RESEARCH CLUSTER 4, GILLES RETSIN, MANUEL JIMENEZ, VICENTE SOLER INTILE:W Chao Jiang, Andrés González Molino, Zhixin Sun
UCL, The Bartlett School of Architecture
CONTENTS
01 INTRODUCTION
01. Architecture in the Digital Age 02. 3D printing at Architectural Scale 03. Project Overview
04. Spatial printing and robotic assembly
03 MATERIAL RESEARCH
8 10 12 14
02 TILE DESIGN
01. First geometry approach 02. Second geometry approach 03. Thrid geometry approach
18 22 26
01. Comparison of materials
34
04 TOOLPATH
01. Introduction 02. Toolpath in voxels 03. Infinite voxels with toolpath 04. Toolpath in tiles 05. B-Pro Prototype 06. Interlocking Research 07. Research case 1 08. Research case
40 42 46 50 56 60 62 64
05 FABRICATION
06 COMPUTATION
01. 1st generation tool 70 02. 72 2nd generation tool 03. 74 Cooling system 04. 76 Assembly parts 05. 78 Electronic components 06. 80 Nozzle design 07. 82 Work environment 08. 84 Initial tests 09. 88 Inhabitability at architectural scale 10. 90 Digital composite building block 11. 96 Printing process 12. 100 Prototypes 13. 104 Aggregations
01. Infinite loop 02. Infinite voxels random aggregation 03. Infinite voxels aggregation in rules
110 122 124
07 ROBOTIC ASSEMBLY
01. Pick&place research 02. Fabrication and robotic assembly research 03. Gripper design and picking points 04. Pick and place environment design 05. Pick and place process
148 150 152 154 156
08 ARCHITECTURAL SPECULATION
01. Architectural approaches 02. First domino approach 03. Enclosing system 04. Second domino approach
160 162 170 176
01 Introduction
01 INTRODUCTION
01. architecture in the digital age
This project research presents some concepts and an
tion projects. Automation has solved similar problems
initial investigation of a novel 3D printing method based
in the automotive and aerospace industry, which is why
on a technique using PLA filament as the main mate-
INTILE suggest that we should change the way we are
rial. The project is aiming to achieve a new fabrication
designing and constructing architecture. However, the
technique (3D spatial printing) wich could achieve a
building construction industry is mainly based on man-
direct link between design and fabrication processes.
ual tasks. The few attempts to introduce automation in
Since the 1960s the architecture industry has experi-
construction have mainly focused on automating what
enced an incredible revolution with the emergence of
was previously manual work (e.g., use of a brick laying
computers. However, the digital revolution has not af-
robot) without introducing any new fabrication method.
fected the construction process the same way as it has the design process, where this revolution has mainly
Nowadays, design and construction are developing
focused on the industry and serial production rather
in parallel without any direct connection between the
than construction design. The digital revolution has
processes. Our argument is that if we are aiming to im-
mainly focused on the standardized processes instead
prove the current situation (cost, speed, reduce manu-
of the construction process. According to Mario Carpo,
al labour, design freedom) both processes should be
we are now designing digitally: “It is not about design-
developed while still maintaining a direct link between
ing a building using digital tools, but rather to design
them. 3D printing is a construction method where de-
a building that could not have been either designed or
sign and fabrication are directly linked. This kind of
built without them� (2013,46).
technology can be applied to any scale from desktop models to full scale building construction. The model-
According to Warszawski and Navon (1998), the con-
ling in a small scale is typical application today, while
struction industry is presently facing several problems
large scale construction with 3D printing is more spec-
such as high cost, low quality production, health risks
ulative.
and safety issues, as well as poor control of construc-
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automotive manufacturing
construction industry
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01 INTRODUCTION
02. 3D printing at architectural scale
During the last few years, Additive Manufacturing tech-
ly focused on the design and not on the fabrication.
nologies have been applied on an architectural scale. Large Scale 3D printing is normally associated with
INTILE aims to achieve large scale 3D printing where
the engineer Behrokh Khoshnevis’ who created the
both the fabrication and the design method directly
Contour Crafting method. This method is based on
work together and develop at the same time.
the continuous deposition of material layer by layer; the material used is concrete. However, there is anoth-
According to Branko Kolarevic, the ability of Additive
er approach to introduce AM on a large architectural
Manufacturing to produce customized pieces without
scale, 3D printing canal house in Amsterdam.
any extra cost has delivered the concept of mass-customization instead of mass-production. Peter Zellner
The first approach to 3D Spatial printing was carried
(1999) argues that this would lead to, “series-manufac-
out by Gramazio and Kohler’s at the Future Cities Lab-
tured, mathematically coherent but differentiated ob-
oratory in Singapore where they introduced the idea of
jects, as well as elaborate, precise and relatively cheap
spatial plastic extrusion and a robotic arm. This new
one-off components” (1999, 46), which implies that ar-
technology allows for the reduction of the amount of
chitecture is becoming a “firmware”.
material needed to create a structure. Additionally, this fabrication process is slightly faster than the ‘layer by
Nowadays, the 3D printing of houses is a field
layer’ method.
of experimentation and innovation. There are very few projects that are being developed in this field and an
The main constraints of this research are that it is main-
understanding of the research would be useful in order
ly focused on the fabrication process and the design
to analyse them in a briefly way.
process is not taken into consideration. On the other hand, the research undertaken at the ETH by Benjamin Dillengurger and Michael Hansmeyer (figure 2) is main
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Contour Crafting by Behrokh
3D printing canal house by DUS architects
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01 INTRODUCTION
03. project overview
digital composite building block
toolpath development
architectural speculation (domino house)
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material optimization
assembly (on site)
shipping (extruder+robot)
geometrical optimization
computation
fabrication (on site)
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01 INTRODUCTION
04.spatial printing and robotic assembly
3D PRINTING RESEARCH
The project uses additive manufacturing, such as plastic extrusion, to materialize designs based on discrete design principles. This might seem antithetical, but even though the design space is constrained to a discrete set, it’s still large enough that fabrication methods used for serialization are less efficient and cost effective. The spatial extrusion fabrication method allows architects to create lighter, more efficient forms without any material waste. This process by itself does not allow for the creation of inhabitable spaces as it can’t full fill all necessary conditions such as insolation, waterproofing, acoustic protection and so on. InfiniteVoxels uses a hybrid approach that combines the advantages of spatial extrusion with other materials and methods, such as machined polystyrene. We can create a catalogue of blocks that can avoids the habitability problem commonly found in digital architecture. The rise of 3D printing has delivered the concept of mass-customization instead of mass-production. We propose an alternative way to achieve masscustomization by allowing a large, but not infinite set of possible design variations. The voxel can be analog to a cell. The polymerization of these cells creates solid units. Each voxel can store unique digital information, such as spatial and material properties. Through a combinatorial logic, the position, volume, and geometry of the materials in the whole structure is customized.
Mesh Mould (-) 1 scale aggregation repetitive
2010-2012
Filamentrics (+) customize line
2013-2014
Curvoxels (+) serial repetitions multiple scales
2014-2015
Voxatile (+) pellets extruder
2015-2016
(+) multiple scales pellets extruder (future) tile into tile InfiniteVoxels 14
ASSEMBLY
FABRICATION
Self-assembly
Discrete
INT
(+) customize line
Self assebmly lab (MIT)
INTILE Voxatile
2013
INTILE
Digital Matter
Lego
Curvoxels
1932
Continuous
Manual
continuous fabrication + discrete assembly
Interlocking by toolpath geometry
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1. Geometry Research1
2 . Geometry Research2
3. Geometry Research3
02 Tile Design
02 TILE DESIGN
01.first geometry research
The Research of Geometry Starting with the first and the most fundamental geometry, which is formed by connecting the ends of four square grids. The transition from 2D geometry to 3D geometry involves a simple extrusion method. The most intuitive expression of this geometry is to have a strong regularity in Morphological characteristics, This means,it is a symmetrical geometry, and most of the sides shows consistency. Besides, using multiple angle of 45 degrees which reduces geometric instability.
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02 TILE DESIGN
01.first geometry research
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ELEMENTS LOW VALUE
Fabricating cost Manufacturing difficulty The efficiency of scaling up Geometric freedom Reversibility The complexity of computation
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HIGH VALUE
02 TILE DESIGN
02. second geometry research
The Research of Geometry The second geometric design began to show some diversity that converts from a design with a 45 degrees multiplier to a design with a magnification of 60 degrees and 120 degrees. But it still inherits the basis of the first geometric design which keeps the property of symmetry but is now more slender, showing a linear configuration. Because it does not completely follow the logic of the regular grids which lead to a great reduction in the combination diversity, and gradually show the limitations in the other aspects of aggregation.
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+ +
+
ring form
ring expansion
loop
plane
scale
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02 TILE DESIGN
02. second geometry research
aggregation test case:top view
aggregation test case:perspective view
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ELEMENTS LOW VALUE
Fabricating cost Manufacturing difficulty The efficiency of scaling up Geometric freedom Reversibility The complexity of computation
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HIGH VALUE
02 TILE DESIGN
03. Third geometry research
The Research of Geometry The third geometry is a variant of the first that still retains part of the properties of the first geometry. It is cut off in part, so it lacks symmetrical properties compared to the first design. At the same time it also enjoys more flexibility in geometric combination than the former. Besides, it has more acute angle design, so that piece itself shows a property of directionality.
tiles combination possibility
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Linear
Surface
Loop
Spiral
Linear
Loop suraface
Loop spiralt
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02 TILE DESIGN
03. Third geometry research
The Research of Geometry In Aggregation To sum up, in the above three aggregation tests, under the premise of the aggregation logic, different geometries act in different ways. This is so, even though geometry one and two who similar properties. Geometry two show more diversity and, in my opinion, aesthetic value. The reason for this is that it does not have a symmetrical property, and there are more acute angles than the in first geometry. Therefore, if geometric aesthetics is also applied as a criterion, geometry two could achieve a higher aesthetic value, but this does not necessarily mean that the more complex geometry would lead to higher aesthetic value. This can be seen from the performance of the third and fourth geometries, they show a certain degree of instability, and even chaotic geometric performance. This inplies that designers should weigh the pros and cons of using omplex geometry, the over regular geometry which will lose some aesthetic value. While the geometry is too complex, it will be more difficult to control the performance in the aggregation. But the view of aesthetics is subjective, It is well known that even quite simple stimuli can give rise to aesthetic judgements of like’ and ‘dislike’, and a good deal of research has been done on, for instance, preference judgements for polygonal figures. However there is an overall agreement between individuals in their ratings.
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ELEMENTS LOW VALUE
HIGH VALUE
Fabricating cost Manufacturing difficulty The efficiency of scaling up Geometric freedom Reversibility The complexity of computation InfiniteVoxels 29
02 TILE DESIGN
01. introduction
Comparison of construction efficiency To achieve a more rigorous assignment of factors which affect the construction efficiency, it is necessary to compare the data between elements. The table2 illiterates the information of factors which affect the aggregation results. The volume of pieces is 0.23 mÂł. From the number of the pieces, the geometry1 use total 40 pieces which are 2pieces less then geometry4. In contrast, the number of geometry 2 is 8pieces more than the first geometric. The fanciest part happened in geometry3, with only 18 pieces, less than one-half of the geometry one. In other words, if only considering the price of material, geometric three would possibly cheaper at least half of the other three geometries. That may also further illustrate the geometry three has a better construction efficiency. To prove that requires more tests, here I put forward a conjecture, that is, the slender geometry is, the higher the efficiency that will be. However, it does not mean that the geometry should be as slender as possible. The last item in the table2 would possibly illustrate the issue. This part shows the thickness of each geometry, which can be analogy as the thickness of the floor. Therefore, if the thickness of the piece is thinner, the structural strength would also reduce. Which properly illustrates that when the piece is too thin, the structure may need more than one layer to make up for the structural strength. To sum up, if geometries are in the similar volume quantity, the finer geometry is, higher the construction efficiency would be, but because of structural strength considerations, the thickness will be limited in a certain range. Thus when the piece is too thin, the number of units will increase significantly. There is also a certain function relationship between different factors.
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Tile1
PROPERTIES
LOW VALUE
Tile2
HIGH VALUE
Tile3
LOW VALUE
Fabricating cost Manufacturing difficulty The efficiency of scaling up Geometric freedom Reversibility The complexity of computation
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HIGH VALUE
LOW VALUE
HIGH VALUE
03 Material Research
03 MATERIAL RESEARCH
01. comparison of materials
Fabrication Method
PLYWOOD
MDF
TIMBER
Laser Cutting CNC milling
Laser Cutting
CNC milling
CONCRETE
Molding
PLASTER
STEEL
PETG (PETE)
Molding
Bending
vacuum blow Thermal Forming
high
Strength
fair
Flexibility (elasticity)
fair
fair
fair
fair
high fair poor
3.7£/m2
100£/m3
2.5 £/kg
5£/m
1mm-11£/m2
excellent none
none
none
none
excellent
none
light
Weight
fair heavy
Water resistance
fair
poor
1mm-10£/m2 6mm-4.3£/m2
none
fair
poor
6mm-13.6£/m2
Transparency
Laser Cutter
high
fair
poor
Cost
ACRYLIC
fair heavy
heavy
heavy
heavy
good
good
good
excellent poor
poor
poor
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excellent
PLYWOOD
PLASTER
Material • •
plywood 6mm cost: 4 £/sheet
Process During our project we have been analyzing and texting different materials. The main properties that have been analyzed are strength, cost, weight, flexibility and if the are easy to agregate or not. One has been compared all this properties of the diffetent materials we have chosen plywood and plaster. The utilization of plywood allows us to work with more precision because we are using the lasercut to produce our models, however the price of the wood is quite high and the assembly of the different pieces is manualy. After test this system we considered that it is not the proper approach for our project. The second material that we tested was plaster, the main advantage of this is the low price of the material however the main disadvantage is the time that the piece needs to be totally dried. Taken everything into consideration, we have decided that this traditional materials are not the best option to develop our structure and system. That is why we have researched about 3D printing.
• •
laser cut time: 45min/sheet units: 20u/sheet cost 4£/sheet
Material • • •
plaster plywood (mould) cost: plaster 5£/kg plywood 4£/sheet
Process • •
laser cut time: 10 min/sheet units: 6 u/sheet casting
Assembly
Assembly
•
•
glue time: 2min/piece cost: 3£/tube (120 pieces)
(+) precise digital fabrication (-) time consuming expensive manual assembly
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continuous fabrication
(-) heavy long time to dry remove the mould fragile
03 MATERIAL RESEARCH
02. comparison of materials
material: artificial sandstone technology: 3D printed factory advantages: flexibility
Egg-shaped structure Enrico Dini
material: plastic powder method: 3D printed factory in a factoryfitted on site advantages: optimise material
Proto House Softkill Design
material: mix sand and binding method: D-shape printer advantages: discrete assembly
The material research quickly progressed from the use of solids (surfaces) and surfaces (plywood) to a language of lines (3D printing). These lines were to be varied and boung together by logics of combinations and hence plastic extrusion was chosen as the fabrication method.
Landscape House Universe Architecture
material: plastic extruded method: Kamer Maker 2.0 advantages: 3D printed joints
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3D printing canal house DUS Architects
ABS pellets
PLA pellets
LDPE pellets
2.5£/kg
4£/kg
1.5£/kg
Material cost
PLA filament
17£/kg
ABS filament
Caron Fiber Reinforced
20£/kg 60£/kg
excellent
Strength
Melting temperature
fair
fair
fair
fair
220-260 ºC.
210-250 ºC. 200-230 ºC.
Extruder cost
200 ºC.
1200 £
190-220 ºC.
350 £
Advantages / Disadvantages
(+) (-)
fair
precise digital fabrication strength no manual task time consuming expensive small scale
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190-210ºC.
04 Toolpath
04 TOOLPATH
01. introduction
In 2D, any pattern starts with a pixel. By making pixels shift and change color, we can form nearly any kind of pattern. In 3D, we can also similarly use voxels to realize any kind of form and shape through the same logic. All problems relevant to toolpath could be secluded from the level of local, including from the cell and from the cell clusters. It is in a voxel where toolpaths are originally generated and where all restraints are tested and optimized. Then in the second phase, a great deal of voxels are assembled together to form a continuous path, which only needs local computation. What makes this method more outstanding is that the computation is both cheap and quick. Furthermore, the respect of prototyping also becomes more rapid because only one voxel together with its direct neighbours ought to undergo the check for potential problems. In this system, sometimes we array the voxel in one row in order to get some nicer patterns. But the voxel start point cannot touch the previous voxel end point. In this case, we need to add some extra lines to connect the cap between these voxels in order to make a continuous printable line. On the other hand, during the process of our design, some of the testing lines are laid on two sides of the voxel. Then after their combination, the former voxel often inevitably has a negative effect on the printing of its following voxel. Therefore, when an architect is going to design the toolpath, he should try his best to avoid laying the toolpath on the two sides of the voxel in order to have a continuous printable line after voxels combination.
InfiniteVoxels 40
Basic geometry
Divide geometry
Divide in voxles
Voxalize the geometry
toothpath intergrade in voxels
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04 TOOLPATH
02. Toothpath in voxels
Trial 1 Continuous, Structural, Repetitive, Not printable
Basic module
1st Step
2nd Step
3rd Step
4th Step
5th Step
Combination
2nd Step
3rd Step
4th Step
5th Step
Combination
2nd Step
3rd Step
4th Step
5th Step
Combination
2nd Step
3rd Step
4th Step
5th Step
Combination
2nd Step
3rd Step
4th Step
5th Step
Combination
2nd Step
3rd Step
4th Step
5th Step
Combination
Trial 2 Continuous, Structural, Not repetitive, Not printable
Basic module
1st Step
Trial 3 Continuous, Structural, Not repetitive, Not printable
Basic module
1st Step
Trial 4 Continuous, Structural, Repetitive, Printable
Basic module
1st Step
Trial 5 Continuous, Structural, Repetitive, Not printable
Basic module
1st Step
Trial 6 Continuous, Structural, Not repetitive, Printable
Basic module
1st Step
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04 TOOLPATH
02. Toothpath in voxels
Trial 7 Continuous, Structural, Not repetitive, Not printable
Basic module
1st Step
2nd Step
3rd Step
4th Step
5th Step
Combination
2nd Step
3rd Step
4th Step
5th Step
Combination
2nd Step
3rd Step
4th Step
5th Step
Combination
2nd Step
3rd Step
4th Step
5th Step
Combination
2nd Step
3rd Step
4th Step
5th Step
Combination
2nd Step
3rd Step
4th Step
5th Step
Combination
Trial 8H Continuous, Structural, Repetitive, Not printable
Basic module
1st Step
Trial 9 Continuous, Structural, Not repetitive, Not printable
Basic module
1st Step
Trial 10 Continuous, Structural, Repetitive, Printable
Basic module
1st Step
Trial 11 Continuous, Structural, Not repetitive, Not printable
Basic module
1st Step
Trial 12 Continuous, Structural, Not repetitive, Printable
Basic module
1st Step
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04 TOOLPATH
03.Infinite voxels with toothpath
Though Change the performance of the geometry by moving the nodes
Toothpath fill in voxles
Move nodes (15mm,aixsZ)
Tile test case 1
Tile test case 2
size: 64mm*128mm*32mm material:PLA filament (white)
size: 32mm*94mm*64mm material:PLA filament (white)
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Tile test case 3
Tile test case 4
size: 160mm*640mm*64mm material:PLA filament (white)
size: 160mm*160mm*160mm material:PLA filament (white)
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04 TOOLPATH
03.Infinite voxels with toothpath
layer 05 toothpath
layer 04 toothpath
layer 03 foam
layer 02 foam
layer 01 foam
Tile test case 1
size: 564mm*160mm*160mm material:PLA filament (white)
Tile test case 2
size: 564mm*160mm*160mm material:PLA filament (black)
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Tile test case 3
size: 564mm*160mm*160mm material:PLA filament (black)
layer 05 toothpath
layer 04 toothpath/ foam/ empty voxles
layer 03 foam
layer 02 toothpath/ foam/ empty voxles
layer 01 foam
Tile test case 4
size: 564mm*160mm*160mm material:PLA filament (black)
Tile test case 5
size: 564mm*160mm*160mm material:PLA filament (black)
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Tile test case 5(long tile)
size: 1024mm*160mm*160mm material:PLA filament (black)
04 TOOLPATH
04.Toolpath in tiles
Tile test case 1 size: 564mm*160mm*160mm material:PLA filament (white)
Tile test case 2 size: 564mm*160mm*160mm material:PLA filament (black)
Tile test case 3 size: 564mm*160mm*160mm material:PLA filament (black)
Tile test case 4 size: 564mm*160mm*160mm material:PLA filament (black)
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layer 05
layer 04 toothpath/foam/ empty voxles
layer 03 foam
layer 02 toothpath/foam/ empty voxles
layer 01 foam
Tile test case 5 size: 564mm*160mm*160mm material:PLA filament (black)
Tile test case 6 (long tile) size: 1024mm*160mm*160mm material:PLA filament (black)
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04 TOOLPATH
04.Toolpath in tiles
Combination one: two tiles in blocks
Combination one:tracing in structure
Combination one:voxelize the tiles
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04 TOOLPATH
04.Toolpath in tiles
Combination one: three tiles in blocks
Combination one:tracing in structure
Combination one:voxelize the tiles
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04 TOOLPATH
05.Bpro prototype
aggregationcase5 tile number:14
aggregationcase4 tile number:14
aggregationcase3 tile number:14
aggregationcase2 tile number:14
aggregationcase1 tile number:14
aggregationcase9 tile number:14
aggregationcase8 tile number:14
aggregationcase7 tile number:14
aggregationcase6 tile number:14
aggregationcase 15 tile number:14
aggregationcase14 tile number:14
aggregationcase13 tile number:14
aggregationcase12 tile number:14
aggregationcase11 tile number:14
aggregationcase20 tile number:14
aggregationcase19 tile number:14
aggregationcas18 tile number:14
aggregationcase17 tile number:14
aggregationcase10 tile number:14
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aggregationcase 16 tile number:14
Bpro prototype:aggregation with tiles
Bpro prototype:tracing line and structure lines
Bpro prototype:continues tracing lines in 2D
TOTAL STRUCTURE Number of tiles (total):14 Time cost (approximately):13days Cost(PLA): 300pounds
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04 TOOLPATH
05.Bpro prototype
TILE.case13(long) TILE.case14(long) TILE.case9 TILE.case10 TILE.case11 TILE.case12 TILE.case5 TILE.case6 TILE.case7 TILE.case8 TILE.case1 TILE.case2 TILE.case3 TILE.case4
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04 INTERLOCK
01. introduction
The concept digital material is described by Neil Gershenfeld (2015) as a building block with a determined geometry, which can be only assembled in certain positions; this position is defined by the geometry of the block. This mechanism allows this system to be reversibly assembled and to be adapted to different circumstances. Another important fact is the difference between analogue and digital systems. Taking both point into consideration the aim of our research is to achieve reversibility in a large scale Digital Architecture through interlocking and mechanical attachment. WThere are many references in history, ranging from old techniques such as Chinese to more recent ones, where interlocking has been used. Traditionally this technique has been directly linked with manual task however, we are going to introduce the robotic assembly to achieve the completely automatization of the process. We are trying to achieve the fastest, lightest and low cost structure possible. The core of this project is to create a flexible structure which can be reassembly in different shapes without the use of extra pieces.
Dougong _Traditional chinese architecture
SunnyHills Minamy _ Kengo Kuma
dougon _ traditional chinese interlocking
Dougong _Traditional chinese architecture
SunnyHills Minamy _ Kengo Kuma
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04 INTERLOCK
02.Research case1
2
1
3
4
3D foam
male-female joint _ magnetic joint
Interlocking into a layered system
advantages:
disadvantages:
Foam layer:
3D printing layer:
• increase tolerance
• limited connections
• clicking system
• clicking system
• fast robotic assembly
• 2.5D connections
• slidering system
first approach
analysis geometry / material
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Iteration 2
second approach / interlocking by toolpath and foam
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04 INTERLOCK
02.Research case
Test 1: voxles size: 32mm*96mm*64mm number of voxles:4
Test 2: voxles size: 32mm*96mm*32mm number of voxles:2
Instrument for clicking system: left:32mm*40mm right:20mm*40mm
Test 1: toothpath for interlock size: 32mm*96mm*64mm
Test 2: toothpath for interlock size: 32mm*96mm*32mm
Instrument for clicking system: toothpath click in the groove of interlock part
Test 1: interlock the toothath(layer by layer print)
Test 2: interlock the toothath(interlock in structure lines)
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Test 1 INTERLOCK : material:PLA fitlament (white)MAKER BOT TOOTHPATH: material:PLA fitlament (BLACK) ROBOT ABB 120
Test case 1 size: 64mm*4mm*50mm material:PLA fitlament (white)
Test case 5
Test 2 INTERLOCK : material:PLA fitlament (white)MAKER BOT TOOTHPATH: material:PLA fitlament (white) ROBOT ABB 120
Test case2 size: 60mm*4mm*32mm material:PLA filament (white)
Test case 1+Test case2
Test case 1+Test
Test case 3 size: 40mm*5mm*32mm material:PLA filament (white)
Interlock partA+B:Test case1,Test
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Test 3 INTERLOCK : material:PLA fitlament (white)MAKER BOT TOOTHPATH: material:PLA fitlament (BLACK) ROBOT ABB 120
Test case 4 size: 32mm*6mm*40mm material:PLA filament (white)
Test case 5 size: 32mm*40mm*40mm material:PLA filament (white)
Interlock Interlock part A :Test part B :Test case 1+Test case5
Interlock Interlock part A :Test part B :Test case 1+Test case5
04 INTERLOCK
02.Research case
Test case 1: voxles size: 96mm*96mm*128mm number of voxles:10
Test case 2: voxles size: 96mm*96mm*96mm number of voxles:9
Test case 3: voxles size: 96mm*96mm*96mm number of voxles:6
Test case 4: voxles size: 96mm*96mm*96mm number of voxles:6
Test case 1: male part size: 160mm*320mm*64mm material:PLA fitlament
Test case 2: male part size: 96mm*96mm*128mm material:PLA fitlament (black)
Test case 3: male part size: 96mm*96mm*96mm material:PLA fitlament (black)
Test case 4: male part size: 96mm*96mm*96mm material:PLA fitlament (black)
Test case 5: male part size: 160mm*320mm*64mm material:PLA fitlament
Test case 6: female part size: 160mm*160mm*32mm material:PLA fitlament
Test case 7: male part size: 960mm*96mm*64mm material:PLA fitlament (black) material2: foam(blue)
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Test case 1: interlock part size: 96mm*96mm*128mm material:PLA fitlament (black)
Test case 1: female part size: 160mm*320mm*64mm material:PLA fitlament
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05 Fabrication
05 FABRICATION
01. 1st generation tool _ spatial printing
CONNECTION
2
• robot (1)
COOLING SYSTEM • support (2) • pipe to disperse (3) • cooler to nozzle (4)
5 6
• cooling ring (5)
EXTRUSION SYSTEM • stepper motor (6) • gear (7)
3
7
• extruder support (8) • all metal hot end (9)
8
• aluminium nozzle (10)
- 3mm extrusion
9
4
10
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05 FABRICATION
02. 2nd generation tool _ spatial printing
5
CONNECTION • robot (1)
COOLING SYSTEM • support (2)
6
1
• pipe to disperse (3) • cooler to nozzle (4)
3
• pneumatic valve (5)
EXTRUSION SYSTEM • stepper motor (6) • gear (7)
8
• extruder support (8) • all metal hot end (9) • aluminium nozzle (10)
- 3mm extrusion
7 2
4
9
10 InfiniteVoxels 72
To implement the Space Frame, this research develped an apropiate cooling method and also a wa wide diameter (3mm) extruding nozzle, and proposed a 3D prinnting method that etxtruded plastica in mid ai.r
cooling ring as cooling system
no cooling system
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05 FABRICATION
03. cooling system
cooling ring
pneumatic pipes
cooper pipes
We are testing different parameters of the cooling system such as pressure, distance to nozzle and orientation. The main idea is to find the right combination between them to achieve the highest performances in the toolpath development.
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Compressor pressure
no pressure
medium pressure
Without cooling system the lines cannot cool down enoguh quick
The compressor pressure is not enough, no straight lines
right pressure
Toolpath behaviour
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The compressor pressure is appropiate, straight lines
05 FABRICATION
04. assembly parts
Cartridge
Thermocouple K-Type
Battery 24 v.
PID controller
Thermal paste
High temperature resistant tape
Heating system
Mechanical system
Cooling system
Mini stepper motor controller
Male valve 3/4 “
Stepper Nema Motor 17
Ring system 3/4”
Filament extruder feeder kit
Female valve 3/4 “
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Pneumatic pipe 5mm.
Battery 24 v.
Cooper pipe 4mm.
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05 FABRICATION
05. electronic components
The filament extruder is controlled by a custom made circuit board which is controlling the speed of the motor and a PID controller which is checking the temperature of the heating system.
cable terminal
(3) relay 24V
Stepper motor
To heat up the system three cartridges of 12v each have been used. The temperature is checked by a K-type thermocouple controller. We are using a solid relay to open and close the heating system to ensure that the temperature remain stable between the values that we have introduced previously. The other part of the cirucit board controls the nema 17 stepper motor. The main part is the stepper controller which is connected to the arduino 1 board. An extra relay has been used to introduce multiple speeds into our 3D printing system. At the moment we are printing with three different speeds (40mm/s, 20mm/s and 10mm/s). These speeds are chaning depending of the geometry of the toolpath and if it has support or not.
(2) power supply 24V 6A.
PID controller
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Arduino UNO
power supply 24V 6A.
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05 FABRICATION
06. nozzle design
rod • weight _ 415gr • hight _ 70mm • diameter_ 40mm • material_aluminium
nozzle 1 • weight _ 144gr • hight _ 70mm • diameter_ 36mm • material_aluminium
nozzle 2 • weight _ 179gr • hight _ 80mm • diameter_ 50mm • material_aluminium
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nozzle 3 • weight _ 406gr • hight _ 80mm • diameter_ 36mm • material_steel
nozzle 4 • weight _ 75gr • hight _ 70mm • diameter_ 32mm • material_aluminium
nozzle 5 • weight _ 78gr • hight _ 60mm • diameter_ 36mm • material_aluminium
3.00 3.00 3.00 2.50 2.50
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2.50
3.00 3.00 3.00 0°
6.00 6.00
.7
30.00
10.00
6.00
20.00
10.00
22.00
6.00 6.00 6.00
51.00
10.00 10.00
22.00 22.00 20.00 20.00 10.00 10.00
30.00 30.00
75
75 75.70 .7 ° 0°
51.00 51.00
6.00 6.00
10.00
6.00
20.00
30.00
10.00
50.00
37.00
10.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 10.00
30.00 30.00 20.00 20.00 10.00 10.00
37.00 37.00
50.00 50.00
°
.0 0
6.00 6.00
10.00
20.00
6.00
25.00
10.00 10.00
10.00
20.00 20.00
25.00 25.00
10.00
20.00
25.00
37.00
10.00 10.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
40.00
40.00 40.00
42.00
10.00 10.00
25.00 25.00 20.00 20.00
37.00 37.00
80
80 80.00 .0 ° 0°
5°
69 .1
69 69.15 .15° °
42.00 42.00
6.00 6.00 30.00 30.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 30.00 6.00 6.00
10.00
10.00 10.00
11.75
11.75 11.75
11.75
11.75 11.75
05 FABRICATION
07.work environment
One of the biggest constraints of 3D printing technology is the size of the printers. Currently, the size of 3d printed pieces is directly connected with the size of the printer. Using a robotic arm, this constraint disappears immediately. Additionally, by using a robotic arm, we can achieve flexibility during the construction process that is not possible with the traditional 3D printing processes. The main advantage is that we can print lines without any kind of support. INTILE has developed an end effector to melt the PLA filament and to extrude it.
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05 FABRICATION 08. initial tests
speed robot (mm/s) • supported segments • downward segments • upward and unsupported segments speed motor • high speed • medium speed • low speed displacement • vertical offset • rotation compensation • horizontal distance
waiting time (s.) • after start extruding
displacement • vertical offset • rotation compensation • horizontal distance
5 pi*-0.01 10
speed robot (mm/s) • supported segments • downward segments • upward and unsupported segments
displacement • vertical offset • rotation compensation • horizontal distance
speed motor • high speed • medium speed • low speed
400 175 175
waiting time (s.) • after start extruding
speed motor • high speed • medium speed • low speed
speed robot (mm/s) • supported segments • downward segments • upward and unsupported segments
30 25 10
3
speed motor • high speed • medium speed • low speed
400 150 150
displacement • vertical offset • rotation compensation • horizontal distance
5 pi*-0.01 20 4
4
waiting time (s.) • after start extruding
displacement • vertical offset • rotation compensation • horizontal distance
5 pi*-0.01 10 4
speed robot (mm/s) • supported segments • downward segments • upward and unsupported segments
30 15 15
speed motor • high speed • medium speed • low speed
400 150 125
waiting time (s.) • after start extruding
1
speed robot (mm/s) • supported segments • downward segments • upward and unsupported segments
30 25 15
5 pi*-0.02 10
speed robot (mm/s) • supported segments • downward segments • upward and unsupported segments
20 15 15
speed motor • high speed • medium speed • low speed
400 175 175
displacement • vertical offset • rotation compensation • horizontal distance
5 pi*-0.01 20
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400 150 125
waiting time (s.) • after start extruding
2
3
25 15 10
5
waiting time (s.) • after start extruding
4
3
30 20 20 400 175 175 5 pi*-0.02 20 3
6
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05 FABRICATION
09. inhabitability at architectural scale
During the fabrication process, we have been analysing the different results and we have compared them with the existing construction standards. We are able to achieve a large aggregation based on the 3D printing pieces connected between them. This aggregation is light, reversible and robotically assembled. However, the interest of this research is not the creation of a 3D printed sculture or pavilion, our aim is to introduce 3D spatial printing into architectural scale. INTILE aims to introduce 3D spatial printing at an architectural scale ensuring inhabitability conditions. That is why a Digital Composite Building Block based on 3D printing technology was developed 3D Spatial Printing itself does not allow for the creation of inhabitable architecture because there are conditions such as insolation, waterproof, acoustic protection that cannot be achieved by using a single material. After analysing the different advantages and disadvantages of the system, there is an existing application of 3D printing, which aims to fulfil these conditions. Branch Technology is a company that combines 3D spatial printing with traditional materials in a layered system. Using this system, it becomes possible to achieve inhabitability but on the other hand it is a continuous system and the flexibility is reduced.
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05 FABRICATION
10. digital composite building block
Branch Technology method:
disadvantages:
• multi layer system
• continuous system
• not reversible
• Flat Surface
• manual assembly
• time consuming
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3D spatial printing allows architects to create light-
material inside. In our composite building block,
er, more efficient forms without using any more
the geometry works as a bounding box and the
material than is necessary for load bearing. Com-
material organization inside it changes according
bining this with the properties of the foam we can
to the necessities for each piece. To delimit the
create a catalogue of blocks that can prevent the
research, we are developing five different material
habitability problem which is normally linked to
organizations where the amount of foam and 3D
Digital Architecture.
printing changes according to the structural analysis and the position of the piece in the final aggre-
The building block is not a traditional block where
gation. Apart from that, Spatial 3D printing allows
the bounding box is directly connected with the
us to modify the toolpath in each piece.
Digital Composite Building Block •
Structural performance
•
Light
•
Robotic Assembly
•
Insulation
•
Mass Customization
•
Services Included
•
Flat Surface
•
Reversible
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05 FABRICATION
10. digital composite building block
foam: 100% 3D printing: 0%
foam: 80% 3D printing: 20%
foam: 60% 3D printing: 40%
foam: 40% 3D printing: 60%
foam: 0% 3D printing: 100%
continuous layer of material
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layer 1 • 3D printing
layer 2 • 3D printing • foam
layer 3 • 3D printing • foam
layer 4 • 3D printing • foam
layer 5 • foam
layer 6 • 3D printing
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05 FABRICATION
10. digital composite building block
small loop 30 u.
medium loop 10 u.
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large loop 12 u.
horizontal loop 45 u.
foam:100% 3D printing:0% foam:75% 3D printing:25% foam:50% 3D printing:50%
foam:25% 3D printing:75% foam:0% 3D printing:100%
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05 FABRICATION
11. printing process
frame 1
frame 2
frame 3
frame 4
frame 5
frame 6
frame 7
frame 8
frame 9
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05 FABRICATION
11. printing process
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05 FABRICATION 12. prototypes
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05 FABRICATION 12. prototypes
test 1 • weight _ 650gr. • printing time _ 4h. • cost _ 14 £
test 1 • weight _ 700gr. • printing time _ 5h. • cost _ 20 £
test 1 • weight _ 750gr. • printing time _ 5h. • cost _ 14 £
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test 1 • weight _ 700gr. • printing time _ 5h. • cost _ 20 £
test 1 • weight _ 650gr. • printing time _ 4h. • cost _ 14 £
test 1 • weight _ 750gr. • printing time _ 5h. • cost _ 15£
test 1 • weight _ 650gr. • printing time _ 4h. • cost _ 14 £
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05 FABRICATION
13. aggregations
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05 FABRICATION
13. aggregations
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06 Computation
06 COMPUTATION 01. Infinite loop
Tile in tile
The infinite loop
The logic of Infinite Loop Trying to use the piece itself to make a larger but the same shape piece, that is, after a series of morphological changes piece remain the same shape, which also involves the topology theory.
InfiniteVoxels 110
“LEAF”
“VENIS” put tile in tile
cycle1
fuzzy pixel
“CHLOROPHYLL” put tile in tile
cycle2
low-resolution ratio
The logic of increase resulation
But unlike topology theory, we try to turn this tile to tile process into a cyclic process. In this cyclic process, each cyclic increases the overall number of pieces and refresh the resolution of the object structure
InfiniteVoxels 111
cycle3
high resolution ratio
06 COMPUTATION 01. Infinite loop
LEVEL1
LEVEL2
LEVEL3
Process inside the piece (aggreation for toothpath) In this process,units always inside the piece of level1 and constantly deconstructed into smaller pieces whcih is also a process to aggreate the toothpath inside the piece.
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LEVEL4
LEVEL5
LEVEL6
In this process,units always keep the size of level1,which means each cycle will increase the volume of the whole structure.
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06 COMPUTATION 01. Infinite loop
A process to generate a column
LEVEL1
LEVEL2
LEVEL3
cycle1
boundingbox for the column
fill in the first loop
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cycle2
start the first cycle
too much repetitive
with average density
LEVEL4
LEVEL5
cycle3
next loop
next loop
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06 COMPUTATION 01.Infinite loop
stress anayze some parts need more stress
return stress value to color
stop from cycling
A process to generate a column
LEVEL1
boundingbox for the column
LEVEL2
LEVEL3
fill in the first loop
sart the first cycle
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LEVEL4
goes to the next loop
LEVEL5
cycle3
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06 COMPUTATION 01. Infinite loop
Pixelized objects
Boundingbox go back to the loop
Start the loop
enough support step1
stress analyze
step2
not enough support N<60CM
N>60CM N
Process2:process of aggreation of large structure
InfiniteVoxels 118
measure the piece
Process1:process of aggreation of toothpath
Start the loop inside the piece
go back to the loop
measure the piece
A<2cm A>2cm
put in toothpath
A InfiniteVoxels 119
06 COMPUTATION
02. Infinite voxles random aggregation
InfiniteVoxels 120
connector1 connector2 connector3
Tiles in voxels
rotate 90 degrees
rotate 0 degree
1 to 1
1 to 2
1 to 3
rotate 180 degrees
2 to 2
2 to 3
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rotate 270 degrees 3 to 3
06 COMPUTATION
02. Infinite voxels random aggregation
Ramdom voxels: aggregat in voxles
Ramdom aggregation: conbert to tiles
Ramdom aggregation: conbert to toothpath
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InfiniteVoxels 123
06 COMPUTATION
03. Infinite voxels aggregation in rules
long pieces(voxels in order)
small pieces (regular voxels)
connected part face A
connected part face E
connected part face B
connected part face F
connected part small piece faceA(FaceA)
connected part face C
connected part face G
connected part small piece faceB(FaceB)
connected part face D
connected part face H
connected part small piece faceC(FaceC)
+
+
1. FaceA to FaceB Rotate (0)
2. FaceA to FaceB Rotate ( 0)
+
3. FaceA to FaceB Rotate ( Math.PI * 0.5)
5. FaceC to FaceD Rotate ( 0) +
6. FaceD to FaceC Rotate ( 0) +
4. FaceB to FaceA Rotate ( Math.PI * 0.5)
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+
when this tile - repeat 3-5times connection rules:3,4,5
when this tile - repeat 3-5times connection rules:3,4,5
when this tile - repeat 4-5times connection rules:1,2,3
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06 COMPUTATION
03. Infinite voxels aggregation in rules
when this tile - repeat 3-5times connection rules:3,4,5
when this tile - repeat 3-5times connection rules6
when this tile - repeat 3-5times connection rule5,6
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First step: aggregation in voxels
+
+
+
+
Second step: repet the patten in a loop system ,and also control the direction of agrega-
InfiniteVoxels 127
06 COMPUTATION
03. Infinite voxels aggregation in rules
+
+
Extend more in the direction, and handle more combined diversity at the same time
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06 COMPUTATION
03. Infinite voxels aggregation in rules
TILE NUMBER=50
TILE NUMBER=100
TILE NUMBER=150
TILE NUMBER=250
TILE NUMBER=300
TILE NUMBER=350
TILE NUMBER=400
TILE NUMBER=550
TILE NUMBER=600
TILE NUMBER=650
TILE NUMBER=700
TILE NUMBER=750
TILE NUMBER=800
TILE NUMBER=850
TILE NUMBER=900
TILE NUMBER=950
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Number of loops:600 Random seed:45456
Number of loops:800 Random seed:8855626
Number of loops:1000 Random seed:78654345
Number of loops:1000 Random seed:4545212
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06 COMPUTATION
03. Infinite voxels aggregation in rules
Rule1:faceA to faceB Number of the piece 200 Rule2:faceB to face Number of the piece 200
Rule5/6:faceC to faceD (faceC to faceD) Number of the piece 100
Rule3/4:faceA to faceB (faceB to faceA)MathPI*0.5 Number of the piece100
Rule5/6:faceC to faceD (faceC to faceD) Number of the piece400
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06 COMPUTATION
03. Infinite voxles aggregation in rules
TILE NUMBER=1
TILE NUMBER=100
TILE NUMBER=150
TILE NUMBER=250
TILE NUMBER=300
TILE NUMBER=350
TILE NUMBER=400
TILE NUMBER=550
TILE NUMBER=600
TILE NUMBER=650
TILE NUMBER=700
TILE NUMBER=750
TILE NUMBER=800
TILE NUMBER=850
TILE NUMBER=900
TILE NUMBER=950
InfiniteVoxels 134
Number of loops:1000 Random seed:54273477
Number of loops:500 Random seed:32523623
Number of loops:800 Random seed:322623
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Number of loops:1000 Random seed:46885534
06 COMPUTATION
03. Infinite voxles aggregation in rules
InfiniteVoxels 136
Rule1:faceA to faceB Number of the piece 100 Rule2:faceB to faceC Number of the piece 100
Rule3/4:faceA to faceB (faceB to faceA)-MathPI*0.5 Number of the piece200
Rule5/6:faceC to faceD (faceC to faceD) Number of the piece 400
Rule7:faceB to faceA (faceB to faceA)-MathPI*0.5 Number of the piece100
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06 COMPUTATION
03. Infinite voxles aggregation in rules
TILE NUMBER=50
TILE NUMBER=100
TILE NUMBER=150
TILE NUMBER=250
TILE NUMBER=300
TILE NUMBER=350
TILE NUMBER=400
TILE NUMBER=550
TILE NUMBER=600
TILE NUMBER=650
TILE NUMBER=700
TILE NUMBER=750
TILE NUMBER=800
TILE NUMBER=850
TILE NUMBER=900
TILE NUMBER=950
InfiniteVoxels 138
Number of loops:500 Random seed 8343123
Number of loops:500 Random seed:3252334
Number of loops:500 Random seed:46885534
voxels of Random seed 8343123
voxels of Random seed:3252334
voxels of Random seed:46885534
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Rule1:faceC to faceD (faceC to faceD)0 Number of the piece200
Rule2:faceB to small pieces Number of the pieceďź&#x161;200 Rule3:faceA to faceC Number of the pieceďź&#x161;200
Rule5/6:faceC to faceD (faceC to faceD) Number of the piece 400
Rule7:repet the rule Of triangle loop
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06 COMPUTATION
03. Infinite voxles aggregation in rules
InfiniteVoxels 142
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06 COMPUTATION
03. Infinite voxles aggregation in rules
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07 Robotic Assembly
07 ROBOTIC ASSEMBLY
01. pick & place research
LEGO
BRICK WALLS
PROTOTYPE Brass Swarm
InfiniteVoxels 148
COMPLEX TIMBER Gramazio & Kokler
DIGITAL MATTER Joris Laarman Lab
THE PROGRAM WALL Gramazio & Kohler
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SELF ASSEMBLE BALL Skylar Tibbits
07 ROBOTIC ASSEMBLY
02. fabrication and robotic assembly research
x3
x3
x3
x2
x2
x3
x3
x3
x2
x2
x3
x3
x3
x2
x2
fabrication/assembly (factory)
small loop
medium loop
large loop
horizontal loop
small loop
medium loop
large loop
horizontal loop
x3 x3
x3 x3
x3 x3
small loop
medium loop
x3 x3
x2 x2
x2x2 x2x2
large loop
x2 x2
filament extruder ABB IRB 1600 horizontal loop
INTILE
x3
x3
medium loop medium loop medium loop medium loop
x2
x2 large loop large loop
x2
large loop large loop
horizontal loophorizontal loop horizontal loop horizontal loop
x2
package
filament extruder ABB IRB 1600
horizontal loop
horizontal loop
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90m3
construction elements
package
shipping
assembly (on site) FIRST APPROACH
loop
90m3 shipping
fabrication (on site)
assembly (on site) SECOND APPROACH
filament extruder
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loop
07 ROBOTIC ASSEMBLY
03. gripper design & picking point
INTILE aims to achieve a fully reversible and robotic assembly structure. To achieve this point, an interlocking system has been developped. This mechanism allows us to assemble and disassemble the pieces as many times is required. Two scenarios has been analyezed, the first one is based on fabrication and assemble on a factory and a seconde one where the fabrication and assemble is directly on site. The main different between both scenarios is based on the shipping method. In the first one the pieces has to shipped to the place once the has been produced, this fact produced and increment of the cost of the shipping. On the other hand, the second scenario allow as to ship the robotic arm and the extruder whereever is needed. By this method, the shipping cost is reduced drastically.
The project InfiniteVoxels aims to achieve a fully robotic assembly through a robotic arm. A pneumatic gripper has been used to grip the pieces, the gripping part of the gripper has been customized to be adapted to the dimension of the pieces. There are two bases were designed for picking and placing. According to robot working space and the limited rotation of the robot arm, small pieces could be picked from three different surfaces, Long piece and floor slab could be picked by one point.
Gripper
Gripper part
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Picking point for different tiles
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07 ROBOTIC ASSEMBLY
04. pick and place environment design
Picking base without piece
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Picking base with piece
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07 ROBOTIC ASSEMBLY
05. pick and place process
Pick & Place Process
InfiniteVoxels 156
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08 Architectural Speculation
08 ARCHITECTURAL SPECULATION 01.architecutral approaches
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08 ARCHITECTURAL SPECULATION 02.first domino approach
Step1: voxelize the domino house size boundingbox
Step2: analyze the stress for support
Step3: remove the voxles not work in sturcture
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stress lines in voxels
put back pieces while tracing the structure line InfiniteVoxels 163
08 ARCHITECTURAL SPECULATION 02.first domino approach
Step1: aggregation in 2D plane number of tiles:200
Step4: aggregation in 3D number of tiles: 700
Step2: aggregation in 2D plane number of tiles: 350
Step5: aggregation in 3D number of tiles: 1000
Step6: aggregation in 3D number of tiles: 1600
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Step3: aggregation in 2D plane number of tiles: 500
Step6: aggregation in 3D number of tiles: 1200V
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08 ARCHITECTURAL SPECULATION 03.enclosing system
The concept digital material is described by Neil Gershenfeld (2015) as a building block with a determined geometry, which can be only assembled in certain positions; this position is defined by the geometry of the block. This mechanism allows this system to be reversibly assembled and to be adapted to different circumstances. Another important fact is the difference between analogue and digital systems. Taking both point into consideration the aim of our research is to achieve reversibility in a large scale Digital Architecture through interlocking and mechanical attachment.
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Clicking system to enclose the loop system
Clicking system to enclose the floor slab
InfiniteVoxels 171
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08 ARCHITECTURAL SPECULATION 03.enclosing system
slap prototype loop system
clicking system reinforcement (3D+Foam)
clicking system finishing layer
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08 ARCHITECTURAL SPECULATION 04. second domino approach
During our project we have been analyzing and texting different materials. The main properties that have been analyzed are strength, cost, weight, flexibility and if the are easy to agregate or not. One has been compared all this properties of the diffetent materials we have chosen plywood and plaster. The utilization of plywood allows us to work with more precision because we are using the lasercut to produce our models, however the price of the wood is quite high and the assembly of the different pieces is manualy. After test this system we considered that it is not the proper approach for our project. The second material that we tested was plaster, the main advantage of this is the low price of the material however the main disadvantage is the time that the piece needs to be totally dried.
1
2
stress analyse with the direction lines working in tension
stress analyse with a optimization geometry
add load point and dividing spaces
set a bounding-box of domino house
4
3
6
5
stress analyse with the direction lines working in compression
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voxelize the optimization geometry
9
start aggregation
Type1:empty voxel
8
input the Database Type2:single voxel with triangle loop
7
apply the voxels in as a new bounding-box
Type3:four voxels with long loop
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08 ARCHITECTURAL SPECULATION 04. second domino approach
Rule1
if this distance A>600m then there is 90% of chance to fill back with Type2
Mesh 1 Mesh 2
Rule2 if this distance 0<=A <600m then there is 80% of chance to fill back with Type3
Mesh 3
10
Rule3 if this distance A >16000mm then there is 80% of chance to fill back with Type1
define the specific location of the three floors,then convert the floors to three meshes
Distance(A) CENTRAL POINT
11
measure the distance between central and the nearest point on the mesh
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12
13
voxels with different identifition
not proformance in strcutres 90% to be removed
initial aggregation
value 0-10
not proformance in strong strcutres 30% to be removed
value 10-60
proformance in strong strcutres 0% to be removed
value 60-100
14
15
set an assessment value of displacement from 1-100
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remove the part not performance in structure
08 ARCHITECTURAL SPECULATION 04. second domino approach
InfiniteVoxels 180
1. 100%foam
value 10-30
2. 80%foam
value 20-60
3. 70%foam
value 60-80
4. 50%foam
value 80-90
5. 0%foam
value 80-100
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08 ARCHITECTURAL SPECULATION 04. second domino approach
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: We would like to express our gratitude to our tutors Gillees Retsin, Manuel Jimenez Garcia and Vicente Soler Senent (Research Cluster 4 tutors at Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL) for their advice and support in both the research and design projects throughout the year. We are also deeply indebted to all the staff at the B-MADE.
The Bartlett School of Architecture MArch Architecture Design Research Cluster 4
InfiniteVoxels I Chao Jiang Andrés González Molino Zhixin Sun Tutors I Gilles Retsin Manuel Jimenez García Vicente Soler Senén