR ƾVLUVXVLGǀUXVVXÈDOWRRUR R VOXRNVQLX GƾO NXULR LPD NRQGHQVXRWLV GUƾJPƾ -HL GHEHVLV SDGLGƾMD WLHN NDG VXVLGXULD VX YLUÈXWLQLX VWLQJGDQƻLR RUR VOXRNVQLX MLV JDOL DWQHÈWL OLHWƿ DU VQLHJƹ
đ đ Ģ ģ G
5ǀJÈWǀV OLHWǀV ä WDL OLHWǀV NXULƿ ODÈXRVH SLOQD FKHPLQLƿ MXQJLQLƿ D]RWR RNVLGR DQJOLHV GLRNVLGR LU VLHURV GLRNVLGR NXULH UHDJXRMD VX OLHWDXV YDQGHQLX 'LGËLRML GDOLV WRNLƿ PHGËLDJƿ VXVLGDUR GƾO ÈLOXPLQLƿ HOHNWULQLƿ DXWRPRELOLƿ LU JDP\NOƿ YHLNORV ÇLH OLHWǀV JDOL SDNHQNWL ODXNLQLDPV J\YǀQDPV DXJDODPV SDËHLVWL SDVWDWXV
ė đ đ đ đ đ đ ġ đ ġG
.DGDQJL PǀVƿ SODXƻLDL \UD GUƾJQD WHUSƾ LÈNYHSLDPDPH RUH \UD SLOQD ÈLOWƿ YDQGHQV JDUƿ -HL ODXNH \UD ÈDOWD ÈDOWDPH RUH LÈNYHSLDPL YDQGHQV JDUDL VSDUƻLDL YƾVWD 9DQGHQV PROHNXOLƿ JUHLWLV VXPDËƾMD MRV LPD NHLVWL IRUPƹ LU MXQJWLV WDUSXVDY\MH NRO WDPSD PDWRPRV
đ " đ đ ė " Ę METU KARTAIS đ đ đ đ " G
'ƾO OǀËWDQƻLƿ VSLQGXOLƿ VDXOƾO\GËLƿ DUED VDXOƾWHNLƿ PHWX NDUWDLV JDOLPH PDW\WL NLWƹ 6DXOƾV VSDOYƹ %ǀWHQW WDL LU OHPLD UHLÈNLQƺ NXULV ËLQRPDV NDLS ËDOLDVLV VSLQGXO\V 3DSUDVWDL MLV WHWUXQND YRV VHNXQGƽ DU GYL WRGƾO Mƺ SDVWHEƾWL JDOL EǀWL VXQNX
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | 49
ENVIRONMENT GAMTA
2·²± ²ð¿®² ð±² °ðÀò ³ý¹ ò®Â¯ ³À³ ²¯ jos nesukelia nedetonuotos minos òµ·¯¿²¸¯ ¿·ýò¸ýòG
$0$17,1Ğ *<9(1,0$6 .RGƾO ÈLH QHƺSUDVWL YDQGHQV ËLQGXROLDL YDGLQDPL YDQGHQ\Qƿ NDUYƾPLV" /DPDQWLQDL LÈ SLUPR ËYLOJVQLR QHSDQDÈǀV ƺ VDXVXPRMH J\YHQDQƻLXV MDXƻLXV WDƻLDX MLH HOJLDVL SDQDÈLDL *ULR]GLÈNL WDLNǀV J\YǀQDL ODEDL GDXJ ODLNR SUDOHLGËLD WLHVLRJ VSRNVRGDPL ƺ YDQGHQV DXJDOXV /DPDQWLQDL \UD YLHQLQWHOLDL YDQGHQ\MH J\YHQDQW\V ËLQGXROLDL NXULH PDLWLQDVL YHJHWDULÈNDL *LJDQWDL JUDNÈƻLDL MXGD WURSLNƿ SDNUDQWƾPLV LU XSƾPLV QRUV Mƿ YLGXWLQLV JUHLWLV ä WLN NP K 7LHVD WUXPSR VSXUWR PHWX MLH JDOL SDVLHNWL LU WULV NDUWXV GLGHVQƺ JUHLWƺ ÇLH ËLQGXROLDL QLHNDGD QHLÈOLSD ƺ VDXVXPƹ NDLS GHOĘQDL LU EDQJLQLDL MLH JLPVWD YDQGHQ\MH R NDV SHQNLROLND PLQXƻLƿ WXUL LÈQHUWL LU ƺNYƾSWL RUR 'ƾO VDYR OƾWƿ MXGHVLƿ LU QXRODWLQLR SODXNLRMLPR ÈDOLD DSJ\YHQGLQWƿ SDNUDQƻLƿ ODPDQWLQDL \UD OHQJYDL VXPHGËLRMDPL 'DU GDËQLDX SDW\V PLUWLQDL VXVLËDORMD DWVLWUHQNƽ ƺ ODLYƿ VUDLJWXV QXJDLÈWD ƺNOLXYƽ ƺ ËYHMƿ WLQNOXV
,7ğ6 3$6,®<0, ,¥6.,57,1( 826/(@ 72'ğ/ -26 *$/, 8®8267, 8®.$6786 6352*0(1,6
Kur /$0$17,1$, *<9(1$G
đ 5<7,1ĝ 3$.5$17ĝ ,1'82/,$, ®,(0$6 /(,'®,$ 3(/.ğ726( /25,'26 83ğ6(@ 7$ĝ,$8 9$6$5ě ,¥3/$8.,$ Ĝ ,$85Ğ?
đ0$=21ĝ đ0$=21ğ6 83ğ-( *<9(1$1ĝ,26 5ġ¥<6 0ğ*$8-$6, ¥9$5,8 9$1'(1,8 $72*5$®Ġ 0,¥.826(? đ0$=21ğ6 /$0$17,1Ġ .5ġ7,1ğ6 <5$ ,¥0$5*,1726 %$/720,6 $5 52®,1ğ0,6 'ğ0ğ0,6?
$.$5Ğ đ)5,.$ $®,$86,$, ,¥7,57, đ)5,.2-( *<9(1$17<6 /$0$17,1$, 3/$8.,2-$ ,5 đ)5,.26 (®(5$,6@ ,5 83ğ0,6?
Statistika Lamantinas (,0$A 6,5(1Ġ %ġ5,2 /$0$17,1,1,Ġ ,3$6A ®,1'82/,6 ,7<%$A /$3$,@ '80%/,$, /*,6A ,., 0 925,6A ,., ĈĈ .* <9(1,02 758.0ĝA ĈP Ĉ 0(7Ġ
(5,$86,$6 ,¥0,18272-Ğ %ğ5<6 P %,Ĥ,Ğ 63,(Ĥ,86 .URDWLMRV QHSULNODXVRP\EƾV NRYƿ PHWX ÈDO\MH EXYR XËNDVWD GDXJLDX QHL POQ PLQƿ 1RUV LÈOLNXVLƿ PLQƿ ODXNDL \UD SDË\PƾWL VSHFLDOLDLV ËHQNODLV Mƿ LÈPLQDYLPDV YLV GDU QƾUD EDLJWDV QXR NDUR SDEDLJRV VDXVXPRV PLQRV ÈLRMH ÈDO\MH QXVLQHÈƾ ËPRQLƿ J\Y\EHV 1HWJL LÈPLQDYXV VSHFLDOLDL SDË\PƾWXV ODXNXV LU MXRV SDNDUWRWLQDL SDWLNULQXV YLV WLHN LÈOLHND JDOLP\Eƾ NDG ËHPƾMH OLNV GDU QHUDVWƿ VDXVXPRV PLQƿ 7DƻLDX .URDWLMRV PRNVOLQLQNDL DWUDGR JDQD QRYDWRULÈNƹ VSUHQGLPƹ NDLS UDVWL OLNXVLDV PLQDV ä MLH SDVLWHONƾ ELWHV ÇLH YDE]GËLDL SDVLË\PL LÈVNLUWLQH XRVOH
Ĉ | đ5 ®,1$, .$'G
YDGLQDVL ELWHV JDOLPD LÈPRN\WL XËXRVWL WULQLWURWROXROƹ 717 ä ÈLXRVH ƺWDLVXRVH QDXGRMDPƹ VSURJVWDPƹMƹ PHGËLDJƹ .DLS GLUEWLQLV JƾOLƿ QHNWDUR SDNDLWDODV ƺ VWLNOLQƽ ƺSLODPDV FXNUDXV WLUSDODV LU VWLNOLQƾ SDGHGDPD DQW ËHPƾV NXULRMH \UD 717 SƾGVDNƿ 6NULVGDPRV VDOGDXV WLUSDOR OLQN ELWƾV XËXRGËLD 717 LU SUDƾMXV WULPV DU NHWXULRPV GLHQRPV JDOLDXVLDL LÈPRNVWD VSURJPHQƿ NYDSƹ VXVLHWL VX PDLVWR JDYLPX %LWHV VXQNX VWHEƾWL YL]XDOLDL WDƻLDX VNULVGDPRV MRV VNOHLGËLD GLGHOƺ ÈLOXPRV NLHNƺ WRGƾO MDV ƺPDQRPD VHNWL LQIUDUDXGRQƿMƿ VSLQGXOLƿ NDPHUD 3ULHÈLQJDL QHL VSHFLDOLDL DSPRN\WL ÈXQ\V GƾO PDËXPR ELWƾV QHVXNHOLD QHGHWRQXRWRV PLQRV VSURJLPR JUƾVPƾV
k $ODP\ 6DQGLD 1DWLRQDO /DERUDWRULHV
%LWƾV EXYR LÈPRN\WRV QXVWDW\WL WURWLOR VSURJPHQƿ LU VDXVXPRV PLQƿ EXYLPR YLHWDV .DLS MRPV SDY\NGDYR"
KVIZAS ė @ đ ė ģ Ę
đ76$.<0$6
$,3 %,7ĝ6 *$/, ,¥9<7, ě -Ğ 63,(Ĥ,Ğ ě6,%52986,$6 ¥,5¥(6G
,7ğ6 785, 9,(1ě 6/$37ě *,1./ě? 26 *$/, 686,%857, $3/,1. Ĝ6,%529ğ/Ĝ ,5 ,07, 9,%5827,@ .2/ 3$','ğ-$ $3/,1.26 7(03(5$7ġ5$? ,7ğ6 *$/, ,¥79(57, /$,361,Ġ 3$*$/ (/6,-Ġ 7(03(5$7ġ5ě@ 2 ¥,5¥ğ6 7(,¥79(5,$ /$,361,Ġ 7(03(5$7ġ5ě@ 72'ğ/ -26 3$35$6ĝ,$86,$, W,¥.(3$T?
A $6 ,¥.(37, B $6 186.$1',17, C ¥ -Ğ 3$6,7<Ĥ,27,
,5¥ĝ6 ®8',.ĝ6 1875$8.,$ %,7ĝ06 *$/9$6
9RV JLJDQWLÈNƿ ÈLUÈLƿ VXJHED SHU NHOLDV YDODQGDV LÈQDLNLQWL WǀNVWDQƻLƿ ELƻLƿ NRORQLMƹ
đ=,-26 *,*$17,¥.26,26 ¥,5¥ĝ6 %,2/2*,1ĝ 6$1'$5$
$]LMRV JLJDQWLÈNRVLRV ÈLUÈƾV PƾJVWD ELƻLƿ OHUYDV LU OƾOLXNHV , ¥,5¥ĝ <5$ 72%8/$6 .$5<6 NXULRPLV PDLWLQD VDYR 82 ,/1,$86 ,., $812 P LÈVLULWXVLXV MDXQLNOLXV %LƻLƿ OL]Gƹ DSWLNƽV 3(5 ',(1Ě ÈLUÈLƿ ËYDOJDV SDVNOHLGËLD JDOLQJƹ &0 $76780$6 7$53 ,¥7,(67Ġ 63$51Ġ /(,'®,$ ¥,5¥(, 6.5,67, IHURPRQƹ NLWRPV ÈLUÈƾPV QXURGDQWƺ 0$®'$8* Ĉ .0]+ *5(,ĝ,8 ,5 UDVWR OL]GR YLHWƹ 9RV JLJDQWLÈNƿMƿ 3(5 ',(1ě 186.5,67, .0? ÈLUÈLƿ SDNDQND VXQDLNLQWL NHOLV WǀNVWDQƻLXV NDUWƿ GLGHVQƺ ELƻLƿ VSLHƻLƿ ä SHU PLQXWƽ YLHQD ÈLUÈƾ QXËXGR EHQW SHQNLDV ELWHV SWLSUǀV QDJDL LU JDOLQJRV PDQGLEXOƾV ËDQGLNDXOLDL OHLGËLD ÈLUÈƾPV QXSOƾÈWL ELƻLƿ JDOYDV QXR NǀQƿ LU QXPHVWL ƺ ÈDOƺ %LWƾV NDLS ƺPDQ\GDPRV VWHQJLDVL DSJLQWL VDYR DYLOƺ ä EDQGR JHOWL SHU QHSHUNDQGDPXV ÈLUÈLƿ ÈDUYXV ä WDƻLDX YLVDV Mƿ VSLHƻLXV VXQDLNLQDPDV YRV SHU WULV YDODQGDV ÇLUÈƾV JDOL QHWUXNGRPRV PƾJDXWLV GLGËLXOƾPLV VXNDXSWR PHGDXV (/821,6 DWVDUJRPLV R YLVRV ELƻLƿ OHUYRV LU $8'2'$0$6, *(/821,0,@ ¥,5¥ğ 68/(,'®,$ ','(/Ĝ /$%$, OƾOLXNƾV \UD VXPDLWLQDPRV ÈLUÈLƿ 67,35,Ġ 182'Ġ@ .85,826( <5$ <3$ĝ 67,35$86 )(50(172@ *$/,1ĝ,2 ,¥7,53'<7, ®02*$86 2'ě@ .,(.Ĝ? MDXQLNOLDPV
đ.<6
(3$®(,'®,$0, ¥$59$, $8*<%ğ &+,7,12 6/82.61,Ġ 68)25082-$ 38,.,86 ¥$5986@ $36$8*$1ĝ,86 ¥,5¥Ğ 182 %(9(,. 9,6Ġ *(/,$1ĝ,Ġ 9$%='®,Ġ?
,5¥ğ6 3$6,®<0, <3$ĝ *(58 5(*ğ-,08@ .85,6 /(,'®,$ -206 ,¥ ','(/,2 $767802 3$67(%ğ7, 2%-(.786?
,57,1, 1$*Ğ *1,$8®7$, $1',%8/ĝ6 $/,1*8 ®$1',.$8/,8 ¥,5¥ğ 68*(%$ 9,(18 -8'(6,8 1875$8.7, %,7(, *$/9ě?
,( 63$8678986 35,0(1$17<6 1$*$, 3$'('$ ¥,5¥(, 68*5,(%7, $8.ě ,5 681$,.,17, -ě 926 3(5 .(/(7ě 6(.81'®,Ġ?
,(7$86 .9$3$6 6XËLQRNLWH NRGƾO YLVDPH SDVDXO\MH SR OLHWDXV MDXƻLDPDV \SDWLQJDV NYDSDV
k 7KLQNVWRFN
/LHWƿ ƺPDQRPD XËXRVWL GDU SULHÈ MDP SUDVLGHGDQW $WPRVIHURMH HVDQƻLR D]RWR LU GHJXRQLHV PROHNXOHV ËDLEDV JDOL VXVNDLG\WL LNL DWVNLUƿ DWRPƿ 9ƾOLDX ÈLH DWRPDL UHDJXRMD LU VXIRUPXRMD D]RWR RNVLGƹ NXULV VDYR UXRËWX JDOL VXUHDJXRWL VX NLWRPLV FKHPLQƾPLV PHGËLDJRPLV LU VXIRUPXRWL R]RQƹ NXULR NYDSDV ÈLHN WLHN SULPHQD FKORUƹ EǀWHQW Mƺ PHV HVDPH ƺSUDWƽ YDGLQWL OLHWDXV NYDSX 9ƾMXL DWQHÈXV Èƺ NYDSƹ OLHWƿ JDOLPH QXPDW\WL GDU SULHÈ MDP SUDVLGHGDQW .LWDV VX OLHWXPL VXVLMƽV NYDSDV DQJODNDOELƿ YDGLQDPDV Petrichor Çƺ WHUPLQƹ VHSWLQWDMDPH GHÈLPWPHW\MH VXNǀUƾ GX $XVWUDOLMRV PRNVOLQLQNDL Çƺ \SDWLQJƹ NYDSƹ NXULV EHW NXULRMH SDVDXOLR YLHWRMH YLVDGD \UD WRNV SDW DWQHÈD SLUPDV SR VDXVURV LÈNULWƽV OLHWXV Çƺ LÈVNLUWLQƺ NYDSƹ OHPLD GX FKHPLQLDL MXQJLQLDL 9LHQƹ Mƿ LÈVNLULD WDP WLNURV ËHPƾMH J\YHQDQƻLRV EDNWHULMRV R NLWƹ ä GUƾJPƾV LÈWURÈNXVLƿ DXJDOƿ LÈVNLULDPDV DOLHMXV ÇLH MXQJLQLDL ËHPƾV SDYLUÈLXMH VXVLPDLÈR WRGƾO SDOLMXV ÈQHUYHV SDVLHNLD \SDWLQJDV NYDSDV YDGLQDPDV Petrichor
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | Ģ
„Jei geltonos plunksnos yra ² ò²³ýòă²°ò²¯ò ®ð¾ ¸ý¹À𮲠òµ²ð³²ðă²þ µ¹°ð¼òðþ µ®°¼ ¾²ò ®¾·¯³¯ ®¹²®òG
GAMTA
,°¼®·¾ ¿·±²ă²®° ° ¼¯¹²´·û º°³²ð³®¸®ò ò®Â¯ òµ®·ð°ò ¼°¯¼®òµ®·ð²ò ðÀ¼ ¾°¼²ð²ò ¸®ð®¼²ð®ò
3$/9,1*26 3292 82'(*26 3/81.6126 *$/, 68'$5<7, ,., Ĉ 352&? %(1'52 -2 .ġ12 ,/*,2
(, 32',808 9$,.¥Ĥ,27Ğ 3$8.¥Ĥ,$,??? 3DXNÈƻLR SOXQNVQRV DWOLHND GDXJ VNLUWLQJƿ IXQNFLMƿ OHLGËLD VNUDLG\WL DSVLJLQWL SHUƾWL NLDXÈLQLXV WDLS SDW DWOLHND MXWLPR UHFHSWRULƿ YDLGPHQƺ 6SDOYRWDV ëDSGDUDVé GDËQDL OHPLDQWLV LU SRUDYLPRVL VƾNPƽ JORVWR ËPRQLƿ DNLV NDL VNLUWLQJDLV PHWƿ ODLNDLV NHLVGDPL VDYR ëGUDEXËLXVé SDXNÈƻLDL VXNXULD ƺVSǀGLQJƹ PDGƿ ÈRX 9LVL SDXNÈƻLDL WXUL SOXQNVQDV ä LU tik MLH WXUL SOXQNVQDV ,È WLHVƿ NDL NXULƿ UǀÈLƿ SDXNÈƻLDL JDOL WXUƾWL QHW GDXJLDX QHL WǀNVW SOXQNVQƿ ƺVNDLWDQW LOJDV SODVQRMDPƹVLDV L]ROLDFLQHV SǀNLQHV LU VWDQGËLDV YDLUXRMDPƹVLDV XRGHJRV SOXQNVQDV 3OXQNVQRV QH WLN DNLYDL]GËLDL SDOHQJYLQD VNU\Gƺ VXWHLNGDPRV SDXNÈƻLXL DHURGLQDPLQƽ IRUPƹ NXUL VXNXULD NHOLDPƹMƹ JDOLƹ EHW LU SDVLË\PL GDXJHOLX NLWƿ IXQNFLMƿ 3DXNÈƻLDL \UD YLHQL SXRÈQLDXVLƿ J\YǀQƿ SDVDXO\MH QXRVWDELDV VDYR SOXQNVQƿ VSDOYDV MLH QDXGRMD SULHÈLQJRV O\WLHV DWVWRYDPV VXËDYƾWL SOƾÈUǀQDPV DWEDLG\WL LU VXVLOLHWL VX DSOLQND NDG LÈJ\YHQWƿ
ē | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
3OXQNVQƿ UDÈWDL LU VSDOYRV VNLULDVL SDJDO SDXNÈƻLƿ DPËLƿ O\Wƺ LU PHWƿ ODLNƹ 6NUDLGXROLDL VXJHED VNLUWL VSDOYDV WRGƾO SDWLQƿ SOXQNVQƿ VSDOYRV WXUL ƺWDNRV Mƿ SDWUDXNOXPXL R WDL OHPLD SRUDYLPRVL VƾNPƽ 7DLS SDW SDJDO SDWHOLƿ SOXQNVQDV NDL NXULƿ SDXNÈƻLƿ UǀÈLƿ SDWLQDL VSUHQGËLD DSLH JDOLPƿ SDUWQHULƿ VYHLNDWƹ 6SDOYDV OHPLD FKHPLQLDL SLJPHQWDL SDY\]GËLXL PHODQLQDV NDUDWHQRLGDL LU SRUĘULQDL NXULH JDPLQDVL SOXQNVQRVH MRPV DXJDQW 1XRVWDELRV VSDOYRV JDOL VXVLGDU\WL LU VXVLMXQJXV GYLHMƿ VNLUWLQJƿ VSDOYƿ SOXQNVQRPV MHL JHOWRQRV SOXQNVQRV \UD LÈVLGƾVƻLXVLRV DQW PƾO\QDL VSLQGLQƻLƿ SDXNÈWLV DWURGR ËDOLDV
3DJDO PHWƿ ODLNƹ GƾO VSHFLDOLƿ KRUPRQƿ VNLUWLQJRV SDXNÈƻLƿ UǀÈ\V VHQDV SOXQNVQDV JDOL PHVWL XËVLDXJLQWL QDXMDV ODELDX WLQNDQƻLDV QDXMRPV VƹO\JRPV 6QLHJLQJXRVH UHJLRQXRVH J\YHQDQW\V SDXNÈƻLDL ËLHPƹ JDOL WDSWL YLVLÈNDL EDOWL WDƻLDX SDVLEDLJXV ÈDOWDMDP VH]RQXL MLH QXPHWD VHQDV SOXQNVQDV LU XËVLDXJLQD U\ÈNLDV DU UDÈWXRWDV 3DXNÈƻLDL SOXQNVQDV PHWD LU GƾO WR NDG DWDXJLQWƿ SDËHLVWDV SOXQNVQDV 1DXMƿ SOXQNVQƿ DXJLQLPDV UHLNDODXMD GDXJ HQHUJLMRV WRGƾO YLVLÈNDV DU GDOLQLV SDXNÈƻLƿ SOXQNVQƿ PHWLPDV QLHNDGD QHY\NVWD WDGD NDL SDXNÈƻLDL GDXJLQDVL VXND OL]GXV DU PLJUXRMD
ĥ? đ
PALYGINK
ē? ė
/*$82'(*,6 $.620,1,6 $8'ĝ-$6 ĕ52'<7$@ .$' 18.,5386 Ĉ &0 ,/*,2 3$7,12 82'(*ě@ 3$7(/,Ġ 686,'20ğ-,0$6 -82 680$®ğ-$?
ILGOS UODEGOS
? đ đ
(&$/,6 25$9,026, 0(78 ¥,26
(175,1ğ6 đ0(5,.26 $72*5ěN ®Ġ 0,¥.826( *<9(1$1ĝ,26 5ġ¥,(6 3$8.¥ĝ,Ġ 3$7,1$, 8®6,$8*,1$ '9, ,/*$6 82'(*26 3/81.61$6@ 6,(.,$1ĝ,$6 ,., Ģ 0?
Onagadori , $321,-2-( ,¥9(67$ 9,¥7Ġ 9(,6/ğ <3$7,1*$ 782@ .$' 'ğ/ 087$&,-26 *$,'®,$, *$/, 8®6,$8N *,17, ,¥6.,57,1$, ,/*$6 82'(*26 3/81.61$6 P .$, .$'$ -26 *$/, %ġ7, 1(7 ,/*(61ğ6 1(, ĢĈ 0?
ò¼¹±²³ ²® ¿®·òú µ·²¸±ð®ð¾û ò¸°²¼¯ ò¾À¿þ ă²·µ²ð²¸ú
/81.61Ğ '$/<6 /81.61Ě@ 1256 -, ,5 $752'2 9,(17,6$@ 68'$52 1(7 .(/,26 69$5%,26 '$/<6?
$,3 3/81.61$ $8*$G
(175,1,6 67,(%$6 /81.61$ <5$ '$/,-$0$ Ĝ '9, $76.,5$6 '$/,6A 63<*/Ĝ HcalamusI ,5 67,(%ě HrachisI. ¥25,1ğ 3/81.6126 9ğ7<./ğ6 '$/,6 <5$ 18.5(,37$ Ĝ 35,(.,1Ĝ 63$512 .5$¥7ě?
3<*/<6 HCalamus)
7,(%$6 HRachis)
đ5ĝ,$86,$, .ġ12 (6$17, 78¥ĝ,$9,'85ğ 3/81.6126 '$/,6@ $17 .85,26 1ğ5$ 9ğ7<./,Ġ?
,67$/,1,$0( 3/81.6126 *$/( (6$17, =21$@ 182 .85,26 ¥$.2-$6, ¥,07$, 608/.,Ġ ¥21,1,Ġ ¥$.(/,Ġ@ 68'$5$1ĝ,Ġ 9ğ7<./Ğ?
ĝ7<./ĝ6 $/87,1,$, 67,(%$, ,( 0,1.¥7, 6,ġ/(/,$, 3$'('$ 35,( 3$8.¥ĝ,2 2'26 ,¥6$8N *27, ¥,/72 252 6/82.61Ĝ?
21,1ĝ6 ¥$.(/ĝ6 ,(.9,(1ě 9ğ7<./Ğ 68'$52 0$®(61,Ġ 3$5$/(/,$, ,¥6,'ğ6ĝ,86,Ġ ¥21,1,Ġ ¥$.(/,Ġ *583ğ6?
$%/,8.$, 08/.ġ6 ,5 /$1.67ġ6 .,(.9,(12 63,1'8/,2 *$/( (6$17<6 .$%/,8.$, 68-81*,$ ¥$.(/(6@ 72'ğ/ 6.5<'®,2 0(78 3/81.61$ <5$ /$1.67, ,5 *$/, ,¥6,7(037,@ 8®7,.5,1'$0$ 252 &,5.8/,$&,-ě?
3,1'8/,$, ,(.9,(1ě 63,1'8/Ĝ 68'$52 608/.(61,Ġ ¥$.(/,Ġ *583ğ6?
/81.6126A 182 '(1*,$1Ĥ,Ğ Ĥ(53,Ğ ,., 9$,5$/$='®,Ğ (1*,$026,26 3/81.6126
$, 3/2.¥ĝ,$6@ ,¥ '$8*<%ğ6 35,( 67,(%2 35,6,79,57,186,Ġ ¥21,1,Ġ ¥$.(/,Ġ 68)250827$6 3$9,5¥,86?
5,( 3$8.¥ĝ,2 .ġ12 3/81.6126 <5$ 35,6,79,57,186,26 7$,6<./,1*20,6 -826720,6@ 9$',1$020,6 pterilijomis. 26 '(1*,$ %(9(,. 9,6ě .ġ1ěB 726 .ġ12 9,(726@ .85,Ġ 1('(1*,$ 3/81.6N 126@ <5$ 9$',1$026 apterijomis. đ8*7, 3/81.61$ 35$'('$ 32 2'$ (6$1ĝ,826( 63(&,$/,826( *80%(/,82N 6(@ .85,826 .$3,/,$5$, $35ġ3,1$ .5$8-8? /81.61$ ,¥$8*$ ,¥ )2/,.8/2@ 35,0(1$1ĝ,2 3/$8.2 )2/,.8/ě ,5 686,N )25082-$1ĝ,2 /ě67(/ğ06 '$8*,1$17,6 ®,('2 )250$? (5$7,12 /ě67(/ğ6 6879,57,1$ (3,'(50Ĝ ,5 /(0,$ ','(/,2 /ě67(/,Ġ .,(.,2 6$1.$83ě 2'2-(? (5$7,12&,7$, ,5 72/,$8 '$8*,1$6, ®,('2 )250$@ 72'ğ/@ *80%(/,2 3$*5,1'( '$8*,1$1N 7,6 1$8-206 /ě67(/ğ06@ 6(126 /ě67(/ğ6 <5$ 6780,$026 Ĝ 9,5¥Ġ@ .2/ 3/81.61$ ,¥/(1'$ 3(5 2'ě? đ8*$1ĝ,ě 3/81.61ě $36$8*2 ¥9(/1(61,6 3$9,5¥,1,6 3/81.6126 6/82.61,6? ğ/,$8 (3,'(50,2 6/82.61,6 ,¥6,6.$,'2 Ĝ '$5,1,86@ .85,( *$/,$86,$, 7$03$ ¥21,1ğ0,6 ¥$.(/ğ0,6? 5,(¥ 3/81.61$, ,¥'<*67$17@ ¥$.(/ğ6 <5$ $36,68.86,26 $3/,1. 67,(%ě? /81.61$, 8®$8*86@ -26 3$*5,1'( (6$17, $1*$@ 352 .85,ě 3$7(1.$ .5$8-$6@ 8®6,9(5,$?
217ğ5,1ĝ6 3/81.6126 ,$6 ,¥25,1(6 3/81.61$6 9$/'2 63(&,$/ġ6 5$80(1<6? 26 3$8.¥ĝ,8, 687(,.,$ $37$.,ě )250ě? ,Ġ 3/81.61Ġ 3$*5,1'826( <5$ 0,1.¥7, ¥$/87,1,$, 67,(%$,@ 7$ĝ,$8 -Ġ *$/$, 3/2.¥7,@ 72'ğ/ ¥,26 3/81.6126 *8/, 9,(1$ $17 .,726 .$,3 672*2 ĝ(53ğ6@ 687(,.'$026 3$8.¥ĝ,8, $(52',1$0,.ě?
/$612-$026,26 3/81.6126 ,50,1ğ6@ $175,1ğ6 ,5 75(7,1ğ6 3/$612-$026,26 3/81.6126 HremigesI 35,( .$8/Ġ 35,6,79,57,1$ 63(&,$/,$,6 5$,¥ĝ,$,6? 26ġ.,Ġ 0(78 1$8'2-$026 3,50,1ğ6 3/$612-$026,26 3/81.6126 <5$ ,/*,$86,26 ,5 67,35,$86,26 ¥,26 5ġ¥,(6 3/81.6126? đ175,1ğ6 3/81.6126 <5$ 1$8',1*26 3$8.¥ĝ,8, 3/$612-$17 ,5 1(5,$17 ®(0<1?
2'(*26 9$,582-$026,26 3/81.6126 ,26 ,/*26 ,5 67$1'®,26 3/81.6126@ 9$',1$026 rectrices@ 3$'('$ 6.5(1'$1ĝ,$0 3$8.¥ĝ,8, 68.,27,6@ 5(*8/,827, $8.¥7Ĝ?
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G |
k -RVHSK & %RRQH 7VXQDGH 7KLQNVWRFN $WWLV $ODP\
,26 1(','(/ğ6 3/81.6126@ ®,12026 .$,3 tectrices@ <5$ ,¥6,'ğ6ĝ,86,26 (,/ğ0,6 9,5¥ 3/$612-$0Ġ-Ġ 3/81.61Ġ? 26 68¥9(/1,1$ 252 65$87ě 9,5¥ 63$51Ġ ,5 8®7,.5,1$ .ġ12 $36$8*ě?
$67$7$, 32 9$1'(1,8 'ƾO GLGƾMDQƻLR ËPRQLƿ VNDLƻLDXV J\YHQWL $8-$6 26(,'212 1827<.,6 WLQNDPRV ËHPƾV SORWDL $, 9,(1$ ,¥ ¥,82 0(78 67$720Ğ *<9(19,(Ĥ,Ğ 32 9$1'(1,8? ,(¥%87,6 W 26(,'21 1'(56($ (6257T 785ĝ6 ,5 1826$9Ě 329$1'(1,1ě /$,9Ě@ .85,6 $76726 7$.6,? QXRODW PDËƾMD WRGƾO QLHNR NHLVWR NDG YLV 72*$6 GDXJLDX DUFKLWHNWƿ ƺNYƾSLPR LHÈNR SR YDQGHQLX
52 0,/®,1,¥.ě ,¥ $.5,/2 3$*$0,17ě 672*/$1*Ĝ Ĝ &(175,1Ĝ $75,80ě 3$7(.6 3$.$1.$0$6 ¥9,(626 .,(.,6?
3RYDQGHQLQLDLV ODLYDLV ËPRQƾV SODXNLRMD QXR ;9,,, DPËLDXV R ÈLXRODLNLQLDL DWRPLQLDL ODLYDL JDOL SDQHUWL ƺ GLGHVQƺ QHL PHWUƿ J\Oƺ 7RGƾO DWURGR NDG SDVWDW\WL YRV GHÈLPWLHV PHWUƿ J\O\MH SDVWDWƹ \UD JDQD OHQJYD XËGXRWLV GHMD QXRODWLQƾV SRYDQGHQLQƾV EXYHLQƾV NǀUƾMDPV WHNV ƺYHLNWL QH YLHQƹ LÈÈǀNƺ 3RYDQGHQLQLV ODLYDV SDN\OD ƺ SDYLUÈLƿ ËPRQƾV LÈ MR LÈOLSD LU ƺOLSD 9DGLQDVL MDPH JDOL EǀWL LÈVDXJRPDV QRUPDOXV DWPRVIHURV VOƾJLV 7DƻLDX SR YDQGHQLX SDVWDW\WDP LU SULH MǀURV GXJQR SULWYLUWLQWDP SDVWDWXL EǀWLQDV VSHFLDOXV YDP]GLV RUXL NDG ËPRQƾPV ƺHLQDQW LU LÈHLQDQW LÈ SDVWDWR EǀWƿ JDOLPD UHJXOLXRWL VOƾJƺ .LWDLS YLGLQLV ÈLR SDVWDWR RUR VOƾJLV EXV WRNV SDW NDLS LU LÈRUƾMH HVDQƻLR YDQGHQV VOƾJLV ,OJLDX QHL YDODQGƹ NYƾSXRMDQW DXNÈWR VOƾJLR RUX RUH HVDQWLV D]RWDV LÈWLUSVWD YDQGHQ\MH HVDQƻLDPH NǀQR DXGLQLXRVH 3HU VWDLJLDL LÈQƾUXV YLVDV VXVLNDXSƽV D]RWDV LÈ DXGLQLƿ SDVLÈDOLQD YLHQX PHWX LU VXIRUPXRMD EXUEXOLXNXV NXULH JDOL SDËHLVWL UDXPHQLV LU VXWULNG\WL NUDXMR FLUNXOLDYLPƹ ÇL SRWHQFLDOLDL PLUWLQD EǀNOƾ YDGLQDPD NHVRQLQH GHNRPSUHVLMRV OLJD 7RGƾO GDXJHOLV ÈLXR PHWX SODQXRMDPƿ SRYDQGHQLQLƿ SDVWDWƿ WXUL QXRODWLQƽ VƹVDMƹ VX YDQGHQV SDYLUÈLXPL 7DL OHLGËLD SDVWDWH HVDQƻLDP DWPRVIHURV VOƾJLXL LÈOLNWL QRUPDOLDP WDƻLDX WDL E\ORMD DSLH WDL NDG QLHNDV QHODLNR SDVWDWƹ VXSDQƻLR PLOËLQLÈNR YDQGHQV VYRULR PHWUƿ J\O\MH NLHNYLHQDV NYDGUDWLQLV VLHQRV DU ODQJR PHWUDV \UD VOHJLDPDV GLGHVQLR QHL WRQƿ VYRULR 7DL UHLNDODXMD GDXJ VWRUHVQLƿ LU WYLUWHVQLƿ PHGËLDJƿ %H WR ODQJDL LU GXU\V WXUƾWƿ EǀWL LÈJDXEWL NDG VOƾJLV SDVLVNLUVW\Wƿ YLHQRGDL 6ƹVDMD VX YDQGHQV SDYLUÈLXPL WDLS SDW UHLÈNLD NDG SDVWDWXL SDYRMƿ JDOL NHOWL SRWY\QLDL LU DWRVOǀJLDL
| đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
3(&,$/, .216758.&,-$ 5$'®,2-( W 26(,'21T 9,(¥%87<-( %86 ēĈ .$0%$5,Ġ@ 7$ĝ,$8 -Ĝ %86 *$/,0$ 3$',',17, ,., ĢēĈ .$0%$5,Ġ?
5$163257$6 ,(¥%87,6 785ğ6 1826$9ě 785,67,1Ĝ 329$1'(1Ĝ /$,9ě@ .85,82 %86 5(1*,$026 (.6.856,-26 Ĝ .25$/Ġ 5,)86?
7DQ]DQLMRMH =DQ]LEDUR VDO\QH HVDQWLV YLHÈEXWLV ë0DQWD 5HVRUWé VLǀOR DSVLVWRWL SR YDQGHQLX HVDQƻLDPH NDPEDU\MH 6LHNLDQW LÈYHQJWL GXNDUW SHU GLHQƹ Y\NVWDQƻLƿ NHWXULƿ PHWUƿ DXNÈƻLR SRWY\QLƿ LU DWRVOǀJLƿ SRYHLNLR ÈLV NDPEDU\V QƾUD VWDELOLDL SULWYLUWLQWDV SULH YDQGHQ\QR GXJQR -LV \UD ƺNXUWDV YDQGHQ\QR SDYLUÈLXMH SOǀGXULXRMDQƻLR GHQLR DSDƻLRMH ,È HVPƾV WDL \UD HNVWUHPDOL ODLYR VX VWLNOLQLX GXJQX YHUVLMD ë0DQWD 5HVRUWé \UD ÇYHGLMRMH HVDQƻLR YLHÈEXƻLR ë8WWHUé DQDORJDV ÇYHGƿ NDOERMH ËRGLV utter UHLÈNLD ëǀGUƹé ÇLV YLHÈEXWLV VLǀOR YLHQR NDPEDULR QXPHUƺ ƺNXUWƹ 0DODUHQR HËHUH QHWROL 9DVWHUDVR PLHVWR ,È SUDGËLƿ Èƺ YLHÈEXWƺ ÇYHGLMRV PHQLQLQNDV 0LNDHOLV *HQEHUJDV VXNǀUƾ NDLS YLHÈRMR PHQR LQVWDOLDFLMƹ WDƻLDX YLHWD WDSR WRNLD SRSXOLDUL NDG P *HQEHUJDV QHW ƺNǀUƾ VDYR ë8QGHUZDWHU +RWHOVé EHQGURYƽ NXUL SRYDQGHQLQLƿ NDPEDULƿ NRQFHSFLMƹ SULWDLNƾ ÈLOWHVQLHPV SDVDXOLR YDQGHQLPV ë:DWHU 'LVFXVé YLHÈEXWLV ä DPELFLQJDV SURMHNWDV
IRUPD SULPHQDQWLV QXVLOHLGXVƺ HUGYƾODLYƺ 9LUÈXWLQLDL ÈLR SDVWDWR DXNÈWDL WXUƾWƿ EǀWL DXNÈWDL LÈNLOƽ NDG EǀWƿ JDOLPD DWVLODLN\WL QHW SULHÈ YLGXWLQLR G\GËLR FXQDPƺ R SR YDQGHQLX P J\O\MH HVDQW\V NDPEDULDL YLOLRWƿ YDL]GX ƺ DSÈYLHVWƹ NRUDOƿ ULIƹ 'DNWDUDV /HFKDV 5RYLQVNLV YDGRYDXMDQWLV /HQNLMRMH ƺVLNǀUXVLDP *GDQVNR XQLYHUVLWHWR 7HRULMRV LU ODLYƿ GL]DLQR GHSDUWDPHQWXL \UD YLHQDV LÈ Èƺ ë:DWHU 'LVFXVé YLHÈEXWƺ VXSURMHNWDYXVLRV EHQGURYƾV ë'HHS 2FHDQ 7HFKQRORJ\é ƺNǀUƾMƿ 0ǀVƿ ËXUQDOXL MLV SDSDVDNRMR DSLH SURMHNWƹ LU GLGËLDXVLDV NOLǀWLV
Tema
Medicina
Pramogos
Namai
Komunikacijos
5ð ²ð±·²º®
Prietaisai
Elektronika
Kompiuterija
0®¾±¿¯·²ºþ ·¯³À¼¹ý
4)&1>'3'-56'.
5õ,'?ù.
FAKTAI
POVANDENINIAI Ģ đ
Wđ48$7,&$T
1
W 52.(1 ,'*(T
,/0( W ,/, ®<'5$ -ġ5$T HĢ
0?I 6(1$ 329$1'(1,1,Ġ /$,9Ġ '(*$/Ġ %$=ğ 3$9(5ĝ,$0$ 0(',&,126 7<N 5,0Ġ &(1758@ 7$ĝ,$8 9(,67, <3$ĝ 3527,1*86 5<./,86 087$1786 %892 35$67$6 680$1<0$6?
2
(5,$/( W6($ 8(67 T 35,67$N 720$ 9$1'(1<12 '8*1( (6$17, .$6<%26 .2/21,-$@ Ĝ.857$ ,¥1$8'2-86 ®(0ğ6 ,¥7(./,86? , W 52.(1 ,'*(T .2/21,-$ <5$ Ĝ.857$ ¥$/,$ đ8675$/,-26 .5$17Ġ?
W 5,N &($1,& 253T
3
,/0( W (9,$7$1$6T HĢ 0?I 329$1N '(1,1( .$6<%$ 8®6,,0$17<6 ®021ğ6 9$1'(1<12 '8*1( 3/$182-$ ,¥%ġ7, Ĉ ',(1Ġ? $ĝ,$8 -,( $37,1.$ 68'8®86Ĝ@ 5$N ',2$.7<9,20,6 0('®,$*20,6 8®.5ğ67ě /$,9ě@ ,5 -,(06 35$'('$ $8*7, ĝ,83789$,?
,/80$
4
đ7/$17,'$
,/0( W ('8*1ğT HĢ 0?I ē .0 *</<-( 3$67$720$ 3/$7)250$? $ĝ,$8 7$, 1,(.$,@ 3$/<*,17, 68 782@ .$' .0 *</,2 9$1'(1<12 Ĝ'8%2-( *<9(1$ ,5 $7(,9,$,?
5
$, 1( 7,. *5$,.Ġ /(*(1'26( 0,1,N 0$6 ',1*Ğ6 0,(67$6@ %(7 ,5 3,.7$N '$5,2 $5/2 7520%(5*2 329$1N '(1,1ğ 6/ğ3789ğ@ 52'<7$ Ģ 0? ®(,062 21'2 ),/02 W 1,3$6@ .85,6 0$1( 0</ğ-2T '$/<-(?
.®Â®²¾±² ² ò²ð°¯¸¯¾² ²òú 2¯ò±²³¯ð +ð³±·ò±® 7±ò¯·¾G ²± ´°¾û ¼®²ð°¯¾þ Á Ç ¸¹ð 6=: ³¯¹±·²þ
W 26(,'21 1'(56($ (6257T 9,(¥%87,6 352-(.782-$0$6 ,'®,2 6$/2-(
,5%7,1,$, .25$/Ġ 5,)$, *(52.$, 3$72%8/ğ-2 ,5 ¥,$1',(1 <5$ .85 .$6 (.2/2*,¥.(61,
đ79<.,0$6 9(ĝ,$, 35,( 3/ġ'85,82-$1ĝ,26 Ĝğ-,02 3/$7)25026 $73/$8.6 /$,98?
.2/2*,-26 ,'ĝ-206 9,(726 32 9$1'(1,8 1(75ğ.67$ ,)7$6 9,(0 /,)7$,6 69(ĝ,$, 186,/(,6 Ĝ 32 9$1'(1,8 Ĝ.857ě 9,(¥%8ĝ,2 $8.¥7ě@ (6$17Ĝ ēĈ 0 *</<-(? *< <-
5,(®,ğ526 79$5.$5$¥7,6 ,(.9,(1$6 9,(¥%8ĝ,2 .$0%$5<6 *$/ğ6 %ġ7, ,¥.(/7$6 Ĝ 3$9,5¥,Ġ@ .85 %86 5(021782-$0$6? ,.,0$6,@ .$' 72 35,5(,.6 926 .$57ě 3(5 '(¥,07 0(7Ġ?
25$/Ġ 5,)$, <5$ 75$3ġ6@ 2 -826( *<9(N 1$17<6 32/,3$, P ,7,1 -$875ġ6 7(5¥$/$06? đ¥78172-2 '(¥,070(ĝ,2 %$1'<0$6 35,( /25,'26 .5$17Ġ ',5%7,1Ĝ .25$/,1Ĝ 5,)ě 68.857, ,¥ 0,/,-21Ġ 6(1Ġ $87202N %,/,Ġ 3$'$1*Ġ 9,572 .$7$6752)$@ 1(6 3$'$1*26 1( 7,. 1(35,75$8.ğ 1$8-Ġ 1$8.25$/Ġ@ %(7 ,5 $3/,1. (6$17,(06 (7 ,5 $3/,1. (6$17,(06 $8*$/$06 3$'$5ğ ','(/Ğ ®$/ě? $67$7$, $8*$/$06 3$'$5ğ ','(/Ğ ®$/ě? $67 32 9$1'(1,8 67$720, $17 32/,Ġ@ 7$,*, -Ġ 32 9$1'(1,8 67$720, $17 32/,Ġ@ 7$,* .217$.7$6 68 -ġ526 '8*18 <5$ 0,1,0$N .217$.7$6 68 -ġ526 '8*18 <5$ 0,1,0 /86? ( 72@ 1$8'2-$026 63(&,$/,26 /86? ( 72@ 1$8'2-$026 63(&,$/, .25$/Ġ $8*,0ě $17 -Ġ 3$9,5¥,$86 .25$/Ġ $8*,0ě $17 -Ġ 3$9,5¥,$ 6.$7,1$1ĝ,26 0('®,$*26 6.$7,1$1ĝ,26 0('®,$*26? ,626 $7/,(.26 ,5 3$1$8N ,626 $7/,(.26 ,5 3$1$8 '27$6 9$1'82 <5$ 3(5',5%$0, $5%$ 3$¥$/,1$0,@ 1(7(5N ¥,$17 -ġ526 $5 9$1'(1<12?
$1*$, ,¥ $.5,/2 ,(.9,(1$6 ,¥*$8%7$6 /$1*2 67,./$6 W 26(,'21T 9,(¥%87<-( %86 ; ē 0 '<'®,2 ,5 ĢĈ &0 6725,2@ 72'ğ/ *$/ğ6 $7/$,.<7, ,¥25,1Ĝ 6/ğ*Ĝ?
(1'5$ 7$/3$ ,6$6 9,(¥%87,6 69(56 Ĉ 721Ġ ,5 %86 Ģē ; ē 0 '<'®,2?
,(¥%87<-( 9<.67$1Ĥ,26 3$6.$,726 $07,1,1.$, 69(ĝ,$06 6.$,7<6 3$6.$,7$6 $3,( 329$1'(1,1Ğ *<9(19,(7Ğ?
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G |
TECHNOLOGIJOS
| đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
,6 (5'986 .$0%$5<6 32 9$1'(1,8 <5$ 35$%$1*$86 9,(¥%8ĝ,2 $/'<9826( '$/,6
Namai vandenyno dugne 256 '$8*(/,8, 3$.$.7Ġ ,5 6$9$,7ğ6 35$%$1*,Ġ $72672*Ġ $5 3$®,17,1ğ6 ,¥9<.26 32 9$1'(1,8@ -$8 *$/,0$ .5(,37,6 Ĝ %(1'529(6@ 6,ġ/$1ĝ,$6 1$086 32 9$1'(1,8? đ %(1'529ğ W 8%0$5,1( 758&785(6 T ¥,82 0(78 32 9$1'(1,8 67$72 $36.5,786 '9,(-Ġ 0,(*$0Ġ-Ġ 1$086@ .85,( *$/, %ġ7, 79,57,1$0, 35,( ./,(172 3$6,5,1.72 '8*12? ,( 3$*$/ W ē T 352-(.7ě 67$720, 1$0$, *$/, %ġ7, 79,57,1$0, ĢĈPēĈ 0(75Ġ *</<-( ,5 68 -ġ526 3$9,5¥,80, 68-81*,$0, /,)78? đ7026)(526 6/ğ*,6 1$02 9,'8-( <5$ 72.6 3$7 .$,3 ,5 -ġ526 3$9,5¥,8-(@ 7$,*, 1(5(,.,$ 63(&,$/$86 9$0='®,2 258, 7,(.7,@ 2 35,(¥ 3$/,(.$17 1$0ě 1(%ġ7,126 ,/*$, 7581.$1ĝ,26 '(.2035(6,-26 352&('ġ526? ,6$0( 1$0( <5$ Ĝ0217827, 3$125$0,1,$,@ ,¥ $.5,/2 3$*$0,17, /$1*$,@ 72'ğ/ ,¥ .,(.9,(12 .$0%$5,2 $76,9(5,$ -ġ526 9$,='$,?
<9(19,(Ĥ,Ğ po vandeniu evoliucija
ë'LGËLDXVLD SUREOHPD \UD EDQJRV QHV HVDPH SULYHUVWL ULQNWLV YLHWDV NXU SRWY\QLƿ LU DWRVOǀJLƿ PHWX DWVLUDQGDQWLV YDQGHQV O\JLR VNLUWXPDV QHEǀWƿ ODEDL GLGHOLV 0ǀVƿ PRGHOLV \UD SULHÈLQJDV ËLHGLQLDP PRGHOLXL SDJDO NXUƺ SDVWDWDV VWDWRPDV DXNÈWDL YLUÈ YDQGHQV SDYLUÈLDXV VLHNLDQW LÈYHQJWL EDQJƿ ÇLXR DWYHMX SR YDQGHQLX SODQXRMDPDV GLGHOLR WǀULR SDVWDWDV WRGƾO Mƺ YDQGHQ\QR MƾJRV WXUƾWƿ VWLSULDL YHLNWL é 6WHEƾWLQD WDƻLDX ÈLƹ SUREOHPƹ JDOLPD LÈVSUƽVWL DWVLVDNDQW JLOLDL MǀURV GXJQH ƺWYLUWLQWƿ SDPDWLQLƿ SROLƿ ë:DWHU 'LVFXVé YLHÈEXWLV SULH MǀURV GXJQR EXV SULWYLUWLQWDV VLXUELPR EǀGX ÇLRV WHFKQRORJLMRV YHLNLPDV SDQDÈXV ƺ SXUYH ƺVWULJXVLR JXPLQLR EDWR WUDXNLPƹ WLN ÈLXR DWYHMX SXUYDV EXV HUWPƾ SOLHQLQƾPLV VLHQRPLV ƺ NXULƹ YLHÈEXWLV QXVLOHLV ë6YDUEX QHOHLVWL YDQGHQLXL SDWHNWL SR NRQVWUXNFLMD ä DLÈNLQD GDNWDUDV 5RYLQVNLV ä (UWPƾ QHWXUL EǀWL QHODLGL YDQGHQLXL WDƻLDX YDQGHQV WƾNPƾ SULYDOR EǀWL ODEDL ULERMDPD 1HEǀWLQD YDQGHQV LÈSXPSXRWL QHV QDXGRMDPD GLQDPLQƾ VLVWHPD 9LHQƹ VHNXQGƽ VOƾJLV EDQJRV DSDƻLRMH \UD PDËDV R NLWƹ ä MDX GLGHOLV WDLJL QRULQW YLHÈEXƻLR SDJULQGƹ LÈODLN\WL HUWPƾMH UHLNDOLQJD QHGLGHOƾ EHQGUD MƾJD é 3DVWDWƿ SR YDQGHQLX VLHQRV JDPLQDPRV LÈ SOLHQR WDLNDQW ODLYƿ VWDW\ERMH QDXGRMDPXV PHWRGXV R GLGHOL ODQJDL JDPLQDPL LÈ DNULOR SODVWLNR 3ULUHLNXV ÈL PHGËLDJD ÈLHN WLHN VXOLQNVWD LU OHLGËLD LÈYHQJWL VOƾJLR VXNHOWƿ OǀËLƿ WDƻLDX GDU VYDUELDX WDL NDG ÈL PHGËLDJD ÈYLHVRV VSLQGXOLXV ODXËLD NDLS YDQGXR WRGƾO ODQJDL QHLÈNUDLSR YDL]GR <UD GDU YLHQD SULHËDVWLV NRGƾO WRNLH YLHÈEXƻLDL QƾUD SURMHNWXRMDPL GLGHVQLDPH QHL PHWUƿ J\O\MH ë7DL PDWRPXPR NODXVLPDV 2EMHNWDPV SR YDQGHQLX QRULPH VXWHLNWL VSDOYƿ R WDP EǀWLQDV QHGLGHOLV J\OLVé ä WHLJLD 5RYLQVNLV 7DƻLDX QHW GHÈLPW PHWUƿ SR YDQGHQLX ä GLGHOƾ SUREOHPD HYDNXDFLMRV PHWX 'DXJ GƾPHVLR SR YDQGHQLX ƺVLNǀUXVLDPH SDVWDWH WXUL EǀWL VNLULDPD SULHÈJDLVULQHL VDXJDL QHV QHW PDËLDXVLDV JDLVUDV JDOL LÈQDXGRWL YLVƹ GHJXRQƺ ë:DWHU 'LVFXVé YLHÈEXWLV \UD VXSURMHNWXRWDV WDLS NDG YLVD SR YDQGHQLX HVDQWL MR GDOLV JDOƾWƿ LÈNLOWL ƺ SDYLUÈLƿ 5RYLQVNLV WDL DLÈNLQD WDLS ë0HV VXSURMHNWDYRPH DXNÈƻLDX YDQGHQV O\JLR HVDQƻLXV EDODVWLQLXV UH]HUYXDUXV WRGƾO SDQDXGRMXV PHFKDQLQLXV ƺUHQJLQLXV YLVƹ NRQVWUXNFLMƹ JDOLPD OHQJYDL LÈNHOWL ƺ YLUÈƿ 3DVWDWXL SDNLOWL SULUHLNWƿ EHQW PLQXƻLƿ WDƻLDX PHV PDQRPH NDG WRNV ODLNDV \UD SHUQHO\J WUXPSDV LU VLHNLDPH Mƺ SDLOJLQWL LNL SXVYDODQGËLR 7LHN SULUHLNWƿ HYDNXDFLMDL ä XËWLNULQWL NDG ËPRQƾV MXGƾWƿ EH SDQLNRV é -HL MXPV QHULPƹ NHOLD XUDJDQƿ DU WURSLQLƿ DXGUƿ SDYRMXV DWRVWRJRV SR YDQGHQLX LÈ WLHVƿ JDOƾWƿ EǀWL VDXJLDXVLDV SDVLULQNLPDV ë0DQDX NDG YLHÈEXWLV EXV DWVSDUHVQLV JDPWRV MƾJƿ SRYHLNLXL QHL VDXVXPRMH VWRYLQW\V SDVWDWDLé ä WHLJLD 5RYLQVNLV
„Water Discus“ viešbutis yra suprojektuotas taip, kad visa po vandeniu ±ò®ð¾² º¯ ³®¹²ò ¿®¹ý¾þ ² ¼²¹¾² û µ®Â²· ²þG
1962
1964
„Conshelf I“
„SEALAB I“
$.2 8672 Ĝ.857$ 7<5,1ğ-,0Ġ đ /$,9<12 68.857$6 6727,6 W 217,1(17$/ +(/) 3$67$7$6@ 6.,57$6 0(72'Ġ@ 7$7,21T %892 3,50$6,6 /(,'®,$1ĝ,Ġ 'ğ/ '(.2035(6,-26 329$1'(1,1,6 3$67$7$6@ .85,$0( 680$®,17, 3<.,1,0ě 32 *<9(12 ®021ğ6? ,$0( ,/*,$8 7581.$1ĝ,2 1$5'<02@ ; ē@ 0 '<'®,2 &,/,1'5( '8 7<5,0$06? ,6 3$67$7$6 %892 W2.($1$87$,T 35$/(,'2 6$9$,7Ğ? Ĝ5(1*7$6 0 *</<-(?
1965 „Conshelf III“ $6.87,1ğ $.2 8672 68.857$ *<9(19,(7ğ 32 9$1'(1,8 H'(¥,1ğ-(I? , 6727,6 1(,¥.,/'$0$ Ĝ 3$9,5¥,Ġ ĈĈ 0 *</<-( ,¥%892 1(7 75,6 6$9$,7(6?
đ đ
Ģ Ę đ ĈĈĈ 0
" 49 0
10m
21
đ đ "
STATISTIKA W đ T ģ đ đ
ē
2017 m. đ " đ đ đ đ đ
ĈNĢēĈ 0/1? đ '2/(5,Ġ đ " đ đ " Ę đ đ
ÉÈÈ ¸ 7°ò²º¯ò ¸ý¿ýºþ ð®·³À¸¯ ¼¹°´®ò 6°¯³¯º¯º± ºÿ·¯º± µ®ò¾®¾ý ¼±¹²ò µ¯Â®ð³±ð²ð²°ò µ®ò¾®¾°ò
$,3 68.857, W*<9ĚT 3$67$7ĚG 25$/Ġ 5,)$6 <5$ 68'$5<7$6 ,¥ .$/&,2 .$5%21$72 H.$/.$.0(1,2I? Ė,$ *<9(1$17<6 .25$/Ġ 32/,3$, ,¥ -ġ526 9$1'(16 68*(5,$ 0,1(5$/Ġ -2186 ,5 -826 3$1$8'2-$ 79,57$0 6/82.61,8,@ 9$',1$0$0 (*=26.(/(78@ $3/,1. 6$92 .ġ186 .857,? 3(&,$/,$0 %(1'529ğ6 W ,252&.T 68.857$0 $.0(1,8, 1$8'2-$0, 7,( 3$7<6 0,1(5$/Ġ -21$,@ 7$ĝ,$8@ 6,(.,$17 -Ĝ 3$'$5<7, .,(7$ 0('®,$*$@ 9,(72- *<9Ġ .25$/Ġ 3$6,7(/.,$0$ (/(.75$? (5 -Ĝ 3$/(,'86 6529Ğ@ (/(.75$ Ĝ.5$87, -21$, *$/, %ġ7, 35,75$8.7, 35,( 0(7$/,1,2 3$9,5¥,$86? $0 7(5(,.,$ ®(026 Ĝ7$0326@ .85, 1(.(1.,$ -ġ526 *<9ġ1$06@ 2 .(,ĝ,$17 6529Ğ *$/,0$ 5(*8/,827, 0,1(5$/Ġ $8*,0ě? (25,¥.$, W ,252&.T 68.857$6 $.082 *$/ğ7Ġ 687(,.7, *$/,0<%Ğ W8®$8*,17,T 3$67$7ě H®5? ',$*5$0ěI? 256 72.,$0 3$67$78, 3$*$0,17, 681$8'2-$0$ '$8*,$8 (1(5*,-26 1(, 67$7$17 75$',&,1,$,6 %ġ'$,6@ -,6 <5$ 75,6 .$5786 67,35(61,6 ,5 *$/, Ĝ*<7, %(7 .2.,ě )250ě? /82.61,6 3(5 0(786 3$','ğ-$ ,., 3(1.,Ġ &(17,0(75Ġ@ ,5 -(, (/(.7526 6529ğ <5$ 1(1875ġ.67$0$@ $8'5Ġ ,5 686,'ġ5,0Ġ 3$'$5<7ě ®$/ě ,¥7$,6<7, *$/, 3$76 3$67$7$6? ( 72@ 8®827 .(1.Ğ6 -ġ526 *<9ġ1,-$, ,5 $8*$/,-$,@ 72.6 3$67$7$6 1(7 8®7,.5,1$ 63$57(61Ĝ 35,( -2 35,6,79,57,186,Ġ .25$/Ġ $8*,0ě ,5 /(,'®,$ -,(06 $76,/$,.<7, 68'ğ7,1*(61ğ0,6 6ě/<*20,6?
25$/Ğ 3(5.ĝ/,0$6 $, 1(','(/, *<9Ġ .25$/Ġ )5$*0(17$, <5$ 35,79,57,1$0, 35,( 3$67$72@ -,( 63$5ĝ,$, '$8*,1$6, ,5 *5(,7$, ,¥3/,17$ 9,6$0( .216758.&,-26 3$9,5¥,8-(?
Atsinaujinanti (1(5*,-$
$5.$6$6 ,¥ 3/,(12 (','(/ğ6 Ĝ7$0326 (/(.7526 (1(5*,-26 ¥$/7,1,6 <5$ 35,-81*,$0$6 35,( 3/,(1,1,2 .$5.$62@ .85,6 35,79,57,17$6 35,( -ġ526 '8*12@ *$/2?
1(5*,-ě *$/, .857, 6$8/ğ6 %$7(5,-26 $5 9ğ-2 785%,126?
,1(5$/Ğ augimas /(.7526 .5ġ9,6 35,75$8.,$ 0,1(5$/Ġ -2186 ,¥ 9$1'(16@ 2 ¥,( 35,( .$5.$62 35,6,79,57,1$ .$,3 .$/.$.0(1,6 ,5 %586,7$6?
ēĢ 35$%$1*$86 W $7(5 ,6&86T 9,(¥%8ĝ,2 $3$57$0(17$,@ $36837, .25$/,1,Ġ 5,)Ġ@ %86 Ĝ.857, 32 9$1'(1,8 ĢĈ 0(75Ġ *</<-(
1968 68
1969
1970
11986 9
2005 05
„Helgoland“
W (.7,7(T
W <'52/$%T
Wđ48$5,86T
„Ithaa“
,502-, *<9(19,(7ğ 32 9$1'(1,8@ 35,7$,.<7$ ¥$/7(61,(06 9$1'(1,06? W (/*2/$1'T P 7$, Ģ ; 0 '<'®,2 &,/,1'5$6@ 1$8'27$6 ,$85ğ6 ,5 $/7,-26 -ġ526(?
Ĝ Ģ 0(75Ġ *</<-( Ĝ.857ě 02.6/,1,Ġ 7<5,0Ġ 3$67$7ě 68'$5ğ '8 0(7$/,1,$, &,/,1'5$, $17 67$ĝ,$.$03,2 )25026 3/$7)25026 68 -826 -81*,$1ĝ,8 /$1.6ĝ,8 781(/,8?
$8*,$8 1(, Ģ 0(7Ġ W <'52/$%T %892 1$8'27$ Ģ Ĉ $76.,5Ġ (.63(',&,-Ġ 0(78? (785, 02.6/,1,1.$, 0(75Ġ '<'®,2 &,/,1'5( H®5? '(¥,1ğ-(I *$/ğ-2 *<9(17, .(/(7ě 6$9$,ĝ,Ġ?
$8'2-$0$6 ,5 ¥,$1',(1 ¥,6 721$6 69(5,$17,6 3$67$7$6 *$/, %ġ7, 18/(,67$6 ,., 0(75Ġ *</,2? $0( <5$ ¥(¥,26 0,(*$026,26 9,(726@ '8¥2 .$%,1$ ,5 %(/$,'®,2 ,17(51(72 5<¥<6?
$/'<9826( (6$17,6 5(6725$1$6 H®5? '(¥,1ğ-(I <5$ Ĝ.857$6 0(75Ġ *</<-(? $/*<'$0, /$1.<72-$, *$/, *52®ğ7,6 18267$%,$ 3$125$0$?
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G |
k 3RVHLGRQ 8QGHUVHD 5HVRUWV .DULQH 5RXVVHDX 'HVLJQ 6WXGLR 'HHS 2FHDQ 7HFKQRORJ\ &RQUDG +RWHOV 5HVRUWV 1$6$ 12$$ *HWW\
$/%ġ7 *5(,7$, 68 ®89,0,6 *$/ğ6,0( 0,(*27, ¥,82 0(78 .85,$0826( 329$1'(1,1,826( 1$0826( W ē T
TECHNOLOGIJOS
0¯·µ°ò®ò µ·²Â®¹¯ ®¾¹®²¼À¾² ³²³±¹ü ®µ¼·¯Âú ¼°·² ´ÿ¾²ð® µ¹²±ð²ð±² ®°¾¯¸¯´²¹²¯ ® ²°¯¼¹±² ò°òµ®°ò¾²G
$,3 75$,¥.20, $87202%,/,$,G $XWRPRELOLR J\YHQLPR NHOLRQƾV SDVNXWLQƾMH VWRWHOƾMH MR ODXNLD SDVLPDW\PDV VX QHJDLOHVWLQJDLV PHWDOR WUDLÈN\PR ƺUHQJLQLDLV
,'5$8/,.26 9(,.,02 35,1&,3$6 ,'5$8/,.26 9(,.,02 35,1&,3$6 <5$ *$1 3$35$67$6A -ğ*$ 3(5.(/,$0$ ,¥ 9,(126 9,(726 Ĝ .,7ě@ 1$8'2-$17 1(6863$8'®,$0ě 6.<67Ĝ P '$®1,$86,$, $/<9ě? đ8.¥72 6/ğ*,2 3203$ $/<9ě 18.5(,3,$ Ĝ +,'5$8/,1,86 &,/,1'586 ,5 67ġ02./,86? .<67,6 1ğ5$
6863$8'®,$0$6@ 72'ğ/ ','®,2-, -ğ*26 '$/,6 *$/, %ġ7, 3(5'827$ 75$,¥.<02 3/2.¥7ğ06? (,ĝ,$17 67ġ02./,Ġ ,5 &,/,1'5Ġ '<'Ĝ@ 320326 68.85,$0$ -ğ*$ *$/, %ġ7, 3$',',17$@ 72'ğ/ ,5 1(','(/, 6.<6ĝ,2 .,(.,$, *$/, %ġ7, 1$8'2-$0, 681.,$0 '$5%8, $7/,.7,?
ĥ? $6,5(1*,0$6
2. Spaudimas
? ,1.$0$6 3(5',5%7,
đ87202%,/,6 3$7,.5,1$0$6@ Ĝ9(57,1$0$ -2 %ġ./ğ@ ,¥,0$026 726 '$/<6@ .85,26 '$5 .$57ě *$/, %ġ7, 3$1$8'2726? ¥ 75$1632572 35,(021ğ6 3$¥$/,1$0, 6.<6ĝ,$, ,5 %(7 .2.,26 3$92-,1*26 0('®,$*26@ 39=?@ $.808/,$725,86? $'$ $87202%,/,6 .(/,$8-$ Ĝ 75$,¥.<02 Ĝ5(1*,1Ĝ?
2'(51ġ6 $87202%,/,Ġ 75$,¥.<02 Ĝ5(1*,1,$, *$/, %ġ7, 9$/'20, 63867(/ğ-86 0<*78.ě? ,'5$8/,1ğ 75$,¥.<02 3/2.¥7ğ <5$ 8®'('$0$ $17 $87202%,/,2 9,5¥$86 ,5 -Ĝ 63$8'®,$ .(/(72 7ġ.67$1ĝ,Ġ .,/2*5$0Ġ 9,(1$0 .9$'5$7,1,$0 &(17,0(758, -ğ*$? ,6$6 352&(6$6 7581.$ 926 .(/,$6 0,187(6?
863$867$6 $87202%,/,6 6,81ĝ,$0$6 Ĝ 608/.,1789ě@ -Ĝ 3$'$/,-$17Ĝ Ĝ 0$®(61(6 '$/,6@ .85,26 9ğ/,$8 5ġ¥,82-$026 ,5 ,¥/<'2026? $5,./,2 $/<9$ <5$ 685(1.$0$ Ĝ 608/.,17892 $3$ĝ,2-( (6$1ĝ,ě 7$/3ě ,5 '$®1$, 7$,3 3$7 <5$ 3(5',5%$0$?
| đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
k $ODP\ 7KLQNVWRFN
9LHQ -XQJWLQƾMH .DUDO\VWƾMH NLHNYLHQDLV PHWDLV PHWDOR ODXËX YLUVWD GDXJLDX QHL PLOLMRQDV DXWRPRELOLƿ WDƻLDX WDL GDU QƾUD Mƿ J\YHQLPR SDEDLJD ÇLRVH WUDQVSRUWR SULHPRQƾVH \UD GDXJ\Eƾ YHUWLQJƿ PHWDOƿ NXULXRV JDOLPD SHUGLUEWL LU GDU NDUWƹ SDQDXGRWL *DOLQJL DXWRPRELOLƿ WUDLÈN\PR ƺUHQJLQLDL VXVSDXGËLD SOLHQƹ ƺ PHWDOR ODNÈWXV ä Mƺ GDXJ OHQJYLDX WUDQVSRUWXRWL ƺ SHUGLUELPR YLHWƹ 0RGHUQǀV DXWRPRELOLƿ WUDLÈN\PR ƺUHQJLQLDL \UD VX GLGËLXOLDLV KLGUDXOLQLDLV FLOLQGUDLV NXULH SDGHGD VXVSDXVWL PHWDOR ODXËƹ +HUPHWLÈNDV VN\VWLV XËWLNULQD GLGËLXOƽ SORNÈƻLƿ VSDXGLPR MƾJƹ ƴUHQJLQLR NRUSXVDV SULYDOR DWODLN\WL GLGHOƽ DSNURYƹ NXUL EǀWLQD SOLHQLQHL DXWRPRELOLR YDËLXRNOHL VXVSDXVWL WDLJL ÈLH ƺUHQJLQLDL \UD JDPLQDPL LÈ GDU WYLUWHVQLƿ PHGËLDJƿ ä GDËQLDXVLDL LÈ JUǀGLQWR SOLHQR .DGDQJL SOLHQDV SDVLË\PL PDJQHWLQƾPLV VDY\EƾPLV DXWRPRELOLDL ƺ WUDLÈN\PR ƺUHQJLQƺ JDOL EǀWL NUDXQDPL NUDQX VX GLGHOLX PDJQHWX 7DƻLDX JDOL EǀWL QDXGRMDPRV LU NLWRV VXQNLRVLRV PDÈLQRV SDY\]GËLXL ÈDNLQLV NUDXWXYDV VX DWVYDUX DU NUDQDV VX NƾOLPR ËQ\SOƾPLV ËU ËHPLDX 6XVSDXVWL DXWRPRELOLDL VLXQƻLDPL ƺ VPXONLQWXYƹ R SULHÈ MXRV LÈO\GDQW JDXWRV PHWDOR ODXËR GDO\V UǀÈLXRMDPRV SDJDO WLSƹ 6PXONLQWXYXRVH SDSUDVWDL \UD WDOSD VNLUWD LÈ WUDQVSRUWR SULHPRQLƿ WUDLÈN\PR PHWX LÈEƾJXVLDL YDULNOLR DO\YDL NXUL WDLS SDW YƾO JDOL EǀWL SDQDXGRWD VXULQNWL
đ đ
VIDEO!
$0$7<.@ .$,3 *$0,1$026 9$¥.,1ĝ6 ĉ*ğ526??? 0²±¼Â²±ð®²ò ¸±¾®²ò ?®³®¸ 4²°ò¯G ò¾°³²º¯º± µ®¿®¸²ð®¸® æÇ Â® ¼²ð²þ _¿ÿ·þ
$¥.,1,Ğ ĉ*ğ5Ğ *$0<%$ .DLS ËLQJVQLV SR ËLQJVQLR DWVLUDQGD J\YXV ËPRQHV SULPHQDQW\V PRGHOLDL 1XR SDW YLGXUDPËLƿ YDÈNLQƾV ĘJǀURV JDPLQDPRV LÈ ELƻLƿ LU MDSRQLÈNR YDÈNR PLÈLQLR 1RULQW SDJDPLQWL YDÈNLQƽ ĘJǀUƹ SLUPLDXVLD VXIRUPXRMDPDV PROLQLV PRGHOLV ä MLV \UD QDXGRMDPDV IRUPDL SDJDPLQWL 9DÈNR PLÈLQ\V WLUSVWD JDQD QHDXNÈWRMH WHPSHUDWǀURMH ä ƺ ÈLƹ VSHFLDOLƹ IRUPƹ ƺSLODPDV LÈWLUSLQWR YDÈNR VOXRNVQLV 1HW VXVWLQJƽV YDÈNDV LÈOLHND JDQD PLQNÈWDV WDG SDJDPLQWƹ ĘJǀUƹ JDOLPD IRUPXRWL WDƻLDX NDUWX LU JDQD WYLUWDV ä WDL OHLGËLD VXNXUWL LOJDDPËƽ GHWDOLƹ VNXOSWǀUƹ 3DNDLWLQWL PHWDOLQLDL ƺUDQNLDL JDOL EǀWL QDXGRMDPL EHW NRNLRPV SDYLUÈLDXV VLǀOƾPV DU WUǀNXPDPV SDÈDOLQWL WDLS SDW UHLNLDPLHPV ƺGXELPDPV YHLGH LÈO\G\WL LU DNLPV EHL GDQWLPV VXIRUPXRWL 6XVWLQJXVLR YDÈNR PLQNÈWXPDV OHLGËLD XËGƾWL WLNUXV SODXNXV ä WDL YLHQD LOJLDXVLDL WUXQNDQƻLƿ JDP\ERV SURFHVR GDOLƿ *DOLDXVLDL QDXGRMDQW DOLHMLQLXV GDËXV \UD VXNXULDPDV UHDOLVWLÈNDL DWURGDQWLV RGRV DWVSDOYLV LU VWUXNWǀUD
$'$0 ,862 35$'ĝ-2 182 0,5Ĥ,$, 3$60(5.7Ğ ®021,Ğ ĉ*ğ5Ğ
8 9$¥.8 ',5%$17<6 6.8/3725,$,@ .85'$0, *<986 ®021(6 35,0(1$1ĝ,$6 ĉ*ġ5$6@ 35$/(,'®,$ ,¥7,686 0ğ1(6,86
ĥ? ,(72- 5$80(1Ğ P /$,.5$¥Ĥ,$, ,(.'$0, 6$92 ),*ġ5206 687(,.7, $.,9$,='$86 3$1$¥802 Ĝ *<986 ®021(6@ 68 9$¥.8 ',5%$17<6 6.8/3725,$, 1$8'2-$6, .21.5(7$86 Ĝ®<0$86 ®02*$86 )272*5$),N -20,6@ 9$,='2 Ĝ5$¥$,6 ,5 .ġ12 0$70(1,0,6? ,50,$86,$ ,¥ 3/,(12 ,5 $/,80,1,2 3$*$0,N 1$0$6 ),*ġ526 6.(/(7$6@ 2 $3<7,.5ğ 5$80(N 1<12 6758.7ġ5$ 68)25082-$0$ 1$8'2-$17 9,(/ě ,5 /$,.5$¥ĝ,86? 5,(¥ ),*ġ5ě 3$'(1*,$17 02/,8 ,5 -$, 687(,.,$17 )250ě@ 68)25082-$0$ .21.5(7, 32=$?
? /$8.$, $¥.,1Ğ ĉ*ġ5ě ,¥ğ086 ,¥ )25026@ ,¥/<'2026 9,626 6,ġ/ğ6@ 2 9(,'$6 ,5 5$1.26 3$3,/'20, 5(,.$/,1*20,6 '(7$/ğ0,6? ,(.9,(1$6 $76.,5$6 3/$8.$6@ 1$8'2-$17 3/21ě $'$7ğ/Ğ 68 *$/( (6$1ĝ,8 ,¥6,¥$.2-,08@ 5$1.20,6 Ĝ62',1$0$6 Ĝ 02'(/,2 *$/9ěB ¥,6 *$0<%26 (7$3$6 *$/, 758.7, ,., ¥(¥,Ġ 6$9$,ĝ,Ġ?
ē? 25026 .ğ5,0$6
? $¥.2 /,(-,0$6
$¥.,1,Ġ ĉ*ġ5Ġ )25026 <5$ '$52026 ,¥ 6.,57,1*Ġ 0('®,$*Ġ? $/9$, '$®1$, 1$8'2-$0$ *,36,1ğ )250$? $0,1$17 .ġ1ě@ *,36$6 3$3,/'20$6 3/,(12 6879,57,1,0$,6 ,5 67258 0$,¥,1,8 $8',1,8@ .85,( /(,'®,$ $7/$,.<7, 3$3,/'20ě )25026 6925Ĝ? ,7$ 9(5786@ 5$1.Ġ )25026 *$/, %ġ7, *$0,1$026 ,¥ 2'2172/2*,-2-( 1$8'2-$02 $/*,1$72?
/$67,.,1ğ *$/926 )250$ <5$ 35,3,/'20$ ,¥7,53,172 9$¥.2? 9,57ğ'$0$6 9$¥.$6 75$8.,$6,@ 72'ğ/ 6.8/37ġ526 ,5 3$*$/ -$6 68.85726 )25026 '$52026 '9,(0 352&(17$,6 ','(61ğ6 8® 5(,.,$0ě '<'Ĝ? $¥.2 0,¥,1<6 .$57$,6 3$3,/'20$6 /$1.6ĝ,8 3/$67,.8@ .85,6 1(/(,'®,$ 3,5¥7$06 18/ġ®7,? ġ1$6 <5$ /,(-$0$6 ,¥ *8026 ,5 ĉ%52 67,./2?
? đ.<6 2/,$8 (,1$ (7$3$6@ .85,2 0(78 0$1(.(1$6 9,567$ ®02*$86 $175,1,1.8A -2 0(78 )25082-$026 $.<6? 7,./,1ğ6 $.<6 <5$ .5823¥ĝ,$, ,¥7$32026 $.9$5(/,1,$,6 '$®1$,6@ 2 $.,Ġ 5$,1(/ğ6 6758.7ġ5$ 68)25082-$0$ 1$8'2-$17 ¥,/.,1Ĝ 6,ġ/ě? $17<6 )25082-$0, 3$*$/ .85,$02 Ĝ®<0$86 ®02*$86 '$17Ġ $763$8'86@ 3$6,7(/.,$17 2'2172/2*,-2-( 1$8'2-$0ě $.5,/ě?
? '26 '$®<0$6 $¥.$6 <5$ 3(50$720$6@ 72'ğ/ 68.85,$ 72%8/ě 3$*5,1'ě? '26 63$/9$ 68)25082-$0$ 1$8'2-$17 $/,(-,1,86 '$®86? $®$, 3/218 7(378.8 Ĝ7$¥.20, Ĝ 9$¥.ě P 7$,3 68.85,$0$ 5($/,6N 7,¥.$ 7(.67ġ5$? (1,1,1.$6 $76,®9(/*,$ Ĝ ĉ*ġ526 32=ě@ 7$,3 3$7 Ĝ (.6321$9,02 9,(726 $3¥9,(7,0ě@ .$' $17 ĉ*ġ526 68.857Ġ Ĝ7,.,1$0$, $752'$1ĝ,86 ¥(¥ğ/,86?
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G |
k 7KH LPDJHV VKRZQ GHSLFW D ZD[ ILJXUH FUHDWHG DQG RZQHG E\ 0DGDPH 7XVVDXGV
$5,-$ ,862 %892 35$1&ġ=Ġ 6.8/3725ğ@ *,086, Ģ Ģ 0? 26 027,1$ ',5%2 1$0Ġ 79$5.<72-$ 9$¥.,1,Ġ 6.8/37ġ5Ġ .ġ5ğ-2 '$.7$52 ,/<32 857,862 1$0826(? ġ7(17 -,6 $5,-ě ,¥02.ğ ¥,2 0(12 68%7,/<%,Ġ? 5$1&ġ=,-26 5(92/,8&,-26 0(78 ? ,862 3$'$5ğ .$, .85,Ġ 0$®$, ®,120Ġ@ 0,5ĝ,$, 3$60(5.7Ġ ®021,Ġ 9$¥.,1(6 ĉ*ġ5$6? ğ/,$8 -, 3(56,.ğ/ğ Ĝ đ1*/,-ě ,5 Ģ 0? Baker street *$79ğ-( 21'21( $7,'$5ğ 6$92 3,50ě-ě 3$52'ě? $52'2-( %892 *$/,0$ ,¥9<67, ĈĈ 9$¥.,1,Ġ ĉ*ġ5Ġ@ 7$,3 3$7 ,5 ,., ¥,Ġ ',(1Ġ ,7,1 0ğ*67$02 ,$8%2 .$0%$5,2 (.6321$786? 2 ? ,862 0,57,(6 Ģ Ĉ 0? -26 $1ġ.$6 ®2=()$6 (1'$/$6 ĉ*ġ5$6 3(5.ğ/ğ Ĝ Marylebone Road *$79Ğ?
TECHNOLOGIJOS
7¯´¯¾¯ ñ»²·°·¿¯ ·®ð¼þ º°³±ò²®² kontroliuojami specialia valdymo svirtimi“
2%27$,N&+,585*$,
0HGLFLQRMH QDXGRMDPRV FKLUXUJLMRV WHFKQRORJLMRV QXRODW WREXOƾMD WDƻLDX ËPRJDXV ƺVLNLÈLPDV YLV GDU UHLNDOLQJDV
1RUV URERWDL FKLUXUJDL RSHUDFLMƿ VDYDUDQNLÈNDL QHDWOLHND MLH PHGLNDPV SDGHGD WLNVOLDX LU JUHLƻLDX GLUEWL LÈVDXJRWL GDXJLDX MƾJƿ ,È HVPƾV ÈLXRV ƺUHQJLQLXV YDOGR RSHUDWRULXV YDGLQDVL URERWDL FKLUXUJDL QƾUD VDYDUDQNLÈNL NLWL URERWDL SDVLË\PL GLUEWLQLX LQWHOHNWX LU UHDJXRMD DXWRPDWLÈNDL &KLUXUJDV VƾGL SULH YDOG\PR SXOWR R URERWDV SDVWDWRPDV ÈDOLD XËPLJG\WR SDFLHQWR &KLUXUJDV PDWR LWLQ U\ÈNƿ ' YDL]Gƹ NXUƺ ILNVXRMD URERWR NDPHURV R SDWLHV URERWR FKLUXUJR UDQNRV MXGHVLDL NRQWUROLXRMDPL VSHFLDOLD YDOG\PR VYLUWLPL 9DL]GR NDPHUD NXULƹ DQNVƻLDX ODLNƾ ËPRJXV GDEDU \UD SULWYLUWLQWD SULH LGHDOLDL VWDELODXV URERWR 5RERWR FKLUXUJR UDQNRV DWOLHNDPL MXGHVLDL LU MXGƾMLPR NDPSDL SMǀYLƿ PHWX OHLGËLD SMDXWL LWLQ WLNVOLDL GDU\WL PDËHVQƽ ËDOƹ JUHWLPLHPV DXGLQLDPV R WDL VDYR UXRËWX VXPDËLQD VNDXVPƹ LU XËWLNULQD JUHLWHVQƺ DWVLJDYLPƹ SR RSHUDFLMRV 8URORJDL URERWDLV RSHUXRMD ÈODSLPR SǀVOƽ LU LQNVWXV JLQHNRORJDL ä JLPGƹ LU NLDXÈLGHV R ÈLUGLHV FKLUXUJDL SDGHGD ÈLUGLHV QHJDODYLPƿ WXULQWLHPV SDFLHQWDPV 7DƻLDX URERWDL WXUL LU WUǀNXPƿ 3LUPLDXVLD ƺUHQJLQLDL \UD ODEDL EUDQJǀV LU GLGHOL MXRV VXQNX SDVWDW\WL ƺ UHLNLDPƹ YLHWƹ %H WR QDXGRGDPDV WRNƺ URERWƹ FKLUXUJDV SUDUDQGD RSHUDFLMƿ PHWX VYDUEƿ DXGLQLƿ O\WƾMLPR SRMǀWƺ 5RERWL]XRWD FKLUXUJLMD ODLNRPD SDËDQJHVQH XË VWDQGDUWLQƽ ODSDURVNRSLQƽ FKLUXUJLMƹ WDƻLDX RSHUDFLMƿ UH]XOWDWƿ DQDOL]ƾ URGR NDG DEX FKLUXUJLMRV PHWRGDL SDVLHNLD ODEDL SDQDÈLƿ UH]XOWDWƿ 5RERWƿ FKLUXUJƿ SOƾWUƹ VWDEGR WLN GLGHVQƾV PRGHUQLRV RSHUDFLMRV
Ĉ | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
2%272N&+,585*2 W $ ,1Ĥ,T 9(,.,0$6 2%272 ,5 ®02*$86 23(5$725,$86 7$1'(0$6 9(,.,$ 38,.,$, ,5 $7/,(.$ 7,.6/802 5(,.$/$8-$1Ĥ,$6 23(5$&,-$6?
3(5$725,86 2%27$6 <5$ Ĝ5(1*,1<6@ 2 &+,585*$6 P 23(5$725,86? $',1$6,@ 52%27$6 1(*$/, 9(,.7, 6$9$5$1.,¥.$,@ 9,686 -2 -8'(6,86 .21752/,82-$ &+,585*$6?
3D vaizdas (50,1$/$6 3$7(,.,$ 38,.,26 5$,¥.26 9$,='ě@ .85Ĝ ĉ.682-$ 35,( 9,(126 ,¥ 52%272 5$1.Ġ 35,79,57,17$ .$0(5$?
$/'<02 69,57<6
+,585*$6 1$8'2-$6, 9$/'<02 69,57,0,6@ .85,26 /(,'®,$ /$,69$, -8'(6,86 $7/,.7, 5$1.20,6B W $ ,1ĝ,T 6,67(0$ 23(5$&,-26 0(78 7,.6/,$, $7.$572-$ ¥,826 -8'(6,86?
('$/$,
+,585*$6 52%27ě 9$/'2 $%,(0 6$92 5$1.20,6 ,5 .2-20,6? ('$/$, 3$'('$ .(,67, 52%272 .$0(526 32=,&,-ě?
VIDEO!
đ đ
$0$7<.@ .$,3 &+,585*$6 ',5%$ .$578 68 W $ ,1Ĥ,T 52%278??? 7¯´¯¾®² ñ»²·°·¿®² À·® ¿®ð® ´·®ð¿ÿò >®°º®ò û·±ð¿²ðÀò ¼®²ð°¯º® ¸® ³®°¿ ¸²¹²º¯ð°ò ¹²¾þ
2%272N&+,585*2 5$1.26 52&('ġ526 35$'®,2-( 52%272 5$1.Ġ $3$7,1ğ6 '$/<6@ $17 .85,Ġ <5$ 35,79,57,17$ .$0(5$ ,5 23(5$&,-$, 5(,.$/,1*, ,167580(17$,@ 3$'('$026 23(5$&,-26 9,(72-(?
Vidinis vaizdas $0(526 8®ĉ.6827, 9$,='$, <5$ 52'20, .(/,826( 23(5$&,1ğ-( (6$1ĝ,826( (.5$1826(@ .$' 23(5$&,-26 0(78 '$/<9$8-$17, 0(',.Ġ .20$1'$ 0$7<7Ġ 9,686 &+,585*2 9(,.6086?
<'<72-Ğ .20$1'$ 3(5$&,1ğ-( 9,6$'$ <5$ 67(5,/86 $6082@ 3$6,5(1*Ğ6@ -(, 5(,.,$@ 3$.(,67, 3$&,(172 .ġ12 $5 52%272 '$/,Ġ 3$'ğ7Ĝ?
/825(6&(1&,1ğ ',$*1267,.$ 9,6 '$5 /$,.20$ (.63(5,0(17,1( ,5 '$®1$, 186780,$0$ Ĝ 7(&+12/2*,-Ġ 02.6/2 3$.5$¥7Ĝ? 1'2&,$1,12 ®$/,$6,6 H$1*/? indocyanine green P I P '$®$,@ .85,( %892 68.857, )272*5$ĉ-$,@ 7$ĝ,$8 '$%$5 1$8'2-$0, ./,1,.26(? $®$,@ 3$*$0,17, 7$,3@ .$' /,37Ġ 35,( 9ğ®,2 /ě67(/,Ġ@ <5$ 68/(,'®,$0, Ĝ 3$&,(172 .5$8-27$.ě? 3(5$&,-26 0(78 *<'<72-$6 Ĝ.,¥$ .$0(5ě Ĝ 3$&,(172 25*$1,=0ě H5$1.20,6 $5%$ 52%278I ,5 '$®$, <5$ W$.7<982-$0,T 5(,.,$02 ,/*,2 %$1*Ġ ¥9,(6$? 9<7ğ-,0$6 /(,'®,$ $76.,57, 9ğ®,2 3$9(,.786 ,5 69(,.86 $8',1,86?
2%27ĞN&+,585*Ğ evoliucija W $ ,1ĝ,T <5$ -$8 $17526,26 .$5726 52%27$6? ,5026,26 .$5726 52%27$,@ 72.,( .$,3 W 1$1,0$7,21 đT@ %892 68.857, '(9,1N 7$-$0( '(¥,070(7<-(? ,( 681.,$, -8'ğ-2 ,5 *$/ğ-2 $7/,.7, 7,. .21.5(ĝ,$6 8®'827,6? đ1752N 6,26 .$5726 52%27$, -$8 *$/, $7/,.7, 68'ğ7,1N *(61,86 -8'(6,86B 35,( ¥,Ġ 3$6,.(,7,0Ġ &+,585*$, 35,6,7$,.ğ ,7,1 *5(,7$,? 5(ĝ,2-, 52%27ĠN&+,585*Ġ .$57$ 785ğ7Ġ %ġ7, .203$.7,¥.(61ğ@ *5(,7(61ğ ,5 69$5%,$86,$ P 3,N *(61ğ? đ7(,7<-( *$/,0$ 7,.ğ7,6 7(/(&+,585*,-26@ .85,26 0(78 9,(12-( 9,(72-( H39=?@ 23(5$&,1ğ-(I (6$17,6 &+,585*$6@ 3$6,7(/.Ğ6 52%27ěN&+,585*ě@ *$/ğ6 '$5<7, 23(5$&,-ě .,72-( 9,(72-( (6$1ĝ,$0 3$&,(178, H39=?@ 0ġ¥,2 /$8.( 68®(,67$0 .$5(,9,8,I?
k ,QWXLWLYH 6XUJLFDO ,QF 1$6$
/825(6&(1&,1ĝ ',$*1267,.$
W đ ēĈĈT Ĝ5(1*,1<6 %892 1$8'2-$0$6 Ģ 0? 60(*(1Ġ 23(5$&,-Ġ 0(78 $'$7$, Ĝ'857,@ 7$ĝ,$8 9ğ/,$8 đ đ ¥Ĝ Ĝ5(1*,1Ĝ ,¥72%8/,12 ,5 '$%$5 -Ĝ 1$8'2-$ 9,578$/,26 5($/<%ğ6 7<5,0$06 $7/,.7,
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | Ģ
TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGIJOS
,°ò¹²ð¾°Â°¯ò± ð®°³¯º®¸® ò°³ý¾²ð¿® ®¸Å ³±¹²þ ²· ¼®¸±·þ ò²ò¾±¸® ò°½¯·¸°¯º® µ·²± ²ð¿®ò ²±ð® ò° ¼²¾® ò°ò²³°·²®ðă²®ò ¿®·ò¯ ´®ð¿®òG
$,3 '86/,1789$6 6/23,1$ 75,8.¥0ĚG 6XËLQRNLWH NDLS ÈLRV NDPHURV VXJHED QXWLOG\WL WULXNÈPLQJXV YDULNOLXV 'XVOLQWXYDL YHLNLD SDSUDVWX SULQFLSX ä VXVLWLNXVLRV GYL SULHÈLQJRV JDUVR EDQJRV SDQDLNLQD YLHQD NLWƹ ÇLV UHLÈNLQ\V YDGLQDPDV GHVWUXNW\YLD LQWHUIHUHQFLMD WRNLX SDW SULQFLSX YHLNLD LU WULXNÈPƹ VORSLQDQƻLRV DXVLQƾV *DUVR EDQJRV VXNXULD YLHWLQLXV DWPRVIHURV VOƾJLR SDNLWLPXV WRGƾO DWVLVWRMXV DUWL JDUVLDNDOELR JDOLPD MDXVWL GXVOLƹ ERVR YLEUDFLMƹ 6XVLGǀUXV GYLHP JDUVR EDQJRPV NXULRV VOƾJƺ NHLƻLD WDLS SDW EHW SULHÈLQJRPLV NU\SWLPLV DEL EDQJRV LÈQ\NVWD LU WDLS JDUVDV QXVORSLQDPDV 'XVOLQWXYXRVH QDXGRMDPD VXGƾWLQJD YDP]GHOLƿ LU NDPHUƿ VLVWHPD QXNUHLSLD JDUVR EDQJDV LU VXIRUPXRMD SULHÈLQJDV VXVLGXULDQƻLDV YLHQD VX NLWD $QJƿ SDGƾWLV DWVWXPDV WDUS NDPHUƿ VLHQƿ LU GXVOLQWXYH HVDQƻLR RUR WǀULV \UD VXNXUWL WDLS NDG JDUVR EDQJƿ GDËQƺ SDNHLVWƿ ƺ WRNƺ NRNƺ SDSUDVWDL VNOHLGËLD DXWRPRELOLƿ YDULNOLDL
Duslintuvo mechanizmas 9ĝ5,¥.Ě 9$5,./,2 5,$802-,0Ě 3$9(5Ĥ,$ ¥9(/1,8 *$8'(6,8
17(5)(5(1&,-$ 86/,1789( (6$1ĝ,26 $1*26 $1*26 35$/(,'®,$ 9,(1$6 *$562 562 %$1*$6 ,5 $763,1', .,7$6@ 'ğ/ 7$6@ 'ğ/ .2 686,)25082-$ 9,(1$ .,7$, 1$ .,7$, 35,(¥,1*26 %$1*26?
5,8.¥02 3$1$,.,1,0$6 $0(5$ 18.5(,3,$ 35,(¥,1*$6 *$562 %$1*$6@ .85,26 686,'ġ586,26 3$1$,.,1$ 9,(1$ .,7ě? ě
.</87ĝ6 . $0='®,826( 7$,3 3$7 <5$ 1(','(/,Ġ 6.</8ĝ,Ġ@ 35$/(,'®,$1ĝ,Ġ '$8*,$8 *$562 %$1*Ġ@ .85,26 686,'85,$ 9,(1$ 68 .,7$?
Ģ %$1*$
85(*8/,$9,0$6 (6758.7<9, 58.7<9, ,17(5)(5(1&,-$ )(5(1&,-$ (6758.7<9, ,17(5)(5(1&,-$
86,7,.86,26 '9, *$562 , ' , %$1*26 68 35,(¥,1*8 ','®,$86,8 ,5 0$®,$86,8 6/ğ*,8 186/23,1$ 9,(1$ .,7ě?
¥0(7$026,26 '8-26 ,5 *$562 %$1*26 Ĝ '86/,1789ě 3$7(1.$ 3(5 Ĝğ-,02 9$0='Ĝ?
Spynos 68 .20%,1$&,-$
./Ě67,6 $, 9,6, *5,29(/,$, ,¥6,5,.,82-$ 7,1.$0$,@ 6./ě67,6 186,/(,'®,$ ,5 63<1$ $75$.,1$0$?
Velenas (/(1$6 <5$ 35,79,57,17$6 35,( ',6.2 68 6.$,ĝ,Ġ 6.$/( ,5 68.'$0$6,6 3$68.$ .$,¥7Ĝ?
,6.$, ,(.9,(1$6 ',6.$6 785, .$,¥78.ě@ .85,6 /(,'®,$ -,(06 68.7,6 .$578?
,6.$6 68 6.$/( ¥25,1,6 ',6.$6 68 6.$/( -8',1$ .$,¥7Ĝ@ .85,6 68.$ ',6.86 9,(1ě 32 .,72?
ē | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
ĕĝ-,0$6
7UDGLFLQLDL XËUDNWDL NXULƿ YLV GDU ëQHƺYHLNLDé QHW YLVNR PDWƽ LOJDSLUÈƻLDL 0DQRPD NDG XËUDNWXV VX NRPELQDFLMD SLUPLHML ƾPƾ QDXGRWL URPƾQDL ä DUFKHRORJDL WRNƺ XËUDNWƹ DWUDGR 5RPRV LPSHULMRV ODLNƿ NDWDNRPERVH $WƾQXRVH 6S\Qƹ VX NRPELQDFLMD GDËQLDXVLDL VXGDUR WU\V GLVNHOLDL NXULHPV WLQNDPDL LÈVLULNLDYXV VS\QD DWUDNLQDPD .LHNYLHQDV GLVNHOLV WXUL NDLÈWXNƹ NXULXR HVDQW DWLWLQNDPDL SR]LFLMDL
ëSDJDXQDé NLWƹ GLVNƹ LU LPD GUDXJH VXNWLV 1RULQW DWUDNLQWL WRNLƹ VS\Qƹ YLVXV WULV MRV GLVNXV UHLNLD SDVXNWL ƺ WLQNDPƹ SDGƾWƺ .DL VXNDQW WD SDƻLD NU\SWLPL WUHƻLR GLVNR NDLÈWXNDV SDVLHNLD VS\QRV VNOƹVWƺ GLVNƹ UHLNLD VXNWL NLWD NU\SWLPL ä WDLS MǀVƿ YDOGRPR SLUPRMR VXNWXNR NDLÈWLV XËVLNDELQV QH XË DQWURMR GLVNR NDLÈƻLR R XË SDƻLRV VNOƹVWLHV LU VS\QD EXV DWUDNLQWD
k 7KLQNVWRFN 63/ $ODP\
ē %$1*$
/23,1789$6 <5$ 68.857$6 7$,3@ .$' $76780$6 7$53 '86/,17892 .$0(5Ġ $7,7,.7Ġ *$562 %$1*Ġ 5(=21$16ě?
Gyvenimas $3.$6826( 3UDƾMXV PHWƿ .RNLDV 3LUPRMR SDVDXOLQLR NDUR SDVODSWLV DWVNOHLGËLD DSNDVDL" 3HU 3LUPƹMƺ SDVDXOLQƺ NDUƹ EXYR LÈEDQG\WD GDXJ QDXMƿ JLQNOƿ WDƻLDX EǀWHQW NDUDV DSNDVXRVH EXYR YLHQDV VYDUELDXVLƿ ÈLR NRQęLNWR ƺY\NLƿ 3LUPXRVLXV DSNDVXV LÈNDVƾ YRNLHƻLDL P UXJVƾMƺ NDL Mƿ VNYHUELPƹVL SHU 3UDQFǀ]LMƹ VXVWDEGƾ VƹMXQJLQLQNƿ SDMƾJRV 1HQRUƾGDPL DWVLWUDXNWL LU XËOHLVWL SR]LFLMƿ YRNLHƻLDL LÈNDVƾ LOJDV GXREHV NXULRVH LU SDVLVOƾSƾ 1HWUXNXV VƹMXQJLQLQNDL VXSUDWR NDG ƺYHLNWL WRNLƿ YRNLHƻLƿ ƺWYLUWLQLPƿ QHSDY\NV WDG LU SDW\V SUDGƾMR NDVWL 7DLS SUDVLGƾMR GDXJNDUWLQLDL EDQG\PDL SULHÈR DSNDVXV DSHLWL DSOLQNXL $SNDVDL LÈ QHJLOLƿ SDLOJƿ XUYƿ JUHLWDL WDSR
LÈY\VW\WD VLVWHPD ä VX IURQWR LU SDJDOELQLDLV DSNDVDLV VS\JOLXRWRV YLHORV WYRURPLV LOJLDXVLDLV WXQHOLDLV Y\Uƿ NDVGDPL P LOJLR DSNDVXV VXJDLÈGDYR ÈHÈLDV YDODQGDV $SNDVDL EXYR WYLUWLQDPL VPƾOLR PDLÈDLV PHGLQƾPLV VƹUDPRPLV VS\JOLXRWD PHWDOLQH YLHOD ä YLVD WDL WXUƾMR DSVDXJRWL QH WLN QXR SULHÈR DWDNRV EHW LU DSNDVXV VDXJRWL QXR YDQGHQV QXRÈOLDXËƿ $SNDVDL EXYR NDVDPL ]LJ]DJDLV NDG ƺ MXRV SDWHNXV SULHÈDPV YLHQX PHWX QHEǀWƿ QXNDXWD GDXJ NDUHLYLƿ ÊLQRPD NDVWL JUHLƻLDXVLDL EXYR JDOLPD VWRYLQW YLUÈXMH WDƻLDX GƾO SDYRMDXV J\Y\EHL GDXJHOLV DSNDVƿ IURQWH EXYR LÈNDVWL OLQGLQW WXQHOLXRVH
Tema
Ginklai
=ò¸±ðÀ´ýò
:²³°·®¸ ²®²
Išradimai
2·®¸¯ðý
=·ñ»²¾±¼¾ÿ·®
Antikos laikai
0®¾±¿¯·²ºþ ·¯³À¼¹ý
ISTORIJA
,502-2 3$6$8/,1,2 .$52 )5217$6 $,3 9(,.ĝ 68'ĝ7,1*$ $3.$6Ğ 6,67(0$G
đ57,/(5,-26 6$8*<./$ ,2-( =212-( %892 /$,.20, 6352*0(1<6@ ¥29,1,$, ,5 .,7$ $081,&,-$@ ĝ,$ 7$,3 3$7 $36,672'$92 .$5(,9,$,@ .85,( 9ğ/,$8 %892 6,81ĝ,$0, Ĝ )5217ě?
,(.,02 .(/,$6 ,82 .(/,8 Ĝ )5217ě %892 9(®$0, *,1./$,@ 0$,67$6@ $7*$/ *$%(1$0, 68®(,67,(-, ,5 ®89Ğ .$5(,9,$,?
52172 /,1,-$ 82 0(78 7$, %892 3$92-,1*,$86,$ 9,(7$ ®(0ğ-(?
$*$/%,1,6 681.9(®,0,6
đ57,/(5,-$
/*2-2 18272/,2 *,1./$, J82 %892 *$%(1$026 $76$5N %892 Ĝ79,57,1$0, 72/, 182 *26@ 3(59(®$0, .$5(,9,$,? 35,(¥Ġ /,1,-26?
| đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
đ175,1,$, $3.$6$,
đ76,75$8.,02 =21$
Ė,$ /$8.'$92 .$5,$,@ .85,( )5217( 3$.(,6'$92 ®8986,826,86?
$5(,9,$,@ $7$.82-$17 681.,$-$, 35,(¥2 $57,/(5,-$,@ 6/ğ3'$926, 3$ĝ,$0( )5217( (6$1ĝ,826( *,/(61,826( %81.(5,826(?
DATOS
1916 m. liepa
ĥ ĥ 0? 58*6ĝ-,6 ĥ ĥ 0? /$3.5,7,6 2.,(ĝ,Ġ 6.9(5%,0$6,6 6867$%'<7$6@ -,( ,0$ .$67, $3.$686?
,50$-Ĝ 352 0ġ¥Ĝ /$,0, 6ě-81*,1,1.$,? 35$6 P (/*,-26 0,(67$6@ 9,'85$0®,$,6 %89Ğ6 *$5686 $8',1,Ġ 35(.<%26 0,(67$6?
1918 m. spalis
ĥ ĥ 0? %$/$1',6
(5 9,(1ě ®,$85,$86,Ġ P 2026 P 0ġ¥,Ġ ®892 Ģ@ 0/1? ®021,Ġ? ě-81*,1,1.$, Ĉ .0 ,/*,2 )5217( 35,( 2026 83ğ6 0ğ*,12 35$/$8®7, 92.,(ĝ,Ġ Ĝ79,57,1,086?
5,7$, ,5 .$1$',(ĝ,$, 6ğ.0,1*$, Ĝ9(,.ğ 92.,(ĝ,Ġ Ĝ79,57,1,086 ,$85ğ6 5$1&ġ=,-2-(?
ě-81*,1,1.$, 35$6,9(5®ğ 352 ,1'(1%85*2 /,1,-ě?
=µ¼®ò°¯ò± ¼¯Âýò² ²· òúº°ð¿²ð²ð¼þ ®·¸²º®² µ®³ýº¯ ®µ²± ¼²ðþ
,(.,(12 ®(0ĝ
('®,$, 5ġ=*<1$, 7$3'$92 3$672*( ,5 35,('$1*$@ 7$ĝ,$8 ','(61, 0('®,$, %892 681$,.,17, 0,1269$,'®,Ġ@ ,¥.,567, ,5 3$1$8'27, Ĝ79,57,1,0$06 67$7<7,?
7(%ĝ-,0$6 ,¥ 252 ,50ě .$57ě .$5( 1$8'2'$0, /ğ.78986 .$5(,9,$, 67(%ğ'$92 35,(¥Ġ $50,-26 ,¥6,'ğ67<0ě@ 7,(6$@ 'ğ/ 0$®2 *5(,ĝ,2 3,50826,86 .$5,1,86 /ğ.78986 %892 /$%$, /(1*9$ 1808¥7,?
Spygliuotos vielos 792526 2.,26 792526 68/$,.<'$92 2 2 ,5 68/ğ7,1'$92 35,(¥Ġ .$5(,9,86@ 72'ğ/ 61$,3(5,$, *$/ğ'$92 *(5,$8 186,7$,.<7,?
52172 /,1,-$ $92-,1*,$86, $3.$6$,@ ,¥ .85,Ġ %892 35$'('$0$6 382/,0$6?
đ175,1,$, $3.$6$, (=(592 $3.$6$, ĈĈ 0 182 )52172 /,1,-26 .$5(,9,$, /$8.'$92 6$92 (,/ğ6?
0 182 )52172 /,1,-26 .$5(,9,$, 785ğ-2 6867,35,17, 382/,0ě $5%$ 3$'ğ7, $75(07, 35,(¥2 $7$.ě?
8/.269$,'®,2 %2.¥7(/,6 ĕ79,57,1,0$6@ ,¥ .85,2 %892 ¥$8'20$ *$/,1*,$86,$,6 .8/.269$,'®,$,6?
,(.,(12 ®(0ĝ
ĝ.789$,
81(/,$,
#21$ 7$53 $3.$6Ġ@ .85,ě 5(,.ğ-2 3(5(,7,@ 125,17 8®,07, 1$8-$6 7(5,725,-$6?
$'ğ-2 67(%ğ7, 35,(¥Ġ $50,-ě@ /(,'2 68®,127,@ .85 ,¥'ğ67<7$ $57,/(5,-$?
81(/,$, -81*'$92 $3.$686@ 7$ĝ,$8 7$,3 3$7 %892 1$8'2-$0, ,5 35,(¥$06 ¥1,3,1ğ7,?
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G |
ISTORIJA 7LHN YRNLHĆťLDL WLHN VĆšMXQJLQLQNDL VXSUDWR ĂŤDSNDVƿÊ VWUDWHJLMRV VYDUEĆš WRGĆžO YLV GDXJLDX NDUHLYLĆż JULHEGDYRVL QH JLQNOĆż R NDVWXYĆż ä JUHLWDL EXYR SULVLNDVWD LNL SDW %HOJLMRV SDMÇ&#x20AC;ULR $WDNRV JDOLPD VDN\WL EXYR EHSUDVPĆžV ä Ă&#x2039;Ç&#x20AC;GDYR PLOLMRQDL R QDXMRV WHULWRULMRV QHEXYR XĂ&#x2039;LPDPRV 3ULH 9HUGHQR 3UDQFÇ&#x20AC;]LMD YRNLHĆťLDL GDU NDUWĆš SDEDQGĆž ĆşYHLNWL VĆšMXQJLQLQNĆż ĆşWYLUWLQLPXV WDĆťLDX VĆšMXQJLQLQNDPV SHUVLJUXSDYXV LU NRQWUDWDNDYXV YRNLHĆťLDL JUĆşĂ&#x2039;R DWJDO Ćş VDYR DSNDVXV 3HU Ă&#x2C6;LXRV
:¯Ÿ²¹Ä&#x192;²Þ Ž¾ŸŽòŽ² ´°Ă&#x201A;ÂŻ ž¯Ÿ²¹ žĂ&#x201A;²¡ž² ŸŽ³ òúº°ð¿²ð²ðŸÞ òĂ&#x201A;²¹³²ð²Ž² 𹾎³Ž¡Ă&#x20AC;³ŽĂ&#x201A;ÂŻ ³²³¹òðýò Â&#x201A;Žš¯òG
VXVLUĆžPLPXV WUXNXVLXV PĆžQHVLĆż Ă&#x2039;XYR NDULĆż 9RNLHĆťLDPV 9HUGHQR PLHVWR QHSDY\NR XĂ&#x2039;LPWL LU GĆžO WR NDG MLH G MLH WXUĆžMR UÇ&#x20AC;SLQWLV SDMĆžJĆż J\Q\ED SULH D SULH 6RPRV XSĆžV 6ĆšMXQJLQLQNDL YRNLHĆťLĆż DSNDVXV NDUR VYLHGLQLDLV GLQLDLV ERPEDUGDYR VDYDLWĆ˝ WDĆťLDX ĆşWYLUWLQLPDPV QHEXYR SDGDU\WD U\ \WD GLGHVQĆž Ă&#x2039;DOD Ćš $SLH YRNLHĆťLĆż NDSLWXOLDFLMĆš JDUVLDL Ă&#x2C6;QHNĆžWL SUDGĆžWD SR WR NDL R NDL EULWDL VXJHEĆžMR ĆşYHLNWL +LQGHQEXUJR J\Q\ERV OLQLMĆš YRN Ćš YRN Siegfriedstellung) LU SULYHUWĆž Ćž YRNLHĆťLXV DWVLWUDXNWL
 $8'<0$6 ,ÂĽ $3.$6Ä&#x17E; Ä&#x2018;3.$6$, 3$'Ä?-2 7,(. 38/7,@ 7,(. *,17,6?
0Ä?/,2 6.<'$6 0Ä&#x;/,2 0$,ÂĽ$, %892 38,.86 6.<'$6@ 7$,3 3$7 Ä&#x153; juos buvo galima atremti sunkius ginklus.
Metalinis stogas Kai kurie apkasai buvo 8ÂŽ'(1*7, 6.$5'$? Skardinis stogelis 8ÂŽ'(1*'$92 5(=(59( /$8.,$1Ä?,86 .$5(,9,86?
Snaiperis
Snaiperiai po dvi 9$/$1'$6 3(5 ',(1Ä&#x203A; %8'Ä&#x;'$92 3$.$,720,6 ,5 67(%Ä&#x;'$92 35,(ÂĽÄ .$5,820(1Ä&#x;6 manevrus, nuĹĄaudavo ,ÂĽ 35,('$1*26 ,ÂĽÄ&#x;-86,86 prieĹĄus.
52)(6,-26 apkasuose $8*(/,6 .$5(,9,Ä&#x17E; $3.$6826( 785Ä?'$92 .$5,1,Ä&#x17E; 8ÂŽ'82Ĥ,Ä&#x17E;? ,( %8'Ä?'$92@ 6$8*2'$92 Ä&#x203A;79,57,1,086@ .$5,1,1.$06 Ä&#x203A;6$.,86@ 38/'$92 35,(ÂĽÄ&#x161;? (7,6 Ä&#x203A; 3(7Ä&#x203A; .292'$92 ,5 .$52 9(7(5$1$,@ ,5 WÂŽ$/,T@ .Ä&#x161; 7,. 02.<086 %$,*Ä&#x153; 3$$8*/,$,?
1 Karininkai apkasuose 68'$5<'$92 %8'Ä&#x;-,0Ä *5$Ä&#x2030;.86@ 35,ÂŽ,ÄĄ5Ä&#x;'$92 79$5.Ä&#x203A;? $, %ÄĄ'$92 ,(ÂĽ.20$ 35,(ÂĽ2 3Ä&#x;'6$.Ä @ -,( vadovaudavo operacijoms. Karininkai taip pat naudojosi tik jiems skirtomis 35,9,/(*,-20,6 P *$8'$92 *(5(61Ä&#x153; 0$,67Ä&#x203A;@ 3$72*,$8 0,(*2'$92?
3 Klausytojai-ĹĄnipai tuneliais 35,$57Ä&#x;'$92 35,( 35,(ÂĽÄ $3.$6Ä @ ./$86<'$926,@ .Ä&#x203A; ÂĽ1(.$ .$5,1,1.$,@ 125Ä&#x;'$0, 68ÂŽ,127, -Ä 3/$186? $, 7$,3 pat buvo labai pavojingas darbas, nes 6.8%,$, ,ÂĽ.$67, 781(/,$, '$ÂŽ1$, 8ÂŽ*5,ÄĄ'$92?
66 | Ä&#x2018;5 ÂŽ,1$,@ .$'G
ÂŽ/,3Ä&#x17E; $17 ÂĽ,2 /$,37(/,2@ kariai iĹĄkildavo virĹĄ Ä&#x153;79,57,1,02 ,5 *$/Ä&#x;-2 geriau matyti prieĹĄus.
,(1279$5.Ä? )5217( 1
2 Karo medikai dirbdavo trijose 9,(726(A 3$Ä&#x;0,02 =212-( H0ÄĄÂĽ,2 lauke, iĹĄ kurio gabendavo 68ÂŽ(,67826,86I@ (9$.8$&,-26 =212-( H7$53 )52172 ,5 $175,1,Ä $3.$6Ä I ,5 pristatymo zonoje (toliau nuo fronto ,5 $3.$6Ä 3$67$7<726( /$8.2 /,*21,1Ä&#x;6(I?
Ĺ audymo laiptelis
2
3
Kariai fronte vidutiniĹĄkai praleisdavo apie 15 proc. laiko, dar 40 proc. laiko antriniuose apkasuose laukdavo kaip rezervas. Kariai keldavosi valanda iki $8ÂĽ526 ,5 '$ÂŽ1,$86,$, $7/,.'$92 W5<7,1,2 ÂĽ$8'<02T 5,78$/Ä&#x203A;? ÂŽ/,3Ä&#x17E; ant ĹĄaudymo laiptelio jie $7,'(1*'$92 8*1Ä&#x153;@ 1256 1,(.2 1(0$7<'$92 ,5 .8/.$6 '$ÂŽ1,$86,$, /(,6'$92 Ä&#x153; 5<7,1Ä&#x153; 5ÄĄ.Ä&#x203A;? $Ä?,$8 72.6 â&#x20AC;&#x17E;rytinis neapykantosâ&#x20AC;&#x153; ritualas 0$ÂŽ,1'$92 Ä&#x153;7$03Ä&#x203A; 7$53 .$5(,9,Ä @ leisdavo patikrinti ĹĄautuvus, o taip pat atbaidydavo prieĹĄus, .85,( $76,6$.<'$92 3/$1Ä 38/7, 7,. iĹĄauĹĄus. 865<Ä?,$06 .$5(,9,$, *$8'$92 '82126 ,5 .216(59Ä $5%$ 6ÄĄ'<726 0Ä&#x;626? $9$/*Ä&#x17E; 8ÂŽ6,,0'$92 kasdieniais darbais â&#x20AC;&#x201C; tvirtindavo apkasus, valydavo ginklus, 6$86,1'$92 $3.$6Ä ÂŽ(0Ä&#x17E;@ .$' 1(./,037Ä .2-26? Kareiviams fronte labiausiai
75ÄĄ.2 0$,672? 256 3,50$,6,$,6 karo metais kiekvienas karys .$6',(1 *$8'$92 Ä&#x201C; * 0Ä&#x;626 ,5 Ä&#x201C;Ä&#x201C; * '$5ÂŽ29,Ä @ 9Ä&#x;/,$8 0Ä&#x;626 325&,-$ 680$ÂŽÄ&#x;-2 ,., Ģ Ä&#x2C6; *? $5 daugiau, kariai, kurie nebuvo )5217(@ 0Ä&#x;626 *$8'$92 7,. ',(1$6 3(5 0Ä&#x;1(6Ä&#x153;? $5,$06 7(.'$92 9$/*<7, 523,Ä '821Ä&#x203A;@ $5./,(1Ä&#x203A;@ ÂŽ,51,Ä 65,8%Ä&#x203A; ,5 Maconochie H6.<67Ä&#x203A; 025.Ä ,5 523,Ä 65,8%Ä&#x203A;I? (,'ÂŽ,$17,6 6$8/(, %ÄĄ'$92 pakartojamas rytinis ĹĄaudymas, 2 9,6, .$5,820(1Ä&#x;6 0$1(95$,@ .$5(,9,Ä 3(5',6/2.$9,0$6 %892 $7/,(.$0, 1$.7Ä&#x153;@ .$, 35,(ÂĽ2 382/,02 7,.,0<%Ä&#x; %892 0$ÂŽ,$86,$? $.7Ä&#x153; .$5(,9,$, %8'Ä&#x;'$92 3$6,.(,6'$0, .$6 '9, valandas. Jei karys %8'Ä&#x;-,02 0(78 8ÂŽ0,*'$92@ -,6 %ÄĄ'$92 suĹĄaudomas.
5 Ăľ,'?Ăš. 1
Futbolas
FAKTAI
Ģ Ģ 0(7$,6 3(5 ÂĽ9? $/Ä&#x;'$6 .$5,$, ,ÂĽ/,1'2 ,ÂĽ $3.$6Ä ,5 ÂŽ$,'Ä&#x; )87%2/Ä&#x203A;
FRONTE
Aitvaras
2
/$.$786 Ä&#x153; '$1*Ä .(/'$92 aitvarai. Jei prieĹĄai iĹĄkiĹĄdavo galvas paskaityti, kas 8ÂŽ5$ÂĽ<7$@ 61$,3(5,6 *$/Ä&#x;-2 tiksliai nusitaikyti.
89,0$6
3
Â&#x2030;$/2-26, 3$7<6
Ä&#x;/ $3.$6Ä '8*1( 686,.$8386,2 9$1'(16 3ÄĄ'$92 .$5,Ä 3Ä&#x;'26?
4
$3$9,(7Ä?6
5
$5,$, $3.$6826( ÂŽ$/2'$926, 3$7<6@ .$' %ÄĄ7Ä ,ÂĽ6,Ä 67, Ä&#x153; 6$8*(61Ä&#x17E; 9,(7Ä&#x203A;?
$8*80$ ÂŽ8986,Ä -Ä apkasuose buvo ten ir palaidoti.
0°šŸ¯òĂ&#x201A;Ž²³Ý ³Ž¡ Ă&#x160;Ă&#x160; ¸ ò°Ÿÿ¡ý Ž¸¹¡²Ÿ²¹ž²ò 1²¡Ž¸Žò ?ŽŸò²¸Žò
Ä&#x2018;3.$6Ä&#x17E; 7,1./$6
5 pagrindiniai ginklai
(5 ,50Ä&#x203A;-Ä&#x153; 3$6$8/,1Ä&#x153; .$5Ä&#x203A; ,ÂĽ.$67$ Ä&#x2C6; Ä&#x201C;Ä&#x2C6;Ä&#x2C6; .0 $3.$6Ä ?
1 Zigzagas
,(.,(12 ÂŽ(0Ä?
Ä&#x;/ 72.,26 $3.$6Ä formos vienas prieĹĄo .$5<6 1(*$/Ä&#x;-2 ,ÂĽÂĽ$8'<7, 9,6Ä $3.$6( (6$1Ä?,Ä .$5(,9,Ä ?
$5,$8-$1Ä?,Ä 386,Ä )52172 $3.$686 6.<5Ä&#x; 7,. Ä&#x201C; Ä&#x2C6; 0? $Ä?,$8 6Ä&#x;.0,1*$, Ä&#x153;9(,.7, ÂĽÄ&#x153; $76780Ä&#x203A; 3$9<.'$92 7,. /$,0Ä&#x;6 .ÄĄ',.,$06?
Kulkosvaidis
9LHQDV VYDUELDXVLĆż JLQNOĆż Ă&#x2C6;LDPH NDUH 9RNLHĆťLDL WXUĆžMR SHU NXONRVYDLGĂ&#x2039;LĆż R EULWDL LU SUDQFÇ&#x20AC;]DL ä WLN NHOLV Ă&#x2C6;LPWXV
2
Tankas
3
Ĺ autuvas
3LUPLHML WDQNDL EXYR GDURPL LĂ&#x2C6; Ă&#x2039;HPĆžV Ç&#x20AC;NLR WHFKQLNRV 9LNĂ&#x2C6;UDL OHLGR MLHPV YDĂ&#x2039;LXRWL SHU SXUYĆš LU NODPSLĆš Ă&#x2039;HPĆ˝ 1RUV SLUPLHML WDQNDL EXYR OĆžWL LU QHSDWLNLPL YĆžOLDX MLH WDSR YLHQL JDOLQJLDXVLĆż NDUR PDĂ&#x2C6;LQĆż
Skirtingas ,ÂĽ'Ä?67<0$6
1RUV LOJR QXRWROLR NXONRVYDLGĂ&#x2039;LDL LU PLQRVYDLGĂ&#x2039;LDL VSDUĆťLDL WREXOĆžMR WDĆťLDX Ă&#x2C6;DXWXYDV LĂ&#x2C6;OLNR SDJULQGLQLX JLQNOX
5,7$, .$6'$92 75,-Ä 5ÄĄÂĽ,Ä apkasus: fronto linijos, antrinius ir rezervinius. 5$1&ÄĄ=$, P 7,. )52172 linijos ar antrinius, o 92.,(Ä?,Ä $3.$6Ä 7,1./2 plotas kartais siekdavo ir daugiau nei 4,5 km.
4
Durtuvas H35$1&? baĂŻonnetteI
5
Liepsnosvaidis
0Ä?/,2 0$,ÂĽ$, $,ÂĽ$, 68 60Ä&#x;/,8 8ÂŽ'(1*'$92 182 6.(9(/'5Ä ? ,( 7$,3 3$7 %ÄĄ'$92 '('$0, ,5 $3.$62 $3$Ä?,2-(@ .$' .$5(,9,$06 1(5(,.Ä&#x;7Ä 6729Ä&#x;7, vandenyje.
-DX PHWDLV YRNLHĆťLDL QHĂ&#x2C6;LRMDPDLV OLHSVQRVYDLGĂ&#x2039;LDLV Ă&#x2C6;LXUSLQR EULWĆż NDULXV %ULWDL EDQGĆž VXNXUWL SDQDĂ&#x2C6;Ćż ĆşWDLVĆš WDĆťLDX MLHPV QHSDY\NR R SUDQFÇ&#x20AC;]DPV SDVLVHNĆž ODELDX ä MĆż VXNXUWDV OLHSVQRVYDLGLV EXYR OHQJYDV QHJHVGDYR DXWRPDWLĂ&#x2C6;NDL XĂ&#x2039;VLGHJGDYR
Ä&#x2018;5 ÂŽ,1$,@ .$'G | 67
k 6RO ,PDJHV ,DQ 0RRUHV *UDSKLFV $ODP\ &RUELV 7KLQNVWRFN %XQGHVDUFKLY
'XUWXYDV EXYR QDXGLQJDV WLN DUWLPRMH NRYRMH 3UDQFÇ&#x20AC;]DL QDXGRMR DGDWLQLXV GXUWXYXV R YRNLHĆťLDL ä GXUWXYXV VX SMÇ&#x20AC;NOLQLDLV GDQWXNDLV
4±¸®
-²ð¼¹®²
=ò¸±ðÀ´ýò
:²³°·®¸ ²®²
5 ·®³²¸®²
2·®¸¯ðý
=·ñ»²¾±¼¾ÿ·®
=ð¾²¼¯ò ¹®²¼®²
0®¾±¿¯·²ºþ ·¯³À¼¹ý
ISTORIJA
3±¯ð®·³¯ ³® :²ðă²¯ ¯·ð²¾¯µ¾±·²ò
FAKTAI AKIMIRKSNIU 2ULJLQDOXV P / GD 9LQƻLR RUQLWRSWHULR EUƾËLQ\V NXULDPH DLÈNLDL PDW\WL YDOG\PR YLUYƾV LU SHGDODL
,'®,$86,$ 3$6$8/,2 3,/,6 <5$ 5$+2-(? $92 *,07,1ĝ-( 9,.,1*$, 9(57ĝ6, ®(0',5N %<67(? ,50$6,6 (/(.75,1,6 povandeninis laivas buvo 0(75Ğ ,/*,2 ,5 69ĝ5ĝ 721$6? (5 ĈĈĈ 6Ě-81*,1,1.Ğ /$,9Ğ 186.$1',12 92.,(Ĥ,Ğ U tipo povandeniniai /$,9$,? (/(*5$)2 ,¥5$'ĝ-$6 $08(/,6 25=ĝ %892 $5&+,7(.7$6 ,5 7$3<72-$6? (,02 5ğ0$, $1*/$'(¥( 8®,0$ ĥ +(.7$52 3/27Ě? ,5026,26( 2/,03,1ĝ6( ®$,'<1ĝ6( '$/<9$92 7,. $5,672.5$7$,? (670,167(5,2 $%$7,-26 statybos kaina šiandien 6,(.7Ğ ĥ@ 0,/,-$5'2 /,7Ğ?
,50,(-, 7$1.$, %892 9$',1$0, W0$020,6T? 68 | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
.5$,'$17,6 ,5 1(6.Ĝ67$17,6 ¥ 3$8.¥Ĥ,2 3/81.61Ğ ƴUHQJLQLR VSDUQDL WXUƾMR EǀWL JDPLQDPL LÈ ÈLONLQLDLV DXGLQLDLV SDGHQJWƿ SDXNÈƻLƿ SOXQNVQƿ NDG EǀWƿ LWLQ OHQJYL
2UQLWRSWHULXL QXVLOHLGXV DQW YDQGHQV ÈLV ƺWDLVDV WHRULÈNDL WXUƾWƿ QHOHLVWL MDP QXVNƽVWL
Kas šilkiniam šikšnosparniui pakirpo sparnus? 3R PLQXƻLƿ WUXNPƾV VNU\GËLR NHOHLYLQLV OƾNWXYDV ƺ /RQGRQƹ VƾNPLQJDL DWVNUDLGLQR SHU OLHWXYLƿ ÇLDQGLHQ ÈLV IDNWDV QLHNR QHVWHELQD LU QLHNDP QHƺGRPXV WDƻLDX WLN QHGDXJHOLV ËLQR NDP XË JDOLP\Eƽ VNULVWL QXVLOHLGXV UHLNƾWƿ EHQW NDUWƹ SDSORWL *DPWRMH VWHEƾGDPDV SDXNÈƻLXV WDPVLRVH XRORVH NUXRSÈƻLDL DSUDÈLQƾGDPDV ÈLNÈQRVSDUQLƿ PRVWXV EǀWHQW /HRQDUGDV GD 9LQƻLV VXNǀUƾ SLUPƿMƿ VNUDLG\PR DSDUDWƿ PDNHWXV EH NXULƿ NHOLRQƾ ƺ /RQGRQƹ WLNUDL SUDLOJWƿ ÇLV SLHÈLQ\V ä WDL /HRQDUGR GD 9LQƻLR VXNXUWR VNUDLG\PR ƺUHQJLQLR ä RUQLWRSWHULR ä WULMƿ PDWPHQƿ PRGHOLV Çƺ LÈ SLUPR ËYLOJVQLR NHLVWƹ ƺWDLVƹ / GD 9LQƻLV VXNǀUƾ PHWDLV LÈW\ULQƾMƽV PHFKDQLQLXV SDXNÈƻLR VNU\GËLR QLXDQVXV 6NUDLG\PR ƺUHQJLQ\V \UD SDQDÈXV ƺ JDPWRMH J\YHQDQƻLXV SOXQNVQXRƻLXV ä VSDUQDL \UD ODQNVWǀV OHQJYL WDƻLDX WYLUWL /DELDXVLDL LÈUDGƾMDV ËDYƾMRVL ÈLNÈQRVSDUQLƿ VSDUQDLV R JHULDXVLX LU EUDQJLDXVLX ÈLONX SDGHQJWRV SOXQNVQRV WXUƾMR VXPDËLQWL RUR SDVLSULHÈLQLPƹ 3LORWDV DWVLJXOD DQW FHQWUH KRUL]RQWDOLDL SULWYLUWLQWƿ OHQWƿ JDOYƹ LÈNLÈD SHU SXVUXWXOLR IRUPRV ODQNƹ R NRMDV ä SHU ƺUHQJLQLR JDOH HVDQWƺ XËVHJLPƹ 7RNLD SDGƾWLPL QDXGRGDPDVLV UDQNRPLV DUED
NRMRPLV SLORWDV JDOL YDOG\WL YLVDV ƺUHQJLQLR GDOLV .RMRPLV VSDXGËLDPL GX SHGDODL HVDQW\V VNUDLG\PR ƺUHQJLQLR JDOH YLHQDV LÈVNOHLGËLD VSDUQXV R NLWDV MXRV VXVNOHLGËLD 3LORWR UDQNRV JDOL ODLN\WL ƺUHQJLQLR NDUNDVƹ LU XËWLNULQWL VNODQGƿ YLUYLƿ OHLGËLDQƻLƿ NRQWUROLXRWL LÈ GDXJ\EƾV PHGLQLƿ VWU\SHOLƿ VXGDU\WXV VSDUQXV YDOG\Pƹ .HLVWD WDƻLDX SDWV / GD 9LQƻLV QLHNDGD UHDOLDL QHVXNǀUƾ ÈLR ƺUHQJLQLR LU QLHNDGD MR QHLÈEDQGƾ ä JDOEǀW GƾO ILQDQVLQLƿ VX ÈLXR SURMHNWX VXVLMXVLƿ LÈÈǀNLƿ LU GLGHOƾV WUDXPƿ UL]LNRV 1RUV GDXJHOLV HQWX]LDVWƿ SDJDO RULJLQDOLXV EUƾËLQLXV LU \UD VXNǀUƽ WLNVOLDV RUQLWRSWHULR NRSLMDV GDU QLHNDV QƾUD EDQGƽV VNULVWL ÈLXR ƺUHQJLQLX QRUV LU EXYR SDWYLUWLQWD NDG PHFKDQL]PDV YHLNLD EH SULHNDLÈWƿ
5 õ,'?ù. 1
Balandis
FAKTAI
BANDYMAI SKRISTI
(129ğ6 2026 ¥$/7,1,826( 0,1,0$6 $79(-,6@ .$, *5$,.Ġ 0$7(0$7,.$6 đ5&+,7$6 ,¥5$'2 3$8.¥ĝ,2 )25026 6.5$,'<02 Ĝ5(1*,1Ĝ@ .85Ĝ 3$9$',12 W $/$1'®,8T? (,*,$0$@ .$' ¥,6 Ĝ5(1*,1<6 186.5,'2 ēĈĈ 0(75Ġ?
02*86N*5,)$6
2
$/%$0$@ .$' ! $? 0868/021Ġ ,¥5$'ğ-$6 đ%%$6 %1 ,51$6 6$92 .ġ1ě 3$'(1*ğ *5,)2 3/81.6120,6 ,5 %$1'ğ 6.5,67,? $ĝ,$8 $3,( ¥,2 6.5<'®,2 5(=8/7$786 1ğ5$ -2.,Ġ '820(1Ġ?
Skraidantis vienuolis
3
,.,0$@ .$' ĢĈĢĈ 0? $1*/Ġ vienuolis Eilmeris iš Malmesburio abatijos bokšto iššoko su primityviu sklandymo aparatu. 5,(¥ 18.5,6'$0$6 $17 ®(0ğ6@ -,6 186./(1'ğ Ģ Ĉ 0(75Ġ?
Kunigo bandymas teisme
4
Ģ Ĉ 0? 32578*$/Ġ .81,*$6 $572/20ğ-86 '( 860$2 ¥$/,(6 7(,60( 3$'(021675$92 1(','(/Ĝ ',5,®$%/,2 02'(/Ĝ@ 7$ĝ,$8 5($/<%ğ-( 68.857, ¥,2 6.5$,'<02 aparato jam nepavyko.
Ruso bandymas
5
Ģ 0? ? 20212629$6 86,-26 02.6/Ġ $.$'(0,-$, 35,67$7ğ 6.5$,N '<02 Ĝ5(1*,1Ĝ 68 '9,(0 3523(/(5,$,6? $1$¥,$, .$,3 ,5 ? '$ ,1ĝ,2 pateiktame skraidymo aparato 02'(/<-(@ -,6 6.5,'2 .$,3 /,1*ğ?
5 ²ò¯ 3 ³® :²ðă²ò ð°µ²± ý ³®°¿²®° ¼®²µ Ç ò¼·®²³À¸¯ û·±ð¿²ð²þ ±ò¼²Åþ
Valdymo vieta 3LORWDV JXOL KRUL]RQWDOLDL LÈOLQGƽV SHU ÈLƹ VSDUQƿ DSDƻLRMH HVDQƻLƹ SXVUXWXOLR IRUPRV YDOG\PR QLÈƹ
$*5,1',1,6 /$1.67$6 3DJULQGLQLƿ VSDUQR VWU\SHOLƿ VXNLPRVL WDÈNDV
ƴUHQJLQLR VSDUQXV SLORWDV YDOGƾ EǀGDPDV KRUL]RQWDOLƹ SDGƾWLPL W \ JXOƾGDPDV VSHFLDOLRMH YDOG\PR QLÈRMH
$/(,',02 3('$/$6 $*5,1',1,6 3('$/$6 3DJULQGLQLV SHGDODV QDXGRMDQW ÈHÈLƿ HWDSƿ PRVWƹ VNLUWDV VSDUQDPV VXVNOHLVWL -LV YDOGRPDV NRMD
3DOHLGLPR SHGDODV QDXGRMDQW ÈHÈLƿ HWDSƿ PRVWƹ VNLUWDV VSDUQDPV LÈVNOHLVWL .DLS LU SDJULQGLQLV SHGDODV MLV YDOGRPDV YLHQD LÈ SLORWR NRMƿ
0®³ ²· ¼®²µ ´ÿ¾þ ¼±²ò¾® µ®¾ò 3±¯ð®·³®ò ³® :²ðă²ò ²¯ û·±ð¿²ð²¯ ð²±¼®³® ð±² ´®ð³ýG
82 .8/.269$,'®,2 ,., ekskavatoriaus
(QWX]LDVWLQJDV LÈUDGƾMDV / GD 9LQƻLV VXNǀUƾ GDXJ\Eƽ ƺYDLULDXVLƿ SULHWDLVƿ NXULXRV PHV QDXGRMDPH LU ÈLDQGLHQ 'DU GDXJLDX Mƿ OLNR WLN LOLXVWUDFLMRVH SXRÈLDQƻLRVH MR JHQLDOLXV XËUDÈXV DU PRGHUQLRVLRV IDQWDVWLNRV NQ\JDV /HRQDUGDV GD 9LQƻLV ä 5HQHVDQVR HSRFKRMH J\YHQƽV LWDOƿ HUXGLWDV -LV VƾNPLQJDL VXPRGHOLDYR LU VXNǀUƾ QHƺWLNƾWLQDL GDXJ SULHWDLVƿ PHFKDQL]Pƿ LU ƺUHQJLQLƿ NXULH QDXGRMDPL LNL ÈLƿ GLHQƿ .DLS SDY\GËLXV JDOLPD SDPLQƾWL MR VXNXUWXV NXONRVYDLGËLR ÈDUYXRWR DXWRPRELOLR GYLUDƻLR PHFKDQLQLR SMǀNOR ËHPVLXUEƾV HNVNDYDWRULDXV LU RGRPHWUR SULHWDLVDV PDWXRMDQWLV QXNHOLDXWƹ
DWVWXPƹ SURWRWLSXV %H WR MLV QXEUDLËƾ LU GDXJ\Eƽ IDQWDVWLQLƿ LÈUDGLPƿ PRGHOLƿ NXULƿ QLHNDGD QHSDY\NR SULWDLN\WL UHDO\EƾMH 9LHQƹ LÈ Mƿ PHV LU SDPLQƾMRPH .LWL WRNLƿ QHƺWLNƾWLQƿ LÈUDGLPƿ SDY\]GËLDL JDOƾWƿ EǀWL PHFKDQLQLV ODXPËLUJLV VDYDHLJLV YHËLPƾOLV DU NDXNROƾV IRUPRV O\UD 'D 9LQƻLV JLPƾ P QHWROL 9LQƻL PLHVWHOLR ,WDOLMRMH R PLUƾ P EǀGDPDV PHWƿ SULH $PERLVƾ PLHVWR 3UDQFǀ]LMRMH
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G |
ISTORIJA
:±²¼²®¸² ò¹ý¿²° ¾¯¼²± ¼·²ò¾®¹®² ¼®²µ ¼®¹²¯ 𮾷²¯ ¾®·¾·®¾®ò 7¯ñ»±¹¹± ³·°ò¼® ®·´® ÂÀ博¼¸°¯! ¿®¹² ò°¼°·¾² ¾®¸ ¾²¼·ú ±¹±¼¾·¯ò û¾®¸µúG
2.80(17$6@ 3(5*8'5$9Ĝ6 3$7ě .$5$/,ĞG 9LHQDV JDUVLDXVLƿ YLGXUDPËLƿ GRNXPHQWƿ DSULER MƽV NDUDOLDXV WHLVHV LU VXWHLNƽV ODLVYƽ %DËQ\ƻLDL WDSƽV SDJULQGX SDVDXOLR ÈDOLƿ NRQVWLWXFLMRPV VDXJRPDV MDX EHYHLN PHWƿ 'RNXPHQWDV NXUƺ SDVLUDÈƽV NDUDOLXV WLHVLRJ NHWLQR ƺPHVWL ƺ ËLGLQLR XJQƺ ÈLDQGLHQ \UD VWRUDPH DOLXPLQLR NDUVWH ëXËVLNORMƽVé LQHUWLÈNRPLV DUJRQR GXMRPLV
.° ²ð¯¼ ³®°¿²®° đ1*/,-2-( (6$1ĝ,26 $/,6%85,2 .$7('526 $3,78/26 1$5,Ġ 686,5,1.,02 9,(72-( (.632182-$0$ 9,(1$ ,¥ .(785,Ġ 25,*,1$/,Ġ ĢēĢ 0? 68'$5<726 ,'®,26,26 /$,69,Ġ &+$57,-26 .23,-Ġ? đ3,( ¥Ĝ '2.80(17ě '$8*,$8 68®,127, *$/,7( $'5(68A :::?6$/,6%85<&$7+('5$/?25*?8.?
Trapiausias druskos 0,.52)21$6 P 7,. ¥9(/1,(06 dainininkams?
-(=2(/(.75,1,6 0,.52)21$6 ,¥ $57, $®,1.,0( 1$7ğ5$/,Ğ 0,1(5$/Ğ 6$9<%Ĝ 6867,3,17, *$56Ě
Slopintuvas
,$)5$*0$ $562 %$1*206 3$6,(.86 -26 3$9,5¥,Ġ@ ',$)5$*0$ ,0$ 9,%5827, ,5 .5,67$/86 ,0$ 9(,.7, 6/ğ*,6?
.ULÈWROLQLV PLNURIRQDV \UD QHEUDQJXV LU SDVLË\PL ODEDL JHUD JDUVR SHUGDYLPR NRN\EH WDƻLDX QH YLHQR SRSXOLDUDXV DWOLNƾMR UDQNRVH MLV SDSUDVƻLDXVLDL VXGXËWƿ .ULÈWROLQLDL PLNURIRQDL LÈSRSXOLDUƾMR ;; DPËLDXV NHWYLUWDMDPH GHÈLPWPHW\MH R R Mƿ YHLNLPR SULQFLSDV EXYR JULQGËLDPDV LÈ LÈ DQNVWHVQLƿ GHÈLPWPHƻLƿ DWNHOLDYXVLD WHFKQRORJLMD ä D ä SMH]RHOHNWULQLDLV NULVWDODLV $OHNVDQGUDV 1LFKROVRQDV EXYR QDV EXYR SLUPDVLV P SDGHPRQVWUDYƽV SMH]RHOHNWULQLƿ SULHWDLVƿ SULHWDLVƿ JDOLP\EHV PLNURIRQDPV SDQDXGRMƽV NDOLR QDWULR WDUWUDWƹ WDUWUDWƹ 5RFKHOOH GUXVNƹ 9HLNLDPL VOƾJLX WRNLH NULVWDODL NDLS 5RFKHOOH NDLS 5RFKHOOH GUXVND JDOL VXNXUWL WDP WLNUƹ HOHNWURV ƺWDPSƹ ÇL VDY\Eƾ QDXGRMDPD NULÈWROLQLXRVH PLNURIRQXRVH NXULXRVH RVH NXULXRVH SMH]RHOHNWULQLV NULVWDODV \UD SULMXQJLDPDV SULH GLDIUDJPRV DIUDJPRV *DUVXL SDY\]GËLXL EDOVXL YLUSLQDQW GLDIUDJPƹ NULVWDODV NULVWDODV GHIRUPXRMDPDV LU VXNXULD HOHNWURV NUǀYƺ ä HOHNWURV VLJQDOƹ V VLJQDOƹ J NXULV JDOL EǀWL VXVWLSULQWDV DU ƺUDÈ\WDV ÇLƿ PLNURIRQƿ Qƿ SULYDOXPDV WDV NDG MXRV SDJDPLQWL \UD JDQD QHEUDQJX EH WR DQJX EH WR MLH XËWLNULQD JHUƹ JDUVR NRN\Eƽ 7DƻLDX WDL \UD WUDSǀV ƺWDLVDL ǀV ƺWDLVDL NXULH QƾUD DWVSDUǀV NDUÈƻLR LU GUƾJPƾV SRN\ƻLDPV
70 | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
Akustinis 6/23,1789$6 /(,'®,$ garsui sklisti viena kryptimi ir taip 680$®,1$ *$/,086 758.'®,86?
Kristalai 8 9,(12', 3-(=2(/(.75,1,$, kristalai naudojami kaip '$9,./,6@ .85,6@ -Ĝ Ĝ/(1.86@ 6.,57,1*26( 386ğ6( 68.85,$ 35,(¥,1*ě (/(.7526 .5ġ9Ĝ?
Laidas
Izoliuotas elektros laidas (/(.7526 6,*1$/ě 3(5'82'$ Ĝ *$56,$.$/%Ĝ $5 Ĝ5$¥<02 Ĝ5(1*,1Ĝ?
k 7KLQNVWRFN *HWW\
'LGËLRML ODLVYLƿ FKDUWLMD VXWUXPSLQWDL ËLQRPD NDLS Magna Carta ä WDL LÈ IHRGDOLQLƿ ODLNƿ DWNHOLDYƽV DQJOƿ GRNXPHQWDV NXUƺ P VXGDUƾ $QJOLMRV NDUDOLDXV 'ËRQR EDURQDL %DURQDPV SDERGR NDUDOLDXV WXUƾMXVLR WHLVƽ VXEMHNW\YLDL LU QHWHLVLQJDL VNLUWL EDXVPHV VDYLYDOƾ WRGƾO 'LGËLRML ODLVYLƿ FKDUWLMD ä WDL GRNXPHQWDV NXULXR EXYR VLHNLDPD DSULERWL ÈLƹ NDUDOLDXV JDOLƹ LU NLHNYLHQDP ODLVYDP ËPRJXL QH EDXGËLDXQLQNXL VXWHLNWL WDP WLNUƿ WHLVLƿ .DUDOLXV 'ËRQDV SDVLUDÈƾ GRNXPHQWƹ QRUV MR WLNVODV WHEXYR EDURQXV SDWUDXNWL ƺ VDYR SXVƽ QHV ÈDO\MH EUHQGR FLYLOLQLV NDUDV R 3UDQFǀ]LMRV SULQFDV /XLVDV JUDVLQR ƺVLYHUËWL ƺ $QJOLMRV .DUDO\VWƽ .DUDOLXV WLNUDL QHSODQDYR SDLV\WL GRNXPHQWR VƹO\Jƿ 7DƻLDX SR NDUDOLDXV 'ËRQR PLUWLHV P VSDOƺ Magna Carta EXYR QXNRSLMXRWD LU GDËQDL QDXGRMDPD VLHNLDQW SDURG\WL NDG ÈDOLHV VXYHUHQXPDV \UD WHLVLÈNDL SDJUƺVWDV 7DLJL ƺURG\WD NDG WDL EXYR YLHQDV VYDUELDXVLƿ FLYLOLQLƿ WHLVLƿ GRNXPHQWƿ %ULWDQLMRV LVWRULMRMH 9LHQƹ 'LGËLRVLRV ODLVYLƿ FKDUWLMRV NRSLMƹ LÈVDXJRMR 1DFLRQDOLQƾ DUFK\Yƿ VDXJRMLPR ODERUDWRULMD P ÈL NRSLMD EXYR ƺGƾWD ƺ GƾËƽ SULSLOG\Wƹ LQHUWLÈNƿ DUJRQR GXMƿ XËNHUWDQƻLƿ NHOLƹ RNVLGDFLMRV SURFHVDPV 'ƾËƾ EXYR SDJDPLQWD LÈ FHQWLPHWUƿ VWRULR DOLXPLQLR EORNR ä WDLS EXYR VLHNLDPD VXPDËLQWL WDUSXV SUR NXULXRV EǀWƿ JDOƾMXVLRV LÈJDUXRWL GXMRV
5 õ,'?ù.
FAKTAI
đ đ đ
Astronominis kalendorius
1
2.,(7,-26 0$7(0$7,.ğ $5,$ (,&+( %892 Ĝ6,7,.,186,@ .$' $6.26 3,(¥,1,$, H $6.26 /,1,-26I 9$,='$92 $6752120,1Ĝ .$/(1'25,Ġ@ 1$8'27ě svarbiems astronominiams 5(,¥.,1,$06 3$®<0ğ7,?
Lietaus iškvietimo ritualai
2
(58 (6$17,6 $6.26 5(*,21$6 <5$ <3$ĝ 6$86$6@ 72'ğ/ .$, .85,( archeologai tiki, kad linijos 68.85726 .$,3 ',(9$06 Ĝ6,7(,.7, 6.,572 5,78$/2@ /(,'®,$1ĝ,2 35,¥$8.7, /,(7Ġ@ '$/,6?
,50,(-, $67521$87$,
3
,(1$ ,¥ 9$,='82-$0Ġ ),*ġ5Ġ ¥,(. 7,(. 35,0(1$ $67521$87ě? $'$1*, piešinys geriausiai matomas iš 3$8.¥ĝ,2 6.5<'®,2@ <5$ 0$1$1ĝ,Ġ@ .$' $6.26 5(*,21( *<9(1Ğ ®021ğ6 *$/ğ-2 6.5$,'<7,E
đ7(,9,Ğ 252 8267$6
4
7$,*,26 $6.26 /,1,-Ġ 35$'®,26 ,5 3$%$,*26 3$6,ġ/ğ ,'ğ-ě@ .$' 6(129ğ6 /$,.$,6 ĝ,$ %892 $7(,9,Ġ /$,9Ġ 186,/(,',02 9,(7$?
Sporto parkas
5
ĕğ-,02 ,5 ,¥ğ-,02 7$¥.$,@ 3(5 .85,826 *$/,0$ 3$7(.7, Ĝ ),*ġ5Ġ 9,'Ġ ,5 -$6 3(5(,7, 9,(1$ /,1,-$@ 7$56, 68'$52 *583Ğ Ĝ0$175,Ġ %ğ*,02 7$.(/,Ġ 0,/®,1,¥.$0( 632572 stadione.
:²· °¾²ð²ò >®ò¼¯ò ·±¿²¯ð± ÂÀ·®°º®ðă²¯ ¿·°ð¾¯ ò¹°¯¼òð²ò À·® ¾®¸ò°ò ³ý¹ º®¸± ±ò®ðă²¯ ¿±¹± ²±ò ¯¼ò²³¯
$6 $6.26 3,(¥,1,Ğ $8725,86G 3HUX O\JXPRVH NXULRVH SHU PHWXV O\MD YRV PLQXƻLƿ ƻLD J\YHQƽ ËPRQƾV QXEUDLËƾ XQLNDOLXV VHQRYLQLXV SLHÈLQLXV NXULƿ QHVXJHED VXQDLNLQWL QHW DWÈLDXUǀV UHJLRQR YƾMDL $WHLYLƿ QXVLOHLGLPR WDNDV PLOËLQLÈNDV VSRUWR DLNÈW\QDV ä WDL WLN NHOHWDV LVWRULMƿ DSLH ÈLƹ YLHWƹ 3LHWƿ $PHULNRMH HVDQƻLRV 3HUX SDNUDQƻLƿ O\JXPRV VOHSLD WLNUƹ DUFKHRORJLMRV VWHEXNOƹ ÊHPƾ \UD LÈPDUJLQWD GLGËLXOLDLV SLHÈLQLDLV DUED JHRJOLIDLV ËLQRPDLV NDLS 1DVNRV OLQLMRV NXULDV ÈLDPH UHJLRQH J\YHQƽ ËPRQƾV VXNǀUƾ P SU .U ÇLH VHQRYLQLDL PHQR NǀULQLDL JHULDXVLDL PDWRPL LÈ DXNÈWDL EXYR VXNXUWL QXRODW ÈDOLQDQW WDPVƿ SDYLUÈLDXV JUXQWƹ LU DWLGHQJLDQW ÈYLHVHVQƺ SDYLUÈLƿ 'ƾO XQLNDODXV G\NXPƿ NOLPDWR OLQLMRV LÈOLNR WǀNVWDQƻLXV PHWƿ 5HJLRQH NDVPHW YLGXWLQLÈNDL O\MD YRV PLQXƻLƿ R ËHPƽ VXGDUR DNPHQ\V LU ËY\UDV WRGƾO ÈLH ƺVWDEǀV SLHÈLQLDL EXYR DSVDXJRWL QXR YƾMR SRYHLNLR
Manoma, kad šios Ĝ0$175,26 6758.7ġ526 %892 68.85726 1$8'2-$17 3$ĝ,86 35,0,7<9,$86,86 Ĝ5$1.,86 ,5 metodus
ğ/ <3$ĝ 6$862 (58 klimato piešiniai išliko iki ¥,Ġ ',(1Ġ
$6.26 3,(¥,1,Ġ 68'ğ7,1*80$6 6.$7,12 %(3527,¥.,$86,Ġ 7(25,-Ġ $3,( -Ġ .,/0Ğ $76,5$',0ě
86,3$®,1.,0( 68 $6.26 3,(¥,1,Ğ *<9ğ1$,6 Šuo
0DQRPD NDG ÈLV PHWUR G\GËLR ÈXR \UD EHSODXNLR 3HUX ÈXQV SURWƾYLV 7RNLXV ÈXQLV 1DVNRV UHJLRQH J\YHQƽ ËPRQƾV ODLNƾ NDLS QDPLQLXV DXJLQWLQLXV LU VDUJXV
Voras
ÇLƹ ƺVSǀGLQJƹ PHWUƿ LOJLR ĘJǀUƹ PRNVOLQLQNDL W\ULQƾMR ;; DPËLDXV NHWYLUWDMDPH GHÈLPWPHW\MH
Kolibris
1DVNRV NROLEULR ĘJǀURV LOJLV QXR VQDSR LNL XRGHJRV JDOR \UD PHWUDL 3LHÈLQ\V EXYR VXNXUWDV DQW LÈNLOXVLRV SO\QDXNÈWƾV WRGƾO \UD SXLNLDL PDWRPDV
,(72- 3$®,17,(6 68 /8 $1'®,8 P 5$',$&,-26 '2=ĝ 3HGRVNRSDV EXYR DWLWLQNDPDL SDNRUH JXRWDV PHGLFLQLQLV SULHWDLVDV NXUƺ VXGDUƾ PHWDOLQƾ PHGËLX GHQJWD GƾËƾ VX VSHFLDOLRPLV VWHEƾMLPR DQJRPLV %XYR WHLJLDPD NDG ÈLV ;; D SUDGËLRMH EDWƿ SDUGXRWXYƾPV VLǀO\WDV SULHWDLVDV SDGƾV SDUGDYƾMXL LU SLUNƾMXL QXVSUƽVWL DU WDP WLNUD EDWƿ SRUD WLNUDL WLQND 3LUNƾMDV ƺNLÈGDYR SƾGDV ƺ GƾËƽ WDUS UHQWJHQR ƺWDLVR LU ęXRUHVFHQFLQLR HNUDQR 3ƾGDV PDËGDXJ VHNXQGËLƿ YHLNGDYR UHQWJHQR VSLQGXOLDL R HNUDQH EǀGDYR JDOLPD LÈY\VWL SƾGRV NDXOƿ LU EDWƿ PHWDPXV ÈHÈƾOLXV NXULH VXIRUPXRGDYR MXGDQWƺ YDL]Gƹ 5HDO\EƾMH UHQNDQWLV EDWXV SHGRVNRSDV QHEXYR
ODEDL QDXGLQJDV .DXOXRVH HVDQWLV NDOFLV VXJHULD GLGËLƹMƹ UHQWJHQR VSLQGXOLƿ GDOƺ WDƻLDX PLQNÈ WLHML DXGLQLDL Mƿ EHYHLN QHVXJHULD WRGƾO HNUDQH QƾUD JHUDL PDWRPL 1HƺËLǀULQW PLQNÈWƿMƿ SƾGRV DXGLQLƿ EDWDL EXYR VLǀORPL SDVLNOLDXMDQW YLHQ NOLHQWR NDXOƿ VWUXNWǀUD 6YDUEX QH WDL NDG ƺUHQJLQLƿ HIHNW\YXPDV EXYR PDËHVQLV QHL WHLJWD -LH WDLS SDW NƾOƾ SRWHQFLDOLƹ JUƾVPƽ VYHLNDWDL LU JDOƾMR MDL VWLSULDL SDNHQNWL 5HQWJHQR VSLQGXOLDL VXNXULD MRQL]XRMDQƻLƹ VSLQGXOLXRWƽ R ÈLH DQNVƻLDX QDXGRWL ƺUHQJLQLDL GDËQDL QHEXYR WLQNDPDL L]ROLXRWL WRGƾO WLHN ODQN\WRMDL WLHN SDUGXRWXYƾV GDUEXRWRMDL JDXGDYR DWVLWLNWLQƾV UDGLDFLMRV GR]HV
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | 71
k 7KLQNVWRFN $ODP\ 0DUWLQ 6W $PDQW
9HGƽ LU WXULQW\V YDLNƿ JDO LU JDOL WLNƾWLV EDWƿ SDUGXRWXYƾMH VXWLNWL MLHPV JHUDL SDËƺVWDPƹ SDUGDYƾMƹ WDƻLDX JDXWL SDYRMLQJƹ UDGLDFLMRV GR]ƽ ä YHLNLDXVLDL QH 8ËVXNLWH ƺ EDWƿ SDUGXRWXYƽ NXULRV ODQN\WRMDL NDËNDGD EXYR ëSDYDLÈLQWLé QHPHQND UDGLDFLMRV GR]H
2·²± µ·®ò²³±³®ð¾ 99 ® ³·°ò¼¯ò ¼®òÀ´® ´°Â¯ ò°ð¼°ò ²· µ®Â¯º²ð¿®ò ³®·´®òG
15.4'7< ISTORIJA
586.Ě .$6'$92 ,5 186,.$/7ĝ/,$,@ ,5 %(352Ĥ,$,G /DMLQLƿ ËYDNLƿ VXNHOWL QXGHJLPDL DSNXUWLPDV SR VSURJLPƿ GHKLGUDWDFLMD QXR SHU GLGHOLR QDWULR NLHNLR ä WDL WLN NHOHWDV SDYRMƿ W\NRMXVLƿ SDVLU\ËXVLXV DXNRWLV GƾO ÈLR YHUWLQJR PLQHUDOR 6XËLQRNLWH NDLS ÈLV PLQHUDODV EXYR LÈJDXQDPDV GDU SULHÈ SUDPRQƾV SHUYHUVPƹ 'UXVND EXYR YLHQDV SLUPƿMƿ NDV\ERV EǀGX LÈJDXQDPƿ SURGXNWƿ ML SUDGƾWD NDVWL GDU SULHÈ NHOHWƹ WǀNVWDQƻLƿ PHWƿ 0XPV ËLQRPD GUXVND ä WDL PLQHUDODV KDOLWDV UDQGDPDV HYDSRULWXRVH GDXJLDX LQIRUPDFLMRV UDVLWH VN\UHO\MH ëÊHPƾV GUXVNDé NXULH GDËQLDXVLDL QRUV LU QH YLVDGD UDQGDPL SR ËHPH ÇLDQGLHQ YLVDPH SDVDXO\MH GUXVNRV JDY\EDL QDXGRMDPD SDËDQJL NDV\ERV ƺUDQJD HOHNWULQLR DSÈYLHWLPR VLVWHPRV RUR ILOWUDYLPR ƺUHQJLQLDL LU \SDƻ SDËDQJǀV DSGRURMLPR PHFKDQL]PDL 7DƻLDX LNL ;; D GUXVNRV NDV\ED EXYR QHƺWLNƾWLQDL VXQNXV LU SDYRMLQJDV GDUEDV UHLNDODYƽV ËLQLƿ LU GLGHOƾV VƾNPƾV 'UXVNRV NDV\NORV EXYR DSÈYLHƻLDPRV ODMLQƾPLV ËYDNƾPLV DUED GHJODLV R KDOLWDV EXYR LÈJDXQDPDV
UDQNRPLV QDXGRMDQW LÈ SDUDNR SDJDPLQWXV VSURJ PHQLV GƾO NXULƿ GDËQDL ƺJULǀGDYR NDV\NOƿ WXQHOLDL 'DXJ ËPRQLƿ NDV\NORVH PLUGDYR GƾO GHKLGUDWDFLMRV 'ƾO NDVƾMƿ NRQWDNWR VX GUXVND WLHN Mƹ NDVDQW WLHN ƺNYHSLDQW SDVLWDLN\GDYR JUHLWRV GHKLGUDWDFLMRV LU SHUQHO\J GLGHOLR QDWULR NLHNLR VXYDUWRMLPR DWYHMƿ WRGƾO LÈVHNƽ NDVƾMDL DOSGDYR 'HKLGUDWDFLMƹ GDU ODELDX VXVWLSULQGDYR LQWHQV\YXV GDUEDV UHLNƾGDYR HLWL LOJDLV NDV\NOƿ WXQHOLDLV NLUWLNOLDLV VNDOG\WL PLOËLQLÈNXV XROLHQƿ OXLWXV NDEDURWLV PHGLQLDLV SDVWROLDLV LU YLONWL VXQNLDV VWDWLQHV ,È WLHVƿ GDXJHOƺ DPËLƿ LNL SDW ƿMƿ GUXVNRV NDV\NORVH GLUEGDYR QXVLNDOWƾOLDL YHUJDL LU EHSURƻLDL NXULƿ J\YHQLPR WUXNPƾ GƾO WRNLR GDUER LWLQ VXWUXPSƾGDYR
(0ĝ6 '586.$ 586.$@ $5%$ 7,.6/,$8@ $.0(16 '586.$ P 7$, bendras pavadinimas, vartojamas mineralui +$/,78, H3$9$,='827$60 ®(0,$8I 3$9$',17,@ 2 -26 &+(0,1ğ )2508/ğ <5$ $ /? $/,7$6 686,'$52 3(5 ,/*ě *(2/2*,1Ĝ /$,.27$53Ĝ@ *$582-$17 6ġ5,$0 9$1'(1,8,@ 3$9<='®,8,@ (0ğ6 9$1'(1<1Ġ 9$1'(1,8,@ .85,$0( <5$ ','(/ğ ,¥7,5386,Ġ $µ ,5 /P -21Ġ .21&(175$&,-$? ğ/ Ĝ63ġ',1*Ġ ,/*86 7ġ.67$170(ĝ,86 9<.86,Ġ 0ġ6Ġ 3/$1(726 6758.7ġ526 ,5 $7026)(5,1,Ġ 32.<ĝ,Ġ ¥,$1',(1 +$/,72 7(/.,1,$, *$/, %ġ7, $37,1.$0, 32 ®(0(@ 1(6 'ğ/ ®(0ğ6 3/2.¥ĝ,Ġ -8'ğ-,02 /(1*9(61, '586.26 ./2'$, $76,'ġ5ğ 9,5¥ 7$1.(61,Ġ 82/,(1Ġ?
(/,Ĥ.26 '586.26 .$6<./Ğ 9,'8-( $®9(/.,0(@ .$6 9<.2 9,(12-( 6(1,$86,Ğ 852326 '586.26 .$6<./Ğ
$672/,$,
Kasyklose dirbantys ®021ğ6 '$®1$, ,¥ +$/,72 išskaptuodavo laiptus, 7$ĝ,$8 $8.¥ĝ,$8 esantiems telkiniams pasiekti buvo naudojami mediniai pastoliai..
Gyvuliai $6<./2-( Ĝ9$,5ġ6 *<98/,$, H'$®1,$86,$, $5./,$,I 75$8.'$92 9(®,086 68 Ĝ5$1.,$,6 ir iškastu halitu.
$5%2 ě5$1.,$,
Halito kasybos metu %892 1$8'2-$0, Ĝ9$,5ġ6 .,57,./,$,@ .ġ-$, ,5 3-$867<02 Ĝ5$1.,$,@ 7$,3 pat iš parako pagaminti sprogmenys.
Apšvietimas (/,ĝ.26 .$6<./26( nebuvo elektros; darbininkai pasišviesdavo deglais.
7$7,1ĝ6 $/,7$6 %892 '('$0$6 Ĝ medines statines, .85,26 %892 ,¥.(/,$026 Ĝ 9,5¥Ġ ,5 ,¥6,81ĝ,$026 Ĝ *$0<./ě 3(5',5%7,?
$6<./Ğ '$5%8272-$,
k 63/
$6<./26 ./(67ğ-,02 /$,.$,6 ¥,07$, '$5%,1,1.Ġ ,¥ 3,(7Ġ (1.,-2-( (6$1ĝ,2 (/,ĝ.26 0,(672 .,(.9,(1ě ',(1ě /(,6'$926, Ĝ .$6<./ě?
72 | How It Works ē _ đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
Ăľ,'?+
2 Ä?0Ä?6, 9$'$6 Ä?',17,6 8/,86@ 35$/$,0Ä?-Ä&#x153;6 %$/7,(6,(06G A (56,.Ä?/Ä? Ä&#x203A; $1$'Ä&#x161; B Ä&#x2018;7,'$5Ä? 3$5'82789Ä&#x153; C 5,6,-81*Ä? 35,( &,5.2
Atsakymas
Ģ 0? Ä&#x;',17,6 8/,86 35,6,-81*Ä&#x; 35,( 8))$/2 ,//2 W ,/' (67T &,5.2? $6,52'<02 0(78 -,6 -2'$92 $17 $5./,2@ 3$6,382ÂĽÄ&#x17E;6 75$',&,1,$,6 ,1'Ä&#x;1Ä '5$%8ÂŽ,$,6@ 2 8ÂŽ%$,*Ä&#x17E;6 6$92 180(5Ä&#x153; 32=82'$92 nuotraukoms ir dalydavo autografus. Pasakojama legenda, kad Ä&#x;',17,6 8/,86 6$92 *,07Ä&#x203A;-$ .$/%$ .(,.'$92 686,5,1.86,826,86 3$ÂŽ,ÄĄ5Ä&#x;7, -2 3$6,52'<0Ä ?
,5, <'+ 0>';W 2Žò²¡¯³¯ ž²Ÿ Ÿ¹š¹žŽò ²ð³ýðÞ ¿¹ðÄ&#x192;²Þ ¾¡ŽŸž²ŸŽĂ&#x201A;ÂŻ òŸŽš¾ŽĂ&#x201A;²¸ú
1'Ä?1Ä&#x17E; .$5<6
6XVLSDĂ&#x2039;LQNLWH VX SDJULQGLQLDLV NDULR LĂ&#x2C6; 'DNRWRV 6MX JHQWLHV WXUĆžWDLV ĆşUDQNLDLV LU GĆžYĆžWDLV GUDEXĂ&#x2039;LDLV Galvos
ÄĄÂĽ,826( ,1'Ä&#x;1Ä .$5,$, 3$6,ÂŽ<0Ä&#x;'$92 ne tik narsa, bet ir iĹĄskirtiniais jojimo Ä&#x153;*ÄĄ'ÂŽ,$,6
apdangalas
ÄĄÂĽ<-( ,1'Ä&#x;1$, 1('Ä&#x;9Ä&#x;'$92 ','ÂŽ,8/,Ä *$/926 $3'$1*$/Ä ? ,(72- 72@ 0ÄĄÂĽ<-( .$5,$, kovodavo savo galvas 3$382ÂĽÄ&#x17E; .(/,20,6 specialiai atrinktomis 3$8.ÂĽÄ?,Ä 3/81.6120,6@ 9(,'Ä&#x203A; ,5 .ÄĄ1Ä&#x203A; ,ÂĽ3,(ÂĽÄ&#x17E; karo spalvomis.
Skydas ,(1,17(/Ä&#x; ,1'Ä&#x;1Ä .$5,2 $36$8*26 35,(021Ä&#x; %892 nedidelis, apvalios formos, medinis skydas, aptrauktas *<9ÄĄ1Ä 2'$@ 1$8'2-$0$6 675Ä&#x;/,Ä $7$.206 $75(07,?
2/,02-( .292-( 1$8'2-$0, *,1./$, 1'Ä&#x;1$, .29$, 5,1.26, 75803Ä&#x203A; /$1.Ä&#x203A; %(, 675Ä&#x;/(6 ,5 ĹĄiuos ginklus naudojo /$%$, 7,.6/,$,? 75Ä&#x;/,Ä $17*$/,$, 3$35$67$, %ÄĄ'$92 *$0,1$0, ,ÂĽ *(/(ÂŽ,(6@ 2 3$8.ÂĽÄ?,Ä 82'(*26 plunksnos buvo 1$8'2-$026 675Ä&#x;/Ä&#x;6 *$/(@ skriejimo trajektorijai patikslinti.
5$%8ÂŽ,$, 1'Ä&#x;1Ä .$5,$, 1('Ä&#x;9Ä&#x;-2 681.,Ä ÂĽ$59Ä ? Ä .$52 '5$%8ÂŽ,$, %892 6,ÄĄ7, ,ÂĽ iĹĄdirbtos ir neiĹĄdirbtos *<9ÄĄ1Ä 2'26 %(, .$,/,2@ .85,( 8ÂŽ7,.5,1'$92 7$0 7,.5Ä&#x203A; $36$8*Ä&#x203A;? Â ,( /(1*9, â&#x20AC;&#x17E;ĹĄarvaiâ&#x20AC;&#x153; suteikdavo jiems vikrumo ir manevringumo.
Ä&#x2018;57,02-( .292-( 1$8'2-$0$6 ginklas 1'Ä&#x;1Ä .$5,$, 1$8'2-2 '$8*<%Ä&#x17E; Ä&#x153;9$,5,Ä *,1./Ä 68 5$1.(120,6@ Ä&#x153;6.$,7$17 kirvius, durklus, ietis ir netgi kardus. Populiariausi %892 .,59,$,@ 0Ä&#x;720, ,5 naudojami artimoje kovoje.
Apavas 1'Ä&#x;1Ä 0Ä&#x;*67$0$6 $3$9$6 buvo mokasinai. Jie buvo daromi iĹĄ ĹĄvelnios iĹĄdirbtos 2'26 %(, 1(,ÂĽ',5%726 (/1,Ä 2'26 ,5 ,ÂĽ6,89,1Ä&#x;7, %(, papuoĹĄti karoliukais. Jie %892 ,7,1 /(1*9,@ 3$72*ÄĄ6 ,5 $7/,.'$92 $36$8*,1Ä&#x17E; )81.&,-Ä&#x203A;? k ,DQ -DFNVRQ
1RUV LQGĆžQĆż NDULDL QHWXUĆžMR VXQNLĆż Ă&#x2C6;DUYĆż MLH EXYR JHUDL DSPRN\WL NDXWLV WLHN WROLPRMH WLHN DUWLPRMH NRYRMH -LH EXYR DSVLJLQNODYĆ˝ NRYDL SULWDLN\WDLV ODQNDLV LHWLPLV NDUGDLV GXUNODLV NLUYLDLV R ;,; D SDVNXWLQLDLVLDLV GHĂ&#x2C6;LPWPHĆťLDLV ä QHWJL Ă&#x2C6;DXQDPDLVLDLV JLQNODLV 7RGĆžO XĂ&#x2039;NDULDXWRMDL LĂ&#x2C6; 9DNDUĆż (XURSRV DSVWXOER VXVLGÇ&#x20AC;UĆ˝ VX WRNLX QHĆşWLNĆžWDL VWLSULX SDVLSULHĂ&#x2C6;LQLPX ,Ă&#x2C6; WLHVĆż QRUV EDOWLHVLHPV GLGHOĆş SUDQDĂ&#x2C6;XPĆš WHLNĆž Ă&#x2C6;DXQDPLHML JLQNODL Ă&#x2C6;DUYDL LU WXULPL LĂ&#x2C6;WHNOLDL EULWĆż R YĆžOLDX LU DPHULNLHĆťLĆż NDULXR PHQHV GDĂ&#x2039;QDL SHUJXGUDXGDYR LU QXJDOĆžGDYR LĂ&#x2C6;VNLUWLQLDLV MRMLPR ĆşJÇ&#x20AC;GĂ&#x2039;LDLV SDVLĂ&#x2039;\PĆžMĆ˝ LQGĆžQĆż NDULDL NXULH JDOĆžGDYR VPRJWL VWDLJD VX PLUWLQX WLNVOXPX LU SULHĂ&#x2C6; DWVLWUDXNGDPL Ćş VDXJLDV EHL SXLNLDL MLHPV Ă&#x2039;LQRPDV VOĆžSWXYHV QXĂ&#x2C6;OXRWL LĂ&#x2C6;WLVXV XĂ&#x2039;NDULDXWRMĆż OHJLRQXV 'ĆžO WREXOĆż LQGĆžQĆż NRYRV ĆşJÇ&#x20AC;GĂ&#x2039;LĆż LU JHEĆžMLPR SDVLQDXGRWL JHRJUDÄ&#x2DC;QĆžV YLHWRYĆžV WHLNLDPDLV SULYDOXPDLV SODQXRMDQW PÇ&#x20AC;Ă&#x2C6;LR WDNWLNĆš DWY\NĆžOLĆż NDULXRPHQĆžPV SULUHLNĆž QHW PHWĆż NDG YLVDV Ă&#x2021;LDXUĆžV $PHULNRV LQGĆžQĆż JHQWLV LĂ&#x2C6; MĆż J\YHQDPĆżMĆż SORWĆż LĂ&#x2C6;NHOGLQWĆż Ćş VSHFLDOLXV UH]HUYDWXV NXULXRVH LU Ă&#x2C6;LDQGLHQ J\YHQD GDXJHOLV MĆż SDOLNXRQLĆż
Ä&#x2018;5 ÂŽ,1$,@ .$'G | 73
ISTORIJA
:²±¾¯º± ¼°· À·® ò®°¿¯¸®ò µ®Â±²¼ò¹®ò ?¯ð® 3²Å®G 𰯹®¾ ¼¯ð¾·¯¹²°¯º®¸® ³·ý¿¸ý ¾±¸µ±·®¾ÿ·® ²· ²±ò¯ò ¼²±¼²òG
2®³®·²°ò µ®Â±²¼ò¹¯ ²ð½·®·®°³¯ðþºþ òµ²ð³°¹²þ ½¯¾¯¿·®_ºú µ¯ ³® ®²ò ²· ¹®¼° ´°Â¯ ®µ¾²¼¾¯ò ¯·²¿²ð®¹²þ
74 | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
895( W 21$ ,=ěT .,(.9,(1$,6 metais pamato daugiau nei 0,/,-21$, /$1.<72-Ġ? $,*, 7$, <5$ 9,(1$6 3238/,$5,$86,Ġ 3$9(,.6/Ġ visame pasaulyje.
5
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | 75
k 63/
4
*DOLDXVLDL SR P ƺY\NXVLR YDQGDOƿ SDVLNƾVLQLPR ƺ SDYHLNVOƹ NXULR PHWX EXYR SDËHLVWD SDYHLNVOH YDL]GXRMDPRV ĘJǀURV NDLULRML DONǀQƾ ÈLV ƺWUǀNLPDV EXYR SULSLOG\WDV DNYDUHOLQLƿ GDËƿ ÇLDQGLHQ LU WROLDX EDQGRPD UHVWDXUXRWL GDXJXPƹ ÈLR SDVODSWLQJR SRUWUHWR VSDOYƿ QHV WLNLPD NDG P DWOLNWRV UHVWDXUDFLMRV PHWX EXYR SDÈDOLQWDV YLUÈXWLQLV ë0RQD /L]RVé SRUWUHWR GDËƿ VOXRNVQLV
$6,0$7<0$6 68 0/1?
.DGDQJL ÈLDP SDYHLNVOXL \UD GDXJLDX QHL PHWƿ MR SULHËLǀUDL QDXGRMDPL PRGHUQLDXVL UHVWDXUDFLMRV PHWRGDL 7LHVD ÈLDQGLHQ SDYHLNVOR UƾPDV \UD ODELDXVLDL SDNLWXVL ë0RQD /L]RVé GDOLV QHV ;; D SUDGËLRMH RULJLQDOXV LÈ WXRSRV SDJDPLQWDV UƾPDV VXVNLOLQƾMR WDLS NDG MDPH DWVLUDGR SO\È\V -LV EXYR VXWYLUWLQWDV ƺPRQWDYXV GYL GUXJHOLR IRUPRV ULHÈXWPHGËLR SORNÈWHOHV R
3 Kadangi paveikslui yra daugiau nei ĈĈ 0(7Ġ@ -,6 %892 5(67$85827$6@ 1( 9,(1ě .$57$ %892 7$,.2026 Ĝ9$,5,26 6$8*2-,02 35,(021ğ6B 1$8-$86,$ -Ġ – 3$9(,.6/2 $3¥9,(7,0$6 926 ēĈ 9$7Ġ 5<¥.802 /(0387(?
9DQGDODL SDËHLGű DONųQŰ
ĕ 9(,'Ě ®,ğ5, /(0387ĝ
7XRSLQLV UűPDV VNLOLQűMD
,$1',(1 W 21$ ,=$T (.632182-$0$ 8® 1(3(5¥$81$02 67,./2@ .85,6 1(/(,'®,$ *$56,$-$0 šedevrui kaip nors pakenkti, nes 9$1'$/$, Ĝ ¥Ĝ 0(12 .ġ5,1Ĝ .ğ6,126, 1( .$57ě?
YƾOLDX SULWYLUWLQXV ODQNVWƿ ƹËXROLQƺ NDUNDVƹ LU GYL NU\ËPLQHV SORNÈWHOHV 3DYHLNVODV UHVWDXUXRWDV GDXJ NDUWƿ R SLUPƹ NDUWƹ QDXMX ODNR VOXRNVQLX SDGHQJWDV GDU P 7ƹNDUW SDYHLNVODV EXYR QXYDO\WDV VSLULWR WLUSDODLV NDL NXULRV MR VSDOYRV SDU\ÈNLQWRV SDYHLNVODV SHUODNXRWDV
2
Neperšaunama
ë0RQD /L]Dé ä WDL DOLHMLQLDLV GDËDLV DQW WXRSRV SORNÈWƾV /HRQDUGR GD 9LQƻLR QXWDS\WDV SDYHLNVODV 7LNLPD NDG ÈLDPH SRUWUHWH YDL]GXRMDPD PDËDL ËLQRPD )ORUHQFLMRV PHGËLDJƿ LU ÈLONR SLUNOLR ËPRQD /L]D GHO 'ËRNRQGD PHUJDXWLQƾ SDYDUGƾ *HUDUGLQL ë0RQD /L]Dé ODLNRPD ËLQRPLDXVLX SDYHLNVOX NXUƺ /XYUR PX]LHMXMH NDVPHW SDPDWR PLOLMRQDL ODQN\WRMƿ
Ģ ĢĢ 0? 58*3-ġĝ,2 ēĢ '? 3$9(,.6/$6 „Mona Liza“ iš Luvro muziejaus $5<®,8-( %892 3$92*7$6? ğ/,$8 ¥,6 0(12 .ġ5,1<6 %892 $37,.7$6 7$/,-2-( ,5 Ģ Ģ 0? *5ě®,17$6 muziejui.
.DLS SULËLǀULPDV ËLQRPLDXVLDV SDYHLNVODV SDVDXO\MH"
MONA LIZA
1
(ě7,.ĝ7,1$ 9$*<67ĝ
$%,$86,$, 3$.(,67$ W 21$ ,=26T '$/,6 P 7823,1,6 5ĝ0$6
FAKTAI
5 õ,'?ù. Kasmet brangsta Ģ ē 0? %892 $36.$,ĝ,827$@ .$' 3$9(,.6/2 9(57ğ <5$ @ 0/1? 69$5Ġ? ēĈĢ 0? W 21$ ,=$T %892 Ĝ.$,127$ @ 0/1? 69$5Ġ? $60(7 „Mona Liza“ pabrangsta po 8 0,/,-2186 69$5Ġ?
3±¯ð®·³¯ ³® :²ðă²¯ ±ò¼²Åþ À¸ýò
0®·±²Â²®² ¸®¼²® ú ð®°³¯º¯ ¾®¸ ¼®³ ®¼²ò ®µò®°¿¯¾þ ð°¯ ·À ¼²¯ò ò®°¹ýò ²±ò¯òG
ISTORIJA
Švinas ant veido, arba Egipto kosmetika Aplikatorius
6HQRYƾV (JLSWH DSLH ËPRJDXV YDLGPHQƺ SRPLUWLQLDPH J\YHQLPH VSUƽVGDYR LÈ MR LÈYDL]GRV %ǀWHQW WRGƾO ODLGRWXYLƿ SLHÈLQLXRVH WLHN Y\UDL WLHN PRWHU\V YDL]GXRMDPL SDVLSXRÈƽ JHULDXVLDLV GUDEXËLDLV JUDËLDXVLDLV SHUXNDLV LU VX PDNLDËX .DVGLHQ VHQRYƾV HJLSWLHƻLDL QDXGRMR GDXJ\Eƽ ƺYDLULDXVLƿ SLJPHQWƿ YHLGXL JUDËLQWL /DELDXVLDL EXYR SDSOLWƽ DNLƿ YRNƿ GDËDL -LH EXYR JDPLQDPL LÈ GYLHMƿ PHGËLDJƿ ËDOLR DWVSDOYLR ä LÈ PLQHUDOR PDODFKLWR R MXRGR DWVSDOYLR ä LÈ WDP WLNURV UǀÈLHV ÈYLQR UǀGRV YDGLQDPRV JDOHQLWX 0RWHU\V QDXGRMR UDXGRQƹ RFKUƹ NDG ÈYHOQLDL SDU\ÈNLQWƿ VNUXRVWXV LU OǀSDV R LÈ VXWULQWƿ GËLRYLQWƿ KHQLQLƿ ODYVRQLMRV ODSƿ JDXQDPL FKQD GDËDL EXYR QDXGRMDPL QDJDPV LU SODXNDPV GDË\WL .RVPHWLND WXUƾMR LU WDP WLNUƹ SUDNWLQƽ UHLNÈPƽ ä NDULÈNLDL PDNLDËƹ QDXGRMR WDP NDG DNLV DSVDXJRWƿ QXR U\ÈNLRV $IULNRV VDXOƾV ÈYLHVRV %H WR PDNLDËDV DWOLNR LU UHOLJLQƺ YDLGPHQƺ NLHNYLHQƹ GLHQƹ ÈYHQW\NORMH HVDQWL GLHYR VWDWXOD EǀGDYR SXRÈLDPD PDNLDËX ä WDL EXYR VXYRNLDPD NDLS GLHYLÈNRMR DWJLPLPR VLPEROLV
đ3/,.$725,86 %892 1$8'2-$0$6 /ġ3206 3$5<¥.,17,? ,6 %892 *$0,1$0$6 ,¥ -82'0('®,2 $5 '5$0%/,2 .$8/2?
Perukas ğ/ 87ğ/,Ġ (*,37,(ĝ,$, *$/9$6 '$®1$, 6.86'$926, 3/,.$, ,5 1(¥,2-2 35$¥0$71,86 3(58.86@ 3$*$0,1786 ,¥ 7,.5Ġ ®02*$86 3/$8.Ġ@ ,¥382¥786 *ğ/ğ0,6 ,5 .$620,6?
Bronzinis veidrodis *,37,(ĝ,$, 1$8'2-2 ,¥ %521=26 3$*$0,1786 1832/,582786 9(,'52'®,86? Ġ 5$1.(126 '$®1$, %892 *,372 '(,9,Ġ )25026?
Kosmetinis šaukštas ,( ¥$8.¥7$, %892 <3$ĝ '(.25$7<9ġ6 P 3$9(,.6/( 3$9$,='827$6 ¥$8.¥7$6 <5$ 3/$8.,$1ĝ,26 0(5*,126 )25026?
Kosmetikos indai 3(&,$/ġ6 (*,37,(ĝ,Ġ $/,(-$, ,5 7(3$/$, %892 /$,.20, ,¥ 67,./2@ )$-$162 ,5 $.0(16 3$*$0,17826( ,1'826(?
ÇRNRODGDV \UD JDPLQDPDV LÈ WLNURMR NDYDPHGËLR NXULR ORW\QLÈNDV pavadinimas Theoroma UHLÈNLD ëGLHYƿ PDLVWƹé YDLVLƿ 0DMDL ÈRNRODGƹ YDUWRMR NDLS JƾULPƹ ÇRNRODGDV WDSR WLHN PDMƿ WLHN DFWHNƿ ÈYHQWXRMX JƾULPX LU EXYR YDUWRMDPDV YLHÈƿ DXNRMLPƿ EHL UHOLJLQLƿ FHUHPRQLMƿ PHWX $UFKHRORJDL ÈRNRODGR SƾGVDNƿ DWUDGR +RQGǀUR WHULWRULMRMH DSWLNWXRVH VHQRYLQLXRVH LQGXRVH NXULƿ DPËLXV VLHNLD P SU .U 'DXJ\Eƾ NDNDYRV PHGËLƿ DXJR PDMƿ YDOGRPRVH WHULWRULMRVH R QXR PHWƿ NDNDYPHGËLƿ YDLVLXV LPWD SHUGLUEWL VLHNLDQW SDJDPLQWL SXWRMDQWƺ NDUWƿ JƾULPƹ 0DMDL VDYR JDPLQDPƹ ÈRNRODGƹ PDLÈƾ VX SULHVNRQLDLV ä DLWULƹMD SDSULND LU YDQLOH WLNƾWD NDG ÈLH prieskoniai padeda atsikratyti QXRYDUJLR .DNDYRV SXSHOƾV WDLS SDW EXYR WULQDPRV LNL PLOWHOLƿ DUED JDPLQDPD ÈRNRODGR NRÈƾ
| đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
© Look and Learn; SPL
Kas bendra tarp šokolado ir 5(/,*,1,Ğ $3(,*ĞG
678',-82.
↓
PHWDLV ůNXUWDV .DXQR WHFKQRORJLMRV XQLYHUVLWHWDV .78 \UD YLHQDV GLGçLDXVLƌ LU SDçDQJLDXVLƌ %DOWLMRV åDO\VH *HUELDQWLV WUDGLFLMDV WDĀLDX DWYLUDV QDXMRPV LGŝMRPV MLV NXULD
L å å ƈ N L V åLXRODLNLåNĈ HUGYč PĈVW\WL LU WREXOŝWL \UD DWYLUDV WHFKQRORJLQLDP SURJUHVXL LU SRN\ĀLDPV SHUçHQJLDQWLV YLHQRV GLVFLSOLQRV UŝPXV EHQGUDGDUELDXMDQWLV VX SDVDXOLX
WDUSWDXWLåNXPDV → 7$,3
6XWHLNLDPD JDOLP\Eæ LwY\NWL VWXGLMXRWL ñ EHYHLN SDVDXOLR XQLYHUVLWHWé SDJDO (5$6086 WDUSXQLYHUVLWHWLQHV WDUSYDOVW\ELQHV LU NLWDV VWXGLMé PDLQé SURJUDPDV 7DUSWDXWLQÅ SUDNWLN JDOLPD DWOLNWL SDJDO (5$6086 %(67 ,$67( 98/&$186 ,1 -$3$1 SUDNWLNRV PDLQé SURJUDPDV
WHFKQRORJLMé LU NRPSHWHQFLMRV FHQWUDV VLëODQWLV NRQVXOWDFLMDV NRQFHSFLMRV DQDOL]Å LU SOæWU SURGXNWé JDP\E ODERUDWRULQæPLV LU SXVLDX JDP\ELQæPLV V O\JRPLV &HQWUDV EHQGUDGDUELDXMD VX GDXJLDX QHL PDLVWR SURGXNWXV JDPLQDQÃLé ñPRQLé
WDPV X{WLNULQD SUDQDwXP GDUER ULQNRMH .78 DEVROYHQWé ñVLGDUELQLPR URGLNOLDL \UD YLHQL JHULDXVLé WDUS /LHWXYRV DXNwWéMé PRN\NOé
WHFKQRORJLMRV YHUVOXL → 7$,3 ¯ Å6WDUWXS 6SDFH´
¯ ,QRYDFLMƌ LU YHUVOR FHQWUDV
N H L V W L
WDUSWDXWLQLV EHQGUDGDUELDYLPDV → 7$,3
¯ .78 \UD SDJULQGLQLé WDUSWDXWLQLé PRNVOR RUJDQL]DFLMé QDU\V GDO\YDXMD GDXJLDX QHL WDUSWDXWLQLé PRNVOR SURJUDPé LU EHQGUDGDUELDXMD VX WRNLRPLV JDUVLRPLV SDVDXOLQæPLV RUJDQL]DFLMRPLV LU ñPRQæPLV NDLS 1$72 %$6) 6( (/6,6 76 d6DPVXQJq d+LWDFKLq d7KHUPR)LVKHU 6FLHQWLILFq ¯ .78 EHQGUDGDUELDXMD VX 6WDQIRUGR -$9 $DOWR 6XRPLMD LU GDXJHOLX NLWé SUHVWL{LQLé SDVDXOLR XQLYHUVLWHWé
7DL HUGYæ NXULRMH SOæWRMDPRV VWXGHQWé LU MDXQLPR YHUVOR LGæMRV JUñVWRV QDXMRPLV WHFKQRORJLMRPLV LU LQRYDFLMRPLV £LD ñVLWUDXNLD ñYDLULé VULÃLé VSHFLDOLVWDL NXULH WHLNLD SDUDP QDXMRPV YHUVOR LGæMRPV SDWDULD NRQVXOWXRMD ∙ -DX ñNXUWRV NRPSDQLMRV SULWUDXNWD DSLH
POQ OLWé LQYHVWLFLMé wLRPV NRPSDQLMRPV SOæWRWL VXNXUWD GDXJLDX QHL SURWRWLSé
.78 Y\NGRPRV WHFKQRORJLQLé IL]LQLé VRFLDOLQLé KXPDQLWDULQLé PRNVOé LU PHQé VWXGLMRV iLRMH ñYDLULDO\SLXV SDW\ULPXV NDXSLDQÃLRMH DSOLQNRMH EUÅVWD DVPHQ\EæV JHEDQÃLRV EHQGUDGDUELDXWL LU NXUWL MXQJLDQW VNLUWLQJé NU\SÃLé {LQLDV
/LHWXYRMH t \UD DWVDNLQJDV X{ PRNVOLQLé LwUDGLPé NRPHUFLDOL]DYLP
∙ 3ULWUDXNWD GDXJLDX QHL HXUé LQYHVWLFLMé VWXGHQWé LU PRNVOLQLQNé W\ULPDPV DWOLNWL %HQGUDGDUELDXMDPD VX d6DPVXQJq d2PQLWHOq d7KHUPR)LVKHU 6FLHQWLILFq d$NURQ *OREDO %XVLQHVV $FFHOHUDWRUq LU NLWRPLV NRPSDQLMRPLV
∙ &HQWUR SDVODXJRPLV QDXGRMDVL GDXJLDX QHL ¯ 0RELOLƌMƌ DSOLNDFLMƌ ODERUDWRULMD .78 NDUWX VX SDUWQHULQæPLV NRPSDQLMRPLV d2PQLWHOq d$SS &DPSq LU d6DPVXQJ (OHFWURQLF %DOWLFVq P ñNëUæ YLHQ GLG{LDXVLé %DOWLMRV wDO\VH PRELOLéMé DSOLNDFLMé ODERUDWRULM 6WXGHQWDL VXNëUæ PRELOL VLDV DSOLNDFLMDV t NRPHUFLwNDL UHDOL]XRWRV
L U
¯ Å6DQWDNRV´ LU Å1HPXQR´ VOŝQLDL
WDUSVULWLåNXPDV → 7$,3
∙ P ñNXUWDV FHQWUDV t YLHQLQWHOLV WRNV
7DL LQWHJUXRWL PRNVOLQLé W\ULPé LU HNVSHULPHQWLQæV SOæWURV 07(3 FHQWUDL PRNVOXL VWXGLMRPV LU YHUVOXL -XRVH ñNXUWRV SD{DQJLDXVLé WHFKQRORJLMé LU ODERUDWRULMé HUGYæV NXULRVH DWOLHNDPL YLHwLHML LU SULYDWLHML W\ULPDL ∙ d6DQWDNRVq VOæQ\MH VXWHONWDV \SDÃ SHUV-
NOLHQWé Lw YHUVOR LU SUDPRQæV VHNWRULé
∙ .78 SDUWQHULV 6LOLFLR VOæQ\MH t 86 0$& DQJO 86 0DUNHW $FFHVV &HQWHU
EHQGUDXNLPH IDFHERRN IDFHERRN FRP NWX OW IDFHERRN FRP .78PRNVOHLYLDPV \RXWXEH \RXWXEH FRP XVHU NWXYLGHR JRRJOH JRRJOH FRP NWXQHZV WZLWWHU WZLWWHU FRP NWXQHZV LQVWDJUDP LQVWDJUDP FRP NWXVSDFH
N H L V W L V
8QLYHUVLWHWR VWXGHQWDL JDOL VXGDU\WL LQGLYLGXDOLDV VWXGLMé SURJUDPDV Lw VNLUWLQJé SDVLUHQNDPé GDO\Né MDX VXNXUWD GDXJLDX QHL XQLNDOLé SDVLULQNLPé NRPELQDFLMé òJ\WDV WDUSVULWLQLV SR{LëULV LU NRPSHWHQFLMRV VWXGHQ-
SHNW\YLé NU\SÃLé t GDUQLRVLRV FKHPLMRV LU ELRIDUPDFLMRV DWHLWLHV HQHUJHWLNRV PHFKDWURQLNRV LQIRUPDFLQLé LU NRPXQLNDFLQLé WHFKQRORJLMé t PRNVOR LU VWXGLMé SRWHQFLDODV
∙ d1HPXQRq VOæQ\MH SOæWRMDPL {HPæV PLwNé LU PDLVWR ëNLR VHNWRULDL 9LHQD SDJULQGLQLé VWUXNWëULQLé VOæQLR GDOLé t 0DLVWR PRNVOR
IRXUVTXDUH IRXUVTXDUH FRP NWXQHZV
OLQNHGLQ OLQNHGLQ FRP FRPSDQ\ NWX
PROT BOKŠTAS >±´ÿ¾²ð® ®°¼ ¾®² ¹²µ¾² ¼®³ ¾®Â± ² ¿²·ò¾þ
FAKTAI AKIMIRKSNIU $3$, *$/, %ğ7, ','(61, 8® 0('®,86 $'$*$6.$5( $8*$1ĝ,Ġ $)ĉ$ 3$/0,Ġ /$3$, 8®$8*$ ,., ē 0(75Ġ ,/*,2? $3$, 35$$8*$ 1(7 3$/0(6@ .85,26 8®$8*$ ,., ē 0(75Ġ?
Pelningiausias NT sandoris
5,(¥ '$8*,$8 1(, Ģ Ĉ 0(7Ġ 86,-$ đ/,$6.ě 3$5'$9ğ 926 8® 0,/,-2186 '2/(5,Ġ? ,(1$6 $.5$6 HĈ@ +(.7$52I .$,1$92 7,. '8 '2/(5,2 &(1786@ 7$ĝ,$8 '$8*(/,6 $0(5,.,(ĝ,Ġ ¥,82 3,5.,1,8 %892 3$6,3,.7,1Ğ P .$0 đ 7$6 /('2 *$%$/$6G ¥,$1',(1 -2-( <5$ 0$®'$8* 386ğ ®,120Ġ đ0(5,.26 1$)726 ,5 $.0(16 $1*/,(6 ,¥7(./,Ġ@ '$8*<%ğ '8-Ġ@ Ĉ 352&? $/$92@ 3/$7,126 *583ğ6 0(7$/Ġ?
$17,6 9$/ĝ6, ,5 65$,*ĝ0,6
2/ 1(%892 ,¥5$67$ '$17Ġ 3$67$@ ®021ğ6 '$17,6 9$/<'$926, 3$ĝ,$,6 .(,6ĝ,$86,$,6 %ġ'$,6? ,( 1$8'2'$92 ,5 $8675,Ġ %(, 65$,*,Ġ .,$8786?
85,( 3527,1*(61, P .$7ĝ6 $5 ¥81<6G ÇLV NODXVLPDV MDX DPËLXV NDQNLQD WLHN NDƻLƿ WLHN ÈXQƿ PƾJƾMXV LU Qƾ YLHQDV DWVDN\PDV MLHPV QHDWURGR WHLVLQJDV 7DƻLDX YHUWD ËLQRWL NDG ÈXQ\V JDOL GLGËLXRWLV GLGHVQLX VPHJHQƿ LU NǀQR PDVƾV VDQW\NLX 7LNƾWLQD NDG ÈXQƿ VPHJHQƿ PDVƾ DXJR JUHLƻLDX MLHPV DNW\YLDL PRNDQWLV DWOLNWL VDYR VRFLDOLQHV IXQNFLMDV .DG LU NDLS WHQ EǀWƿ NDWƾV VPHJHQƿ ËLHYƾMH
DWVDNLQJRMH XË DWPLQWƺ LU GƾPHVƺ \UD GX NDUWXV GDXJLDX QHXURQƿ .DWHV VXGƾWLQJLDX GUHVXRWL MRV QHVDXJR VDYR ÈHLPLQLQNR EHW YDUJX DU ÈLH IDNWDL QXOHPV ÈLRV DPËLQRV GYLNRYRV EDLJWƺ -XN QHW 9LQVWRQDV ƼHUƻLOLV NDËNDGD SDMXRNDYR ë.DWƾV ƺ PXV ËLǀUL LÈ DXNÈWR ÈXQ\V ä LÈ DSDƻLRV R NLDXOƾV VX PXPLV HOJLDVL NDLS VX O\JLDLV é
,50$6,6 *ĝ5,0Ğ $8720$7$6 P pašventintam vandeniui ğ5,0Ġ $8720$7$6 %892 ,¥5$67$6 -$8 $0®,8-(? ,(1$6 *5$,.Ġ 0$7(0$7,.$6 ,5 ,1®,1,(5,86 68.ġ5ğ $8720$7,1Ĝ 0(&+$1,=0ě@ Ĝ .85Ĝ Ĝ0(7Ğ6 021(7ě .,(.9,(1$6 *$/ğ-2 Ĝ6,*<7, 3$¥9(17,172 9$1'(16? ĕ0(6726 021(726 6925,2 8®7(.'$92 1869(57, 0(7$/,1Ğ 69,57Ĝ ,5 9$1'82 35$'ğ'$92 7(.ğ7,? $, 0(7$/,1,6 /,(®89ğ/,6 3$69,5'$92 7,(.@ .$' 021(7$ 182 -2 18.5,6'$92@ $1*$@ 352 .85,ě 7(.ğ'$92 9$1'82@ 8®6,'$5<'$92?
| đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
PROT BOKŠTAS
1,(*/(1Ĥ,Ğ ,6725,-$ ÇLDQGLHQLQƾV VQLHJOHQWƾV SURWRWLSDV EXYR VXNXUWDV ÈHÈWDMDPH GHÈLPWPHW\MH -$9 WDƻLDX VOLGLQƾMLPR OHQWƿ WUDGLFLMRV GDXJ VHQHVQƾV 7XUNLMRV NDOQƿ NDLPXRVH ËPRQƾV QXR DSVQLJWƿ NDOQƿ VWRYƾGDPL DQW OHQWƿ OHLGRVL MDX SULHÈ PHWƿ -LH SULH OHQWRV JDOR SULULÈGDYR YLUYƽ NDG EǀWƿ JDOLPD OHQJYLDX NRQWUROLXRWL ÈOLXRËLPR NU\SWƺ $PHULNLHƻLDL *XQDUDV LU +DUYLV %XUJHVRQDL EHL 9HUQDV 9LNOXQGDV SDQDÈLƹ ÈOLXRËLPR OHQWƹ XËSDWHQWDYR PHWDLV WDƻLDX ÈLV LÈUDGLPDV QHLÈSRSXOLDUƾMR 7LN ÈHÈWDMDPH GHÈLPWPHW\MH 7RPDV 6LPVDV LU ÇHUPDQDV 3RSHQDV VXJHEƾMR SDWREXOLQWL VQLHJOHQWƽ NXULRV SRSXOLDUXPDV GLGƾMD NLHNYLHQƹ GLHQƹ
<9ġ1$, 6.$,ĝ,82-$ .,7$,3 1(, ®021ğ6
đ5 *<9ğ1$, moka 6.$,Ĥ,827,G $, 6.$,ĝ,82-$0(@ 0,17<6( 0(6 .(/,$8-$0( 3(5 6.$,ĝ,Ġ 6(.ě@ .,(.9,(1$0 '$,.78, 35,6.,5'$0, 7$0 7,.5ě -2 (,/ğ6 180(5Ĝ? 806 5(,.,$ .$/%,1,Ġ 68*(%ğ-,0Ġ ®,127, 6.$,ĝ,Ġ 3$9$',1,086@ -Ġ ,¥6,'ğ67<02 79$5.ě? (,.,$86,$, 7$,3 6.$,ĝ,827, *$/, ,5 *<9ġ1$,? (7 0(6 *(%$0( 6.$,ĝ,827, ,5 ¥,(. 7,(. .,7$,3 P *$/,0( ,¥ $.,(6 3$6$.<7,@ .$' $17 67$/2 <5$ 75<6 3,(¥78.$,@ 1(6.$,ĝ,82'$0, -Ġ ,¥ (,/ğ6? $8*80$ *<9ġ1Ġ *$/, /<*,$, 7$,3 3$7 6.$,ĝ,827,? $, .85,26 6$/$0$1'526 6.,5,$ 9,(1ě *$%$/,8.ě 182 '9,(-Ġ $5 75,-Ġ? (0ġ5$, 1(7*, 02.$ (,/ğ6 79$5.$ 68'ğ/,27, .5ġ9(/(6 P 182 785,1ĝ,26 0$®,$86,$ (/(0(17Ġ ,., '$8*,$86,$,?
(, 9,6$ ®(0ĝ %ğ7Ğ ,¥'$/<7$ ®021ĝ06@ .2.ě 6./<3Ě *$8780 78G -HL PLOLMDUGDPV J\YHQWRMƿ EǀWƿ SDGDO\WD PLOLMRQƿ NYDGUDWLQLƿ NLORPHWUƿ ËHPƾV SORWR NLHNYLHQDP WHNWƿ SR NYDGUDWLQLR NLORPHWUR 0RNVOLQLQNDL WHLJLD NDG ÈLXR PHWX DSLH SURF YLVR ËHPƾV SORWR \UD QDXGRMDPD ËHPƾV ǀNLXL 7DG NLHNYLHQDP WHNWƿ SR NYDGUDWLQLR NLORPHWUR GLUEDPRV ËHPƾV NXULRMH EǀWƿ JDOLPD DXJLQWL GDUËRYHV LU NLWXV PDLVWR SURGXNWXV
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G |
PROT BOKŠTAS ĕ Ģ
FAKTAI đ8.¥7$6,6 ®Ě6Ğ 3,/27$®$6 (/,26 ®ě6Ġ 5ġ¥<6 .$60(7 3(56.5(1'$ ,0$/$-Ġ .$/1<1ě? ě6<6 68*(%$ 6.5,67, Ģ Ĉ .0 3(5 9$/? *5(,ĝ,8 ,5 1(68N ¥ě/$ ēĈ 0 $8.¥7<-(?
$6 5,7$1,-2-( ,¥1$,.,12 9,/.86G $5$/,86 '9$5'$6 3,50$6,6 Ĝ6$.ğ ,¥1$,.,17, 9,686 9,/.86 '$5 ! $0®,8-(? ,(6$@ 0$120$@ .$' 3$6.87,1Ĝ 9,/.ě Ģ 0(7$,6 680('®,2-2 *$5686,6 0('®,272-$6 $.9<1$6?
đ8.62 9(57ĝ6 ¥$)5$1$6
$0,1$0$6 ,¥ 7$0 7,.526 .52.Ġ *ğ/,Ġ 5ġ¥,(6 ¥$)5$1$6 <5$ /$,.20$6 %5$1*,$86,8 ,5 5(ĝ,$86,8 3$6$8/,2 35,(6.21,8? $*$0,17, ĢĈĈ *5$0Ġ ¥,2 35,(6.21,2 5(,.,$ Ģ ĈĈĈ *ğ/,Ġ? 5,(¥ 1$8'2-$17@ ¥$)5$1Ġ *,-26 ¥,(. 7,(. 3$.(3,1$026 6$862-( .(3789ğ-(@ 68608/.,1$026 ,5 8®3,/$026 ¥$8.¥78 3,(12 $5 9$1'(16@ 758387Ĝ 3$%5,1.,N 1$026@ ,5 *$87$6 0,¥,1<6 683,/$0$6 Ĝ 582¥,$0ě 3$7,(.$/ě? (, ¥$)5$1$6 0$/N 7$6@ -2 3$3,/'20$, 582¥7, 1(5(,.,$ P .(3,1,$06 Ĝ0,1.20$6 Ĝ 7(¥/ě@ 582¥,$17 .,786 9$/*,86 P Ĝ%(5,$0$ /,.86 0,187ğ06 ,., *$0,1,02 3$%$,*26? ,1.$ 5<®,Ġ@ 0$.$521Ġ@ %8/9,Ġ 3$7,(.$N /$06@ 3$'$®$06@ 3,(18,@ 3<5$*$06@ 6$/',(06 *ğ5,0$06 3$*$5',17,@ 6ġ5,$06 '$®<7,? $®1,$86,$, 9$572-$0$6 9,(1$6@ .$'$1*, .,7, 35,(6.21,$, 8®*2®7Ġ -2 68%7,/Ġ ,5 ¥9(/1Ġ $520$7ě? $/,0$ Ĝ'ğ7, 1(%(17 758387ğ/Ĝ &,1$0212 $5 .$5'$0212?
đ5 '5$0%/,$, 3$92-,1*,G ÊPRQƾPV GUDPEOLDL JDOL VXNHOWL GDXJ QHPDORQXPƿ 6XDXJƽV DIULNLHWLÈNDV GUDPEO\V VYHULD WRQRV 'YLPHWULQLV GUDPEOLR VWUDXEO\V VYHULDQWLV SHU NJ ËPRJƿ JDOL JUHLWDL SDUEORNÈWL 3DYRMLQJLDXVL ä DJUHV\YLDL SRUDYLPRVL PHWX EHVLHOJLDQW\V SDWLQDL 9LHQ ,QGMRMH GUDPEOLDL
Ĉ | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
NDVPHW XËPXÈD SR ËPRQLƿ 6WDWLVWLQLV W\ULPDV DWOLNWDV PHWDLV DWVNOHLGƾ NDG YLHQDPH LÈ ,QGLMRV UHJLRQƿ SHU ÈHÈHULXV PHWXV GUDPEOLDL PLUWLQDL VXËDORMR ËPRQHV SHU Wƹ SDWƺ ODLNƹ YLONDL XËPXÈƾ PHÈNRV ä WLJUDL LU OHRSDUGDL ä ËPRQHV
PROT BOKŠTAS
ĕ Ģ 2'ĝ/ 68¥/$3Ĝ ¥9,(6ğ6 3/$8.$, FAKTAI 5$8.,1<6@ .(/,$8-$17,6 $752'2 7$06(61,G laiku (/,21ğ 75$8.,1,8 ,¥ $6.926 Ĝ /$',92672.ě 758.6 6$9$,7Ğ? (/(,9,$,@ Ĝ9(,.Ğ ē .0@ .,56 1(7 /$,.2 =21$6? 2.,$ .(/,21ğ /$%$, 3238/,$5,@ 2 -26 .$,1$ P $3,( ĈĈ (85Ġ Ĝ 9,(1ě 386Ğ? 25,17,(-, *$/, .(/,$87, ,5 '$5 72/,$8 %(, 3$6,(.7, (.,1ě?
3RSXOLDULDXVLD YHUVLMD NDG VDXVL ÈYLHVǀV SODXNDL WDUVL ËXYƿ ËY\QDL SXLNLDL DWVSLQGL ƺ MXRV NULQWDQƻLƹ ÈYLHVƹ 'DOLV DWVSLQGƾWRV ÈYLHVRV SDVLHNLD LU PǀVƿ DNLV WRGƾO LU DWURGR NDG SODXNDL VNOHLGËLD ÈYLHVƹ O\J XËGHJWDV GHJODV .DL SODXNDL VXÈODPSD DSOLQN SODXNƹ VXVLIRUPXRMD SORQDV YDQGHQV VOXRNVQLV ÈYLHVRV VSLQGXOLDL OǀËWD LU YDQGXR MXRV VXJHULD R QH DWVSLQGL 7RGƾO SODXNDL LU DWURGR WDPVHVQL
Kur gaminamos W 6.$5ĞT 67$78/ĝ/ĝ6G W 6.$5$,T -$8 Ĉ 0(7Ġ *$0,1$0, Ė,.$*2-(? $60(7 Ĝ021ğ W :(16 > 203$1<T 3$*$0,1$ Ĉ $3,( .* 69(5,$1ĝ,Ġ ĉ*ġ5ğ/,Ġ@ 9$,='82-$1ĝ,Ġ 5,7(5Ĝ@ /$,.$17Ĝ .$5'ě? ,5026,26 25,*,1$/,26 67$78/ğ/ğ6 %892 *$0,1$026 ,¥ %521=26 ,5 $8.62 /<',1,2@ 7$ĝ,$8 '$%$5 1$8'2-$026 3,*(61ğ6 0('®,$*26? 7$78/ğ/ğ6 *$0,1$026 ,¥ %5,7$1,802 /<',1,2@ .85,6 63,1', 3$1$¥,$, .$,3 6,'$%5$6? 26 *$0,1$026 ĢĈ ',(1Ġ@ 2 /$,0ğ72-2 9$5'$6 ,¥*5$9,582-$0$6 &(5(021,-26 0(78?
$60$/,®,$986,26 > 6$/'$,1,Ğ@ %,7ĝ6 35$'ĝ-2 1(¥7, 63$/927Ě 0('Ğ
,$85ğ6 5<7Ġ 5$1&ġ=,-2-( %,7ğ6 35$'ğ-2 1(¥7, .(,67ě 0(/69$, ®$/,2 $763$/9,2 0('Ġ? /=$62 ,%29,/,2 %(1'5820(1ğ 3$67(%ğ-2@ .$' 9,(72- 0('$86 %,7ğ6 1(¥$ .(,67ě Ĝ9$,5,$63$/9Ğ 68%67$1&,-ě? 86,5ġ3,1Ğ ¥(,0,1,1.$, $7/,.2 7<5,0ě ,5 5$'2 W.$/7,1,1.ĞT P Ĝ021ğ6 Wđ*5,9$/25T %,2'8-Ġ Ĝ5(1*,086@ 3(5',5%$1ĝ,86 )$%5,.2 W $56T@ .85,$0( *$0,1$0, 6$/'$,1,$, W > S6U@ $7/,(.$6? $, 9,6$0( 3$6$8/<-( *$56ġ6 ¥2.2/$',1,$, ®,51,8.$,@ 3$'(1*7, *(/72126@ ®$/,26@ 5<¥.,$, 5$8'2126@ 0ğ/<126 $5 58'26 63$/926 */$=ġ5$? ,( %892 6$8*20, 1(+(50(7,¥.826( .217(,1(5,826(@ Ĝ .85,826 %,7ğ6 /(1*9$, 3$7(.2? 52'8.7$6@ .85,2 %86 1(Ĝ0$120$ 3$5'827,@ 7$32 ','(/( 352%/(0$ '(¥,07,06 %,7,1,1.Ġ@ .85,( ,5 7$,3 18.(17ğ-2 ¥,ě $7¥,$85,ě ®,(0ě? ( 72@ ,., .,7Ġ 0(7Ġ 3$9$6$5,2 1(%86 $,¥.8@ $5 %,7ğ6@ .85,26 3$5$*$92 6$/'80<1Ġ '$®,./,Ġ@ ,¥*<9(16? 5$1&ġ=,-$ <5$ 9,(1$ ','®,$86,Ġ 0('$86 7,(.ğ-Ġ 852326 ě-81*2-(? (5 0(786 ĝ,$ 3$*$0,1$0$ '$8*,$8 .$,3 Ģ ĈĈĈ 7 ¥,2 352'8.72?
đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G | Ģ
" đ >±ò±ðò¾®ð¾Àò ¸²¾®²
/±ð³·®°¼²¸±
>¯·² ò° ²ð¯¾² ¼®²µ ò°ò²½¯·¸®Â¯ _¯·³®² ¼®²µ ±²¼²® ¿®¹²ð¿²®°ò²®ò µ®ò®°¹²¯ ¹®Å±·²òW .²þò¼ ¼¹®°ò²¸°ò ±¹ µ® ¾° ®·Å²ð®²ï¼®³ ¹¾ ²· ¹®²¸ý¼ ®²Å³¯ ·±¿²ò¾·®¾¯·²þ
5.ĝ6 $7*<-$ *$07$, 68®$/,$986 (UNƾV DWJ\MD NDL WHPSHUDWǀUD WDPSD WHLJLDPD /LHWXYRMH DNW\YXVLV HUNLƿ SHULRGDV WUXQND QXR NRYR SDEDLJRV LNL ODSNULƻLR YLGXULR (UNƾV QHWXUL DNLƿ WDƻLDX J\Yƺ ĘNVXRMD +DOHULR RUJDQX NXULV UHDJXRMD ƺ LÈVNLULDPƹ DQJOLHV GYLGHJLQƺ LU NǀQR WHUPRUDGLDFLMƹ 3DVDXO\MH \UD DSLH HUNLƿ UǀÈLƿ R UǀÈ\V \UD ƺYDLULƿ OLJƿ VXNƾOƾMƿ SHUQHÈƾMRV 3DXNÈƻLDL SDGHGD HUNƾPV ƺYHLNWL LOJDV GLVWDQFLMDV /LHWXYRMH MDX \UD ƺPRQLƿ WRNLƿ NDLS ë6DXJL YHMDé NXULRV HNRORJLÈNDLV HUNLƿ JDXG\PR EǀGDLV JDOL DSVDXJRWL QDPƿ WHULWRULMDV QXR ÈLƿ J\YLƿ
ĕ6,6,85%86,Ě (5.Ĝ 5(,.,$ 68.7, 3$*$/ /$,.52'®,2 52'<./ĜG -HLJX HUNƾ ƺVLVLXUEƾ QHVSDXVNLWH MRV NǀQHOLR QHWHSNLWH ULHEDODLV 3LQFHWX VXƻLXSNLWH HUNƽ NDLS JDOLPD DUƻLDX JDOYRV SDÈDOLQNLWH Mƹ WUXNWHOƾGDPL DWJDO (UNƾV VWUDX EOLXNDV VXVLGHGD LÈ PDËƿ NDEOLXNƿ JLUOLDQGRV WRGƾO WUDXNLDQW HUNƽ QHVXNLRNLWH MRV ÊDL]Gƹ SDWHSNLWH GH]LQIHNXRMDPX VN\VƻLX -HLJX QHSDY\NR SDÈDOLQWL YLVRV HUNƾV QHGUDVN\NLWH QHV JDOYXWƽ MǀVƿ RUJDQL]PDV SR NXULR ODLNR SDÈDOLQV SDWV
Moneta, metama nuo aukšto pastato stogo, *$/, 8®08¥7, $3$Ĥ,2-( (,1$17ě ®02*Ğ?
ĝ18/,2 7$06,2-, 386ĝ 1,(.$'$ 1($3¥9,(Ĥ,$0$? 9LVRV 0ƾQXOLR GDO\V WDP WLNUX ODLNX \UD DSÈYLHƻLDPRV 6DXOƾV 7LHVD \UD 0ƾQXOLR GDOLV NXUL QLHNDGD QHPDWRPD LÈ ÊHPƾV
0RQHWD QHSDVLË\PL JHURPLV DHURGLQDPLQƾPLV VDY\EƾPLV WRGƾO QHVNULHV ëPLUWLQDLé GLGHOLX JUHLƻLX QHW PHVWD LÈ ODEDL GLGHOLR DXNÈƻLR
Everestas – $8.¥Ĥ,$86,$6 .$/1$6?
0(*(1Ğ /Ě67(/ĝ6 1(*$/, $76,1$8-,17,? ,È WLHVƿ DWPLQWLHV LU PRN\PRVL VPHJHQƿ FHQWUXRVH JDOL VXVLNXUWL QDXMRV OƹVWHOHV
,'®,2-, .,1Ğ siena puikiai matoma iš .260262? Nors statinys tikrai ƺVSǀGLQJDV GƾO QHU\ÈNLRV VSDOYRV ƺËLǀUƾWL Èƺ VWDWLQƺ LÈ NRVPRVR \UD VXQNX
-HL VNDLƻLXRVLPH DXNÈWƺ YLUÈ MǀURV O\JLR ä WDLS 7DƻLDX 0DXQD .HD NDOQDV +DYDMXRVH \UD GLGHVQLV P ä GLGHOƾ MR GDOLV VOHSLDVL SR YDQGHQLX
(,'ğ-$6
đ W $/7,&T $9$125,Ġ 35? N ē $81$6 ,(789$ (/? µ Ĉ ēĈ /? 3$¥7$6A ,1)2¯83*?/7
ē | đ5 ®,1$,@ .$'G
('$.725,Ġ .2/(*,-$
Vertimas
Linas Krapavickas $879<'$6 8.$¥(9,Ĥ,86 21$7$6 ĝ1,86 ',7$ 85$86.$,7ĝ
:::?/,77(5$0$*1$?/7
đ'0,1,675$&,-$ đ8'5,86 85$86.$6 $,'$ ,/,$86.,(1ğ ,17$ /$8¥.,(1ğ ',7$ $9(,6.,(1ğ
('$.&,-$ <'5ġ1$6 /$-86 2/$17$ 7$5,(1ğ 21,.$ 5$6296.$ ġ7$ $-25,(1ğ *1ğ 8.$9,ĝğ ,*/ğ đ18¥$86.$,7ğ
Reklama 2'$ /(,1<7ğ *2'$¯.$'?/7 µ Ĉ Ģ 5,67,1$ 83ĝ,16.,(1ğ .5,67,1$¯.$'?/7 µ Ĉ Ĉ
/,8675$&,-26 đ/$0<@ 25%,6@ 0$*(6@ 5($067,0(@ (77<@ đ đ@ (; ($785(6@ &,(1&( +272 ,%5$5<@ +,1.672&.@ ,.,0(',$@ 2/ Ĉ 0$*(6?
đ8725,1ĝ6 7(,6ĝ6 ( 5$¥7,¥.2 /(,'ğ-2 687,.,02 '5$8'®,$0$ 1$8'27, ®851$/2 0('®,$*ě P 9,6ě $5 '$/,0,6? (.67$, ,5 ®851$/2 ',=$,1$6 <5$ W 0$*,1( 8%/,6+,1* 7'T 1826$9<%ğ? 256 /(,'ğ-$6 67(1*,$6, 3$7(,.7, 7,.6/,86 ,5 3$7,.5,1786 )$.786@ 8® )$.7Ġ $5 7(,*,1,Ġ 7(,6,1*80ě $76$.2 ,1)250$&,-26 ¥$/7,1,$,? ® 5(./$0Ġ 785,1Ĝ /(,'ğ-$6 1($76$.2? ,5$®$6 Ĉ 917? 3$86789ĝ đ W ,(78926 5<72T 63$86789ğ
B. RADVILAITES G. 5, VILNIUS TEL. 8 645 44944. WWW.DORIANO.LT
.
. ŠVENTINE VYRIŠKA APRANGA IR AKSESUARAI. NUOMA IR PARDAVIMAS.
,ÂRÂLIUS 4ÂLIÂMONÂS PÂTS TURTINGIÂUSIÂS Iõ VIS¾ GÂVO SÂVO TURTUS Iõ "FRIKOS KÂRÂLIEN»S ôEBOS "FRIKOS ÷EMYNE TEBESLYPI NEIõSENKÂMI TURTÂI ôIÂNDIEN PÂSÂULIS TROKõT PÂSIEKTI P³Iµ ÷EM»S SIELµ KUR GÂUSU DEIMÂNT¾ IR ÂUKSO ,ÂI KURIE DEIMÂNTÂI YR RÂNDÂMI NET KETURI¾ KILOMETR¾ GYLYJE 1ÂSLÂPTINGOJI "FRIK NEGÂLI PÂSL»PTI SÂVO TURT¾ ,IEKVIENÂS JOS DEIMÂNTÂS PRIMEN SEN¾ LÂIK¾ YPÂTINGµ ISTORIJµ KURI MES TIKIME 5UR»TI SÂVµ 1IET¾ "FRIKOS DEIMÂNTµ YR PRIVILEGIJ +¿S GÂLITE IõSIRINKTI 1IET¾ "FRIKOS TURT¾ DÂLELº 7ILNIÂUS SENÂMIESTYJE (ÂONO G 5EL EL PÂõTÂS INFO!PIETUÂFRIKOSDEIMÂNTÂI COM WWW PIETUÂFRIKOSDEIMÂNTÂI COM
1VPõNFOB LFMJFNT HZWFOJNBNT