Global City Research - Santiago (earthquake/air pollution/flood)

Santiago

capital of Chile

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Santiago

Santiago

earth quake

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Santiago

Santiago

air pollution

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Santiago

Santiago

flood

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Santiago

LAND Santiago

https://medium.com/connecting-cities/four-maps-to-better-understand-santiago-1b2459230da8

90 km

A. where is Santiago located

Santiago is the most populated and most densely populated region.Being half size of Los Angeles, they have 5.7 million people.

Another important thing is Santiago is located in a basin. The basin also plays important role in terms of earthquake and air pollution.

Santiago

Santiago is the capital of Chile. Chile is is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes mountain range to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

As a consequence, the cities of chile can either go east or west. They are lined up from north to south. For example, Santiago Metropolitan Region is only 90 km away form the ocean, but it has almost touched the eastern boundary of the country.

what is so special about santiago?

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where is santiago?

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why there is so many earthquakes?

Santiago https://www.thoughtco.com/different-ways-of-classifying-volcanoes-1441366

tsunami world plates division

Since the epicentre is so close to the sea, it sometimes cause tsunami.

A famous example is the 1960 chile magnitude 9.5 earthquake which is the biggest earthquake in history. The seismic wave ran all the way across the pacific ocean and kill people in the other continent. For example, in Howaii, 189 people were killed by the tsunami. world records of earthquakes

the seismic wave of the earthquake in 1960 in chile http://ulis2.unesco.org/images/0018/001882/188226E.pdf

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what make it worse is the basin effect Snapshots of the vertical component of the simulation of the 2010 April 1 earthquake. The waveforms are clearly distorted and amplified due to topographic and basin effects I also find a research compared the difference of a basin and a regular geological layers. You can clearly see that in some parts the shaking amplify 70% due to the basin effect.

the red part amplitude the earthquake

Geological map of basement rocks of Santiago Basin https://watermark.silverchair.com/187-2-929.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_

the amplification of Santiago Basin http://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:244404:2/component/escidoc:2079894/244404.pdf

Santiago

Seismic site effects are related to the amplification of seismic waves in superficial geological layers.

The surface ground motion may be strongly amplified if the geological conditions are unfavorable.

For example, imagine you shake a bowl of jello and a bowl of rocks. The results are totally different. Alluvium basin usually absorb parts of the energy while the rocks may boop into each other and creat secondary collision.

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FUENTE: Comite Comunal de Protección Civil y Emergencia.

DISEÑO: ONEMI. NOTAS: Las Vías de Evacuación señaladas en el plano son una recomendación. Sin embargo, evalúe el trayecto más adecuado para llegar a Zona Segura de acuerdo a su ubicación específica.

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strong connection with international rescue group

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You may feel a little bit hopeless because earthquake and tsunami can not be dealt by simple designs and constructions. Also the whole country is covered with earthquake hotspots. However, in 2015 ,Only 13 die in an quake measuring 8.4 on the Richter scale – the world’s strongest earthquake to date this year – while far weaker earthquakes in Haiti and, more recently, Nepal, killed tens of thousands?

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The main solution is wide-range of education and timely assistants after the earthquakes.

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WHAT DO PEOPLE DO TO?

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air pollution

Santiago

This diagram shows the air pollution pattern from 2018 to 2019. You can easily find the pollution are much severe in Winter. During winter months, thermal inversion causes high levels of smog and air pollution to be trapped and concentrated within the Central Valley. That’s why you can see a layer above the city,That is particles being trapped under the warm air.

temperature inverse

To solve the problem, Santiago has several solutions, but mostly based on policies.

They treat all of its municipal sewage.

Try to control the emission of the industries.

They educate people to use gas rather than fresh wood.

Trying to use clean energy to provide heat in winter.....

LAND Santiago

Except from the temperature inverse, other researches show the terrain with the pattern of winds in Santiago also cause air polution in certain area. It’s a pretty complex process, and the result is the west and center-south area always have a worse air quality.

However,the biggest two residential areas are placed there. As a consequence, the planning of the city has been questioned. But like what we know, all the city plannings have problems, once they were built, it will be extremely hard to correct it.

Rapid urban growth, land-use changes and air pollution in Santiago, Chile, HRomero https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1352231099001454

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flood

Santiago

rainfall and drought pattern in the last 100 years

Santiago’s rainfall is highly variable and heavily influenced by the El Niño Southern Oscillation cycle, with rainy years coinciding with El Niño events and dry years with La Niña events.

This diagram shows the rainfall and drought pattern from 1900 to 2020.

Since the rainfall changed a lot, the flood and drought are constantly troubling the local residents.

Lately, they proposed to back up 200m from the river band and built a waterfront park. The park can somehow protect the city from flood and also create more green open spaces which are super scare in Santiago. mapocho river run across the city

Green infrastructure and ecosystem services to tackle climate change in Chilean cities, Cristian Henriquez