((تقنية مدنية((تقنيات واعمال الخرسانه by مهندس كاميران

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬

٢٠٢

  

 ٢٠٢

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،   ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  ? ?? ‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ٢٠٢‫א‬  ‫א‬



‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

،،،،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬          ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٢‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ K‫א‬ •  K‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬٣W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

-١-

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WK١{١  W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬K٢{١ ‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    E‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬    E‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬  KE١{١F‫א‬‫א‬(water/cement ratio)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢٨‫א‬‫א‬W١{١  K‫א‬ -٢-

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ (MPa)٢٨

(w/c ratio)  ٠{٧٠

 ٢٠

 ٠{٦٢

 ٢٥

 ٠{٥٥

 ٣٠

 ٠{٤٨

 ٣٥

 ٠{٤٣

 ٤٠

 ٠{٣٨

 ٤٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

K١{٢{١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

K٢{٢{١

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  •  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   E F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W‫א‬ ‫• א‬  K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫• א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣-

٠{٠٠٤E١{١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٣‫א‬ E‫א‬H‫א‬H ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K .%٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬W١{١  Mixing timeW‫א‬

K٣{٢{١

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  ١{٢٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬ ١{٢K‫א‬

 K 

-٤-

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{١ E٣F‫א‬

 EF‫א‬  ١

 ٠{٨

 ١{٢٥

 ١{٥

 ٢{٣

 ١{٧٥

 ٣{١

 ٢

 ٣{٨

 ٢{٢٥

 ٤{٦

 ٣{٢٥

 ٧{٦

 ‫א‬

K٣{١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫• א‬  ‫• א‬  ‫• א‬  ‫א‬‫• א‬   •  ‫א‬‫• א‬

-٥-

‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (segregation)K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(cohesion)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{١  K‫א‬‫א‬

-٦-



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{١

 ‫א‬

K٤{١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣{١F‫א‬ 

 ٤٠ ٤٢٠‫א‬K‫א‬    ٤{١   K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬

-٧-

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣{١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬        ‫א‬

 K‫א‬  K٢٢٠‫א‬‫א‬٣٦٠

-٨-



 K‫א‬W٤{١  W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬

E١

K‫א‬

E٢

K‫א‬‫א‬

E٣

K‫א‬

E٤

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٥

‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     K٧٥‫א‬٢٥‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬K٠{٩٥ ٠{٩٠‫א‬ ١٠٠ ٤٠‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K٢٥١٥‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

-٩-

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬         ‫א‬   

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

K٥{١

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬،

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬   ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬E٥{١F‫א‬

K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٦{١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠ -

 E‫א‬F‫א‬W٥{١ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{١ F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٨{١٧{١

 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬W٧{١ - ١١ -

K‫א‬W٨{١  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬KE٩{١KF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     K‫א‬  ‫א‬KE١٠{١KF‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ٢   ‫א‬    

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬ ٥٠‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ١٢ -



 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩{١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٠{١ - ١٣ -

 W‫א‬

K٦{١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬         K‫א‬     

(durability) ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١١{١ K‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬   % ٥  ‫א‬‫א‬    K ‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢{١K%٣٠‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ (permeability) ‫א‬      % ٣٥  % ٣٠  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ١١{١  ١٠{١  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W ‫א‬    K‫א‬ (MPa) ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬

70 60 50 40 30 20 0

(%) ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬W١١{١ - ١٤ -

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﻳﺔ‬

0 0

(%) ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﺎت داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﺠﻴﻨﺔ اﻻﺳﻤﻨﺘﻴﺔ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٢{١   W‫א‬‫א‬

K١{٦{١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬        ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬

K٢{٦{١

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K

 W(vibrators)‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٥ -



(internal vibrators)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K٣{٦{١

KE١٣{١F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   KHz ٢٠٠  ٧٠ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ K ‫א‬   

K‫א‬E١٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬F   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

KE١٤{١F‫א‬‫א‬E١٥٠‫א‬F  K٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K(segregation) ‫א‬  ‫א‬    (over-vibration) ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٣{١  K



- ١٦ -

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٤{١  

(external vibrators)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K٤{٦{١

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KHz١٥٠٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

(vibrator tables)W‫א‬

K٥{٦{١

  (precast concrete) ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 

       ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  K  

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 KHz١٢٠٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٧ -

 (revibration)W‫א‬

K٦{٦{١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K%١٥

‫א‬ (bleeding)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬

K٧{١

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬       W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  KE١٥{١  F 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K

‫א‬ (floating)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬KE١٧{١F E١٦{١F ‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬  - ١٨ -



 ‫א‬W١٥{١



K‫א‬‫א‬W١٦{١

- ١٩ -

 K‫א‬‫א‬W١٧{١

- ٢٠ -

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٢‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ ‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

-٢١ -

 K١{٢ ‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{٢F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

     ‫א‬      K‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ % ٧٥‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  KE٢{٢F٢٨‫א‬ (MPa) ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬

(‫ﻣﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ )اﻷﻳﺎم‬

‫ﻃﻮال اﻟﻤﺪة‬ 7

3 0

20 10 0 0

120

150

180

(‫اﻟﻌﻤﺮ )اﻷﻳﺎم‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٢

-٢٢ -

(%) ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬

100 75 50 25 0

(‫ﻣﺪة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ )اﻷﻳﺎم‬

 ٢٨‫א‬‫א‬WK٢{٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K٢{٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢L ٠{٥   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  

KE٣{٢F‫א‬‫א‬



 K‫א‬W٣{٢  -٢٣ -

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٢ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٨‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(%) ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬

120 100 80 60 40 10

(‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ )درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

 K٢٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤{٢

 W‫א‬

K٣{٢

 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • W‫א‬‫א‬ K١{٣{٢  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ Ea ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

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‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬ Eb ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬    

 ‫א‬     K‫א‬       ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬ Ec

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬ ،E٥{٢F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬     ‫א‬      K‫א‬   ‫א‬   K

 K‫א‬W٥{٢ -٢٥ -

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬       ،‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢{٣{٢ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫ א‬Ea  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE٦{٢  F ‫א‬       ‫א‬    ‫א‬

  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٢

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W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Eb ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ KE٧{٢  F    ‫א‬     

 ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬       ‫א‬  E  F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

-٢٧ -

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٧{٢ W‫א‬‫ א‬Ec  K EF‫א‬‫א‬

KE٨{٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

       ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫• א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ -٢٨ -

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨{٢ K‫א‬  W‫א‬K٤{٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧‫א‬ (ACI 308)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬   % ٧٠  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   

٧‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١{٢‫א‬

 ١٤‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٣‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E٢١Z‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W١{٢  KEACI 306R-78F‫א‬

-٢٩ -

E‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬

٢٨‫א‬ %٩٥

%٨٥

%٦٥

% ٥٠

٢٣

١٦



٢٤

١٨

١٠

‫א‬

٢٠

١٢

‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬،٢٥٥‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(BS8110)‫א‬  

60 t + 10

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



80 t + 10

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٣٠ -

 %٥٠‫א‬ 



80 t + 10



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬



140 t + 10

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wt  ‫א‬‫א‬W١

 K٢٠Z‫א‬%٧٠Z‫א‬  2=

60 KZ‫א‬ 20 + 10

 K١٠Z‫א‬‫א‬٪٤٠  4=

80 K٤Z‫א‬ 10 + 10

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٢  K١٠Z‫א‬‫א‬%٤٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  7=

140 K٧Z‫א‬ 10 + 10

‫א‬     E٠{٤   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  F   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬

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‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٢‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٣٢ -

 K١{٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  KE١{٣F٢٤‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣{٣  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KECaCl2)  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ •  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • - ٣٣ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫• א‬  ‫א‬ •  ‫א‬‫א‬ •  K‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬%٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ % ٢ ٢{٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K١٠٥‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ % ١  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫• א‬  ‫א‬ •  ‫א‬‫א‬ •  ‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٤ -

(MPa) ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

‫اﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺼ ﻠﺪ‬

‫اﺳﻤﻨﺖ ﺑﻮرﺗﻼﻧﺪي ﻋﺎدي‬

0 0

(‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ )ﺳﺎﻋﺎت‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٣ 50

(MPa) ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

40 ‫آﻠﻮرﻳﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬

30 20

‫ﺑﺪون آﻠﻮرﻳﺪ اﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮم‬

10 0 0

(‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ )اﻷﻳﺎم‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٣

- ٣٥ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤{٣ ٢٤K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٣{٣F٢٨‫א‬‫א‬%٦٠‫א‬‫א‬

(%)‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬

100 80

‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ‬

60 40 20 0 ‫ﻳﻮم واﺣﺪ‬

28 ‫ﻳﻮم‬ (‫ﻋﻤﺮ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ )اﻷﻳﺎم‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣{٣  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  •  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  • ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

KE٤{٣F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٦ -

(‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

٣‫آﻎ\م‬350 40 ٣‫آﻎ\م‬300 20

0 0

(‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ )ﺳﺎﻋﺎت‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤{٣  K‫א‬

 W‫א‬K١{٤{٣   K‫א‬          ‫א‬ 

     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬          ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    K٣{٣   

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥{٣K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٦{٣‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  W‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬KE ٢٠F‫א‬

 K‫א‬

- ٣٧ -

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ٥ ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

،‫א‬K‫א‬ ٣٣ ٢٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ١١‫א‬‫א‬

 K٧{٣

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • ٨٢ ٦٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K  K‫א‬ 



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٣ - ٣٨ -

(‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻓﺘﺮة اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﻮى‬ 60

‫ﻓﺘﺮة إرﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

‫ﻓﺘﺮة ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ‬

‫ﻓﺘﺮة ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫إدﺧﺎل اﻟﺒﺨﺎر‬ 20

0 0

(‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ )اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت‬

 K‫א‬W٦{٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧{٣  ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ٨{٣       ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ - ٣٩ -

 ‫א‬ = ∑ at (T + 10)      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬

 KE٩{٣F

(MPa) ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

0 0

500

1000

1500

(‫ أﻳﺎم‬x ‫ﻧﻀﺞ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ )درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨{٣ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺔ = اﻟﻨﻀﺞ‬

-١٠o ‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬ (‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ )اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺎت‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩{٣  ‫א‬

- ٤٠ -

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

‫א‬‫א‬ ٨٠o ٥٠o

١٠o -١٠o ‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬ ٣

٦٫

١٤٫٥

١٦

E‫א‬F ‫א‬ 



L L L L

60 = 20 * 3 

‫א‬

⎛ 20 + 90 ⎞ 193 = 3,5 * ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 2 ⎠

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

720 = 90 * 8

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

⎛ 90 + 60 ⎞ 113 = 1,5 * ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ 2 ⎠

‫א‬

١٠٨٦ = ‫א‬   - ٤١ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٤{٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٢٠٦‫א‬٢١٠J ١٦٠‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K ٢٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٢٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١٠٠‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K ٣  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ٣٠ ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬K ١٧٥‫א‬ 

 K  ‫א‬

- ٤٢ -

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٢‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

-٤٣-

 K١{٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W

 K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫ א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٤ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ K    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٤‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٨‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   K٢٨٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     W‫א‬  ‫א‬ •  ‫א‬‫א‬ •  ‫א‬ • -٤٤-

 ‫א‬ • 50 (‫ﻋﻤﺮ )اﻷﻳﺎم‬ 28

(MPa) ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

3 20 1 10 0 -10

(‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٤     ‫א‬      ،‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٤

‫א‬K ‫א‬ ‫א‬E٣{٤F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K٤{٤‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٤٥-

(mm) ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬

150

100

0 0

(‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة )درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٤

(٣‫آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء )آﻎ\م‬

190 180 170 160 150 0



(‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ )درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣{٤

-٤٦-

(MPa)

‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

20 0.2

0.4

0.6

(W/C ratio)

0.8

‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء إﻟﻰ اﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤{٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٣{٤ ‫א‬‫א‬K ١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٣٢‫א‬K

‫א‬   (T) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   KE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F  T=

0,22(TaWa + TcWc ) + TwWw + TwaWwa 0,22(Ww + Wc ) + Ww + Wwa

 W

 K‫א‬‫א‬WT  E٣LF‫א‬WW

 ‫א‬Wa  ‫א‬Wc   -٤٧-

‫ א‬Ww

K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬Wwa

 KE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬(T)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١  E٣\F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٥٠

 ٣٣٥

 ‫א‬

 ٤٠

 ١٨٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ٣٠

 ١٦٧

 ‫א‬

EF‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  T=

0,22(40 x1839 + 50 x335) + 30 x167 24878 = = 38.5o C.  0,22(1839 + 335) + 167 645

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫؟‬‫א‬  W‫א‬ 645 0.22 x335

 ‫• א‬

645 0.22 x1839

 ‫• א‬

645 167

 ‫• א‬

  8.8 =   1.6 =

  3.8 =

 W‫א‬K١{٣{٤ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

K‫א‬ % ٨٥ ٧٠‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬ K ١٦‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • -٤٨-

K‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  W‫א‬K٢{٣{٤   ‫א‬  E‫א‬  ‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

‫א‬  ‫א‬   ٠{٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   

،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE٠{١٢‫א‬  ١٠‫א‬‫א‬٣٨‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬EF • KE٥{٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬



.‫ ﺟﻬﺎز ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺎء‬:٥٫٤ -٤٩-

‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 K(T)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 T=

0,22(TaWa + TcWc ) + TwWw + TwaWwa − 112Wi 0,22(Ww + Wc ) + Ww + Wwa + Wi

 W  K‫א‬WWi  E‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬ T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W٢ K٣٥ZWi‫א‬

   E٣\F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ٥٠

 ٣٣٥

 ‫א‬

 ٤٠

 ١٨٣٩

 ‫א‬

 ٣٠

 ١١٧

 ‫א‬

EF‫א‬

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ T=

0,22(40 x1839 + 50 x335) + 30 x132 − 112 x35 19908 = = 30.8o C. 0,22(1839 + 335) + 132 + 35 645

 ٧{٨ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ٣٥ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦{٤‫א‬  -٥٠-

‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

(‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ )درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

35 20

32 29 27

0 20

25 30 35 40 (‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺮآﺎم واﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ )درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬K٤{٤  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ • K‫א‬ • K٤٥‫א‬‫א‬ • K٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ • -٥١-

(Retarding admixtures)W‫א‬‫א‬K١{٤{٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٢ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣ ‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫• א‬ ‫א‬ • ‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬ •

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢٨‫א‬ ٧‫א‬‫א‬

 K٧{٤،‫א‬

 KEF،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬%٠{٠٥‫א‬  K‫א‬%١٠{٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

‫ﻳﻮم واﺣﺪ‬



‫أﻳﺎم‬7

‫ﺑﺪون إﺿﺎﻓﺎت‬

‫ﻳﻮم‬28

‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺎت‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٧{٤ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥{٤

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ٨‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  K‫א‬ •  K‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨{٤ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨{٤ K(ACI 305, R-77)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 -٥٤-

٠{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬L٢L

 K‫א‬L٢L١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٩{٤

 K٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،



 K‫א‬W٩{٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١  KO١٨W‫א‬‫א‬  .%٤٠W‫א‬‫א‬  KO٢١W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫\א‬١٦W‫א‬  K‫א‬L٢L٠{٨Z‫א‬‫א‬  -٥٥-

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨{٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢  KO٣٠W‫א‬‫א‬  .%٣٠W‫א‬‫א‬  KO٣٢W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫\א‬٣٢W‫א‬  K‫א‬L٢L٢{٠Z‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬O٢١‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ٠{٤‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫\א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬L٢L

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٦{٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫• א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬    ، ٢٤     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  •

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٢٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥٦-

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٧{٤ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬(JoulesF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ •  K‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬ •  K‫א‬‫א‬ •

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١{٤  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٤ 



 ‫א‬

 ٪١٠٠

 ‫א‬

I

 ٪٨٥J ٨٠

 ‫א‬

 II 

 ٪١٥٠

 ‫א‬



III 

 ٪٦٠J ٤٠

 ‫א‬‫א‬



IV 

 ٪٧٥J ٦٠

 



V 



-٥٧-

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬٤ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 ١٥‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٣L ٥٠‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢  K‫א‬‫א‬   

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‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٢‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬ •   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

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 WK١{٥ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬KMPa ٣{٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ % ٥٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K  ٢٤ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ١٠   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    K‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W٣‫ א‬K١ E٣L١٢٠٣L٦٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢ K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

-٦٠-

 (CaCl2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  W‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬ ‫א‬F  KE٨٠٦٠F‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬٥٢‫א‬ ،‫א‬F‫א‬EΤF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

(‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻣﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻄﺔ )درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

 K١{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬

‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

65 18 55

13 10

35 7 25 0

(‫درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺮآﺎم واﻹﺳﻤﻨﺖ )درﺟﺎت ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٥

-٦١-

 W‫א‬K٣{٥ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٥F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   KE٣{٥F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬         ‫א‬‫א‬ KE٤{٥  F ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     ١{٥   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 KE١٠Z‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٥

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣{٥ -٦٢-



   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤{٥ E ١٠Z‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٥  (ACI 306R-78)‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ٢٨‫א‬



 %٩٥

 %٨٥

 %٦٥

 %٥٠

 ٢٩

 ٢١

 ١١

 ٦

 ٣٥

 ٢٨

 ١٤

 ٩

     ‫א‬

 ٢٦

 ١٦

 ٥

 ٣

‫א‬ 

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ٢٨‫א‬‫א‬ ٪٥٠‫א‬‫א‬ ٦‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬K

-٦٣-

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠٢‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬



- ٦٤ -

WK١{٦ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬  K‫א‬       ‫א‬     

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬     K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢{٦ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬(segregation)‫א‬ • K‫א‬ • (workability)W‫א‬K١{٢{٦     ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    

‫א‬،(segregation)‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬         ‫א‬

(compaction)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  .% ٣٠‫א‬‫א‬% ٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠٫١  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٢{٦  ،‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ - ٦٥ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬ • ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

F‫א‬K (flow)‫א‬  E٩٫٦F‫א‬ ‫א‬ E‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (segregation)K‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫• א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    K ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 

‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬  ‫א‬ (round) ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    (spherical)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬

٢{٤        ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١{٦ KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬

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140

(‫هﺒﻮط اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ )ﻣﻢ‬

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0



120

(‫زﻣﻦ )دﻗﺎﺋﻖ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٦  W‫א‬K٣{٢{٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬

slump testW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١{٣{٢{٦ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 (frustum cone)      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K(ASTM C143-78)  K٢{٦

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100‫ﻣﻢ‬

300‫ﻣﻢ‬

200‫ﻣﻢ‬

 ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺨﺮوط ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬W٢{٦   W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١٦‫א‬٢٥  K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣{٦FK‫א‬

KE٤{٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K(cohesion)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K(lean concrete)‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K     ‫א‬    K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 

 K‫א‬W٣{٦



c) collapse‫א‬ b) shear

a) True slump

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٤{٦  flow testW‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٣{٢{٦

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K(super plasticizer admixture)

K٤٠‫א‬ ٧٠٠  WE٥{٦F‫א‬  ٢٠٠Z

‫ א‬-

 ١٣٠Z  ‫א‬  ٢٠٠Z  ‫א‬ -

- ٦٩ -



 ‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٦  W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬١٠  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  K١٥١٥‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(D) W‫א‬‫א‬(flow)

flow =

D − 200 x100 200  ZD

 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٠ -

 compacting factor testW‫א‬‫א‬K٣{٣{٢{٦

 K(BS.1881:part2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٤٧‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬           ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦{٦‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ P1Z‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K

P2Z‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬(compacting factor)‫א‬

C.F =

P1 P2

‫א‬‫א‬١{٦K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧١ -

‫ ﻣﻢ‬٢٦٠

‫ﺑﺎب‬

‫ ﻣﻢ‬٢٤٠

‫ﺑﺎب‬

‫ ﻣﻢ‬١٥٠

‫ ﻣﻢ‬٢٨٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬W٦{٦  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١{٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

EF‫א‬

  -

 ٠{٧٨

 ٢٥J ٠

 ‫א‬

  -

 ٠{٨٥

 ٥٠J ٢٥

 

 -

 ٠{٩٢

 ١٠٠J ٢٥

 

F -

 ٠{٩٥

 ١٧٥J ١٠٠

 

 ‫א‬ 

‫א‬

E‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ - ٧٢ -

 (Vebe Test)W‫א‬‫ א‬.٤٫٣٫٢٫٦  ١٩٤٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬V. Bahrner ‫א‬‫ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ إﻟﻰ א‬vebe ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (BS 1881 part 104 1983) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬٧{٦ KK٤٠‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬W٧{٦  W‫א‬

 (slump test)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢٤٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E٢٠٠  K‫א‬  E٢{٧٥ZF‫א‬ - ٧٣ -

 K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (T) ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ﺷﻜﻞ‬.‫ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬٣٠ ‫ إﻟﻰ‬٥ ‫ ﻳﻜﻮن هﺬا اﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺎ ﺟﺪا ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺮاوح اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ‬.(Vebe seconds)

 K‫א‬(T)‫א‬‫א‬٨{٦  1

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺪﻣﻚ‬

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6 0

(‫زﻣﻦ ﻓﺐ )اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬  K‫א‬‫א‬W٨{٦  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣{٦ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٧٤ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١{٣{٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (porosity)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬K

 (water/cement ratio)‫א‬‫א‬

E١

(compaction)‫א‬‫א‬

E٢

‫א‬

E٣

K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٩{٦ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬

K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﺗﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺰاز‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﻳﺪوي‬ ‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔ آﻠﻴﺎ‬

‫ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻜﺜﻔﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳﻤﻨﺖ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩{٦ - ٧٥ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٦‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٠{٥Z‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٦ 

(MPa)‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ٩١

 ٢٨

 ٧

 ٣



 ٥٠

 ٤٣

 ٣١

 ٢٢

 



 ٥٥

 ٤٨

 ٣٦

 ٢٧

 

(I)

 ٥٥

 ٤٩

 ٣٧

 ٢٩

 

‫א‬

 ٦٠

 ٥٤

 ٤٣

 ٣٤

 

 (III)

(fc)‫א‬(Abram’s law) ‫א‬‫א‬

⎡ ⎤ Vc fc = ⎢ ⎥ ⎣Vc + Vw + a ⎦

   ‫א‬ :Vc  ‫א‬ :Vw  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :a   :K  - ٧٦ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٣{٦ K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬K٣{٣{٦

 ‫א‬    K‫א‬   ‫א‬    

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ K‫א‬ K‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ١٥٠ ١٠٠ C470-(ASTM ‫א‬‫א‬KE٣٠٠Z‫א‬٥٠٠ZF‫א‬‫א‬

 K١٠{٦E81  W‫א‬  ٢٥‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٦ F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬E٣١{٥ - ٧٧ -

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢٤ ٢٠‫א‬E% ٩٠F  K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  E١١{٦  F  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬MPa٠{٤٠{٢‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ٢٨       ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬٢٦،١٣٧٣‫א‬‫א‬  K٢٨‫א‬٧٣‫א‬٣{٦  W‫א‬‫א‬١{٢٥‫א‬‫א‬ 

f cu = 1.25 f cyl  ‫א‬Zfcu  ‫א‬‫א‬Zfcyl

 K ⎛⎜ h ⎞⎟ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ⎝d ⎠

 h =2 d

 ‫א‬‫א‬

h =1 d

 ‫א‬ 

- ٧٨ -

‫א‬

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٠{٦ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١١{٦  ‫א‬ - ٧٩ -

 K٢٨‫א‬٧٣‫א‬W٣{٦  ‫א‬

 ٣

 %٦٦

 %٤٠



 %٨٠

 %٥٥

 ‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬K٤{٣{٦

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W (fc ) ‫א‬ (ft ) ‫א‬ 

f t = kf c

 Km k  K‫א‬‫א‬(ACI)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

ft = k fc MPaWftfc

 W‫א‬‫א‬ (CEB)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

f t = 0.3( f c )

2/3

 K0.11 0.07‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬   - ٨٠ -

(direct tensile strength)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٤{٣{٦

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ١٤{٦  ١٣{٦    KE١٢{٦  F  K‫א‬‫א‬ P

ft =

P A

  K‫א‬W ft  K‫א‬W P 

 K‫א‬W A

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٢{٦ 

‫א‬‫א‬W١٤{٦  ‫א‬



‫א‬W١٣{٦  ‫א‬‫א‬ - ٨١ -

 (indirect tensile strength) ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٤{٣{٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(splitting test) K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ (flexure test)K‫א‬‫ א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E١

 E ٣٠٠x١٥٠F ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥{٦  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٠{٠٤  ٠{٠٢  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬    K‫א‬LMPa

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٥{٦

- ٨٢ -

 K‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬EσtF‫א‬‫א‬

 σt = πLD ‫ א‬Wp  ١٥٠Z‫א‬‫א‬WD



 ٣٠٠Z‫א‬‫א‬WL



 W‫א‬‫א‬  σt =

2P πa 2  K‫א‬Za

‫א‬‫א‬ % ١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦{٦ 

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٦{٦ K‫א‬‫א‬

 - ٨٣ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬

E٢

‫א‬   ‫א‬   E١٧{٦  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ٥٠٨x١٥٢x ١٥٢    ‫א‬ ‫ א‬.(ASTM C78) ‫א‬

 (BS:1881)K‫א‬‫א‬٧٥٠x١٥٠x١٥٠‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٧{٦  K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢٨‫א‬‫א‬  MPa ٠{١٠ ٠{٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  - ٨٤ -

K١٨{٦‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬KEmodulus of ruptureF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  KE١٨{٦F ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬        ‫א‬   

 KE١٩{٦F

ERF ‫א‬   ،E١٨{٦  F  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬

Pl R =  bd 3  ‫א‬‫ א‬Wp  ‫א‬‫א‬Wl ‫א‬‫א‬Wd  ‫א‬ Wb W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

3Pa R =  bd 3 K‫א‬‫א‬Za  ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬    - ٨٥ -

P/2

4d M=

‫ﻋﺰم اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء‬

pd 2

‫ﻗﻮة اﻟﻘﺺ‬

p 2

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٨{٦  P

d M=

pd 2

d ‫ﻋﺰم اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎء‬

‫ﻗﻮة اﻟﻘﺺ‬

p 2

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٩{٦

- ٨٦ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰ ‰ö¹] ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠٢‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

  K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ • K‫א‬ • K • K‫א‬‫• א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ •   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٧ -

 WK١{٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬FK‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  W  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

ECore testF W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢{٧

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(potential strength)‫א‬  K٢٨‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬ - ٨٨ -

 W‫א‬K١{٢{٧  W‫א‬‫א‬  WE١  (beams) K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  (walls)‫א‬‫א‬ (columns)‫א‬‫ א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢  K‫א‬٣٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

  300 ‫ﻣﻢ‬







  ،E١{٧  F ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬   .(covermeter)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢{٧F‫א‬

‫ﺣﺪﻳﺪ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮد‬ 

 K‫א‬W١{٧ 

- ٨٩ -



 K(covermeter)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢{٧ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠٠‫א‬ ‫א‬K٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢{٠١‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬K٢{٢{٧ ‫א‬E٣{٧F‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  (high alumina cement) ‫א‬   ‫א‬   KE٤{٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٠ -

  K‫א‬‫א‬W٣{٧

  ‫א‬W٤{٧

- ٩١ -

 W‫א‬ K٣{٢{٧ ‫א‬‫א‬ .‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬/MPa ١٥‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤{٢{٧  K‫א‬‫א‬

E١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E% ١٥J  ١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬

E٢

‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 ٥{٧(correction factor)

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬

0.9

0.8 1



1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

.‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻹرﺗﻔﺎع إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬W٥{٧   - ٩٢ -

K‫א‬

E٣

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ % ٨‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬

E٤

K‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬K%١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ • ⎛ φr h ⎞  1.0 + 1.5⎜⎜ φ x l ⎟⎟ ⎝

⎠

 W  ‫א‬ W φr  ‫א‬ W φ c ‫א‬‫ א‬:h  ‫א‬ :l  K‫א‬ • ⎛ ∑ (φr .h ) ⎞ ⎜ ⎟ + 1 . 0 1 . 5  ⎜ φ .l ⎟ c ⎝ ⎠

 K‫א‬‫א‬K٥{٢{٧ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬  K‫א‬ - ٩٣ -

 K‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  W(concrete Society Report) W‫א‬ • 3.25 f λ 1. 5 + 1 / λ

Z‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬ • 3.00 f λ 1. 5 + 1 / λ

Z‫א‬‫א‬  W  K‫א‬ W f λ  ‫א‬‫א‬ W λ 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W(concrete Society Report)‫א‬ W‫א‬ •

2 .5 f λ 1. 5 + 1 / λ

Z‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬ • 2 .3 f λ 1. 5 + 1 / λ

Z‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٤ -

ENon-destructive TestFW‫א‬‫א‬K٣{٧

‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬‫א‬

 penetration resistance‫א‬J Schmidt hammerJ

 pull out test  ‫א‬‫א‬J  ultrasonic pulse velocity test ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J  radioactive methods‫א‬J penetration testW‫א‬K١{٣{٧

٦{٧K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Windsor probe‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬



 (Windsor probe)‫א‬W٦{٧ - ٩٥ -

 pull out testW‫א‬‫א‬K٢{٣{٧ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٧{٧  F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬(fp)‫א‬‫א‬ 

F A  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ZF  K‫א‬‫א‬ZA

  (F)  ‫א‬     K ‫א‬    (fp) ‫א‬   E٨{٧F‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬W٧{٧ 

- ٩٦ -

(MPa)‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0



(kN) ‫ﻗﻮة اﻹﻗﻼع‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬:٨{٧

 Schmidt hammerW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣{٣{٧  (non-destructive testing)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

K٩{٧K‫א‬‫א‬



 KW٩{٧ - ٩٧ -

KE١٠{٧F (plunger)‫א‬‫א‬     K‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬   

 E١١{٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  K‫א‬W١٠{٧

(MPa) ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬

10 10

‫رﻗﻢ اﻹرﺗﺪاد‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١١{٧ - ٩٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K   K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢  ١٠  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   

KE١٢{٧F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF

K ‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬

‫اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬ EaF

‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‬

EbF

 EcF

 (c)>(b)>(a)‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬W١٢{٨   ‫א‬      ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  (Ultrasonic pulse velocity)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤{٣{٧  (T) ‫א‬E١٣{٧F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ .%١‫א‬‫א‬E١٤{٧F‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤{٧F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  (a) ‫א‬‫א‬

K(c)(b)

- ٩٩ -

 K‫א‬‫א‬W١٣{٧

‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬:(a)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬:(b) ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬

‫א‬‫ א‬:(c)  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٤{٧  - ١٠٠ -

 K(V)‫א‬  V=

L T

 EF‫א‬ZL  E‫א‬F‫א‬ZT  W‫א‬(E)‫א‬‫א‬(V)‫א‬  V =

   K‫א‬ = ρ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    (pulse velocity) ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٥{٧F‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ K‫א‬ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬  KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(cracks)  K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ - ١٠١ -

(MPa) ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 4000

4500

5000

5500

(‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎت )م\اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٥{٧  K‫א‬

 (loading test) W‫א‬K٤{٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F  K‫א‬K‫א‬E  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬   - ١٠٢ -

 W‫א‬‫א‬ EACIF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٨ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  (scaffolding)     K ٥٦  ‫א‬     

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬(BS8110)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬١{٢٥H‫א‬‫א‬ :(a)



E‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬F١{٢٥ :(b)   ‫א‬‫א‬E١٦{٧F(deflections)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٤‫א‬‫א‬  W‫א‬‫א‬(cracks)‫א‬  f1Z‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •  f2Z‫א‬‫א‬W٢٤ •  f3Z‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ •  f4Z‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬٢٤ •  40l 2 〉 f2 h

 ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF‫א‬Wl  EF‫א‬Wh - ١٠٣ -

 ٢٤ (f2)‫א‬ ‫א‬ % ٧٥‫א‬،‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬  reinforced concrete ‫א‬

f 2 − f3 × 100〉 75% f2

prestressed concrete‫א‬

f 2 − f3 × 100〉85% f2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‬٢٤ ‫ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﻟﻤﺪة‬

‫ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬

‫رﻓﻊ اﻟﺤﻤﻞ‬

‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف ﺑﻌﺪ رﻓﻊ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺤﺮاف‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٦{٧  - ١٠٤ -

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  E١٨{٧   ‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   KE١٧{٧  F‫א‬

 K‫א‬(l/4)(l/2)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ﺣﻤﻞ ﻣﻮزع ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻈﺎم‬

‫رآﻴﺰة‬

‫رآﻴﺰة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﻘﺮص‬ 

l  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٧{٧ 



 ‫א‬W١٨{٧    - ١٠٥ -

 K‫א‬‫א‬W١ K ١٤٠‫א‬ ١٠٠‫א‬

 kN١٨٠Z‫א‬K٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٢ 7850 = π (100) Z‫א‬‫א‬ 2

 MPa  22.93 =



1.4 =

180000 P = Z‫א‬ 7850 A

140 Z‫א‬‫א‬ 100

 MPa 23.82 =

2.3 × 22.93 1 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1.5 + 1.4

MPa 31.06 =

3.0 × 22.93 1 W‫א‬‫א‬ 1.5 + 1.4

  K‫א‬‫א‬W٢ K ١٣٠‫א‬ ١٠٠‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٤٥  kN٢١٠Z‫א‬  K٢ 7850 = π (100) Z‫א‬‫א‬ 2

 MPa  26.75 =



1.5 =

210000 P = Z‫א‬ 7850 A

130 Z‫א‬‫א‬ 100

 - ١٠٦ -

MPa 29.47 =

2.5 × 26.75 1 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1.5 + 1.3 25 45 ⎞ × ⎟ W‫א‬‫א‬ ⎝ 100 130 ⎠

 1.13 = 1.0 + 1.5⎛⎜

 MPa 33.30 = 29.47 × 1.13 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  MPa 38.31 =

3.25 × 26.75 1 W‫א‬‫א‬ 1.5 + 1.3

 MPa 43.29 = 38.31× 1.13 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ١٠٧ -

‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ٢٠٢‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

K١

K٢٠٠٠K‫א‬ K١٩٩٠K‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬

K٢

K١٩٩٩K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K

K٣

K١٩٨٦K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

K٤

K١٩٩٢K‫א‬K‫א‬

K٥

K١٩٩٢K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

K٦ 

Neville A. M. and Brooks J. J. Concrete Technology. London, Longman, 1990.

Neville A. M. Properties of Concrete. London, Longman, 1996.

Pigeon M and Plean R. Durability of concrete in cold climates, Spon Press, 1995.

10. Maier. High Performance Concrete, Spon Press, 1992. 11. Soroka L, Concrete in Hot Environments, Spon Press, 1993. 12. Richardson. M. G. Fundamentals of durable reinforced concrete, Spon Press, 2002. 13. Illston J. M. and Domone P. L. J. Construction Materials, Spon Press, 2001. 14. ACI-committee 305R-77 (Revised 1982), Hot-weather concreting, Part 2, ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, 1984. 15. ACI-committee 306R-78, Cold-weather concreting, Part 2, ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, 1984. 16. Concrete Society, Concrete core testing for strength, technical Report No. 11, Cement and Concrete Association, London, 1976. 17. Sidney Mindess and Francis Young J. Concrete. Prentice Hall, 1981. 18. Bungey J. H. The Testing of Concrete in Structures, Surrey University Press, 1982. 19. Concrete Society, Pumping Concrete, Report No. 1, Cement and Concrete Association, London, 1984. 20. Colin Deacon R. Concrete Ground Floors. Their design, construction and finish. Cement and Concrete Association, London, 1974. - ١٠٨ -

‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬

21. Kosmatka S. H. and Panaresse W. C. Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures. Portland Cement Association, Illinois, 1994. 22. Shirley D. E. Introduction to Concrete. Cement and Concrete Association, London, 1984. 23. Kirkbride Tom. Review of Accelerated Curing Procedures. Cement and Concrete Association, London, 1971. 24. Concrete Society, Guide to Chemical Admixtures for Concrete, technical Report No. 18, Cement and Concrete Association, London, 1980. 25. Boukendakdji M. Mechanical Properties and Long-term Deformation of OPC and Slag Cement Concretes, PhD Thesis, Leeds University, 1990.

- ١٠٩ -

‫א‬ ٢٠٢‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ١ ٢ ٢ ٣ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٧ ١٠ ١٤ ١٥ ١٥ ١٦ ١٧ ١٧ ١٨ ١٨ ٢١ ٢٢ ٢٣ ٢٤ ٢٤ ٢٦ ٢٩

‫א‬‫א‬

  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  ١{١

 W‫א‬٢{١

 ‫א‬‫א‬١{٢{١  ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٢{١

 ‫א‬٣{٢{١  ‫א‬٣{١

 ‫א‬٤{١  ‫א‬٥{١

 ‫א‬٦{١

 ‫א‬‫א‬١{٦{١  ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٦{١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٦{١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٦{١

 ‫א‬٥{٦{١  ‫א‬٦{٦{١

 ‫א‬٧{١

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ١{٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٢  ‫א‬٣{٢  ‫א‬‫א‬١{٣{٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٣{٢  ‫א‬٤{٢

٣٢ ٣٣ ٣٣ ٣٣

‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  ١{٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٣

٣٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٣

٣٧

 ‫א‬١{٤{٣

٤٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٤{٣

٤٣ ٤٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١{٤

٤٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٤

٤٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣{٤

٤٨

 ‫א‬١{٣{٤

٤٩

 ‫א‬٢{٣{٤

٥١

 ‫א‬‫א‬٤{٤

٥٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬١{٤{٤

٥٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥{٤

٥٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬٦{٤

٥٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬٧{٤

٥٩ ٦٠

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  ١{٥

٦٠

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٥

٦٢

 ‫א‬٣{٥ 

٦٤

‫א‬‫א‬

٦٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  ١{٦

٦٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٦

٦٥

 ‫א‬١{٢{٦

٦٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢{٢{٦

٦٧

 ‫א‬ ٣{٢{٦

٦٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١{٣{٢{٦

٦٩

 ‫א‬‫ א‬٢{٣{٢{٦

٧١

 ‫א‬‫ א‬٣{٣{٢{٦

٧٣

 ‫א‬‫ א‬٤{٣{٢{٦

٧٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٦

٧٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٣{٦

٧٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٣{٦

٧٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣{٣{٦

٨٠

 ‫א‬‫א‬٤{٣{٦

٨١

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١{٤{٣{٦

٨٢

  ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٤{٣{٦

٨٧ ٨٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬  ١{٧

٨٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢{٧ 

٨٩

 ‫א‬١{٢{٧

٩٠

 ‫א‬٢{٢{٧

‫א‬‫א‬

٩٢

 ‫א‬ ٣{٢{٧

٩٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤{٢{٧

٩٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬٥{٢{٧

٩٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣{٧

٩٥

 ‫א‬١{٣{٧

٩٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢{٣{٧

٩٧

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣{٣{٧

٩٩

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤{٣{٧

١٠٢

 ‫א‬٤{٧

١٠٨

 ‫א‬‫א‬

      

      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS