A N G KASA PU R I
CONTENTS INTRODUCTION FAST FACTS ARCHITECT HISTORY ARCHITECTURE STYLE DESIGN CONCEPT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION BUILDING MATERIALS BUILDING ELEMENTS CONCLUSION
I N T R O D U C T I O N Angkasapuri is the main governmental building for Malaysia’s Ministry of Information and it is also the headquarters for Radio Television Malaysia (RTM). It is famous of it’s “International style” and slightly of Malay architectural influenced. The building is located at Kuala Lumpur – Petaling Jaya municipal boundary, mid way between the two major centres of population. Comprising approximately 33 acres, sits 80ft above the Federal highway overlooking Pantai Valley. Wisma Television serves for television stations such: TV1 and TV2 it was officially opened to public on 6 November 1969. Angkasapuri comprises of six main buildings which are being built in two stages: First stage: Integrated Services Building: a 10-storey office block. Television house, connected to the Admin. Building by and Entrance Hall: a 3-storey building containing 4 TV studios and related production and technical facilities. Service Building: a one storey building containing electrical and air-conditioning plant. Second Stage: Radio House: a 3-storey block containing 21 studios and related production and technical facilities and 2 six-storey office towers for programming and administration departments. Radio Auditorium, connected to Radio House by an Entrance Hall: a 1,000 seat auditorium for broadcasting concerts and dramas with a live audience Engineering Building: incorporates facilities for the planning, research and development of all broadcasting facilities.
(Malaysian Broadcasting Centre, 1968)
(Lefr) Location plan.
(Malaysian Broadcasting Centre, 1968)
(Above) Site Plan.
(Below) Wisma Television.
FA S T FA C T S 1
Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman, laid the foundation stone of the Broadcasting Centre on December 12, 1966.
2
3
Angkasapuri, a complex of six buildings, service building, Tv house, administration Building, radio building, auditorium and engineering building. Angkasapuri, a complex of six buildings were being built in two stages. The administration building is a 10 storey office block perched on the extreme northern edge of the plateau overlooking the Federal Highway connecting Kuala Lumpur and Petaling jaya.
4 5
Angkasapuri is situated mid-way between two major centres of population, which are Petaling Jaya and Kuala Lumpur.
A R C H I T E C T
NICHOLAS JAMES PAPPAS, N.J. PAPPAS AND ASSOCIATES
Nicholas James Pappas, founder and senior partner of N. J. Pappas and Associates, the International Consulting Architects and Engineers, died in Montreal on January 10th. Mr. Pappas received his degree in physics from Sir George Williams University, Montreal, in 1952 and later completed his studies at Sir George and McGill University. He joined the engineering division of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1944, becoming supervising engineer, responsible for technical aspects of national radio and television operations by 1951. Leaving the CBC for private industry in 1953, he was the first chief engineer of the now international McCurdy Radio Industries, Limited, Tontoro . In 1965 he began his own private engineering practice as a one-man operation in Montreal suburb. From the beginning , the Pappas organization now incorporates many different departments and maintains operations all over the world including Malaysia. Mr. Pappas was a member of many professional groups including the Institute of Electrical and lectronic Engineers, Acoustical Society of America, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, and the Audio Engineering Society. He was president of Pan-lab Holdings Limited, v ice president of Consultel Limitee and a director of Edu-Con International Limited.
H I S T O R Y
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Wisma Angkasapuri was started to build in 1 January 1966 and completed renovateon 1 January 1968. It was officially open to inaugurate by our 1st Prime Minister, Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Hai Ibni Almarhum Sultan Adul Hamid Shah on 17 January 1968, which the Radio Malaysia and Television Malaysia merged into Radio Television Malaysia (RTM). The first stage of the Wisma Television was opened to public on 6 November 1969. In the following year, Wisma Angkasapuri became the nation’s first 24-hours radio station. While for the Wisma Radio, it was opened to public on 9 May 1972. (Above) Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman unveiling the plaque bearing the crest and name of TV Malays ia to officially declare open the TV House at Angkasapuri, Kuala Lumpur, on Nov 17, 1969.
During Wisma Angkasapuri’s 15th anniversary of television broadcasting, TV 2 began the first color television transmission via satellite and provides first color program for Peninsular Malaysia. The first color program broadcast was Puspawarna. On the other hand, East Malaysia started first color television program on 31st August 1980 to celebrate 23rd Malaysia Independent Day. RTM was all color program in whole Malaysia was introduced on 1st January 1982 to mark its New Year’s Day at Sultan Abdul Samad Building in Kuala Lumpur. On 1st June 1984, TV 3, a sunsidiary of Sistem Television Malaysia Berhad (STMB) was a first private commercial free-to-air terrestrial television station, which was officially launched from Kuala Lumpur.
(Left) Wisma Angkasapuri created a history when a giant national flag measuring 85.3 meters long raised for 10 minutes starting at 9a.m. with the witnessed of 5000 staff of the Ministry of Information on 1st January 1988.
(Above) Shows the TV programme that is under RTM.
(Above) Wisma Angkasapuri and its surrounding are expect to become Media City in Malaysia. Its new department has been moved to Wisma Berita and it was officially opened on 6th June 2012.
(Source: http://static.panoramio.com/photo-
E V O L U T I O N O F L O G O The “RM� in the logo stand for Radio Malaya.
1957 The sun represents the television. The television program are in black and white color.
1963
Wisma TV has been built. Radio Malaysia and Television Malaysia merged together and became Radio Television Malaysia (RTM).
1969 The logo changed when first introduced color television program in Malaysia.
1978 The logo looks like an earth shape. It symbolize globalization.
1987 This logo created in 2004 and it has been used until now. RTM received and broadcast the television program. 2004- now
A R C H I T E C T U R E S T Y L E by Teoh Hui Yu 0313701
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ARCHITECTURAL STYLE The architectural style’s evolution in Malaysia from pre-colonial years through colonial time and later to independence has become one of the great triumph stories for its development in the post-colonial period. The architectural style in Malaysia is not only influenced by the conquerors in the past but also of the culture in our country. Our country is a multi-racial country which consists of Malay, Chinese, Indian and other minor races. The cultures and customs had given an impact to the local architecture.
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The heritages that remained in our country during colonial time had also left significant influenced on the country’s cultural development until today.
When Malaysia obtained independence, quite number of Malaysian architects who studied abroad especially in UK and Australia had returned home. They took over the architect firms that left by the British. The architecture style during this period still remained ‘international style”. The majority of the architect firms were significantly influenced by the modern architecture. This can be seen through the work of Le Corbusier, Mies Van Der Roche, Walter Gropius, Smithsons, Lasdun, and the Brutalist movement during the 50’s and the high-technology influences during the early 90’s. Walter Groupius’s Fagus shoe work
Brutalist movement
(Sources: http://cdn.archinect.net/images/1200x/jq/jqj9l2bos42k51hv.jpg http://evan.prodromou.name/files/sxsw2012/brutalist.jpg)
(Source: http://www.ninthcircuit.org/sites/default/files/ 1959cannex2.jpg )
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According to Heritage of Malaysia Trust (1990), the architectural style of Malaysia has been classified according to the building styles. It consists of influences by the European, Chinese, Malay and Indian sources that were a mixture of various styles modified to the Malaysian environment. These included: Indian Kingdoms (7th – 14th Centuries) Malay Vernacular (pre-15th Century to present) Straits Eclectic (15th Century to mid-20th Century) Chinese Baroque (19th Century to early 20th Century) Chitya Indian Vernacular (15th Century to Mid 20th Century) Colonial (17th Century to mid-20th Century) Modern (1950s – 1980s) Characteristics of International style: - Rectilinear form - Light - Taut plane surfaces with ornamentation and decoration - Open interior space - Cantilever construction - Glass, steel and reinforced concrete
The Cantilever construction detail
Rectilinear form
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ANGKASAPURI BUILDING Angkasapuri Building was built in International style. Even though our country’s building design is international style, but it had also adapted with our local climate, cultural influences, both regional and international. Instead of using the “basic form” of international style, our country Malaysia has liberally used shading panels, grilles and louvers that was different from international style to provide shading. International style has endured the persistence of time and still remains a common theme for many new buildings in KL.
Barrel-vaulted Roof
The barrel-vaulted roof located at the entrance of the lobby. It aligned to form a wavy pattern. It is used to reduce the sunlight from penetrate into the interior of the building, and thus provide cooling effect for the building. The design of these roofs is based on our local climate. Its design is function to block the sun glare entering the interior.
Shading Panels
The façade of Angkasapuri Building, which is the shading panels, is designed in organized and aesthetic ways that beautify the building. Its main function is to provide shading due to our local climate. The shape of the shading panels of Angkasapuri Building was inspired by ‘pineapple skin’ cladding. It used to cope with the local climate and keep the building cooler. Behind the shading panels are a continuosly window wall glazed with tinted glass.
Below the barrel-vaulted roof are the round shape ornamentation (above) that provide beauty and create aesthetic view from inside.
Based on International style, the buildings are less ornamentation. By middle of 18th century, some of the local architects had made an effort to convey a Malaysian identity into architecture by using structures and elements of traditional architecture. Most buildings in KL in the post Merdeka (Independance) period use strong symbolism and boldness to create a nationalistic image. The elements in Angkasapuri play an important part in reflecting Malaysia characteristics, which also reflect our national identity. Public can see what design approached applied through the wood carvings and elements used to beautify the spaces. It not only reflect Malaysian identity but also uplift nationlism in Malaysian.
The components in Wisma Angkasapuri are designed with Malay element wood carvings (above). The Malay carvings can be seen most in the lobby area which can seen the most by people.
At the pathway behind the lobby, the simple arches (above) were decorated with Malay culture elements. It was to symbolize our country as an Islamic country.
D E S I G N C O N C E P T by Chia Wee Min 0315186
(Malaysian Broadcasting Centre, 1968)
(Malaysian Broadcasting Centre, 1968)
(Malaysian Broadcasting Centre, 1968)
Linked by centroidal volume (Above) The auditorium and radio house are connected by an interlocking space called entrance lobby whereas the TV House and the Administration Building are connected by an interlocking space called entrance hall.
The site is located the mid way between two major centre of population, Petaling Jaya and Kuala Lumpur. Due to its hilly topography, the land cannot be intensely developed thus all buildings are placed as close to the north edge of the plateau as possible, creating a dramatic Stages of Angkasapuri Building relationship of the building to the site and the surrounding country-side and providing a view of Kuala Lumpur . Services Building Angkasapuri were being built in two stages (Above)
First stage : Service, Tv House and Adminisiration Building Second stage : Radio House and Auditorium
(Malaysian Broadcasting Centre, 1968)
Using shapes and forms to contrast spaces (Above) Star shaped form represent the auditorium which is contrast with other buildings which are more geometrical shape like service, tv house and administration building are more rectangular shaped and the radio house is more square shaped.
Radio House
TV House and Administration Building
Auditorium TV House and Administration Building STAGE 1
Radio House STAGE 2
(Malaysian Broadcasting Centre, 1968)
8 th Floor 7 th Floor 6 th Floor 5 th Floor 4 th Floor 3 rd Floor 2 nd Floor 1 st Floor G Floor LG Floor
Private spaces (Above) Television
House is a three-storey building located south of the Administration building with all private spaces such as studios and film services. The building is designed in a linear pattern in North-South direction to permit expansion of all facilities simultaneously in EastWest direction.
Public spaces
Public, Semi Private and Private spaces
(Above) The entrance hall act as the interlocking space
(Above)
between administration building and the TV house and at first floor suspended bridge to permit direct traffic between the television programming office in the Admin.
8th Floor of the administration building is an observation deck with lounge and dining room which is private for the main kitchen on ground floor while the observation deck is a semi private space. From 1st to 7th floor, the offices are designed to provide maximum flexibility for sub-division into standard Government sizes of private, semi private and general office. For ground floor is a private spaces contains the main kitchen and staff dining room. Lower Ground floor is also a private spaces which contain 22 parking spaces and services room.
Domino Systems & 5 Points
(Oxford Reference, 2014)
Pilotis (above) Pilotis are the constructional method of erecting buildings. The lifting up part of Angkasapuri is minimum as this lifting up is for the circulation of vehicles.
8TH FLOOR OBSERVATION DECK
In 1914–15, a year or two before the Villa Schwob, Le Corbusier made a decided step towards Modernism with his Domino, or ‘Dom-ino’ (above) , housing system design. From domino system , 5 points of architecture were derived. Le Corbusier’s 5 points 1. Pilotis 2. Free Façade 3. Free Plan 4. Ribbon window 5. Roof top garden
(Malaysian Broadcasting Centre, 1968)
Rooftop Deck (Above) Roof top garden means suspended garden at the top of the house or building but for Angkasapuri, roof top garden is not shown but replaced with an observation deck with lounge and dining room.
Free Facade Free faรงade means independent of the structure which the columns are set back to create a non-load bearing wall (right). Openings can be placed on the wall when the wall is a non-load bearing wall. For Angkasapuri, the rectangular shows that the columns are set back to create non load bearing wall for the placement of ribbon windows.
Ribbon windows
(Above) Facade shows the visibility of ribbon windows of the building.
Ribbon Window Ribbon window (right) is the effect of the free facade and the window extends from support to support. Ribbon window give access to a big mount of light which can evenly lit the interior and effectively frames the view outside. As the building is east west orientated, the ribbon window at the north part of the administration building is the maximum because the east west part receive the greatest heat load.
B U I L D I N G C O N S T R U C T I O N by Cheong Siew Ying 0314618
The international style constructed in Angkasapuri building was different from the applied in the Western countries due to differences of climate and weather. The local climatic condition have warranted the use of many ingenious means to adapt the international style to local requirements. The liberal use of grilles and louvers is the most common means to keep the buildings cooler. Terrazzo is widely used in Angkasapuri Building . The whole building is covered with pineapple like façade made by precast Terrazzo concrete. Before the precast concrete were installed, reinforcement bar were designed to extend out from the building. The Terrazzo concrete will be fitted into prefabricated holes in scale. Terrazzo concrete are then applied on the connections and contacting surfaces between the scale and the building for the scale to stick to the façade of the building. Due to its East – West orientation, the East and west ends of the building receive the greatest heat load and therefore less glazed area, while all sides have been shaded from the sun by a sunscreen comprised of 630 precast terrazzo concrete shields, each two-storey high and weighing approximately one ton. The solidness and toughness of the Terrazzo façade act as shading panels which able to control the amount of sunlight and reduce the heat from going into building while the wall of the building is made of glass panel. The exterior façade of the building provides an esthetic value to the building meanwhile providing the main function of shading to the building due to the tropical weather of Malaysia.
(Above) Detail joint to the column of the fenestration covering.
Reinforced concrete is also widely used in Angkasapuri building, which is a trait of inherit from modernism. The entrance hall, recognizable by its barrel vaulted roof which is one of the concrete structure that can be found in Angkasapuri , made up of Cast in Situ concrete. To maximize the cooling effect of the building due to the local environment, barrel vaulted roof is shaped according to the local context and constructed repetitively. The construction of the aligned barrel vaulted roof acted as shading, control the sunlight entering the interior of the building and give out the cooling effect. Reinforcement is the first components of a concrete structure to be placed during concrete construction followed by formwork. Before curing, concrete is fluid, so it is capable to occupied in any form of volume defined by its formwork which is usually made up of timber, therefor, it is very flexible in any shape. Cast-in-place concrete is transported in an unhardened state, primarily as ready-mix, and placed in forms. Ready mixed concrete is proportioned and mixed off the project site. The concrete is delivered to the site in a truck agitator (often incorrectly called a “cement truck�) but can also be delivered in a non-agitating truck. Specialized paving equipment may be used to mix and spread concrete for pavement.
B U I L D I N G M AT E R I A L S by Wong Voon Yin 0315151
Introduction of Material Used in Angkasapuri Building
Terrazzo
Angkasapuri is one of the known International Style architecture in Kuala Lumpur. International Style architecture emphasis more on architectural style, form and aesthetics than the social aspects of the modern movement as emphasised in Europe. The main materials for International style are glass and steel, in combination with usually less visible reinforced concrete, are the characteristic materials of the construction. The style applied differently in Malaysia compared to the western countries, because Malaysia is a tropical country where American and Europe faces 4 season. Therefore the materials used was slightly different for the building construction. As for Angkasapuri, glass are placed on the faรงade and the concrete slab are covered by the terrazzo concrete shield to block the sunlight.
Terrazzo is a highly versatile material that has been used as a flooring product since Roman times but can be moulded into almost any shape. During the 20th centuries, terrazzo as a flooring was one of the cooling system of the building. Two types of terrazzo were used in the building which are: Standard Terrazzo - This can be seen on the faรงade and staircases of the building as a decoration. It was poured on precast to create the pineapple patterned faรงade and the staircases. The texture of standard terrazzo is smooth and flat.
(Above) Standard terrazzo that were used for the facade.
Rough Terrazzo - It was used in base of the columns and floors at the exterior. The texture of rough terrazzo is very hard and rough.
(Above) Rough Terrazzo that were used for the base of the column at the exterior.
(Malaysian Broadcasting Centre, 1968)
(Above) Cross Section shows the placement of material terrazzo on the facade.
Ceramic Tiles Ceramic tiles is also one of the main material that were used to construct Angkasapuri Building. Tiles of the buildings contains glazed or unglazed ceramics which made of ceramic, stones, porcelain or glass. For the exterior tiles were mainly used as a decorative purposes, around the windows, columns and walls, and floors . During the post-independence in Malaysia ceramic tiles were widely used because it’s affordable during that time.
Tinted Glass
(Above) The strip tinted glass can be seen on the facade of the building.
The most overwhelming element that influences any design in the tropics would be the climate. Some of the essential trappings of International style never made it to KL in its purest form; for example the liberal use of glass on unstressed exteriors. The beauty, space and lighting that glass provides is unfortunately problematic in the tropics. The first problem being heat trapped behind glass, resulting in warm interiors that leave spaces for want of comfort. Bu ilding owners are also faced with costly air-conditioning bills. For the building of Angkasapuri, behind the sunscreen is continuously window wall glazed with tinted glass above the window sill and with insulated infill panels below.
Marbles Marble is made of limestone also known as a metamorphic rock which invented by the Romans. Marbles were not only used for floors but also for ceilings and sculptures. Since Angkasapuri is one of the Modernist Era building in Malaysia, marbles are widely to be seen in the building. It gives an expensive looks for the building.
(Left and Right) Shows the ceramic tiles that were used at the exterior as walls and columns.
On the other hand, the interior , it was used for the floors and also the steps of the staircase. One of the reason that ceramic tiles were widely used during modernisms is because of the material availability due to the tile making expanded rapidly during the industrial revolution. Meanwhile, the trend at the turn of the 20th century toward more sanitary hygiene, because it’s easily to be maintained and clean.
(Left and Right) Shows the ceramic tiles that were used at the interior as floors and staircases
(Left) Shows various kinds of marbles texture that can be seen in Angkasapuri. (Above) Interior of the Entrance Hall, where the floor was made by marbles.
Asbestos Asbestos became a central part of commercial product manufacturing in the early 1800s. During World War II, use of these products raised, and the ship building industry utilized the mineral extensively. During the modernisms era, asbestos was the ideal material to use because of it’s cheap, durable, flexible and naturally acted as an insulating and fireproofing agent. Aesbestos can be seen in the interior of Angkasapuri Building, it is used as the ceiling of the corridor in the building.
Aluminium During the 19th century there was a rise in tin-mining industry, tin had been mined in Malaysia since early times, it was the consequence of the Industrial Revolution. Aluminium has been such a ubiquitous material in 20th century architecture. It had considerable advantages, including it’s light weight, its malleability, its corrosion resistance and its alloy ability for special properties. Aluminium was used as a shading purpose for the screen of the window at the entrance hall’s curved shell window. (Top right and Right) Aluminium pattern as a shading for the window.
(Above) Asbestos texture of the ceiling.
(Right) Highlighted on the floor plan shows where the asbestos were placed in the building. (Malaysian Broadcasting Centre, 1968)
B U I L D I N G E L E M E N T S by Tan Zi Cin 0314079
Facade Due to the local climatic conditions, many ingenious means to adapt International style to local requirements has been warranted, thus most of the local International style building were convoluted by grilles and large panels to avoid the direct sunlight. The design of façade in Angkasapuri building is functioned to provide shade to control the heat load from direct sunlight as the building located in East-West orientation. The building have been shaded from shield- liked where inspired by ‘pineapple skin’ cladding. The design of the façade is also developed from the façade concept of parliament building where the whole storey of tower block was reticulated of pre-cast terrazzo cladding panels which became the signature of that building, which also functioned as sun-shading panels.
Roof The barrel-vaulted roof which located at the entrance hall of Angkasapuri building have same function as the shield-liked façade for protection from directed sunlight besides of aesthetic view from exterior. The roof is about with three-storey high including the entrance door under the roof. The design of the barrelvaulted roof is maintained for 40 years without any renovations from the beginning stage of Angkasapuri building on 1960s until now (2014). As it is facing on the East side of the building, the sunlight during the sun rise will enter into building while during afternoon less sunlight will enter into building.
Stairs The design of the stair in the interior of Angkasapuri building is adapted Art Deco design concept with materials of Terrazzo, where it is also one of the characteristics of International style in neo-classical themes. The style is often characterized by rich colours, bold geometric shape and lavish ornamentation, where we can see from the square geometry form of staircase tiles and contrast colour of yellowish and brown. The design and creativity of working with different colours and stone aggregates peaked during the Art Deco period where it has been fully used on aesthetics purpose. The use of steel in the hollow section of slab allow the design of the stairs become bendable as the backbone of stairs is slanted but the tread and the riser is not slanted were they are designed in such way to create illusion on visions.
Walls
(Left) Diagram shows the panetration of the sound through the sound proof wall.
Most of the interior of building were made up of timber and they are designed with certain thickness with no surface ornaments. They are functioned to insulate the sound and acoustic. As it is a broadcast building, most of the design of wall will considered about the sound filtration to prevent any disturbance privacy protection. One of the auditorium in the building of Angkasapuri was in unique design where the wall is folded in unsmooth surface. Most of the functioned of folded is used to reflect the acoustic and minimize the sound penetration to outside while also in placed in proportion system according to dimension of broadcasting equipment for moving convenience.
Curtains
Louvers Shades Tinted Glass
Windows
In every floor, there will be a continuous window, also called as ribbon window at guest waiting area. The function of ribbon windows are used to allow the daylight enter to interior spaces, however due to the hot climate of Malaysia, the windows must have shades to reduce the heat and glazed with tinted glass. Meanwhile, the liberal use of louvers is probably the most common means to keep the buildings cooler as well as curtains which also functioned as heat insulator.
C O N C L U S I O N Angakasapuri is the main government building for Malaysia’s Ministry of Information and it is also the headquarters for Radio Television Malaysia (RTM). Based on our research of this building, it has a unique feature, which is the pineapple like façade that act as shading of the fenestration. Due to its International style, which is its architectural style, free façade with huge windows applied to the entire building. In addition, the international style applied in Angkasapuri building was slightly different from the one applied in Western country due to different climate. To overcome the local environment condition, the façade of Angkasapuri building designed to functions providing shade to control the heat load from direct sunlight as the building located in East – West orientation. In addition, Angkasapuri has adopted the essence of western architecture and local influences well and it has become one of the important landmarks in Kuala Lumpur. With the history background, it makes the building more attractive and interesting.Lastly, in this research, we learnt and understand most of KL buildings from the ‘boom’ period, were heavily influenced by the wave of International style architecture, which swept most of Europe and the Americans during the pre and post war period. Then, many ingenious means to adapt international style to local requirements has be warranted, thus many of the international style building in Malaysia convoluted by grilles and large panels to maximize the cooling effect.
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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture) ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY 2 [ ARC 60203] Project 2: Web Book (Group & Individual) Student Names: Teoh Hui Yu Chia Wee Min Wong Voon Yin Cheong Siew Ying Tan Zi Cin Tutor: Ms. Ida
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