Project 1: Fettuccine Truss Bridge

Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE,BUILDING & DESIGN Bachelor of Science (Honours)(Architecture) Building Structures (ARC2523)

PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

TUTOR: MS.ANN CHEONG SIEW YING 0314618 CHIA WEE MIN

0315186

TEOH HUI YU

0313701

TAN ZI CIN

0314079

WONG VOON YIN

0315151

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

Introduction 1.1

Project Outline................................................... ..........................03-04

1.2

Project Schedule.................................................................................0 4

Methodology 2.1

Precedent Study.................................................................................05

2.2

Compression and Tension Strength Test...........................................05

2.3

Choosing Trusses..................................................................................0 6

2.4

Anal yze Members................................................................................0 6

2.5

Building Bridge......................................................................................0 6

Precedent Study 3.1

History............................................................................................ 07-08

3.2

Structural Joints......................................................................................... 09

Materials and Equipment 4.1

Equipments.....................................................................................10

4.2

Materials.......................................................................................11

4.3

Compression Test.............................................................................12

4.4

Compression Test Result................................................. .......................13

4.5

Tension Test......................................................................................14

4.6

Tension Test Result ........................................................................15

Bridge members Testing 5.1

Truss Test..................... ..........................................................................16 -17

5.2

Beam Test........... ..................................... ................................................... .17-18

5.3

Load Test........................................ ...................................................19

Fi nal Desi gn ..........................................................................................................................20 6.1

Bridge Design..........................................................................................21 -22

6.2

Bri dge Maki ng Process............................................................. .................. .22-24

6.3

Bri dge Joi nts................................ .............................. ..............................25 -27

6.4

Fi nal Bridge Testing............... .................................................................. 28

6.5

Cal culations.......................................................... .............................29 -34

6.6

Load Anal ysi s ................................... ............. ............ ......... ............. .....3 5

6.7

Suggestions to Strengthen the Structure ..................................... .............................3 6

8.0

Concl usi on......................................................................................................... .37-38

9.0

Appendi x......................................................................................................... 39

10.0

9.1

Case Study

1....................................................................................... 40-44

9.2

Case Study

2....................................................................................... 45-53

9.3

Case Study

3......................... .............................................................. 54-56

9.4

Case Study

4......................................................... ..............................57 -59

9.5

Case Study

5........................................................... ............................60-62

References......................................................................................................... 63

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION This project aims to develop our understanding of tension and compressive strength of construction materials through designing an efficient truss bridge. By applying our understanding of tension and compression strength of construction material, we explore the tension strength and compression strength on our construction material (fettuccine), then, we will gain a better understanding of force distribution in a truss. These understandings will help us to design a perfect truss bridge which fulfils high level of aesthetic value with minimal construction material.

1.1

Project Outline

In a group of 5, we are required to design and construct a fettuccini bridge with 350mm clear span and maximum weight of 80g. The bridge will be then tested with loads until the bridge cannot withstand the load. The bridge will be value on aesthetic value, the design of the bridge must be of high efficiency. The lesser the weight of the bridge to withstand higher load, the higher the efficiency is. Vice versa, the bridge that can withstand higher load will also help increase the efficiency. The efficiency of the bridge is given as following, efficiency, E 2   Maximum Load)² / Weight of bridge. In order to achieve higher efficiency, we need to analyze and evaluate material strength of the material such as tension and compression strength of fettuccini by using appropriate

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

method. By knowing the strength of fettuccini, we will be able to determine which members to be strengthened. As for the structural analysis of the truss, we need to perform detailed structural analysis of the truss to identify critical members of the truss and strengthened the critical members if necessary.

Bridge Requirement 

350mm clear span and maximum weight of 80g.



Only fettuccine is allowed but no restriction on height and the adhesive used.

1.2

Project schedule

DATE

TASK  

Work distribution Research on precedent study - bridge

 

Testing on different brand of fettuccine's compression and tension San Remo is our selected brand

20 SEPT 2015



Testing on 3 types of trusses

22 SEPT 2015

 

Testing on the different stacking in layers and 'I' beam Testing on load distribution

23 SEPT 2015



Testing on the 1st bridge

26 SEPT 2015



Testing on the 2nd bridge

29 AUG 2015

09 SEPT 2015

Table 1: Shows the Project Schedule of the timeline.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

2.0 METHODOLOGY To complete this project, few methods are carried out: 2.1

Precedent studies

To complete this bridge truss, precedent studies should be used as reference.

The arrangement of the members and truss type are focused. Based on the precedent study, we then adopt and amend the desired features into our own truss design.

2.2

Compression and Tension strength test

To test the compression test, we used 2 square cardboards to hold the four 20cm fettuccine from top and bottom at the edge of the cardboard. Then it is placed on the weighing machine and the load is placed on top of the fettuccini and the force applied is measured until the fettuccini broke. This process is repeated using length of 15cm and 10 cm and repeated with different brand of fettuccini to test which brand is the strongest. As for tension test, same as the compression test different length and brand are test. To conduct tension test, one tip of the fettuccini is hold and the other end of the fettuccini is tied to a load until the fettuccini is torn. The load is then measured and recorded and repeated with different length and different brand.

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2.3 From

Choosing Trusses the trusses, we chose three trusses which are parker, Baltimore and

bowstring to test which structure can withstand more load. We do a 14cm clear span trusses to save time and after the test, Baltimore was chosen as it can withstand the most load.

2.4

Analyze Members

From the chosen truss, Baltimore, we then analyze the member part by part. First we analyze the difference using the same 3 fettuccini, but arrange in different ways stacking in layers and "I" beam. As a result, although the quantity of the fettuccini is the same, but the "I" beam arrangement has strengthen the fettuccini to withstand more load. Next, we analyze which length of the "I " beam can withstand the highest load. We analyze the length of 10 cm till 6cm and carried the load at the middle of the "I " beam and the 6cm "I" beam can withstand the most load. Then, we analyze the difference between point load and the distribution load from 3points to 1 and 5 points to 1 and 7 points to 1.

2.5

Building Bridge

From all the test above, we combine all the selected members to form the bridge. Before we start the bridge, we start to calculate whether our bridge is a perfect joint, imperfect joint and redundant joint. From that, we amend the bridge to become the perfect joints bridge and then we start to build the bridge.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

3.0 PRECEDENT STUDY Welland Canal, Bridge 15 To have better understanding of Baltimore truss bridge, appropriate precedent study should be carried out. The following is our study of truss bridge.

Diagram 1: Perspective view of Welland Canal Bridge 15. (source: wikimedia)

Location

: Welland, Ontario

Year built

: 1910

Spans

: 1 main span and 2 approach spans

Type of truss

: Baltimore truss

Materials

: Steel

Structure type

: Metal Rivet-Connected Baltimore through truss, movable: Swing (center Pier) and approach spans, fixed: Metal Deck Girder.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

3.1

History

Welland canal Bridge 15 is a two-track Baltimore truss swing bridge located in the disused section of the Welland Canal within the city of Welland, Ontario. This bridge formerly carried the main line of the Canada Southern Railway (CASO) over the canal and now known as the Welland Recreational Waterway. It was built in 1910 as a replacement for a wooden bridge formerly at the same location. As a result of the Welland Canal Relocation Project in the early 1970s, the CASO line was rerouted through the Town line Tunnel, by passing this bridge.

One track crossing Bridge 15 remained in services as an interchange line between the Canadian National Railway Canal subdivision through Welland and the new Wainfleet Marshalling Yard at Wainfleet, Ontario. In the late 1980, services on this line ended and the track was removed. The bridge remains in use today exclusively to serve Vesuvius Industries in Welland.

Diagram 2: 1943 (source: Canada southern )

Diagram 3: Present (source: historic buildings)

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

3.2

Structural Joints

Welland Canal Bridge 15 owes it resilience to truss feature arranged in a Baltimore style. Baltimore truss is a Pratt truss with additional members added for additional strength. The additional members in the lower section of the truss prevent buckling in the compression and to control the deflection. This kind of structure are mainly used for train bridges, boasting a simple and very strong design.

Diagram 4: Baltimore truss

In terms of the joining, the Baltimore truss bridge uses the bolted joint. This is to ensure every joint is in its optimum states.

Diagram 5-7: Structural joints of Bridge 15 (source: snip view)

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

4.0 Equipments and Materials 4.1 Equipments Equipments Pen Knife

-Used to cut fettuccine in model making

Phone

-Recording the bridge testing progress and evidences

Plastic Bag

-Carry load

String

-Connect the bag and the bridge

Mineral Water

-Used as load in the bridge testing -500g per bottle

Electronic Balance

-Measure the weight of the load placed inside the bag

Super Glue

-Used to hold fettuccine together.

-adhesive in instant and high in strength

Table 2: Shows the equipments to carry out the tension and compression experiment, constructing the bridges and testing.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

4.2 Materials Materials- Various Brand of Fettuccine San Remo Fettuccine

Prego Fettuccine

Kimball Fettuccine

Spigadoro Fettuccine

Table 3: Shows the different type of brands of fettuccine had used to carry out the experiment.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

4.3

Compression test

1. Blue tacks were added at the top and the bottom of cardboard to fix the fettuccine.

7. Step 1 until step 6 is repeated for the other brands of fettuccine.

2.

Masking tapes were stacked at the bottom of cardboard to fix on weighing machine.

3.

The weighed book will put on top of fettuccine to test the compression.

6. The fettuccine will break when it reach its limitation of compression load.

The load of compression applied is recorded.

4. The second weighed book was added to increase the compression load to the fettuccine.

5.The compression load is increasing when the fettuccine started to bend.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

4.4

Compression Test Result

Brand of Fettuccine San Remo Fettuccine

Length Area / Compression Qty. / cm cm² /N

Compression Strength N/cm²

10

0.12

991

8258.3

20

0.12

249

2075

10

0.12

571

4758.3

20

0.12

141

1175

10

0.12

688

5733.3

20

0.12

150

1250

10

0.12

591

4925

20

0.12

158

1316.7

4

Prego Fettuccine

4

Kimball Fettuccine

4

Spigadoro Fettuccine

4

Table 4: Shows the result of different type of brands with its compressive strength.

Conclusion The brand of San Remo fettuccine has the highest compressive strength among the other brands of fettuccine.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

4.5

Tension test

1. The rope is tided at the end of the fettuccine and fixed with masking tape to prevent it slipped off.

7. Step 1 until step 6 is repeated for the other brands of fettuccine.

2. The end of the rope tided with a plastic bag to put the weighed object for tension testing.

3. The weighed objects will put into the plastic bag to test the tension.

6. The fettuccine will break when it reach its limitation of tension load. The load of tension applied is recorded.

4. The rest of weighed objects were added to increase the tension load to the fettuccine.

5. The tension load is increasing when the fettuccine pulled by the objects.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

4.6

Tension test result

Brand of Fettuccine San Remo Fettuccine

Qty.

Length Area / cm / cm²

Tension / N

Tensile Strength/ N/cm²

1

10 15 20

0.03 0.03 0.03

1724 1423 1259

57466.7 47433.3 41966.7

1

10 15 20

0.03 0.03 0.03

1095 920 920

36500 30666.7 30666.7

1

10 15 20

0.03 0.03 0.03

920 920 500

30666.7 30666.7 16666.7

10 15 20

0.03 0.03 0.03

1560 1095 1095

52000 36500 36500

Prego Fettuccine

Kimball Fettuccine

Spigadoro Fettuccine

1

Table 5: Shows the result of different type of brands with its tensile strength.

Conclusion The brand of San Remo fettuccine has the highest tensile strength among the other brands of fettuccine.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

5.0 Bridge Member Testing 5.1

Beam Test

We chose 3 of the trusses for the analysis to test which type of truss can withstand the most load and the three trusses that we choose are Parker, Baltimore and Bowstring. We construct each of the trusses with clear span 14cm to shorten the time used to construct the bridge.

Diagram 8: Parker

Diagram 9: Bowstring

Diagram 10: Baltimore

After the trusses are constructed, point loads are tied to the truss and loads are added until the truss failed. The test is repeated to the following trusses and the results are recorded. From the results, Baltimore is the truss that can withstand the highest load.

Diagram 11: Parker truss- break at 1778g

Diagram 12: Baltimore truss- break at 2745g

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

Type of Truss

Weigh of truss ( g )

Load Carried ( g )

Parker

9

1778

Bowstring

9

2138

Baltimore

10

2745

Table 6: Shows result of the load carried by the different type of truss

5.2

Beam Test

For the beam test, using 3 fettuccini, 2 types of the beams are constructed using different arrangement, stacking 3 fettuccini together and arrange in " I " beam position.

Diagram 13:Stacking

Diagram 14:" I " Beam

Arrangement

Weigh of beam ( g )

Load Carried ( g )

Stacking

9

1265

" I " Beam

9

2256

Table 7: Shows the result load carried by different type arrangement of Beams.

Then, different length of beam is made to test the load withstand by different length of beam. The length is measured from 6cm to 10cm.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

Diagram 15

Diagram 16

Beam Length ( cm )

Load Carried ( g )

6.0

3911

7.0

3737

8.0

3531

9.0

1507

10.0

1204

Table 8: Shows the experiment result of load carried in different type of beams.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

5.3

Load Test

For truss test, point load and distribution load are tested to determine which type of load distribution can withstand more load. For the distribution load, 3 loads to1 , 5 loads to 1 and 7 loads to 1 are tested and the results are recorded.

Diagram 17 Testing distribution load ( 7 to 1 )

Diagram 18 Testing distribution load ( 5 to 1 )

Types of Loads

Loads Carried ( g )

Point load

3911

Distribution ( 3 to 1 )

4111

Distribution ( 5 to 1 )

4853

Distribution ( 7 to 1 )

4331

Table 9: Shows the result of load carries in different types of distributions.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

6.0 FINAL BRIDGE

Diagram 19 : Final Bridge

Truss Type

: Baltimore Truss

Height

: 58mm

Width

: 60mm

Length (Top Chord)

: 232mm

Length (Bottom Chord)

: 466mm

Weight

: 81g

Max Load Carried

: 7506g

Clear span

: 350mm

Efficiency , E

E=

=

(đ?‘šđ?‘Žđ?‘Ľđ?‘–đ?‘šđ?‘˘đ?‘š đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘Žđ?‘‘ )2 đ?‘¤đ?‘’đ?‘–đ?‘” đ?‘•đ?‘Ą đ?‘œđ?‘“ đ?‘?đ?‘&#x;đ?‘–đ?‘‘đ?‘”đ?‘’ (7506 )2 81

= 69.55 %

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

6.1

Bridge Design

Diagram 20: Baltimore Truss experimented on load.

From truss testing, one of the problems is the upper members are not strong enough to withstand compression. In order to solve this problem, upper members reinforced by using two layer laminated fettuccine. In addition, the lower members easily broken by the tension. Two layer of laminated 'I' beam is replaced.

Model Bridge testing 1

Diagram 21: Baltimore Truss for model testing 1.

The total weight of the model bridge exceeds 9g. In addition, the efficiency is not satisfying. In order to solve the excessive loads problem, some of the less critical member will be removed, such as the three layer of upper members

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

reduced to two, and the horizontal "i" beams laid on the lower member reduced from five to four. In addition, the lower member in total length reduced from 46.4cm to 45.4cm.

6.2

Bridge Making Process

1.

Firstly, we separate the usable and non-usable fettuccine(straight or bend). Then we measure, mark and cut the fettuccine length based on the printed bridge elevations. We then make the certain components into I-beams and laminated truss (Diagram 22).

Diagram 22

2.

The two bottom chord of the bridge are reinforced with laminated I-beam.

The next step is mark the position of vertical members(critical member) (Diagram 23)

Diagram 23

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

3.

Make sure the vertical members are 90 degree perpendicular to the bottom chord. The top chord are then added on the top of vertical members. The following step is place the diagonal bracing in between the vertical members (Diagram 24).

Diagram 24

4.

An additional members are added to the midpoint of diagonal bracing to strengthen the whole structure (Diagram 25).

Diagram 25

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

5.

The both complete sides are aligned. Consists of seven middle I-beam are then added perpendicularly on the bottom chord. Lastly, the laminated truss are placed perpendicular between the top chord (Diagram 26).

Diagram 26

6.

Final model (Diagram 27)

Diagram 27

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

6.3

Bridge Joint

Joining method is one of the most important factor in the bridge design as it will affect the efficiency and the failure of Fettuccine Bridge. The joints of the fettuccine bridge are further tested and studied to achieve the optimum joining of every member at different part of connections. Method of joint are designed according to its requirement.

Joint A

Joint B

Diagram 28 : Shows the joints of the Final truss

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

JOINT A Previous Joint Design

Improvised Joined Design

Diagram 29: Shows the detail of Joint A

From the first experiment, the first top chord design is too weak to withstand the compression force. The top chord is amended from 1 fettuccini to 3 fettuccini " I " beam as " I " beam can withstand higher loads compared to single layer fettuccini.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

JOINT B Previous Joint Design

Improvised Joined Design

Diagram 30: Shows the detail of Joint B

Single layer of fettuccini is used as the vertical member of the fettuccini bridge but the single layer is too weak to withstand the tension force. Reinforcement is done to increase the tensile strength of the vertical member to withstand higher tension force.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

6.4 Final Bridge Testing During the presentation day, we use water to test the bridge until if fell.

1-5kg The Bridge was in good conditions, a very stable mood.

5-6 kg The load start to pull our bridge downwards, there is a crack sound produced.

7kg onwards 7.5 kg The end of the member bend and It broke due to unequal distribution of broke, it affect the opposite member. load(put unequal distance due to careless). Second reason is because the end of the members did not reinforced it.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

6.5 Calculation

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

6.6 Load Analysis

Table

Table

Internal force for Tension Internal force for Compression

LOAD

Diagram 31: Shows the direction of forces on Load Analysis of the Final Truss

Table

Table

Tension Compression

LOAD

Diagram 32: Shows the members under compression states and tension states on the Final Truss

From the diagram, many members undergo tension force and several critical members undergo compression force. To improvise the compression strength for the vertical member of the fettuccini bridge, " I " beam is used instead of single layer of fettuccini.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

6.7

Suggestion to Strengthen the Structure

Several methods are thought in order to improve the structure, to construct a more efficient structure.

Suggestion 1: Reinforce the supporting member at both end of the truss bridge with I-Beam By reinforce the member at the side with I-Beams, it helps to distribute the compression force better. Moreover, reinforcing these members with "I-Beams" helps to increase the efficiency of the individual member.

Table

Table

LOAD

Diagram 31: Highlighted the critical members that should be reinforced.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

8.0 CONCLUSION We had constructed a total of 3 types of trusses and 3 fettuccine bridge, experimented on the efficiency in withstanding loads. After the 3 fettuccine bridge testing, we had decided to choose Baltimore truss as it carry high aesthetic value and efficiency. We had chosen on Welland Canal Bridge 15 which located in Welland, Ontario as our precedent study. The Bridge 15 was made up from Baltimore truss. Baltimore style truss is a Pratt truss with additional members added to enhance the strength. The additional members in the lower section of the truss prevent buckling in the compression and controlled the deflection.

We had carried out the experiment for few times and at the end we produce Baltimore truss bridge with highest efficiency compared to the previous bridge.

Our Baltimore truss bridge weight 81g, achieved an efficiency of 69.55%, withstanding total load of 7506g. Our group had maintained the high level of aesthetic and high strength in carry load, while minimizing the amount of fettuccine used.

Through this project, we were able to have a better understanding of the tension and compressive strength of a construction material. This project let us understand the load distribution in a structure deeper as we are able to calculate the type of force applying in each structure member. We are now understand how each member works together as a whole structural system in

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

attaining a higher efficiency. From each experiment, we investigate on the critical members and reinforced it with I-beam structure. We had understand that a proper design and analysis can make a simple fettuccine become a strong structure.

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

9.0 APPENDIX 9.1 Case Study 1

Tan Zi Cin

0314079

9.2 Case Study 2

Cheong Siew Ying

0314618

9.3 Case Study 3

Wong Voon Yin

0315151

9.4 Case Study 4

Chia Wee Min

0315186

9.5 Case Study 5

Teoh Hui Yu

0313701

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Building Structures (ARC2523) PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGE

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REFERENCES Buildingstories.co,. (2015). Welland Canal Bridge 15 - Report - Building Stories.

Retrieved 8 October 2015, from http://www.buildingstories.co/report.php?ListType=bheritage_data&ID=3856 Ching. F. (2008).Building Construction Illustrated. Canada: John Wiley & Sons,Inc,.

Historicbridges.org,. (2015). Welland Railway Bridge (Welland Canal Bridge #15) HistoricBridges.org. Retrieved 8 October 2015, from http://historicbridges.org/bridges/browser/?bridgebrowser=truss/wellandrr/ Niagararails.com,. (2015). CP Welland Industrial Lead - www.NiagaraRails.com.

Retrieved 8 October 2015, from http://niagararails.com/wil.phtml

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