The New ARCH Vol4 No1 (2017) by S.ARCH

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture

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International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)

ISSN 2198-7688

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A WORD FROM THE EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Bla bla bla Bla bla bla Bla bla bla

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___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A Word from the Editor–in–Chief

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)

ISSN 2198-7688

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EDITORIAL BOARD Editor-in-Chief Arch. Marina Stosic, GERMANY E: Editor@The-New-ARCH.net

Editorial Board Arch. Prof. Dietmar Eberle – Baumschlager Eberle, AUSTRIA; ETH Zurich, SWITZERLAND Arch. Prof. Kengo Kuma – University of Tokyo, JAPAN; Kengo Kuma &Associates JAPAN, FRANCE Arch. Rafael de La-Hoz – Rafael de La-Hoz Arquitectos, SPAIN Arch. Philippe Rahm – Philippe Rahm architects, FRANCE / Visiting Prof. at Harvard University, Cambridge, USA Arch. Luca Francesco Nicoletti – ZAHA HADID Architects, London, UNITED KINGDOM Arch. Jose Luis Vallejo – Ecosistema urbano, SPAIN Arch. Bostjan Vuga – Sadar+Vuga, SLOVENIA Arch. Associate Prof. Tarek Abdelsalam – University of Modern Sciences & Arts (MSA), Cairo, EGYPT Arch. Hassan Estaji – Hakim Sabzevari University, IRAN, University of Applied Arts Vienna, AUSTRIA Arch. Associate Prof. Wah Sang Wong – University of Hong Kong, CHINA Arch. Prof. Nevnihal Erdogan – Dean of the Faculty of Architecture and Design, Kocaeli University, TURKEY Arch. Ass. Prof. Zsuzsanna Fulop – Faculty of Architecture, Budapest University of Technology & Economics, HUNGARY Arch. Associate Prof. PhD. Veronika Kotradyova – Faculty of Architecture, STU Bratislava, SLOVAKIA Arch. Dr. Paola Leardini – University of Auckland, NEW ZEALAND Eng. Associate Prof. Vincenzo Corrado – Politecnico di Torino, ITALY

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International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)

ISSN 2198-7688

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Emre Demirtaş, Emre Kishali An Evaluation through Nature and Urban Layers: The Case of Izmit

Enrico Pietrogrande, Flavia Vaccher A New Way to the Knowledge of Historic Sites: The Albergo Diffuso Model

Bardha Meka, Vlora Navakazi, Elvida Pallaska Improving Hospital Performance in Kosovo: Rethinking Accessibility

Anna Yunitsyna, Ernest Shtepani Urban Pattern Geometry and its Potential Energy Efficiency

Anđela Karabašević Computational Atmospherics as a Design Tool

Mária Budiaková Architectural Changes that achieves Zero Energy Residential Building while ensuring Thermal Comfort

Arta Januzi-Cana The Role and Perception of Architects and Engineers on Timber-Based Architecture – Case of Kosovo

Ilir Gjinolli, Arta Bytyçi The Fountain Square –‘Shadervan’– A living Landmark of Prizren

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International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)

ISSN 2198-7688

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International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)

ISSN 2198-7688

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International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)

ISSN 2198-7688

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Authors’ Papers

Emre Demirtaş, Emre Kishali

An Evaluation through Nature and Urban Layers: The Case of Izmit 12

Enrico Pietrogrande, Flavia Vaccher

A New Way to the Knowledge of Historic Sites: The Albergo Diffuso Model 20

Bardha Meka, Vlora Navakazi, Elvida Pallaska

Improving Hospital Performance in Kosovo: Rethinking Accessibility 29

Anna Yunitsyna, Ernest Shtepani

Urban Pattern Geometry and its Potential Energy Efficiency 35

Anđela Karabašević

Computational Atmospherics as a Design Tool 44

Mária Budiaková

Architectural Changes that achieves Zero Energy Residential Building while ensuring Thermal Comfort 52

Arta Januzi-Cana

The Role and Perception of Architects and Engineers on Timber-Based Architecture – Case of Kosovo 59

Ilir Gjinolli, Arta Bytyçi

The Fountain Square –‘Shadervan’– A living Landmark of Prizren

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International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)

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DOI: 10.14621/tna.20170101

An Evaluation through Nature and Urban Layers: The Case of Izmit Emre Demirtaş1, Emre Kishali*2 1

Sakarya University, Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Architecture 54050 Esentepe Kampüsü Serdivan/Sakarya, Turkey; m.emredemirtas@gmail.com 2

Kocaeli University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Architecture 41300 Anıtpark Yerleşkesi Izmit, Turkey; emre.kishali@kocaeli.edu.tr

Abstract

1. Introduction

The cities can be described as dense multi-layered structures by focusing on what produced (built environment) on it (earth) and who produced (human being). They are formed by the cores of socio-cultural accumulation from different historical eras. The base of all the accumulations which is being alive beyond time is defined as nature. Therefore it is clearly seen that the base of thinking over a city vision through a nature is inevitable, because produced ones are constantly changing with respect to time and space, whereas the nature sustains over time and history. On the other hand, while cities have been transforming over the relations of production consumption due to the neoliberal attacks since early 21st century, the nature is nowadays reduced to physical sizes in various scales. In this paper, negative effects on daily life of city and nature are revealed through the built – produced elements in Izmit since 21st century by focusing the fundamental elements (nature) of city having rich historical layers. Afterwards, the answers are sought for what kind of future is possible for Izmit with its all layers, especially its rich geography. Moreover, Izmit has a reputation of its wetland basin because it is located in the Gulf of Marmara Sea and Sapanca Lake is located on the east of city. In this context, the main objectives of this paper is to show how daily life of city disperse from the nature via philosophical discussions, to highlight the importance of participatory and collective approaches to city life and its stakeholders by looking towards city vision from local authorities view and to point out the essential signs belong to the future for the relations between society and nature of Izmit.

Architecture is a tool for producing built environment in natural habitat as a result it is transforming the existing; therefore, the concept of nature has been the interest of this tool. Nature is the proposal of being fundamentals. When it is considered that human made – artificial ones – are materialised to the extent permitted by the fundamental in the forms of “the truth of life” namely economy or city, it might be stated that the real position of nature has been started to be comprehended via the convergence of intellectual responsibility and these fundamentals. Although the linear quantity of modern human beings and their “reductive, dualist and categorising” views lead to social development, it breaks the human from the roots of discontinuous, unplanned, cyclical, holistic and empirical nature. Today, the average value of social life can educate the earth and the plant; besides, it can see the sea as raw materials of factory; seashores as the reserve spaces of marinas; the wetland as the source of mosquitos and the rivers in the city as the source of stink and dirt. The contemporary social profiles having common value judgements consider that plastic bags and domestic waste water feed the seashores; rivers providing liveability of valleys are the source of fund for hydroelectric centrals. This profile tames the earth as host of numerous lives for the mass production by single dominant specie, human being. Therefore, can we deny that the social perceptions limit the timeless liveability of earth by human life-cycle? In this context, this paper seeks the question whether architecture field competing in the aim of “changing the existing”, accompany the existing ones, nature, which includes the all creatures with or without any exceptions. Because human is not a separate body from the existing; on the contrary, it is intrinsically the extension of existing. It is aimed to trace bio-centric approach grasping the nature as holistic and cyclic way in order to break the devitalising and discriminating effects of dominant paradigm canonizing the every production due to its economic and politic necessities. Considering aforesaid

Keywords:

Izmit; Nature; Urban layers; Biocentric approach; Holistic analysis; 21st century

Article history:

Received: 25 April 2016 Revised: 07 November 2016 Accepted: 20 February 2017

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ E. Demirtaş, E. Kishali: “An Evaluation through Nature and Urban Layers: The Case of Izmit”, pp. 1–11

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phenomenon, in this research negative effects upon natural and urban daily life due to the productions since 21st century are revealed via centring the fundamental objects of Izmit. The city is selected due to its rich natural, cultural and historical values and the interventions on architectural – urban productions during 21st century developments. It is figured that it has historical and cultural richness because it witnessed many civilizations, however heavy industrialization, changing consumption behaviours and seismicity is transforming the relation of nature – architecture and future prospective. Therefore the question how prospective future of the city in the context of rich urban, cultural and architectural layers and geography are sustained is sought.

2. Theoretical framework 2.1. Layers and ground “Whenever men pursue their purposes, tilling the effortless earth, forcing the free-flowing wind into their sails, crossing the ever-rolling waves, they cut across a movement which is purposeless and turning within itself“ [1]. As Arendt emphasizes, earth is the sum of infinite flows as earth and sky shaping numerous layers. The forms of life are infinite, too and they appear between earth and sky in micro and macro scales via the flows. Micro flows (particular, molecular, particles) and macro flows (wind, heat etc.) shape the flora and the fauna. For instance, interactions and interplays between water, wind and sun lead to the transformation of rock at seaside into sand particles. Eternal flows of nature transforms the rock into the infinite sand stones. At this point, architecture – the practice of changing the existing – has an effect on freezing these flows. In other words, architecture practice intervenes the endless time of nature via transforming the sand stones with other materials and via chemical disintegration over a frozen form. “For building is not merely a means and a way toward dwelling -to build is in itself already to dwell “[2]. It can be stated that actions through generation of personal habitat is attained by the sheltering needs of human. However, architecture as a discipline of building has been an actual concept. In fact, when the organisation of nature is examined, all creatures have their own habitats in which they sustain the liveability; they have albeit temporary home in these habitats. The existential condition of human via the presence on the earth was opened to phenomenological and ontological discussion in the article of “Building Dwelling Thinking”, attracting to various disciplines, presented by Heidegger for the first time in a conference in 1951 [2]. When etymological investigation is performed, the German

word “bauen” (build) was associated to “bin” (to be); thence, to build is evaluated as existential form of human on the earth. The concept of dwelling can be read as a tool of human survival, reorganizing the relations with surrounding and thus existence. In this research, the concept of dwelling which centres the human can be interpreted as “build a nest/set up a home” via reading live and centralist phase. Nest is an action which a creature opens a niche in its neighbourhood via given conditions of the habitat. For instance, a beaver re-gathers the trees in the periphery, stones and mud on the river in a different scale in order to build a nest. Therefore, this nest becomes a part of river in the micro scale analysis. In other words, the beaver, nest and river are not separate objects; thence nest compromises building, dwelling and thinking. Primitive humans like birds, bees or moles constituted their habitats via environmental conditions and become a part of the continuity of nature. On the other hand, humans are evolved beyond to another phase of life as opposed to other creatures through the numerous systematic and vital life practices since Palaeolithic era. Kiesler stated that “Current inhabitants” (opposite to primitive human) never do plan and build their homes by themselves; they are entirely exposed to the dictatorship of architecture and civil engineers [3]. In the past, actualising niches in the neighbourhood as spaces via the materials such as bushes, adobe, trees, stones, muds etc. in the human periphery were associated in an organic way; whereas, today, architecture can be apperceived by imposing the its reality towards given environmental conditions; observing the nature as utility tool at the extension of its recognition and exploring the processes leading to construction of not scaled current reinforced concrete. In summary, it is observed that the structure presenting the impacts of these developments as a total strength has been constituted itself by industrialization and became the capitalism of rationalizing through the today’s consumption. It is also shown that architecture is the founder element of modern society; due to the fact that it enables to produce spaces devoted to the functionality of system. The architecture disciplinary, sustains the orders of capitalism works, reproduces itself continuously but essentially same through providing residential building necessities and urban requirements due to the industrialization. Therefore, the origin of “making” action depends on dwelling turned into producing of spaces via providing the continuity on systematic of control. The architecture, born as making activity, continuing as production activity today and has been undoubtedly included intense and punctuated historicalness beyond the concept of this research. Nevertheless, the platform

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of architecture, producing the spaces via superimposing, gathering, connecting, accumulating of materials, has being slipped to ready – made productions. Baudrillard defines architecture while he is criticising Guggenheim Museum as “All the elements are there from the start. The only thing we need to do is transpose them, permute them, play with them in different ways, and we've made architecture.” [4]. He also added that the motherlands of architecture are cities but economy has higher and stronger influences over the cities rather than other actors, therewithal, architecture serves this phenomenon instead of resisting it [4]. Furthermore, French architect Jean Nouvel claims that architects inevitably produce buildings which do not render the cities as qualified lands and this situation has been enormously increased due the fact that realistic economy proceed in the similar way, feed the construction systematics. These developments including inconsistent bounces in different layers of history tend to standardisation. In this sense, Heidegger claims that world become darker by means of degenerating earth, standardising of human and spreading the simplicity by highlighting the relationship between “being” and the history of earth [5]. Accordingly viewing towards the future of architecture via sensing, realizing the formation and its historical process in upper scale approaches us to the source of problems.

2.2. City, life and objects “While life is characterized by growth in a structured, functional manner, the necrophilous person loves all that does not grow, all that is mechanical. The necrophilous person is driven by the desire to transform the organic into the organic, to approach life mechanically, as if all living persons were things. (…) Memory, rather than experience; having, rather than being, is what counts. The necrophilous person can relate to an object – a flower or a person – only if he possesses it; hence a threat to his possession is a threat to himself; if he loses possession he loses contact with the world. (…) he loves control, and in the act of controlling he kills life” [6]. As Fromm stated that life is characterized by growth in a structured manner; therefore it is not supervised and defined in advance by its nature. Vitality in life scene continues with the acts of correspondences, disconnections, flows, stimulations, reflexes etc. [7]. On account of comprehending organization unity entirely, it is essential to notice the statements of Maturana and Verala. They claim that “Ongoing structural change occurs in the unity from moment to moment, either as a change triggered by interactions coming from the environment in which it exists or as a result of its internal dynamics”. For instance, a bird cannot be defined as a single bird; in the simplest form it can be perceived with the relations of itself with the wind. Therefore, it can be

figured that the bird is the extension or the form of this natural event. Alternatively, if a beaver example is recalled, it is not the only and the single subject in its habitats; it exists with the extension of the habitat via accompanying the environmental conditions in which it lives [5]. Considering this common concept Erzen mentions about the network of relationships between everything which occurs jointly at that moment in the time – space interface. She adds that this situation shows kinship between the creatures. Sharing among creatures is obligatory; however, not any creature exists by itself in way of being an introverted creature. The main objective of this evaluation about life is appearing the outcomes of every practice devoted to “changing the existent” also on the things interfering them directly [6]. At this point, biophilia and necrophilia discussed by Fromm are conceived as in terms of biophilia and objectophilia respectively in this research. Because, urban life faced to the production of objects; during the process of adoring to the objects, a person, not surprisingly, is converted into an object by itself. Therefore, individuals are treated as numerical data; they are governed as dead objects in metropolis and within its social areas [8]. Life created regarding to the systematic of control is discussed by Benjamin, too. He mentions that modern society people do not live the life itself; they are in the replica of life which is aestheticized by the actors of life, imposed to them as an obligation [4]. The being of aestheticized is not a reality; on the contrary, the things placed vis-a-vis are anymore not a play of forms, they indeed turn into values. Therefore the forms consume each other and they become values in this generalised aestheticization. Today, the connection between the lives has been broken and our interests towards the objects updating frequently by value systems have been increased. Consequently life becomes more homogenized and mechanic. The systematic of control, depend on the production and consumption of objects, is not eligible to develop the realization of life thoroughly, because life cannot be comprehended through the discourses of quality. There is not any “qualified tree, qualified sea, qualified river, qualified animal”; human is being shaped by the ambient conditions in which they grow like other existences. The conditions of life are hidden under the nature before the whole artefacts. Nature and individuals are interwoven things which are not separable each other. The discussions about life by Spinoza in the publication of Ethics can be reference point of this paper. He claims that “No one can desire to be blessed, to act rightly, and to live rightly, without at the same time wishing to be, act, and to live - in other words, to actually exist.” [9]. In this statement, acting obviously is not used as directly in the meaning of building. Herein, there is an extensive discussion about ethics including the impacts

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Figure 1. A reading over Izmit: There is not any “qualified tree, qualified sea, qualified river, qualified animal in the nature. The concept of quality is manufactured by the human” (Photo by Ergin Keçeli)

(behaviour, discourse, act) to each parameters of us and surroundings under the requirements of “being”; thereby, the production of spaces is elucidated as one of those impacts. Taking into account the appraisal, tendency of architecture towards “transform the existing” implies how architecture practice relates to the life. “Building, dwelling and thinking” by Heidegger can be initiated by this statement; every contact with ground and every intervention to it by cultivating or building shape our existence which is the sum of life. As Erzen stated, “the potential power of earth is the most basic material of our nature, cities, art and architecture” [5]. Major architecture discipline takes this material as a basic parameter and appraises the production of image thus implicitly objectophilia. After discussing the philosophy under the relationship between nature and architecture, a question is emerged whether the architecture discipline- competing for “transforming the existing” as a production tool – may display a sensitivity to accompany the nature including all species for the case of Izmit. In this context, the main challenge is to show how daily life of historical, constantly growing and earthquake prone Izmit disperses from the nature; to highlight the importance

of participatory and collective approaches to all city life stakeholders by looking towards city vision of local authorities and to point out the essential signs belong to the future for the relations between society and nature of Izmit (Figure 1).

3. The layers of Izmit 3.1. Brief history of area In this part brief history of area will be present from 6th century till now including pre-Roman period, Roman Empire period, Byzantine Empire, Ottomans Empire and Republic of Turkey eras. At the beginning of 6th century BC, Astakos was founded 6 km southeast of the current Izmit city center; nowadays it is located between the districts of Başiskele and Gölcük. The area was under domination by Phrygia, Lidia, Achaemenid Empire until Bithyinia Empire (297 – 274 BC) which was established by Bithyins, a branch of Thracians. Roman Empire Diocletian invaded Nicomedia in 284 and made the city capital of Roman Empire. There was not further development of Nicomedia after Constantinople became the capital city of the Empire; additionally the city was devastated by earthquakes. In turn, its glory

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was diminished but Nicomedia sustained its importance due to the location of the city. Nicomedia was under dominance of Turks who had invaded Anatolia in 11th century. In 1078, Nicomedia was governed by Anatolian Seljuk Empire. However in 1085, Byzantine emperor Alexios regained the southern coast of Marmara as well as Nicomedia [10]. The town was under the dominance of Byzantium until 1337. From this time İzmit became a province of the Ottoman Empire. Until 19th century, the scale of city did not change dramatically. During the Ottoman - Russia War in 18771878, the Muslim population (who migrated from Rumeli and Eastern Black sea) settled in the territory. Istanbul - Ankara railway was built through the city in 1873. Izmit was part of Istanbul until 1888 when it became a separate city. Currently it is central district of Kocaeli Province. Prior to the War of Independence the city was liberated from English and Greek armed

occupation in the beginning of 20th century. The province of Kocaeli was founded on 20 April 1924 just after the proclamation of the Republic. The industry sector has always been prior in the economic life of the city. In 1927, a navy yard was established in south part of city coastline of Marmara Sea. SEKA, a paper factory, was founded in 1934 as one of the first industrial investments of the Turkish Government. In the 1960s, the State road was constructed on coastal part of İzmit and the Fair area was built on land reclamation in the 1970s [11]. The earthquake of 17 August 1999 struck the area which lead to national architectural and urban planning policies over the cities. Historical transformations until 21st century influence the earth and sky which is outlined in Figure 2. Post – earthquake decisions result in new residential buildings, new campus for Kocaeli University and office/industrial buildings in the free lands, rural areas of city. Current tissue of city can be seen in Figure 3.

Figure 2. The process of Izmit historically: Nature and urban tissue

Figure 3. Aerial view to Izmit Gulf, Izmit, Izmit Wetland and Sapanca Lake: Urban tissue in the nature ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ E. Demirtaş, E. Kishali: “An Evaluation through Nature and Urban Layers: The Case of Izmit”, pp. 1–11

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Besides, the city is close to İstanbul therefore it was developed by industry during the Republic period. Despite of its deep historical layers and rich natural richness, today the city has been exposed to aforesaid attacks and since then the values have been being lost. The research question is emerged whether the architecture discipline- competing for “transforming the existing” as a production tool – may display a sensitivity to accompany the nature including all species of Izmit. Because human being cannot be separated from existing; it is whereas the extension of existing by the nature. City forms whole factors penetrating to all the senses when we go out, shape our daily lives, ideas and even dreams.

3.2. Natural layers Izmit is a place where the nature is marginalized in urban tissue via architectural acts. The prominent examples of nature are the wetland area, Izmit Gulf, Sapanca Lake, rivers, hills and mountains with all creatures around the settlements; architecture, construction productions and planning activities with the scope of image productions ignore the aforesaid fundamental element, nature. The red area in Figure 4 is suggested as national park without any constructions, although, factory, shopping malls and offices have been constructed. Natural wetland area and its mechanical surrounding are presented by aerial map.

In Figure 5, the comparison of wetland in October 2006 and September 2009 is presented. It is evident that the nature can repair itself. In Figure 6, the relation of nature, architecture and future of Izmit is shown.

3.3. Cultural layers As mentioned in Part 3.1 the city hosts various civilizations and their artefacts. Continuity of these buildings and traditional tissues has met mass production economy, fast consumption and technological developments. In 21st century, contemporary conservation acts need holistic approach by high social participatory and awareness. Architectural heritage of the civilization of Roman Empire, especially Nicomedia and Byzantine Empire do exist however it is not perceived in daily life; it is known that underground archaeological structure/assets remains, some of them which had survived for a long time have been demolished – damaged or to be removed and some found during the production of buildings in 19th and 20th century are exhibited in museums and finally the rest play an role as a foundation for the contemporary buildings. Tendency of architecture towards “transform the existing” is attained in this perspective of Izmit. In Figure 7 and 8, 16th century historical mosque and 18th century hammam building in current conditions are presented.

Figure 4. Focal point of Izmit: Wetland and urban tissue. Recent post – earthquake structures in wetland (Emre Demirtaş photo archive) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ E. Demirtaş, E. Kishali: “An Evaluation through Nature and Urban Layers: The Case of Izmit”, pp. 1–11

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Figure 5. The comparison of Izmit wetland in 2006 and 2009 (Emre Demirtaş photo archive)

Figure 6. The relation of nature – architecture and future (Emre Demirtaş photo archive)

Figure 7. Current conditions of Pertev Paşa Mosque (constructed in 16th century) with urban planning and architecture activities of 21st century (Emre Demirtaş photo archive) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ E. Demirtaş, E. Kishali: “An Evaluation through Nature and Urban Layers: The Case of Izmit”, pp. 1–11

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Figure 8. Current condition of Hammam (Turkish bath) constructed in 18th century with biological growth (Emre Kishalı photo archive)

Figure 9. Contemporary built environment of Izmit I: Example of degenerating earth and standardising of human via Auto Park on land reclamation (Emre Demirtaş photo archive)

3.4. Contemporary built environment Post-earthquake measures include new regulations which are Act on Disaster Prevention (no. 6306); Turkish Earthquake Code (2007); Act on the Integration of Local Government (6360) and laws for Social Housing Administrations (TOKI) shape the contemporary built environment of big cities in Turkey. Izmit and rural areas

have been influenced too by the construction activities in terms of transforming the nature in the context of objectophilia. In Figure 9, Auto Park on filled land in coastline and in Figure 10 high –rise buildings on the hills are presented. In 2016, new transportation system planned for Izmit is being constructed through the existing city pattern including historical, natural and socio-cultural objects (Figure 11).

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Figure 10. Contemporary built environment of Izmit II: Example of degenerating earth and standardising of human via high-rise buildings on the hills (Emre Demirtaş photo archive)

Figure 11. Pre-intervention of tramway construction through existing nature layer in the walk side (Emre Kishalı photo archive) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ E. Demirtaş, E. Kishali: “An Evaluation through Nature and Urban Layers: The Case of Izmit”, pp. 1–11

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4. Conclusion In this paper, industrialization and globalization impacts on urban identity in 21st century and its specific example of Izmit are elucidated. Furthermore, the critics about architecture practice are summarised as contemporary architecture activities and the concepts of locality; ecology; sustainability; social responsibility go hand in glove, however it is seen that architecture is fundamentally more adaptable to finance and economy for building productions. Designing shapes the cities via making buildings, based on the standardization of production not the correspondences of human and earth or nature and society. In short, the action of making of which fundamental is to dwell on earth is transformed into production of spaces sustaining the control systematics. This situation breaks human beings from the discontinuous, unplanned, cyclical, holistic and experimental origin of nature. The severity of this disconnection increases every day, so the cities are becoming more and more mechanic. The vital research question is emerged whether the architecture discipline- competing for “transforming the existing” as a production tool – may display a sensitivity to accompany the nature including all species for the case of Izmit. Because human being cannot be separated from the existing; it is whereas the extension of existing by the nature. In this context, the arguments related to the future of architecture and urban are revealed after identifying the nature as principal property as beyondcontrol power and establishing the approaches following rational – intuition axis. Some suggestions are summarised as: • Human and nature cannot be dissociated and each approach should be developed via this consciousness. This social awareness should be established in local, national and professional education fields. • Integrated conservation plans are needed in order to present and realise that social, cultural and architectural heritage survived are very inexperienced considering 21st century developments. • It is necessary that we are responsible for each creature while producing, manufacturing and constructing. It is also essential that the cultural, economic and social tools need to be produced in order to integrate the participatory architecture with collective life. • Holistic development objectives are ought to be established leading to the dialectic of plan and projects instead of short-termed, segmental, palliative solutions. This dialectic prevents urban

identity, evolved for centuries, from disappearing. • Local community, non-governmental organizations, various associations, professional chambers and research institutes, universities should be included to all aforesaid solutions. • Nature, fundamental element, should be centralized for participatory life and all. Longterm workshops, meetings, legislations are proposed in this exiting systems for analysing, synthesising and the future of the places where built environment meets sea, forests and earth. New zonings and constructions should reconsider considering this objective by all stakeholders.

Acknowledgement This paper was presented in S.ARCH 2016 Next Architecture conference in May 2016, the authors revised the manuscript and added complementary figures to the publication in the context of discussion. The authors would like to thank the scientific and organization committee of the conference.

References [1] Arendt Hannah, Between Past and Future- Six Exercises in Political Thought, Viking Press, New York, USA, 1996. [2] Heidegger Martin, Building Dwelling Thinking, Poetry, Language, Thought, Harper & Row, New York, USA, 1971. [3] Kiesler Frederick, Modern Mimarlıkta Sözde İşlevselcilik (Pseudo-Functionalism in Modern Architecture) http://www.e-skop.com/skopdergi/modernmimarlikta-sozde-islevselcilik/1950 Retrieved on 15 April 2016. [4] Baudrillard Jean, Nouvel Jean, Tekil Nesneler: Mimarlık ve Felsefe (Singular Objects of Achitecture translated into Turkish by Aziz Ufuk Kılıç), Yem Yayın, İstanbul, Turkey, 2011. [5] Jale N. Erzen, Üç Habitus: Yeryüzü, Kent, Yapı (Three Habitus: Earth, City and Building) Yapı Kredi Yayınları, İstanbul, Turkey, 2015. [6] Erich Fromm, The Heart of Man: Its Genius for Good and Evil, American Mental Health Foundation, New York, USA, 2010. [7] Humberto R. Maturana, Francisco G. Verala, The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human

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Understanding, Shambala Publications, Boston, USA, 1992.

[10] Çalık Ayşe Ross, Ancient İzmit: Nicomedia, Delta Yayınları, İstanbul, Turkey 2007.

[8] Oskay Ünsal, Walter Benjamin Üzerine (About Walter Benjamin) in Estetize Edilmiş Yaşam (Aesthteticized Life, Turkish) (Ed. Ünsal Oskay), Der Yayınları, İstanbul, 1995.

[11] Binici Özden Senem, İzmit’te 1936-1966 Yılları Arasındaki Yapı Üretiminin Kentin Gelişimine Etkileri (The Impacts of Building Productions during 1936 – 1966 in Izmit on Urban Development), Kocaeli University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, unpublished master of science thesis, İzmit, Turkey, 2012.

[9] Spinoza Benedictus, Ethics in Spinoza Complete Works (Ed. Michael L. Morgan),Hackett Publishing Company, Indianapolis, USA, 2002.

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DOI: 10.14621/tna.20170102

A New Way to the Knowledge of Historic Sites: The Albergo Diffuso Model Enrico Pietrogrande*, Flavia Vaccher Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova D.I.C.E.A., Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; enrico.pietrogrande@unipd.it

Abstract

1. Introduction

The Albergo Diffuso (dispersed hotel) is a model for local tourism development that allows guests to experience an historic, usually urban, setting. Accommodation is provided in houses and rooms located a short distance away from the core of the hotel itself, the building in which reception, the bar/restaurant area, and the common spaces and services are located. The increasing spread of this model is mainly due to the responsiveness of part of the tourism market to ideas of sustainability and environmental friendliness. The model is compatible with the goal of enabling the continuation of economic development, which has not always been respectful of environmental values. It is believed that the very nature of this type of accommodation, thinking in terms of a large and flexible version of the model, may be particularly suitable for a local development plan. It can reduce the environmental impact in settings that have been already adversely affected by previous economic growth strategies that have turned out to be disrespectful of their surroundings.

The necessary condition of this article is based on the observation that cultural tourism [1] [2], which has spread since the 1970s, has changed considerably and particularly during the last twenty years. The tourism demand is differentiated by and noted for a requirement for authenticity and more and more engaging and preferably unique and valuable experiences [3], able to intimately connect the tourist with the cultural heritage of the genius loci and the tradition connected with it [4].

Keywords:

Environmental values; Economic development; Territorial valorisation; Tourism development

Article history:

Received: 16 August 2016 Revised: 13 November 2016 Accepted: 20 February 2017

In addition, these changes largely arise out of cultural concepts, and out of territory in terms of its landscape and environment, which according to the meaning of “cultural landscape” is moreover recognised as a visible witness to its history. The re-found drive for conservation and territorial revitalisation, enhancement, and development has had the direct consequence of the creation and development of alternative solutions, including hospitality, which are increasingly sensitive to sustainability. Consequently, as a cross-themed multisubject phenomenon, tourism plays a crucial role in the sustainable development of the territory [5] which "must meet all current requirements of tourists and host regions while at the same time protecting, developing, enhancing, and revitalising opportunities for the future” [6]. The definition and development of new innovative and sustainable models of hospitality [7] must therefore protect and safeguard the natural and landscape resources from the uncontrolled development of tourism structures and infrastructure, and reduce their impact in contexts already compromised by previous economic growth strategies which had little respect for the context. The most compromised situations are radically transformed and saturated contexts in which the transformations have frequently changed the structuring characteristics of the landscape and often made it impossible to prevent the homogenisation and

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ E. Pietrogrande, F. Vaccher: “A New Way to the Knowledge of Historic Sites: The Albergo Diffuso Model”, pp. 12–19

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banalisation of the traces of tradition and memory. They need to be redeveloped using architectural/landscape projects founded on recognition of “figures of meaning” and respect for the particular or unique characteristics of the place. At the same time, some reflection on the need to find planning solutions is necessary for the proposal of a new model of tourism development as an alternative to new high-density tourist settlements in contexts where above all they would impact strongly on the surrounding landscape. In the context of this fermenting transformation and innovation that forces the definition of new models of reception and accommodation, the typology of the Albergo Diffuso is of relatively recent inception and seems to answer the demand to develop, enhance, and revitalise the territory, contributing to the preservation of social, economic, and environmental balance by involving the entire community and restoring the existing architectural heritage. This truly Italian model of the Albergo Diffuso, which translates into English as extended, dispersed or scattered hotel, can be adapted and replicated in other places with the same quality and the same valuable historic-cultural merits capable of transforming it into a motor of initiative and activity if not, hopefully, into a generator of economic resources, respecting the important historic, natural, and landscape assets without merely being an exercise in nostalgia about the past. There are Albergo Diffuso developments in various European contexts (Spain, Portugal, Croatia, Switzerland) some of which are presented in this paper as type cases together with some Italian examples. 2. The Albergo Diffuso:

Between innovation and tradition The idea and name of Albergo Diffuso arose at the end of the 1970s in order to revitalise and develop historic town and village centres as well as hamlets affected by the earthquake in the Friuli region of north-eastern Italy. The idea slowly spread through the 1980s and various attempts at bringing it to fruition were made but this model did not find concrete activation until the 1990s and it was only in 1998 that it was regulated for the first time by a Regional Law passed by the Autonomous Region of Sardinia. Founded on revitalising small communities, on the rediscovery of local identity, and on the offer of an authentic tourist experience [8], this reception typology relates to the wider situation of identifying models and strategies to restore minor historic town and village centres and small hamlets that are inserted in the main “development circuits” in this guise. At the same time the character of “sleepy territories” is emphasised, in which the sleepiness is a distinct factor in this

development which is not centred on the concept of growth [9]. The “ruins” and “remains” in the territory, which have often been abandoned and left to their fate as their specific economic function declined, have in this way their history and value restored in order to develop and revitalise the existing historic-architectural assets in the name of containing consumption of land and reusing built surface area in addition to preserving the history and identity of the place. The Albergo Diffuso is configured as a “horizontal” structure which means that it is not articulated vertically in one large individual building constructed ex novo, very often indifferent to relationships with the context from both the point of view of localisation and of composition of the buildings. In contrast, the horizontal Albergo Diffuso is contained in pre-existing individual housing units and architectural emergences diffused throughout the territory. This means it can be integrated into the territory using differentiated and flexible methods [10]. Some solutions provide for the hotel to be articulated inside a historic hamlet sometimes occupying a large part of the same with the passage of time, while others are located in the historic centre of a small or medium-sized art heritage city, and yet others are articulated in particularly valued rural or mountain areas [11], [12]. So the Albergo Diffuso is configured as a flexible structure whose variations all present an identical dominator, that is, more housing units become involved, easily recognised by their historic, cultural, and architectural identity, restored for tourism and equipped with innovative technologies albeit conform to "minimum intervention" [13]. A characteristic shared by all of the solutions is that the bedrooms and related services are located within the pre-existing housing units and not more than 200/300 metres from the building that contains the communal areas and the service activities (reception, dining room, refreshments). In some cases new buildings have to be planned in order to guarantee the functioning of the new use of the nucleus so that, for example, they meet the regulations requiring that they are both compatible with the context and with the typological characteristics of the existing buildings. 3. Case studies The research involved three very interesting particularly significant cases of this reception type because the first two cases concern historic villages in Italy and are strongly oriented to the principles of sustainability and maintenance of the established relationship between built environment and territory while the third forms part of a wider project of landscape redevelopment in a territory south of the city of Porto in Portugal.

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3.1. Santo Stefano di Sessanio (L’Aquila, Abruzzo) Santo Stefano di Sessanio is a fortified medieval village inside the Gran Sasso e dei Monti della Laga National Park located on top of a hill 1,251 metres above sea level (Figure 1). The urban configuration of the settlement presents the typical topographical form of villages in central Italy and has remained unchanged. The village today is the fruit of spontaneous urban development, avoiding the planning laws, evident in its historic stratification (Figure 2). Since 1900, there has been a gradual but constant abandonment of the village due to crisis in mountain agriculture and migration from small to large urban centres for better employment opportunities but which has paradoxically maintained

the integrity of the heritage in the natural landscape (Figures 3, 4) [14]. Restoration and redirection to reception was inspired by the recognition of a historic heritage with very marked identifying features which has been revitalised by adopting a rigorous preservation approach, respecting the places and traces of life present in the stratification of the built environment created by the peasant tradition in the Abruzzi region (Figure 5). This is a not a rethorical approach nor is it demeaned by musealisation, and any kind of unlikely exhibitionism has also been rejected. Instead, it re-proposes a kind of reconstruction that is not disconnected from the actual situation found in the place - for example, keeping the original domestic organisation – so as to capture the deepest of meanings communicated by these places (Figure 6).

Figure 1. Borgo Santo Stefano di Sessanio: View of the historic centre

Figure 2. Borgo Santo Stefano di Sessanio: Plan of the historic centre ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ E. Pietrogrande, F. Vaccher: “A New Way to the Knowledge of Historic Sites: The Albergo Diffuso Model”, pp. 12–19

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Figure 3. Borgo Santo Stefano di Sessanio: View of the tower

Figure 5. Borgo Santo Stefano di Sessanio: View of the village public space

From the point of view of organisation in the hotel, configured horizontally, there are 42 rooms, 8 engaging convivial spaces, a restaurant, an events hall, and a relaxation centre. Alongside these are a series of various initiatives and activities (craft shops, agricultural holdings connected to the restaurant, etc.) not only emphasising how the project involves the restoration of the architectural heritage but also contributes to increasing commercial activity and services in the territory.

Figure 4. Borgo Santo Stefano di Sessanio: View of the village architecture

Figure 6. Borgo Santo Stefano di Sessanio: A bedroom of the Albergo Diffuso in the village

3.2. Prata Sannita Inferiore (Caserta, Campania) Prata Sannita is a small hilly village 333 metres above sea level in the valley of the Volturno River just inside the Province of Caserta, in the Region of Campania near the border with the Region of the Molise in central Italy. The municipal territory presents two residential areas of different origins. Firstly, the medieval Prata Inferiore

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(Lower Prata) is a fortified village with an imposing castle, and the more recent Prata Superiore (Upper Prata) is built on a plateau which dominates the plain (Figures 7, 8). The fact that the territory of Prata Sannita is divided in two parts has led to the idea of a project connecting these two places, that is, the small medieval village and the new Prata. The old village of Prata Sannita is conceived from this point of view as an extended hotel called the Million Donkey Hotel, where not only the abandoned spaces have been transformed into rooms that have a history (or more than one history) but are also interconnected. At the same time, Prata Sannita is perceived to be a unique field of action composed of environments and pathways that have been transformed into objects of historic memory. The aim of the transformation is to expand the public space

for which the “rooms” are not only used for visitors to stay but also become surreal places ready to receive personal or collective contributions from the inhabitants [15].

Figure 7. Prata Sannita Inferiore: View of the village in the natural context

Figure 8. Prata Sannita Inferiore: View of the historic centre

Figure 9. Prata Sannita Inferiore: View on the surrounding landscape from a bedroom of the Albergo Diffuso

Figure 10. Prata Sannita Inferiore: A bedroom of the Albergo Diffuso in the village

The Million Donkey Hotel project was enabled by the participation of three groups: the inhabitants of Prata Sannita, the Feld72 architekten Design Studio with the participants in the specific workshop, and the tourist groups and interested individuals from the places involved. They uncovered new spaces in the abandoned architecture of the small medieval village during the workshop and have brought them back to life by making them the first three “hotel rooms”, that can also be used “out-of-season” by the inhabitants of the village as extensions of the public space (Figures 9, 10).

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Figure 11. Vila de Pereira do Campo: Territorial Project of the Mondego Heritage Park

It is more than a restoration project. In the words of a Feld72 architekten planner, it is an experiment involving “this pretence of a hotel and its special histories. What is also certainly important is the theme of the tourist knowledgeable about the places and the strategies to counteract the consumer's perception of the villages and landscape. The places transformed are not just part of a culture of sightseeing, we also want to see them used”.

3.3. Vila de Pereira do Campo (Parque Patrimonial do Mondego, Portugal) The typology of Albergo Diffuso in this specific case forms part of a wider restoration, enhancement, and revitalisation transformation of the territory by a regionwide project (“Territorial Project of the Mondego Heritage Park”) whose central cultural, geographical, and architectural axis is condensed along the River Mondego (Figure 11). Interest in this project started with the abovementioned concept of cultural landscape and is based on the idea of the river as a cultural and geographical matrix synthesising the identity of the territory through which it runs. At 234 km long, the River Mondego is the

longest river in Portugal and makes its way east to west through the central region of Portugal connecting the mountains with areas bordering the coast, flowing into the sea near Figueira da Foz. In particular, the architectural heritage in the strip of land through which the river runs is mainly composed of small rural villages and hamlets of cultural, environmental, and historic value and this heritage has become a necessary condition for exploiting the motor of local development by activating socio-economic regeneration of forgotten territory including by strengthening of the tourist offer. The theme of Albergo Diffuso is applied in the small historic hamlet of Pereira do Campo which lies on a slope above the River Mondego and is situated in the commune of Montemor-o-Velho but is functionally connected to the city of Coimbra (Figures 12, 13). Although the tourist nucleus extends beyond the old hamlet, the management and services are concentrated inside one building which has been restored with full respect being given to its original identity. The restoration concentrated on maintaining and revitalising the historic–environmental, typological, and architectural characteristics of the building and using traditional materials and technologies (Figure 14).

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So Pereira do Campo has become the first example of an Albergo Diffuso in the “Territorial Project of the

Mondego Heritage Park” that will also be re-proposed subsequently in other rural centres along the river and integrated into a system of natural routes, culture, and education. They will then be configured as episodes in a story that unravels through the territory and this will be the starting point for the uninterrupted rediscovery of the “landscape museum”.

Figure 12. Vila de Pereira do Campo: View of the church

Figure 13. Vila de Pereira do Campo: A house of the village

The hotel includes 10 housing units providing a total number of 50 rooms to which a series of services to complete the reception offer have been added with the passage of time.

Figure 14. Vila de Pereira do Campo: The planning and the design of the Albergo Diffuso site ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ E. Pietrogrande, F. Vaccher: “A New Way to the Knowledge of Historic Sites: The Albergo Diffuso Model”, pp. 12–19

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4. Final Considerations The Albergo Diffuso system enhances the landscape and is compatible with tourism development that is perhaps less immediate but offers long-term guarantees. In this way, environmental resources are in fact preserved both actively and passively: on the one hand, it injects new life into the small towns and, on the other, avoids the construction of hotel complexes that disfigure landscapes of natural beauty. In this regard, it is worth recalling the short novel by Italian writer Italo Calvino which was published for the first time in 1957 under the title La speculazione edilizia (‘A Plunge in Real Estate’) concerning Liguria, the Italian coastal region that suffered the most damage following the war because of rapid and unregulated construction [16]. Set in the Italian Riviera, it describes the garish building changes that also overwhelmed the smaller coastal towns and to which Lombard holiday makers would go during their summer holidays, only to leave these structures empty for the remainder of the year. Yet, the advent of the culture of tourism had no impact on many mountain villages and towns. If responsible tourism enhances the area and its uniqueness, protects the environment and supports traditional products, it is natural to think of the subsequent advantage of sharing knowledge and experience among local communities. It is also about the potential of gaining access to tourism buyers and the industry press. At the same time, cooperation is an effective way to involve different players in a multi-sectoral perspective that facilitates integrated approaches to those that are specific ideals characterising the field of cultural, rural and in general “alternative” tourism. In fact, different players build partnerships which involve various sectorspecific, legal and geographic entities. This is therefore an important resource that local communities can carefully evaluate for developing tourism potential.

[3] Murphy, Peter, et al, The Destination Product and Its Impact on Traveller Perception, Tourism Management, Volume 2, 2000, pp. 43-52. [4] Pencarelli, Tonino, Forlani, Fabio, Il marketing dei prodotti tipici nella prospettiva dell’economia delle esperienze, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference Le tendenze del Marketing (Marketing Trends), University Ca' Foscari, Venice, Italy, 2006. [5] Jafari, Jafar, Tourism models: The sociocultural aspects, Tourism Management, Volume 8 (2), 1987, pp. 151-159. [6] Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future, 1987. [7] Gössling, Stefan, et al., Sustainable tourism futures. Perspectives on systems, restructuring and innovations, Routledge, New York, USA, 2009. [8] Telfer, David J., The evolution of tourism and development theory, in Tourism and development: Concepts and issues (R. Sharpley, D. J. Telfer Eds.), Channel View Publications, Clevedon, UK, 2002, pp. 35-78. [9] Lanzani, Arturo, Geografie, paesaggi, pratiche dell'abitare e progetti di sviluppo, Territorio, 34, 2005, pp. 19-36. [10] Dall’Ara, Giancarlo, Manuale dell’albergo diffuso, Franco Angeli Edizioni, Milan, Italy, 2010. [11] Briatore, Samuele, Valorizzazione dei centri storici minori, Edizioni Diabasis, Reggio Emilia, Italy, 2011. [12] Montella, Massimo, Valore e valorizzazione del patrimonio culturale storico, Mondadori, Milan, Italy, 2009. [13] Droli, Maurizio, Dall’Ara, Giancarlo, Ripartire dalla bellezza, Cleup, Padua, Italy, 2012.

References

[14] Tamburini, Giulio, Centri antichi minori d'Abruzzo: recupero e valorizzazione, Gangemi, Rome, Italy, 1996

[1] Silberberg, Ted, Cultural tourism and business opportunities for museums and cultural heritage sites, Tourism Management, Volume 16 (5), 1995, pp. 361-365.

[15] Feld72 Million Donkey Hotel, in Build-on. Converted Architecture and Transformed Buildings (R. Klanten, L. Feireiss Eds.), Gestalten, Berlin, Germany, 2009, pp. 104-105.

[2] Greg Richards, Tourism trends: The convergence of culture and tourism, CAB International, Wallinford, UK, 1996.

[16] Calvino, Italo, La speculazione edilizia (A Plunge in Real Estate), in Botteghe oscure, XX, 1957, pp. 438– 517.

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DOI: 10.14621/tna.20170103

Improving Hospital Performance in Kosovo: Rethinking Accessibility Bardha Meka*1, Vlora Navakazi1, Elvida Pallaska2 1

*Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Prishtina Bregu I Diellit, p.n., 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo; bardha.meka@gmail.com, vloranl@gmail.com 2

Institute for Spatial Planning Prishtina; Kosovo, elvida.pallaska@ks-gov.net

Abstract

1. Introduction

Regional Hospitals in Kosovo are now ageing and becoming less easy to operate, still bothered with many insufficiencies. The large number of alterations and additions, which have taken place over the years, resulted in inefficient layouts with the lack of proper access, orientation and circulation. As a consequence of undifferentiated entrances, emergency departments are crowded. The intersection of paths between different users, both horizontally and vertically is evident, increasing the potential for cross infection. The aim of the study was to investigate this problem in regional hospitals in Kosovo and suggest solutions that comply with modern standards. The research consisted on methods for evaluating performance in use, where, in purpose of gathering all available information, the Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) was performed. Analyses were based on indirect and direct modalities. In first case, knowledge and information was gained from scientific literature, while in direct phase, interviews and questionnaires were applied. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of systemized data resulted in recommendations for each critical point, which are a valuable tool for hospital planners, designers and decision – making process.

Considering patients expectation in health care, traditional relationships between patients and hospitals are changing fundamentally. A health service, even if careful and delivered through trained personnel, is devalued where the environments, rather than reflect, contradict any attention to the man [1]. In the preamble of the WHO is stated that Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity [2]. In this sense, it is not a matter of improving the performance of the existing system but the need to develop new models of care, where the patient is no longer regarded merely as a “product” being in hospital to get “fixed” [3]. By recognizing the inseparable link between man and built environment, the concept of humanization in designing of hospitals is being promoted. The building of the future hospital speaks a new language which we must learn the new semantics [4]. The paradigm shift towards patient-centered care becomes inevitable. The Planetree organization is often cited as having started the patient-centred care “revolution” witch philosophy is based on the self-empowerment of patients and an increased role of the experience of all the actors involved [5]. The development within the hospital sector in recent decades has gone from the pavilion hospital, via the block hospital, to the “neighbourhood hospital”, representing the hospital model of today [3]. Good example could be St. Olavs Hospital in Trondheim. It is a modern pavilion type and has a pronounced objective of a high degree of patient focus in the hospital development that brings nature, the city, employees and patients together in an unconventional way [6]. Pavilions seem that are being revived. They allow greater flexibility and versatility of use but also create greater accessibility by health professionals from outside the hospital and by members of the public [7]. They “have great potential in terms of open spaces to be used as roads, pedestrian areas and green spaces” [8].

Keywords:

Regional hospitals; POE; Access; Orientation; Circulation

Article history:

Received: 17 August 2016 Revised: 09 November 2016 Accepted: 03 February 2017

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Meka, V. Navakazi, E. Pallaska: “Improving Hospital Performance in Kosovo: Rethinking Accessibility”, pp. 20–28

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Hospitals in Kosovo are mainly pavilion type and are built within 60s and 80s. They are ageing now and becoming less easy to meet users' needs, despite some ad hoc renovations. The aim of the study was to gather relevant information regarding regional hospitals in Kosovo, particularly in Peja, to present problems in terms of accessibility, circulation and orientation in outdoor spaces and inside the buildings and to provide recommendations for optimal solution. The research consisted on methods for evaluating of hospital performance in use, where, in purpose of gathering all available information, the Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) was performed. Analyses were based on indirect and direct modalities. The first phase involves a literature review related to accessibility and people circulation requirements, while direct phase included field analyses, a walk-through to the complex, photographs, interviews and questionnaire with different types of users (patient, visitor and staff). Analyses of systemized data resulted in recommendations for each critical point, which are a valuable tool for hospital planners, designers and decision –making process.

2. Review of the situation of the regional hospitals in Kosovo During 2007/2008, the implementation of secondary health care in Kosova was performed by five medical centers (regional hospitals) and two city hospitals. General hospitals in Prizren, Gjakova, Peja, Mitrovica, Gjilan, Vushtrri and Ferizaj are identified as regional and provide secondary care (Figure 1). The dynamics of construction of regional hospitals of Kosovo lies in the period, starting from 1872 until nowadays. Number of floors varies from one to five. Total area of the ground floor of the whole hospital complex differs from min. surface 2570.00 m2, to the max. 13.333 m2 [9]. Regional hospital in Peja has the

Figure 1. Map of regional hospital buildings in Kosovo

greatest surface and it will be treated as a case study. Until now, no any long- term redevelopment strategy was implemented, “but rather the carrying out of spot interventions on the individual buildings of the hospital complexes” [8]. All hospital facilities in Kosovo initially were built on the outskirts of cities which later became part of it and are accessed from local streets.

2.1. Access to secondary care services In terms of access to care, according to Kosovo Health Master Plan 2008 (KHMP), healthcare facilities in Kosovo are generally well located throughout the country. Over 88% of the population has access currently with 45 minutes (Figure 2 and 3). In many countries health systems are arranged to ensure that around 85% of people have access to acute hospital care within 60 minutes. However local road conditions vary and the mode of transport may also vary from patient to patient, so inevitably there is some inherent inaccuracy in this approach. The real access times in the more remote areas may in reality be 2-3 times that indicated on the GIS maps [10]. Access times in various countries vary widely depending on many factors among others, location of the hospital complex, physical access, entries, way findings and circulation are crucial.

2.2. Position of the regional hospitals in relation to the surrounding urban roads There were identified cases where hospital complex is surrounded on all sides by urban roads (Prizren), on three sides (Gjilan), while others are spread along the road (Peja and Gjakova). First two cases create more alternatives to access the location, while in other two cases access is limited and can create obstacles for the transport of specific target groups of users (Figure 4). There was no “compact” typology encountered, mainly, they belong to the "spread" typology, accommodated into more buildings.

Figure 2. Network of health services

Figure 3. Access time at national level

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A. The hospital complex in Prizren is surrounded on four sides by urban roads

B. Hospital complexes in Peja (a) and Gjakova (b) are spread along the urban road

C. Access to the hospital in Mitrovica is through the internal urban road

D. Hospital complex in Gjilan is surrounded on three sides by urban roads

Figure 4. Position of the regional hospitals in relation to the surrounding urban roads

Figure 5. Regional hospital in Peja and municipialities as a part of the region of Peja

3. Analyses of the accessibility. Case study: Regional hospital in Peja Regional hospital in Peja has the greatest surface and it will be treated as a case study. The region of Peja covers the western and north-western part of Kosova, located on the valley of Dukagjini, along the border with The Cursed Mountain (Bjeshkët e Nemuna). Municipalities within the area are: Peja, Istog and Klina (Figure 5). Catchment area to the regional hospital in Peja consists of 53% of users from the city of Peja, while 15,4% are from Istog, 13,8% from Klina, 12% from Decan, and the rest from other neighbour areas. The figure 6 shows that the maximum travel time to the hospital is 40 min, and

Figure 6. Access time to regional hospital in Peja

this depends, as mentioned above, from the local road conditions and the mode of transport. Regional hospital in Peja belongs to the secondary care level. It is located in the western part of the city, approximately 2,5 km from the city Centre. There are 27 wards and units, 433 beds, 11 outpatient clinics and seven diagnostic services, covering five cities with 400,000 inhabitants. Regional hospital in Peja is identified as a type where the hospital complex is spread along a single urban road. Building shapes are of “T type” and “H type”. Main access for pedestrian and vehicles is from the main road, on the southern side of the complex. This entrance is used for all categories of users, including patients, visitors, stuff and ambulance (Figure 7).

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Study attempted to identify problems and most critical points based on outcome from the measurements, a walk-through to the complex, photographs, interviews and questionnaire performed on different user experiences. Questions applied were related to accessibility, circulation and way finding from the city to the hospital lot, in outdoor and indoor spaces of the hospital complex. There are no signs until you get very close to the hospital location. First time visitors coming by foot or by car will spend more time to reach the destination because of asking people for direction. While for those who are willing to use public transport, there is no bus line provided.

Because public transport companies do not provide any bus transport, 50% of users travel by car to the hospital, then 30% on foot and 20% by taxi. One third of users came by foot, most of them are neighbour residents (Figure 8a). How users find the hospital location from the city, 80% claimed that they have been before, while from 20% which visited the site for the first time, 66% were orientated by signs which appear very close to the hospital complex and by asking people (Figure 8b). Results on questions for user’s perception (patient/visitor) about hospital outdoor accessibility and orientation are presented by means of the diagram from Figures 9 and 10.

Figure 7. Regional hospital in Peja: Spatial layout, internal traffic and circulation routes

(a)

(b)

Figure 8. a) Transport modalities to the hospital, b) Question for patients and visitors for the orientation to the hospital from the city ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. Meka, V. Navakazi, E. Pallaska: “Improving Hospital Performance in Kosovo: Rethinking Accessibility”, pp. 20–28

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Figure 9. Questions for patients and visitors about hospital outdoor orientation

Figure 10. Questions for patients and visitors about hospital outdoor accessibility and orientation

Figure 11. Lack of sidewalks to the building entrances (emergency – left, surgical block – right)

Figure 12. Directional signs inside the hospital complex in Peja

Although there is no sign, 67% of respondents consider that the site main entrance was easy identified. This is due to the fact that the hospital complex is spread along a single urban road and there is only one entrance for all users. Other two entrances are from the secondary road, on the northern part of the complex. One is dedicated for technical staff and sometimes autoambulance only, while the second one is for Pneumophtysiology department. None of site entrances is marked, nor differentiated for specific types of users. The main site entrance is entrance for all and is access controlled permanently. There is no info board and a

map at the main site entrance. External paths with regard to diversity of users are not differentiated. Pedestrian and vehicular roads are not clearly distinguished in some parts. Half of respondents confirmed lack of sidewalks mainly close to entrances (Figure 11). Due to the lack of unmarked building entrances and due to the fact that there are more than one entry in the same building, 47% of first time users encountered difficulties to reach the destination. To reach the destination, beside the main site entrance, 27% of users who came by foot pass through the entrance dedicated

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for Pneumophtysiology department only. Some shorter unofficial routs across grass are present and are used by a small number of users (20%), obviously by neighbourhood residents mostly as alternative. Because emergency entrance is acting as a main building entrance, 87% of users use it as a transit to other departments. Our research found that almost 33% of first time patients and visitors asked for directions when they were at the site. Most of the respondents (67%) think that there are not enough locational signs in comparison with directional signs (Figure 10). There is no map and directories on the site. Directional signs inside the complex are old and unattractive (Figure 12). Although there is a directional sign in the hospital site for the emergency department and other departments, all users use the emergency path toward the emergency department.

This is because of its central position and its entrance in front of the building, while other department entrances (surgical and internal medicine block) are “hidden”, unmarked and behind the buildings. Emergency department, in absence of a main entrance, act as a substitution for it, serving as a first information point and reception desk (Figure 13). Majority of the respondents (67%), first time users, found it difficult to find their destination once they enter the building, 97% of respondents are not satisfied with the position, number, visibility and legibility of directional signs inside the building. In some cases they were written by hand. There is no map, nor directory inside the buildings. Only the emergency department entrance has a reception and a waiting area. After being registered, all users use same corridors to reach specific departments,

Figure 13. Schematic presentation of accessibility problems in regional hospital in Peja

Figure 14. Questions for patients and visitors about hospital outdoor orientation

Figure 15. Questions to all users about parking places

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Figure 16: Car park crowding at the entrance of the surgical block (left) and emergency department (right)

while vertically, the only stairs and elevator. Intersection of paths between different users, both horizontally and vertically is evident. In other departments, patients and visitors, mainly those who visited the hospital for the first time were disoriented (80%) and more than half (53%) had asked for directions (Figure 14). Almost half of total number of users (40%) found difficulties somewhere to park. Staff stated that, especially in the summer season, due to increased flux, it becomes very crowded and hard to find a parking place. Results show that 93% of users claimed that there is no differentiation of parking places for different users. Majority, 83%, think that to get from the parking place to their destination does not take long time (Figure 15). The problem is that all intend to park in front of entrances of the buildings, especially in front of emergency department (Figure 16). This impedes the circulation of ambulance. Vehicular access to main entrances of other buildings is possible, but these areas are not organized as drop-off points. Regarding architectural barriers, respondents were more satisfied with situation in outdoor spaces than inside the buildings. Among others, there are no parking signs for disabilities, neither sidewalks toward the emergency and outpatient clinic entrances, while inside the buildings there are no toilets for persons with disabilities. Furthermore, certain circulation difficulties are caused in the emergency department due to the insufficient width of the corridor where doors open outward. The corridor that links the emergency department to the surgical block is inclined and it creates difficulties in transportation of patients to other departments (Figure 17). It was observed that requirements for disabilities were respected in terms of providing ramps in front of each entrance. According to staff respondents, users (patients/visitors) have difficulties to orient themselves within the hospital area and they claimed that they were asked for direction. Almost half of respondents confirmed a sufficient number of signs considered as legible. When

Figure 17: Circulation impediments in the emergency department; inclined corridor (top) and insufficient corridor width where doors open outward (bottom)

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asked about the feeling that users got inside the hospital complex, people who visited the site for the first time felt confused. This is due to difficulties in finding the right entrances. Majority of them attempt to find something which is definitely missing: Main Entrance. Inside the building they experienced the same feeling of confusion. Main critical points related to the issue of accessibility, orientation and circulations, identified through the survey by the use of Post Occupancy Evaluation appears at: emergency entrance, entrance to the surgical block, pathway dedicated to the auto ambulance and interdepartmental circulation (Figure 7).

4. Critical issues and considerations Study highlighted unsatisfying levels of accessibility, identified most critical points and suggested recommendations in which should be reflected on. There are no signs until you get very close to the hospital location. First time visitors coming by foot or by car will be late because of asking people for direction. While for those who are willing to use public transport, there is no bus line provided. Public transport should be implemented in order to reduce the number of users coming by car, which will obviously release parking places at the hospital site. Once a site has been identified, except an access control, site entrance is not marked, nor differentiated for specific types of users. In the wide menu of the criteria foreseen for entrances, the architecture of the site entrance is preferred to be clearly defined and differentiated for different types of access: emergencies, users and visitors, staff, technical/logistics. In order to identify a route to the building, people need to rely on the on- site information, such as a comprehensive info board and a site map, which should be placed next to the site entrance. Being inside the hospital location, people need to find an appropriate parking area, preferably the nearest to their destination. Although there are several parking places provided in Peja hospital complex, parking problems are present. There is no differentiation of parking places for different users. Parking places should be allocated them near building entrances to prevent long walking and marked clearly. Particular attention should be given in determining parking places for disabled. Pedestrian and vehicular roads are not clearly distinguished in some parts. They should be clearly marked and separated, with priority being given to pedestrian routes. External paths in Peja, in terms of diversity of users are not differentiated. Reaching the specific department remains unclear since entrances to specific departments are not marked. All users use the emergency path toward the emergency department. This is because of its central position and because it is

acting as a reception point and waiting area, which other departments are lacking. Therefore, emergency department becomes crowded and creates problems in terms of intersection of paths between different users, both horizontally and vertically, increasing the potential for cross infection. In addition, lack of proper signs creates disorientation to first time patients and visitors and increases level of stress. There are only a few identified directional signs inside the building, partially in the right position. In some cases they are written by hand. While considering circulation system, special attention should be paid, among others, to separate different user’s paths and to control flow, to provide differentiation by highlighting, marking and defining building entrances, to separate the inpatient and outpatient circulation and to enable way finding for all users by providing proper signs. Through corridors, stairway and lifts, internal traffic for patients, staff, supplies and visitors should remain orderly, without excessive intersection of paths. Regarding architectural barriers, respondent were more satisfied with situation in outdoor spaces than inside the building. It was observed that requirements for disabilities were respected in terms of providing ramps in front of each entrance. Access to the built environment for people with disabilities is required as a civil right. The goal is to develop environments that best provide a barrier-free environment for the independence, convenience and safety of all people with disabilities. The principle of inclusion should be taken into consideration in developing holistic plan for future interventions.

5. Conclusion Kosovo Foundation for Open Society state that “the true meaning of the word ‘health’ has been forgotten in Kosovo”. Being healthy in Kosovo now, implies exactly the state of not suffering from a disease. The proposed solution means efforts that should be taken to make existing hospital complexes accessible and with good wayfinding attributes, to improve patient flow throughout the hospital, to mitigate emergency department crowding and related insufficiencies. To meet patient expectations, patient – centered care elements should be implemented. In this sense, radically “rethinking accessibility” in Kosovo recently, although looks limited, it is possible through collaboration and team work across disciplines, by increasing role of the experience of all the actors involved. By reflecting on recommendations of the study, actual hospital performance would be improved in terms of accessibility and will prevent or minimize stress and anxiety to staff, patients, visitors and to disabilities particularly.

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References [1] Spinelli F., L’umanizzazione degli spazi ospedalieri in “Progettare per la Sanita” 96/2006, pp. 28-32. [2] Jensø M., Haugen T., Usability of hospital buildings, is patient focus leading to usability in hospital building, in Combining Forces Advancing Facilities Management & Construction through Innovation Series, Kähkönen K., Sexton M (ed), pp.347-361. [3]

WHO. Preamble to the constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference. New York: 19–22 June, 1946; 1948; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 states (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948.

[4] Pellitteri, G., Belvedere, F., Characteristics of the hospital buildings: changes, processes and quality, Proceedings, ARCC/EAAE 2010 International Conference on Architectural Research, 23-26 June 2010, Washington DC USA.

http://doga.no/en/news/case-st-olavs-hospitalarchitecture [7] Cole, J. Strategic Planning for Healthcare Facilities. In C. Wagenaar (Ed.) The architecture of hospitals (pp. 356-361). Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 2006. [8] Giofrè F. Barriers between hospital and city: seven Ita lian case studies, in Health spaces, Hospital outdoor environments, Giofrè F., Dukanovic Z. (ed), pp 238- 261. [9] Meka B., Navakazi V., Pallaska E., Contribution to the History of Hospital Facilities Construction Basic Typology of the Regional Hospital Facilities in Kosovo, Proceeding Book 1, Proceedings of the 2nd ICAUD International Conference in Architecture and Urban Design, Epoka University, Tirana, Albania, 08-10 May 2014, Paper No. 205. [10] Coper L., Parkes A., Current secondary care configuration, Kosovo Health Master Plan, Health System Network Master Plan – Executive Summary, October 2008, pp. 97-101

[5] Malkin, J. Healing Environments as the Century Mark: The Quest for Optimal Patient Experiences. In C. Wagenaar (Ed.) The architecture of hospitals (pp. 258-265). Rotterdam: NAi Publishers, 2006.

[11] Giofrè F. 2002. Innovazione nel progetto delle aree a elevata complessità tecnologica, in Baglioni A., Tartaglia R. (ed) Ergonomia e ospedale, il sole 24 ore Italia, pp. 52-56.

[6] The Norwegian Centre for Design and Architecture, Case: St. Olavs Hospital Architecture,

[12] Terranova F. (ed), Edilizia per la Sanità, 2005, UTET, Turin, pp. 83.

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DOI: 10.14621/tna.20170104

Urban Pattern Geometry and its Potential Energy Efficiency Anna Yunitsyna*1, Ernest Shtepani2 1

Department of Architecture, Epoka University Tirana, Albania; ayunitsyna@epoka.edu.al

National Planning Sector, Ministry of Urban Development, Tirana, Albania

Abstract

1. Introduction

Urban pattern in every city or district is a result of interconnection of the various factors, such as climate, tradition, economy and culture. Different configurations of the urban development allow to the certain extent to control the outdoor microclimate of the cities or districts. The geometrical properties of the buildings, which form the pattern, are the instrument of creation of the urban microclimate, and at the same time they influence at the energy consumption of the building. Density is an economical factor, which shapes the development of the urban districts and settlements. There is a common tendency to intensify the land use and to construct the maximum number of the dwelling units per area. Within the study there were developed six parametric models of the different urban morphologies. For each of the models the land plot is fixed, but the density of the built units and their position are changing according to the height of the building. The idealized models are compared between each other in order to find the ones with the highest economical and energy efficiency potentials. The evaluation is based on the combination of such factors, as urban density, site coverage, number of built units and surface area to volume ratio.

Urban forms can be distinguished at different planning levels, such as region, city, district, neighbourhood, street or urban block. The physical characteristics of urban form include shape, size and configuration of the units [1]. For the study the intermediate level is selected and the urban form is combined by the specific pattern of the tower or row houses, either by several urban blocks. Urban forms have direct influence to all sectors of infrastructure, such as energy, transport, water supply and wastewater, solid waste, social infrastructure etc. Provision of the compact urban morphology with higher density may reduce the resources needed to install and supply the urban infrastructure. Within the hypothetical model it is not possible to evaluate the residential either occupancy density, therefore the parameters, which characterize the provided habitable area and site coverage are selected. Site coverage represents the ratio of built-in land and may be evaluated as the ratio of the all buildings footprints to the land area [2]. Maximal site coverage is usually established in the urban development standards. The building density is a result of the sum of all habitable areas to the site area. Similar building density can be achieved through application of different urban patterns, which may have different ratio between site coverage and building height. There is a common tendency of reduction of the site coverage and after certain values also the density with the increase of the height of the building due to necessity to manage the minimal solar obstruction angle [2]. The amount of sky, which may be observed from the ground level increases with the decreasing of the site coverage, and the sky view factor is directly connected with the phenomena of urban heat island [3].

Keywords:

Article history:

Urban pattern efficiency; Urban morphology; Building density; Surface to volume ratio Received: 16 August 2016 Revised: 14 October 2016 Accepted: 06 March 2017

There is a complex relationship between the density, urban morphology and form and the energy consumption of the city. In the cities with the higher density the transport network and the following with it costs may be reduced and the social networks and

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A. Yunitsyna, E. Shtepani: “Urban Pattern Geometry and its Potential Energy Efficiency”, pp. 29–34

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community interactions may increase [4]. Urban structures with higher density tend to be more energy efficient than the ones with lover density [5]. Urban pattern is directly related with the outdoor microclimate as well as with the energy consumption of the buildings, by which it is formed. The heating and cooling loads of the building are decreasing with increasing of building compacity, which means better energy performance for the bigger buildings compare to smaller and for the building with simple footprint compare to the complicated ones [6]. The geometrical property of the building, such as relation between the surface area and the volume affects its heat loss or gain through the outer walls and roof [7]. The structures with higher urban density and compacity of the buildings are more economical and require less cost for the organization of the road and supply systems as well as for the energy demands [8]. The arrangement of the urban pattern and the shape of its units may affect at the amount of solar radiation, which is received by buildings. The increase of the solar exposure may reduce the building energy demand for heating. There is a correlation between the density of the urban pattern and the solar access, which is decreasing with the increase of the density, but the other factors, such as compacity of the buildings and character of the urban fabric with possible solar exposure may affect as well [9]. Within the paper the relation between the urban pattern, density and compacity of the buildings and the received solar energy is evaluated based on the development of the parametric model of six different urban morphologies. The series of simulations aimed to find the urban model with the highest economical performance, which may be represented by the highest building density and lowest number of buildings and highest energy performance, which is characterized by lower site coverage and lower surface to volume ratio.

2. Methodology The study is based in the initial development of the six parametric models representing the common urban morphologies, such as square based house or tower, row house and urban block. The three typologies are arranged in a rectangular and circular array. For the construction of algorithms the Grasshopper for Rhino software was used. There were two sites (rectangular and circular consequently) with fixed dimensions, which were used for the generation of models. For each of the typologies the variations of built structures from 1 to 10 floors were generated. The algorithm was designed in a way that the number of the buildings, which could fit on site, was defined by the height of the buildings. For the whole structure the minimal solar obstruction angle of 45 degrees was used in order to define the minimum distance between buildings and between building and the border of the side (Figure 1). The width of the building is fixed at 14m. As the result, 60 urban models were generated. Sample models for the six typologies are shown in Figure 2. For the square based house (tower) it was assumed to have the fixed sides of the building as 14m. The sample row house base was assumed to be 14x50m. The dimensions of urban block were calculated according to the requirement of minimal solar obstruction angle: the side of the block was not less than sum of double width of the building and its height. In the circular array this rule was applied to the smallest side of the trapezoidal block. For every pattern the following data was collected: — Building density – ratio between the total habitable area of all buildings and the site area — Number of buildings – indicates the number of generated buildings per ha — Site coverage – ratio between the sum of all footprints of the buildings and site area

Figure 1. Sample section of the generated model with indication of the distances between buildings ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A. Yunitsyna, E. Shtepani: “Urban Pattern Geometry and its Potential Energy Efficiency”, pp. 29–34

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Figure 2. Samples of the six urban patterns

3. Analysis of the generated patterns 3.1. Building density

Figure 3. Building density and the number of floors for different urban patterns, m2/ha — Surface to volume ratio – ratio between the sum of all surfaces of the buildings and all volumes — Building surface radiation – indicates the solar radiation per ha of the built surface of the generated urban pattern per year

In the generated model the building density is the result of the parametric approach and it depends on the controlled distances between the buildings. The distance between buildings is defined by the number of floors and consequently by the height of the generated forms. As it is presented in Figure 3, the different urban patterns demonstrate different trends in changing of the built density. The densest patterns are the rectangular and trapezoidal urban blocks and the row houses, which are arranged in the circular grid. For these patterns it is evident the growth of the density with increasing of the building heights. The two patterns generated with use of the square base building are evidently less dense. For these patterns the density is decreasing with the increase of the building height. The row house rectangular array pattern has evident growth up to the 5th floor and with further increase the density is decreasing. This behaviour could be explained by the influence of the site borders: for the first five samples there are generated three rows of buildings, but for the higher buildings only two rows could fit due to the necessity to provide the adequate distance between the buildings.

3.2. Number of the buildings Since the generated patterns require two different sites – rectangular and circular – it is possible to compare the

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quantity of produced buildings only in relation to the area of the site. The distance between buildings increasing with the building height, therefore within the fixed site borders the number of the generated volumes is decreasing. The connection between the building height and the number of the buildings for the given site is given in Figure 4. The two urban patterns with the use square based are characterized by the highest number of built units and the significant decrease of the parameter with increasing of the building height. For the models generated by the rectangular and trapezoidal urban block the lowest number of the built structures is evident and the number of the remains almost constant with the slight decrease. The two row house patterns demonstrate the intermediate results.

3.3. Site coverage

As it is shown in Figure 5, site coverage ratio is decreasing with the increase of the height of the building for every examined urban pattern. The highest values are noticed for the rectangular and trapezoidal urban blocks, and lowest are character for the patterns generated by square based buildings. For all the patterns the use of low-rise and especially single floor buildings results with the highest ration of at least 60%, which is usually not permitted by the urban regulations.

3.4. Surface to volume ration Surface to volume ratio is an indicator of the energy performance of the building and it is defined only by its geometrical properties. For the urban patterns, which are based on the use of square and rectangular based buildings the surface to volume ratio is similar for every unit and the charts are identical.

Site coverage represents the intensity of the land use and is defined by the relation of the sum of building footprints to the total site area. Site coverage is the constant value for all the points of the urban patterns based on the rectangular grid, but it varies for the circular patterns. In circular patterns the center is always left empty due to specificity of the generation algorithm and the character of spaces between buildings varies with changing of the radius.

For the trapezoidal urban blocks in a circular array the coefficient differs from building to building and it is evaluate for the whole pattern as the ratio between the sum of all surfaces to sum of all volumes. According to Figure 6 the highest surface to volume is noticed for the low-raised buildings. With the growth of the height the change of the ratio is minor. The performance of the two patterns with square based units and the two patterns with rectangle based units is identical. The urban blocks are characterized by lower coefficient and the performance of the rectangle based pattern is better, then circular.

Figure 4. Number of buildings and the number of floors for different urban patterns, unit per ha

Figure 5. Site coverage and the number of floors for different urban patterns, %

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3.5. Building surface incident solar radiation Solar radiation indicates the energy, which is received by the all surfaces of the built elements of urban pattern. The generated urban morphologies were evaluated using the Autodesk Ecotect Analysis. The results of simulation are presented in Figure 7. There is an evident difference in performance of the urban block in comparison to the other morphologies. Both circular and rectangular patterns receive less solar radiation, which can be explained by the complex shape of the building with the courtyard, which cause an extra shading of the walls. Incident solar radiation is decreasing with the increase of the building height for all cases. The relation is not linear, which can be explained by the fact of adaptation of the distances between units according to the heights in generated model. For the two morphologies based on the use of the square based building and for the circular urban block pattern there is a segment between 3 and 9 floors, where the difference in values is minimal.

Figure 6. Surface to volume ratio and the number of floors for different urban patterns, m2/m3

The picks on the diagram prove the necessity on the examination of the performance of patterns with different height on the specific site in order to find the maximum.

4. Conclusion Within the study the sixty algorithmic urban morphologies were generated and evaluated in terms of the urban parameters, such as building density, site coverage and number of the built units per ha, and in terms of the potential energy gains and losses, such as received solar radiation and surface to volume ratio. There is a clear relation between the behaviour of all parameters and the urban morphology and the height of the built units. The highest building density, the lowest number of built units, the highest site coverage and the maximal building compacity are registered for the urban morphology based on the use of the European urban block. In all cases the performance of rectangular pattern is higher, then the circular. By the analysis of the same parameters the use of the row house pattern is more preferable to the square based one. The constant growth of density with the increase of the building height is character only for the urban blocks and the circular pattern of the row houses. For the rest it is evident the decrease of density after reaching of 5 floors the built units. The site coverage, number of built units and the surface to volume ratio decrease intensively, but after reaching the height of 5 floors there parameters have very minor change. Figure 7. Incident solar radiation and the number of floors for different urban patterns, KWt per year

The potential solar gains of the urban block are the lowest from all the examined cases, meanwhile the four

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other morphologies demonstrate very similar results. For all the generated patterns received solar radiation decreases with the increase of the building height. Evaluation of the urban parameters and the potential energy gains and losses allows to control some of the parameters, which define the overall energy performance of the urban morphology. During the computer simulation there were used the simplified models, where the factors of building environment, building materials, and the occupants’ behaviour were neglected. For the real urban pattern the performance can be different due to the fact, that the buildings will have complex shape, and the distances between them may vary. Information, which is provided in the study, may be used for the selection of the urban pattern with the optimal performance, which will reduce the energy demand of the city.

References [1] Williams, Katie. Urban form and infrastructure: a morphological review. Future of cities: working paper. URN GS/14/808, Foresight, Government Office for Science, London, Great Britain, 2014. [2] Cheng, Vicky. Understanding Density and High Density. in Designing High-Density Cities: For Social and Environmental Sustainability (Edward Ng). Routledge, London, Great Britain, 2009, pp. 3-17. [3] Cheng, Vicky et al. Urban Form, Density and Solar Potential. Conference proceedings. PLEA2006 - The

23rd Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture. Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. [4] Doherty, Michael et al. Relationships between form, morphology, density and energy in urban environments. Conference proceedings. International Conference on Human Ecology. Manchester, Great Britain, 2009. [5] Rode, Philipp et al. Cities and Energy: Urban Morphology and Residential Heat Energy Demand. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, Vol. 41, (2014), 1, pp. 138-162, 10.1068/b39065. [6] Adolphe, Luc. A simplified model of urban morphology: application to an analysis of the environmental performance of cities. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, Vol. 28, (2001), 2, pp. 183 – 200, 10.1068/b2631. [7] Steadman, Philip et al. Wall area, volume and plan depth in the building stock. Building Research & Information, Vol. 37, (2009), 5-6, pp. 455–467. [8] Curdes, Gerhard. Urban morphology and climate change. Which morphology can survive? Conference proceedings. The 17th International Seminar on Urban Form, Hamburg, Germany, 2010. [9] Mani, Senthilkumar. Sustainable Urban Energy in Existing Urban Pattern. UE8 Research training. M2 – Urban and Regional Planning. Tours, France, 2012.

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)

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DOI: 10.14621/tna.20170105

Computational Atmospherics as a Design Tool Anđela Karabašević University of Belgrade, Faculty of Architecture Stanoja Glavaša 16/7, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; andjela.karabasevic@gmail.com

Abstract

1. Introduction

In this paper, I argue that architectural atmosphere of a building can be precisely simulated, evaluated and designed via existing computational tools commonly used in architectural practice for purposes of representation. I address the issue of architectural visualization - not as a representational technique, but as a design and research tool, one that enables us to investigate and learn about the spaces we create, while we are creating them. Far beyond threedimensional modeling and production of seductive images, the process of computational atmospherics leads towards understanding the connection between invisible atmospheric phenomena (the ephemeral effects of light, sound, heat and odor), spatial configuration and applied materials. I will discuss the possibilities of these techniques in relation to the current technological achievements and software development, as well as their impact on the architectural design process, in an attempt to shift the globally accepted view of architectural visualization - from a mere representation of form to a precise simulation of real and immediate space, invaluable to the architectural design process.

"Regardless of their design philosophy, architects try to capture the less tangible effects of a construction, waving their hands around representations of their projects like impassioned spiritualists, drawing invisible lines of force and predicting the arrival of certain intangible qualities. [...] Drawings show the edges of buildings glowing or surrounded by a kind of haze that blurs the edges of the object, merging it with the atmosphere" [1].

Keywords:

Computational atmospherics; Computational simulations; Architectural atmosphere; Design tool; Architectural visualization; Virtual reality

Article history:

Received: 17 August 2016 Revised: 10 November 2016 Accepted: 09 March 2017

In 1998 Mark Wigley defined architectural atmosphere as "some kind of sensuous emission of sound, light, heat, smell, and moisture; a swirling climate of intangible effects generated by a stationary object ... To enter a project is to enter an atmosphere". The unstable aerial phenomena within the building trigger the sensory receptors in our skin, and we experience space around us. We feel the air - the ephemeral effects of light, sound, heat and odor, that are carried on or in the air even before we visually grasp the building as a whole. Atmosphere seems to be a significant and an inevitable product of the architectural design process. However, the elusive nature of atmospheric behaviors makes them usually difficult to visualize, comprehend and control. More than often, architectural atmosphere is left adrift, between carefully constructed form on one side and unstable environment or unpredictable occupant on the other. The issues of airflow, light scattering, heat transfer or sound propagation are assigned to experts in other engineering disciplines, whereas the holistic effect of these behaviors is rarely analyzed in the conceptual phase of the design process. As Wigley suggests, uncontrolled atmosphere displaces the architect, because it is precisely the atmosphere that the architect is expected to produce. This is why architects tend to create illusions that they have atmosphere under control, by adding a range of mesmerizing effects on representations of their projects, although one might easily call in question each of these seductive architectural elements at any time. Photoshop effects create a spectacle around a building,

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A. Karabašević: “Computational Atmospherics as a Design Tool”, pp. 35–43

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but do they really speak about the space, or merely for it? It seems that accuracy gets lost when facing the perplexity of the contemporary digital world. The emerging architectural theories propose that the construction of atmosphere should be approached as an architectural problem, instead of it being overlooked and dismissed as an engineering issue. The age of advanced computation has enabled us to process large amounts of data and simulate real life processes, which has significantly influenced scientific investigations of complex behaviors, in physics, biology, climatology etc. Whereas computational models are being excessively used for a variety of important analysis of building's performance, such as structural stability, airflow, heat transfer and daylight analysis, architectural visualization techniques are mostly perceived as market driven tools to show the client what the building will look like before he spends the money to build it [2]. Computerized architectural visualization largely remains in the field of representation. However, advanced software packages, such as 3dsMax and V-Ray, based on the logic of real-life phenomena, go far beyond the visual. These tools are capable to precisely simulate any hypothetical real-life situation, and thus enable architects to understand the physics of invisible spatial processes, such as light scattering, vapor dispersion or material behavior at micro-scale level [3]. This means that, instead of regarding architectural atmosphere as metaphysical and obscure, architectural discipline is now equipped to pursue the science of atmosphere, where an architect actually understands "the swirling climate of intangible effects" generated by his building and is able to experiment with it. What once might have emerged as a

purely market driven tool, has now become an invaluable design and research tool, one that brings architects significantly closer to their projects in the early stages of the creative process. In this paper, I will argue that, just like airflow or structural performance, architectural atmosphere can also be simulated, evaluated and designed. Computational atmospherics (CA) refers to the process that precedes the final production of a single computer generated image - a rendering of a building. The very term, and the process it refers to, connects two important, and seemingly opposing fields for contemporary architectural practices (Figure 1). On one side, the ever-advancing field of digital technologies that are extensively being used in all phases of the design process, dealing with the Virtual, and on the other theories on architectural atmospheres, that speak for the Real experience of space in the era of visual hegemony. Architectural atmosphere is a largely obscured term among architects. It escapes the precision of drawings and exists almost metaphysically within abstract images and spoken words. It is always somewhere in the air around the project. On the other hand, in real life, what precedes subjective experience is an array of physical processes. We might say that atmosphere emerges from natural elements: from light, air, heat, smells & sounds, and from a range of materials that individually respond to these elements within a unique spatial configuration. These are all parameters that can be considered during the design process, which renders the notion of architectural atmosphere far from metaphysical and elusive.

Figure 1. CA – Between the virtual and the real ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A. Karabašević: “Computational Atmospherics as a Design Tool”, pp. 35–43

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Figure 2. Implications of CA on the traditional design process

Simulation of complex atmospheric processes requires: (1) state of the art computer equipment to gain speeds comparable to the actual design process in the studio, (2) advanced software packages for processing large amounts of data and obtaining precise results to inform the design process, (3) intuitive skills for manual tuning of all the parameters, both to optimize the simulation and to improve the architectural design, and (4) data visualization techniques that render constructed atmospheric fields visible and understandable for the architect. With this in mind, and in an attempt to shift the globally accepted view of architectural visualization - from a mere representation of form to a precise simulation of space, in this paper I discuss the implications of CA on a design process in 4 main points: technological advancement, algorithmic optimization, manual tuning and data visualization (Figure 2). The main goal of the paper is to open ways towards many possible applications of CA in the future of architectural practices.

2. Computational Atmospherics Two decades ago, in 1995, and just two years before Wigley's article on architectural atmospheres, Stan Allen first published his seminal piece Terminal Velocities: The Computer in the Design Studio, arguing for the possibilities of the computerized techniques in the practice of architecture [2]. He discusses advantages of rapid prototyping, computer milling and the introduction of difference in the construction process itself, as some of the new ways for architecture to manage the complexity of the real world. Interestingly, he briefly argues against visualization tools, introducing them as market driven and "concerned exclusively with what things look like". Allen further writes that these techniques: "can only innovate at the level of form. Time, event and program cannot be addressed ... And from the standpoint of perception, visualization techniques

assume that a very narrow range of perceptual mechanisms come into play in the experience of architecture: a tunnel like camera vision, ignoring the fluidity of the eye and intricacies of peripheral vision not to mention the rest of the body's senses" [2]. However, what Allen here enlists as disadvantages of visualization techniques, could actually be interpreted as technical aspects that were yet to be developed. Due to constant technological advancements, it seems premature just to dismiss certain tools, before envisioning their possible upgrades in the future. Two decades after Allen's article, virtual reality headset StarVR, for example, features 210-degree field of view (FOV), which is the widest FOV currently in development, extremely close to completely eliminating the tunnel vision effect in the foreseeable future. It uses Fresnel lens technology for greater coverage of the user's peripheral vision, and dual Quad HD screens that bring the total effective resolution to 5K - for highly detailed, lifelike and seamless virtual experience. Additionally, movement tracking is enabled by submillimeter position tracking system combining gyroscopes, magnetometers, and accelerometers [4]. It might be a matter of time before this technology is applied in the practice of architecture, offering holistic sensual experience of any imagined space before it is actually built in reality.

2.1. Technological advancement and promising velocities Indisputably, the difference between technological achievements of today, and the ones at the time of Allen's article are considerable. When complex highly detailed simulations such as computational atmospherics are considered, one of the most limiting technical factors has always been processing speed. At the beginning of his article Allen gives the example of IBM's chess-playing computer Deep Blue, that analysed 200 million chess moves per second. In 1997 Deep Blue

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won a match against the then reigning world champion Gary Kasparov, and it is known to be the first piece of artificial intelligence to achieve such a victory. Today, scientific research in quantum computing envisions computers that will be able to process data and efficiently solve problems that no classical computer would be able to achieve within a reasonable amount of time. Whereas digital electronic computers, based on transistors, require data to be encoded into binary digits - in one of two definite states (0 or 1) – quantum computation uses quantum bits, which can be in superposition of states. This might raise computer technology to unimaginable levels. In December 2015, it was announced that D-Wave 2X quantum computer, acquired by Google and NASA in 2013, had solved an optimization problem within mere seconds, a processing speed that is 100 million times faster than that of a single-core classical computer [5]. However, along with technical performances, processing speed is inextricably linked to algorithmic optimization, which might reduce the amount of data to be processed in relation to a variety of given parameters. In March 2016, almost twenty years after "Deep Blue" beat Kasparov, a computer program called AlphaGo, developed by a London-based company DeepMind Technologies (acquired by Google in 2014), won a match against Lee Sedol, one of the top three Go players in the world (ranked nine dan). The remote possibility of a computer program beating human in professional Go was considered to be decades away, since it required a complex intuitive machinery, that was previously thought only possible within human brain, to even have the idea of who is ahead and what the right move is [6]. Even though the rules of Go are considerably simpler than those of chess, both being games of strategy and clear logic, the complexity of Go lies in the multiplicity of conditions and interrelations that arise from a specific game itself - while in chess typologically differentiated objects are moving through a basically homogeneous space, in Go identities and differentiations of actors are being produced during the game, and they are constantly in flux [7]. This makes the prediction of possible moves unachievable at any speed rates available today, which asks for a reliable strategy implemented via sophisticated algorithms, that will be capable to master such time-space sensitive complexities. The victory of AlphaGo from March this year has announced that such strategies are possible, and highly promising.

2.2. Algorithmic optimisation Computer performance depends on the logic implemented "under the hood" - simulations of complex phenomena and large amounts of data require advanced algorithms that will optimize calculations to

gain highly accurate results in relation to currently available and affordable computer technology. One might imagine real life phenomena, such as propagation of light for example, as an advanced game of Go - the board would be three dimensional, significantly larger (from the size of a room to infinite open space), with multicolored pebbles - combination of specific colors would determine the potential of a single pebble to influence the space around it. In reality, this means that each element in space, its geometry, materiality, its relation to other elements and exposure to the environment creates specific conditions within the surrounding atmospheric field. V-Ray rendering engine is based on a number of optimization algorithms that read these conditions, recognize patterns, and deduce best ways to calculate and simulate behaviors, reducing the data to a calculable level without affecting the accuracy or the clarity of atmospheric simulations. This in turn has the potential to inform the design and initiate discussions about architectural atmosphere in the early conceptual phases of the creative process. Both V-Ray's and AlphaGo's algorithms derive from the Monte Carlo method, dating back to the 1940s, which is extensively used in mathematics to solve various problems by generating random numbers in relation to a set of given properties. AlphaGo uses Monte Carlo tree search to find moves based on previously gathered knowledge, whereas V-Ray employs Monte Carlo ray tracing algorithm, which is one of the most physically accurate 3d rendering methods today. It renders a scene by randomly tracing samples of possible light paths. Repeated sampling of each pixel eventually causes the average value of the samples to converge on the correct solution of the rendering equation. Whereas AlphaGo simulates a chosen sample of possible moves and evaluates them - only to select one with the best foreseeable outcome, in real life processes all of these "moves" happen simultaneously. Numerous rays of light travel from each light source to the objects in the scene, collect information from each point (material features: colour, transparency, texture, reflective properties etc.) and disperse into a number of rays that further travel, reflect on other surfaces, collect information, disperse and so on. V-Ray's algorithms are designed to optimize such behaviours – to analyse the scene and chose a calculable number of iterations that mostly affect the outcome, at the same time dismissing the ones that merely take up time and memory space, and are either invisible to the camera, or the information they derive can be predicted in a simpler way. Brute force GI (previously called Quasi Monte Carlo GI) is a basic algorithm that establishes a fixed number of light rays reflected from each point in the scene after hitting it by an original ray of light - the greater the number of diffusely reflected rays is, the more accurate and detailed the final image will be. It is not adaptive, as

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it calculates indirect illumination for each pixel, not depending on its complexity, and it spends the same amount of computing resources, both in clearly visible and in the unimportant parts of the scene (with less details). Brute force is employed for simple scenes - a close rendering of one object, that require an evenly detailed image. However, for complex spatial scenes, other optimization algorithms are applied, since they save processing time significantly. Irradiance Map is an adaptive algorithm that identifies most important areas of the scene, calculates indirect illumination there, and fills the information about the omitted areas by interpolating the data from already computed ones. It essentially builds a three-dimensional map of indirect illumination data points, in relation to the scene parameters and the position of the camera (Figure 3). IM uses the concept of under-sampling to detect the important areas of the scene – at first the entire scene is calculated in the lowest resolution by a non-adaptive algorithm (like Brute force). The most important areas are determined from the obtained data according to several parameters, and these areas are then rendered in higher resolution. This procedure is repeated several times, each time obtaining more data and increasing the resolution. IM parameters that define the important areas of the scene for further calculation include sensitivity threshold to color changes, the scene's geometry, and the distances between neighbouring objects. This leads IM algorithm to detect angles, rounded surfaces, colour and material changes and closely positioned objects as areas that need precise indirect lighting calculation. The rest of the scene - flat surfaces and uniform materials – are then calculated by interpolating previously obtained information. Algorithms like IM, that respond to individually set spatial conditions lead to accurate, space-specific atmospheric simulations, that in turn result with highly detailed spatial data to inform the design process.

2.3. Manual spatial tuning and “Atmospheric Intuition” Architectural visualization software packages are developed to simulate real life phenomena accurately and efficiently, which corresponds to time-pressing demands of architectural workflow and essentially makes precise atmospheric simulations feasible during the design process. This approach requires new type of architectural knowledge and advanced technical expertise, most efficiently gained in practice and via virtual research platforms. Museum of Unsettled Air (MUA) is a digital experimental setting for atmospheric research, initiated within AKVS architectural practice, aimed towards better understanding of our immediate reality (Figure 4) [8]. We observe, analyse and simulate real life atmospheric phenomena and its interactions with the material world, each time drawing invaluable conclusions that in turn inform our own ongoing projects. Rendering engines are defined by numerous parameters that direct and optimize atmospheric simulations, and each individually performed simulation brings us closer to understanding the connections between spatial configuration, material behaviour and environmental conditions, thus obtaining invaluable tacit knowledge and developing our own "atmospheric intuition". It is a common myth among the 3d visualization beginners that there is a specific set of parameter values that will render a perfectly realistic image, but that these settings are carefully hidden from them by professionals in the field. Interestingly, this view is in contrast with the basic logic of V-Ray: every parameter is inextricably linked to the specific space and the atmosphere of the scene, which means that perfect hyper-realistic renderings go hand in hand with thorough understanding of the architectural space in question. Most prominent visualization artists today, Peter Guthrie, Henry Goss or Bertrand Benoit, are architects

Figure 3. V-Ray IM sampling – Important areas gradually gain more samples ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A. Karabašević: “Computational Atmospherics as a Design Tool”, pp. 35–43

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Figure 4. Museum of Unsettled Air – Indian Summer Dusk, light temperature 2800K

or architectural photographers, they think spatially, not graphically. Even though advanced software packages are equipped with state of the art algorithms for optimization of the rendering process, it ultimately comes down to manual tuning of the scene geometry, materials, environment settings and rendering parameters, always in relation to the space and its atmosphere. That being said, it seems utterly illogical to separate 3d visualization process from architectural design, and to regard it simply as a technique for representing the final idea.

changes in our environment (what Allen calls "fluidity of the eye"), so we see in a wide scope of varying light conditions. This is achieved by high-dynamic-range images (HDRI) that store and reproduce greater dynamic range of luminosity than it is possible with standard digital imaging (Figure 5). HDR images literally illuminate the virtual space with a spectrum of intangible information extracted from real life environments.

Computational simulations of atmospheres broaden the design process to a variety of new perspectives. Architecture is created in relation to a spectre of different environmental conditions it will encounter in real life. In this way, each material, along with its technical specifications (density, hardness, thermal conductivity, tensile strength etc.), is attributed with its specific atmospheric performance – behaviour in different weather conditions, texture and structural imperfections, colour variations, and so on. All of these properties can be digitally programmed and simulated within the architectural space, making them an integral part of the design process. Lighting can be tuned in a similar way, by adjusting the position and types of light sources, light temperature and colour, its intensity etc. Realistic computational lighting needs to consider that human eye constantly adjusts to the broad dynamic

Computational atmospherics generate digital fields of data about a building and its environmental behavior that provoke new ways of perceiving and understanding architectural space. Generated images can be differentiated in a variety of separate render elements, each carrying a specific type of calculated information such as colour, direct and indirect illumination, shadows, reflections etc. (Figure 6) Introducing a range of atmospheric elements into the design process generates novel types of spatial properties and greatly supports various design decisions. For example, simulations of rain lead towards differentiating spaces according to rain exposure, surfaces according to their inclining angle, materials according to the temporary and permanent traces of rain and their patterns and so on (Figure 7). Intangible atmospheric behaviors become integral part of the creative process, and the whole

2.4. Data visualisation and field mapping

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building is designed as a complex mechanism that responds to the unsettled air of its environment. In this way, architects are able to understand the ethereal spatial processes and to work with them, which significantly strengthens the connection between architecture and its surroundings. That being said, narrowing architectural visualization to production of seductive images that copy reality would be diminishing it of its much wider potential within architectural design practice. Robert Kosara distinguishes two types of informational visualization (1) pragmatic, very technical, analysis oriented work done in computer sciences, and (2) artistic visualization without much technical knowledge, much like architectural visualization is commonly perceived today [9]. In an attempt to define visualization more precisely, Kosara writes: "It is based on (non-visual) data. A visualization’s purpose is the communication of data. That means that the data must come from something that is abstract or at least not immediately visible (like the inside of the human body). This rules out photography and image processing. Visualization transforms from the invisible to the visible" [10]. In architectural visualization, the word visualization refers to the communication of processed data - layers of information, resulted from computerized simulations of highly complex real life processes, enrich and direct the design process. Rendered images are research products, data visualization media, and they should constantly being updated in pursuit for a specific spatial

experience. In this way, intangible atmospheric behaviours become constituent elements of architectural spaces, which brings the design process to a whole new, more humane level.

3. Concluding remarks Technological advancements announce new groundbreaking achievements in the fields of computing, artificial intelligence and virtual reality. Graphic processing units (GPU) and quantum computer theories promise greater speeds with affordable equipment, meaning that even larger amounts of data will be possible to calculate in minutes or even seconds. Complex atmospheric simulations - of light scattering, material behavior, airflows, heat transfer etc. – will be possible in real time and from individual PCs. Additionally, VR advancements indicate that just like today one can simulate realistic lighting or material behavior within an architectural space, it might soon be possible to set specific temperatures, odors or sound properties, and automatically simulate and experience virtual space during the conceptual design process. Architects will be able to touch, smell and hear architecture that has yet to become materialized, and to experiment with it via these experiences. We will soon communicate in multiple dimensions, and on atmospheric levels, rather than in 2d images. The arguments presented in this paper are meant to broaden the field of possible applications of

Figure 5. HDRI lighting tests: (1) gloomy, (2) clearing sky, (3) dusk, (4) fog ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A. Karabašević: “Computational Atmospherics as a Design Tool”, pp. 35–43

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Figure 6. Computational simulation of hazy dawn (fog density 80m), render elements: (1) superposition of elements, (2) color, (3) global illumination, (4) reflection, (5) shadows, (6) atmosphere

Figure 7. Computational simulation of rainy afternoon (raindrop speed 8m/s, raindrop diameter 4-8mm), animation frame

architectural visualization in the design process. As I have tried to illustrate, "time, event and program" can be addressed via computational atmospherics and spatial moods can be precisely constructed and implemented in the conceptual design of buildings. CA processes reveal fields of atmospheric behaviours within architectural spaces, patterns and regularities, spacespecific conditions, intensities and subtle differentiations. And as architects gradually develop a unique sensitivity to such elusive processes, atmospheres become a carrier of new type of scientific

knowledge about the life of architectural spaces. This in turn has the potential to significantly improve, if not even transform the traditional design process in the future.

Acknowledgements This paper is a result of research conducted within AKVS architectural studio. I would like to thank my colleague Vladislav Sudžum for his timely advice, and for all the inspiring discussions on the subject.

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Funding source The author of this paper is supported by the PhD student scholarship of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.

References [1] Wigley, Mark, The Architecture of Atmosphere, Daidalos, 68, (1998), pp. 18-27. [2] Allen, Stan, Terminal Velocities: The Computer in the Design Studio, in Practice : Architecture, Technique and Representation, (Allen, Stan), Taylor & Francis Ltd, London, United Kingdom, 2009, pp. 70-93. [3] Karabašević, Anđela, Architectural Atmospheres in the Age of Computational Simulations: The Case of Pre-Constructed Space, Proceedings, STRAND, Going Digital: Innovations in Contemporary Life, Belgrade, Serbia, 2015, 113-124.

published December 8, 2015, accessed April 1st 2016. [6] Koch, Christof, How the Computer beat the Go Master, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/howthe-computer-beat-the-go-master/ published March 19, 2016, accessed April 1st 2016. [7] Hight, Christopher, Hensel, Michael, Menges, Achim, En route: Towards a Discourse on Heterogeneous Space beyond Modernist SpaceTime and Post-Modernist Social Geography, in Space Reader: Heterogeneous Space in Architecture, (Hensel, Michael, Hight, Christopher, Menges, Achim), Wiley, Chichester, United Kingdom, 2009, pp. 9-38. [8] AKVS architecture, Museum of Unsettled Air, http://www.akvs.com/research/res_04_unsettled.html published December, 2015, accessed April 1st 2016.

[4] Oscillada, John Marco, List of All Virtual Reality Headsets Under Development, http://www.virtualrealitytimes.com/2015/03/19/l ist-of-all-virtual-reality-headsets-underdevelopment/ published March 19, 2015, accessed April 1st 2016.

[9] Kosara, Robert, Visualization Criticism - The Missing Link Between Information Visualization and Art, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Information Visualization (IV), 2007, pp. 631-636.

[5] Neven, Hartmut, When can Quantum Annealing win? http://googleresearch.blogspot.rs/2015/12/whencan-quantum-annealing-win.html

[10] Kosara, Robert, What is Visualization? A Definition, https://eagereyes.org/criticism/definition-ofvisualization published July 24, 2008, accessed April 1st 2016.

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DOI: 10.14621/tna.20170106

Architectural Changes that achieves Zero Energy Residential Building while ensuring Thermal Comfort Mária Budiaková Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Architecture Nám. slobody 19, Bratislava, Slovakia; budiakova@fa.stuba.sk

Abstract

1. Introduction

The paper is oriented on architectural changes that achieves zero energy residential building while providing thermal comfort. The research was carried out on searching for possibilities, which would approach the existing residential buildings to zero energy buildings. Existing residential buildings must remain competitive in the real estate market. Therefore, this paper is creation on progressive solutions, which application will significantly contribute to the approach towards zero energy balance. Research was carried out on a particular residential building in Bratislava in Slovakia. Individual phases of improvement of this residential building were scientifically analysed. The annual energy balance for individual phases was calculated and then it was evaluated. The basic improvement phases of energy balance of particular residential building were: insulation, regulation of heating system, application of heat pumps, application of solar collectors and photovoltaic modules. The scientific outputs are presented by well-arranged graphs. In each improvement phase is analysed the architectural creation in existing residential building and evaluated risks and contribution for energy balance. These improvements cannot be at the expense of the thermal comfort. Therefore, the other part of the research focused on the experimental measurements which evaluated the thermal comfort in the interior of the residential building. This research wants to focus on new possibilities for architectural creation in existing residential buildings.

All new buildings should have almost zero energy balance in 2020 according to the directive 2010/31/EU. This goal can be achieved by application of progressive technologies. It will be necessary to apply progressive technologies also into existing buildings successively.

Keywords:

Architectural changes; Improvements of existing residential building; Thermal comfort; Zero energy building

Article history:

Received: 09 March 2016 Revised: 14 November 2016 Accepted: 09 March 2017

Architectural design of residential buildings will have to change significantly. Zero energy residential buildings will mean big challenge for architects. Creating harmony between architectural concept and progressive technologies is demanding process. Compositional solution in this process should remain interesting and inspiring. Examples of new zero energy residential buildings are realized in abroad, thus the first realization and operational experiences exist [1]. In Slovakia is not old residential building with zero energy balance, so we do not have concrete knowledge, what the possibilities in this area are [2]. Existing residential buildings must significantly improve their energy balance in order to remain competitive with new buildings [3]. Utilization of progressive technologies brings for existing residential buildings the option to improve the energy saving significantly and even to approach to zero energy balance [4]. Therefore, this research was seeking for short term solutions how to improve energy balance but also for long term solutions by which existing old buildings might approach to zero energy balance. The improvements of existing residential building cannot be at the expense of the thermal comfort. Therefore, the other part of the research focused on the experimental measurements which evaluated the thermal comfort in the interior of the residential building. The fundamental quantities for the evaluation of thermal comfort are internal air temperature, operative temperature, globe temperature, air relative humidity and air velocity [5]. Then the thermal comfort is evaluated with index PMV (Predicted mean vote) and index PPD (Predicted percentage dissatisfied) [6], [7].

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2. Architectural change of existing residential building with realisation of thermal insulation Reconstruction of residential buildings in Slovakia consists of just thermal insulation because state subsidies are just focused on insulation. Architectural creation by realization of thermal insulation is very significant. In this process, the residential buildings get new facade, therefore coloured and expressional completion of facade will increase the quality of composition of existing facade significantly. This way the drabness of existing residential buildings might be eliminated. Aesthetic value of existing residential buildings will increase significantly by new interesting coloured composition of facade. On the other hand, realization of thermal insulation brings significant energy saving and elimination of constructional faults of facade.

2.1. Characteristic of research Residential building in Bratislava has ten floors, flats are located on the last seven floors. External cladding is from porous concrete panels with thickness 300 mm. Vertical bearing walls are made of concrete panels with thickness 150 mm, dividing walls are made of concrete panels with thickness 80 mm, ceilings of each floor are made of precast concrete slab with thickness 150 mm. Plastic windows are five-chamber. The flat roof is insulated with boards Polsid with thickness 70 mm. Heat transfer coefficient of the existing structures that change: external wall 0,60 W/m2K, roof 0,51 W/m2K. In

Figure 1. Residential building before realization of thermal insulation – south façade

the summer 2013 took place the reconstruction of a residential building, which is mainly focused on the insulation of external cladding. In reconstruction was included external wall insulation with EPS insulation with thickness 100 mm and roof with thickness 120 mm. Heat transfer coefficient of insulated constructions: external wall 0,24 W/m2K and roof 0,19 W/m2K. In Figure 1 is south facade of residential building before realization of thermal insulation and in Figure 2 is north facade. Residential building after realization of thermal insulation is in Figure 3 – south facade and in Figure 4 – north facade. The specific need of heat for heating in current state was calculated, which is QH,ndC = 62,2 kWh/(m2year) with the factor of building shape of 0, 29. The specific need of heat for heating after reconstruction was calculated, which is QH,ndR = 32,3 kWh/(m2.year) with the factor of building shape of 0,29. In Slovak Technical Standard STN 73 0540-2 [8] the normalized value is QH,nd,N = 50 kWh/(m2.year) and the recommended value is QH,nd,r1 = 25 kWh/(m2.year). Because of evaluation of energy class the need of energy for heating and for warming of hot water was calculated. Total need of energy in current state is 105 kWh/(m2year) and total need of energy after reconstruction is 64 kWh/(m2year).

2.2. Analysis and results of research The Figure 5 represents the comparison of specific need of heat for heating before realization of insulation, normalized value, after realization of insulation and recommended value. It is obvious, that in terms of Standard STN 73 0540-2 the researched residential building after reconstruction

Figure 2. Residential building before realization of thermal insulation – north facade

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Figure 3: Residential building after realization of thermal insulation – south façade

Figure 4: Residential building after realization of thermal insulation – north facade

Figure 5. Comparison of specific need of heat for heating before and after realization of thermal insulation

Table 1: Comparison of energy class in term of ordinance n. 364/2012 Phase

Before realization of insulation After realization of insulation

Need of heat for heating [kWh/(m2.year)]

Energy class for heating

Total need of energy [kWh/(m2.year)]

Energy class for total need of energy

62,2

105

32,3

meets normalized value, but does not meet recommended value. From the Figure 5, 48% saving in specific need of heat for heating is obvious after the reconstruction compared to current state. It is needed to hydraulically regulate the whole heating system.

Table 1 represents the comparison of energy class in term of ordinance n. 364/2012 [9] for researched building before and after realization of insulation. From the Table 1, it is obvious the improvement of energy class from C to B, thanks to insulation of residential building.

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3. Research of thermal comfort after the architectural change of residential building with realisation of thermal insulation Not fulfilling the parameters of the thermal comfort in the rooms of flats causes dissatisfaction of dwellers not only in the winter but also in the summer period [10]. Incorrect provision of the thermal comfort increases energy demands, which causes the problem in the effort of achieving the zero energy residential buildings in the future [11].

3.1. Characteristic of research Experimental measurements were carried out in a flat of the new high residential building in Bratislava in the beginning of November 2016. The aim of measurements was to record the parameters of the thermal comfort: air temperature, air relative humidity, air velocity, globe temperature, index PMV (Predicted mean vote) and index PPD (Predicted percentage dissatisfied). Measurements were carried out in the room with dimensns 4,05 x 4,75 m, 1,1 m above the floor level in these standpoints: A – In the distance of 1,0 m from the external wall in the center of three-wings window; 1,1 m above the floor level, Figure 6,

Figure 6. Measurement 1,1 m above the floor level in standpoint A

B – In the center of the room; 1,1 m above the floor level, Figure 7. Dimensions were as following: three-wing window 2,4 x 1,4 m; panel radiator 1,4 x 0,6 m. The parameters of the thermal comfort were recorded with the device Testo 480. Input data in measurements were: metabolic rate 1,0 met, clothing insulation 1,0 clo. Measurements were carried out one by one in the individual standpoints. Outdoor air temperature was measured and recorded by the separate device. Outdoor air temperature increased during the measurement from the value of 5,8 °C to the value of 5,4 °C.

3.2. Analysis and results of research The values of air temperature, air relative humidity, air velocity, index PMV and index PPD are given in the Table 2. Air temperature reached satisfactory values in the both standpoints. Standpoints were chosen in the critical places of rooms. Since the satisfactory air temperature was achieved in this room, it proved the correctness of architectural change of existing residential building with realization of thermal insulation. Better results were achieved in standpoint A than in standpoint B.

Figure 7: Measurement 1,1 m above the floor level in standpoint B

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Table 2: Values of the parameters of the thermal comfort In standpoint A

In standpoint B

Air temperature (°C)

23,9

24,6

Air relative humidity (%)

46,9

49,1

Air velocity (m/s)

0,0

Index PMV

+0,38

+0,48

Index PPD

8,3

9,8

Parameters

Air relative humidity reached satisfactory values in the both standpoints. Frequent natural ventilation could decrease the values of air relative humidity.

system. In high rise buildings, the installation on the façade is self suggestive. The photovoltaic cells thus create the outer shield and at the same time replace conventional façade elements. For environmental reason, the option with rear ventilation, where there is a slight air flow between the photovoltaic cell and the wall construction, is preferable. The traditional photovoltaic modules are often unsuitable for integration into the façade. Increasingly, however, photovoltaic modules are available which comply to these new requirements. For the installation of the photovoltaic elements, established systems of the conventional roof and facade construction should be used whenever possible. The integration into the facade is technically less difficult than that into the roof. The integration of photovoltaic modules into the facade of building can be created in terms of construction:

Air velocity achieved satisfactory value 0,0 m.s-1 in the both standpoints.

a./ A shingled facade with an aluminium subconstruction.

Measured values of Index PMV and Index PPD were optimal, which definitely showed the correctness of architectural change of existing residential building with realization of thermal insulation. All the values of Index PPD were smaller than 10% that can be considered as excellent result. Values of Index PMV were more optimal in standpoint A than in standpoint B.

b./ Any elements of facade – with or without photovoltaic cells – are fixed.

Architectural change of existing residential building with the realization of thermal insulation was not at the expense of the thermal comfort. On the contrary, it helped with the optimization of the parameters of the thermal comfort.

4. Architectural change of existing residential building with solar collectors and photovoltaic modules Application of solar collectors and photovoltaic modules means significant step for extensive feasibility of zero energy residential buildings. With the utilization of the aesthetic dimension of photovoltaic modules, architects apply them intentionally on buildings as architectural elements. The aesthetic appearance of the photovoltaic segments offers new design aspects for the architectural facade composition. The most important element in terms of architecture is the photovoltaic facade.

4.1. Analysis of architectural integration of photovoltaic modules into the facade Photovoltaic cells are conveniently integrated into building envelopes or infrastructure systems. They thus become an architectural element of the building or the

c./ Façade system with suspended adapters which can at best be fitted with photovoltaic cells. d./ The so-called Rütihof facade system is only suitable for facades with smaller surfaces as the tolerance for the dilatation is low. e./ The German product, Flagsol, uses photovoltaic cells placed between two glass screens. Depending on the requirement, insulation or noise insulation glass is used. f./ Fassade 2000 is a combination of daylight use, power production with photovoltaic cells, heat protection in the summer due to a low g-value and shading as well as solar energy use through the windows (direct gain) in winter. The integration of photovoltaic modules into the facade can be created in term of thermal insulation: A./ Cold facade This facade is hanging and all parts are constructed without thermal division. The façade doesn’t have a connection with the insulated areas of the building. With this type of façade, the thermal insulated areas of a building with protection before the influence of weather are used. This facade consists generally of one safety glass. Glass can be substituted with photovoltaic modules. B./ Cold – warm facade In this façade cold and warm areas are alternated. Warm areas are created from insulating materials and thermal division profiles. Cold areas (sills) are insulated areas of

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For utilization of progressive technologies was proposed to apply these progressive technologies in the researched residential building: solar collectors and

photovoltaic modules. It was proposed to locate 36 pieces of solar collectors with area of 72 m2 on a flat roof. Furthermore, it was proposed to locate 82 pieces of photovoltaic modules with area of 132 m2 also on a flat roof. Reaching the optimal south facing of solar elements on a flat roof will not be a problem. On the south external wall in the place of inter-ceiling installation, was proposed to place 68 pieces of photovoltaic modules, Figure 8. So the total surface of photovoltaic modules is 241,5 m2. In Figure 9 and Figure 10 are marked further alternative options of position of photovoltaic modules on facade. Because of comparability, the need of energy for heating and for warming of hot water was calculated. Total delivered energy after the second phase of reconstruction is 38 kWh/(m2year).

Figure 8. Residential building with marked application of photovoltaic modules

Figure 9. Building with marked application of photovoltaic modules in the place of sill

a building by glass. Glass can be substituted with photovoltaic modules. C./ Warm facade This facade insulates and protects the building from weather conditions and noise, as well as serves its basic static function. The applying elements are: insulating panels, insulating glass and photovoltaic modules in conjunction with insulating glass.

4.2. Characteristic of research

Figure 10. Building with marked location of photovoltaic modules on gable side wall

Figure 11: Comparison of total need of energy – before and after realization of insulation, – after application of solar elements

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4.3. Analysis and results of research Figure 11 represents the comparison of the specific need of heat before realization of insulation, after realization of insulation and after application of solar elements.

be necessary to place the device of heat recovery system and pipes, which will be appropriate to overlay with soffit. Proper architectural effect might be achieved by appropriate formation and material of soffit.

5.1. Characteristic of research 4.4. Discussion From the Figure 11, the efficiency of utilization of progressive technologies is obvious, when solar collectors and photovoltaic modules significantly contribute to improvement energy balance and they approach the existing residential building to zero energy balance. Residential building would get to energy class A. The advantage of this residential building is, that it has big enough, not shielded area of the roof for location of solar collectors and photovoltaic modules. The next advantage of this residential building is big enough, not shielded area of south peripheral wall with the possibility of location of photovoltaic modules. Residential building has excellent localization, because in front of south peripheral are only family houses, what guarantee that this face of building will not be in the future shielded by another high buildings. Architectural integration of photovoltaic modules into the facade completed the composition of residential building significantly. As this example showed, by the appropriate incorporation of photovoltaic modules the residential building might gain interesting compositional solution, which will influence the overall artistic impression positively. On the other hand, the application of solar elements has several problems, which are hardly reducible without the help of state. State should contribute on the increased investment costs on solar collectors, and photovoltaic modules in some way. In many countries of Europe, the state support of green energy is common; occupants pay only the part of the costs. Next, there should be formed better legislative conditions for disconnecting residential buildings from central district heating, to stop working exchange station. There should be also improved conditions for purchasing electrical energy from photovoltaic modules in summer season – when there is the surfeit of electrical energy and the bargain of electrical energy back in the winter season – when there is a lack of electrical energy.

5. Architectural change of existing residential building with heat recovery system In this case, the application of heat recovery systems will influence architectural creation of existing residential building in interiors. In each flat under the ceiling, it will

As the next improvement of energy balance was proposed to apply these progressive technologies in researched residential building - heat recovery systems. Into each flats under the ceiling will be placed heat recovery. Total delivered energy after the third phase of reconstruction is 23 kWh/(m2year).

5.2. Analysis and results of research Figure 12 represents the comparison of the specific need of heat before realization of insulation, after realization of insulation, after application of solar elements, after application of heat recovery systems. From the picture, the efficiency of the application of heat pumps significantly improved energy balance and so the existing residential building would almost reach the zero energy balance.

6. Conclusions Architectural change of existing residential building is very important process. This research pointed out, that by appropriate incorporation of progressive technologies the residential building might gain interesting compositional design, which will influence the overall artistic impression positively. Finding solutions how to achieve zero consumption for existing residential buildings is very important because they make up large part from all residential buildings. Therefore, the research is aimed to highlight the possibilities of improvements of energy balance of existing residential buildings with the help of utilization of progressive technologies. Validity of realization of thermal insulation as improvement of energy balance is clear, therefore its application in the form of insulation is relatively extended. For utilization of progressive technologies in researched residential building, it was proposed to apply solar collectors and photovoltaic modules. As the next improvement of energy balance in researched residential building was proposed to apply heat recovery systems. Application of solar elements and heat pumps brings also problems, which can be eliminated mainly by the help of state. Some states can handle these problems. Therefore, these problems should get bigger attention also in Slovakia. Despite of these problems, there was pointed real way of possibility to approach to zero energy balance also in

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Figure 12. Comparison of total need of energy – before and after realization of insulation, – after application of solar elements, – after application heat recovery systems

existing old residential buildings. So the goal in the directive 2010/31/EU is possible to achieve, or just to approach to it also in the case of old residential buildings. The utilization of progressive technologies cannot be at the expense of the thermal comfort. The research showed the architectural change of existing residential building with realization of thermal insulation was not at the expense of the thermal comfort. On the contrary, the optimization of the parameters of the thermal comfort was achieved. This research showed the possibilities of architectural change of existing residential building. The research proved, that not only zero energy of residential building, but also valuable architectural work will be achieved by appropriate incorporation of progressive technologies.

Funding source Scientific paper is published with the support of grant agency KEGA, grant n. 039STU-4/2014.

References [1] Kraftwerk B, Plusenergie-MFH, Bennau. Schweizer Solarpreis 2009, (2009), pp. 30-31. [2] Chmúrny I., Tepelná ochrana budov, Thermal protection of buildings, Jaga, Bratislava, Slovakia, 2003.

[3] Budiaková M., Energeticky úsporné budovy, Energy saving buildings, A- Projekt, Bratislava, Slovakia, 2003. [4] Maclay W., The New Net Zero, CHGP, USA, 2014, p. 542. [5] Bánhidi L., Kajtár L, Komfortelmélet (Comfort Theory), Muegyetemi kiadó, Budapest, 2000. [6] STN EN ISO 7730 Ergonomics of the thermal environment - Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria, Slovak Office of Standards, Metrology and Testing, Bratislava, 2006. [7] STN EN ISO 7726 Ergonomics of the thermal environment. Instruments for measuring physical quantities, Slovak Office of Standards, Metrology and Testing, Bratislava, 2003. [8] Slovak Technical Standard STN 73 0540-2 Thermal protection of buildings. Thermal performance of buildings and components. Part 2: Functional requirements. 7.201. [9] Ordinance n. 364/2012 of Transport, Construction and Regional Development of the Slovak Republic, 12.11.2012, Slovakia. [10] Jokl M., Zdravé obytné a pracovní prostředí (Healthy Living and Working Environment), Academia, Praha, 2002. [11] Voss K., Musall E., Net Zero Energy Buildings, EnOB, München, 2012.

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DOI: 10.14621/tna.20170107

The Role and Perception of Architects and Engineers on Timber-Based Architecture – Case of Kosovo Arta Januzi-Cana Polis University, Tirana, Albania Teodor Muzaka Str H2/48, Mati 1, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo; artajanuzi@hotmail.com Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara; Ferrara, Italy

Abstract

1. Introduction

Wood is the only naturally renewable and recyclable building material, consequently wood-based construction is becoming everyday more and more popular due to sustainability advantages that it embraces as well as the new technological innovations which develop high technical performances and new ways of application of timber in architecture. The study investigates the role of building community, respectively, architects and engineers involved in design, construction, research and public institutions toward the use of timber as structural material in low-rise architecture (implying timber-based buildings up to four storeys high). Research elaborates the results derived by the conducted quantitative approach, through web-based survey of the targeted group in order to provide an overview on the influence and perception of the building community towards the use of timber in construction with regard to different timber attributes. Subsequently, the level of professionals’ interest on acquiring more information on timber application and identifying perceived barriers for using timber are indicated. The study confirms a perceived lack of confidence in timber application, partially due to identified barriers such as lack of experience and technical knowledge, national building code, fire safety etc. However, aspects such as architectural expression, structural performance, flexibility, construction time, environmental impact etc. are perceived highly both by architects and engineers.

Wood is the only naturally renewable and recyclable building material. It is able to store carbon and as long as it is utilized the longer it stores carbon within, providing the environment with oxygen. In terms of long-term environmental advantages compared to other structural materials, woods renewability, relatively low energy consumption during manufacture, carbon storage capability and flexibility / recyclability has proven to be the most considerable potentials [1-4]. The major factors which influence selection of building materials are usually economic and aesthetic, however environmental impact by using wood products proves to comprise and increasingly important effect on the process [5].

Keywords:

Timber architecture; Architects/ engineers; Kosovo; Perceptions/barriers

Article history:

Received: 31 October 2016 Revised: Accepted: 10 March 2017

Traditional wooden architecture is a valuable heritage of Kosovo; however, the use of wood has significantly declined with the development of construction industry and the introduction of clay brick and concrete as modern materials. Today, no significant tendency toward wood-based application is noticed and very few contemporary low rise buildings can be found in different urban and rural areas. There are several largespan constructed buildings with laminate wood technology during '80s and only one large-span building constructed in 2001. Since then, no significant tendency toward wood-based application is noticed. Wood industry is an important sector in Kosovo economy being dominated by micro and small enterprises [6], producing mainly joinery carpentry products, doors and windows, wooden furniture and varieties of wooden panels. Even in countries with the highest share of structural timber in construction, wood-based products are yet perceived to be relatively underutilized when compared to other structural materials such as concrete. It is estimated that there are still some perceptions and barriers that contribute to slow down the development of timber structure market [7]. The process of material

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A. Januzi-Cana: “The Role and Perception of Architects and Engineers on Timber-Based Architecture – Case of Kosovo”, pp. 52–58

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selection during the design phase is complex, as many participants are involved, e.g. architects, structural engineers, contractors and end-users [8]. In different countries the role of participants on the choice of material differs. Contractors posses increased capacity to influence the design and selection of material in “design and build” type of contracts which usually imposes architects to adapt the design of the buildings to the chosen construction materials [9, 10 cited in 11]. This type of contract is the most common type adapted in Kosovo due to high requirement for residential buildings and the lack of role of local public authorities in the process of design and construction.

Table 1: The number of surveyors and their occupation

Designer / Consultant

Architects

Civil Engineers

Contractor

Academic Institution

Public Institution

Total

This study aims to assess the role and perception of architects and civil engineers on the choice of construction material during design phase and the attributes of timber and its products as main construction material in low-rise buildings, subsequently, the relation between professionals’ experience on timber application, their interest on acquiring more information about timber technical performance and the barriers they perceive as present.

2. Methodology The research was carried out through a quantitative method using a web-based questionnaire for the targeted professionals. The survey criterion was developed based on previous researches [11-13] conducted on the use of timber among engineers, architects and builders. Experienced architects and civil engineers in design, research and construction were chosen randomly and the survey was conducted anonymously. Approximately 3,000 architects and civil engineers are estimated to be professionally active in Kosovo [14]. Around 120 surveys were delivered to potential individuals or companies through e-mails. Contacts were acquired mainly through social networks, such as forums, and similar. The survey provided the respondents with the information on the author’s background and the purpose of the research. In total, 47 architects and engineers engaged on different professional activities responded. As shown in the Table 1, 29 or 61.70% of the respondents were architects and 18 or 38.3% were engineers. The questions of the questionnaires were categorized by a five-point Likertscale (1- lowest scale and 5- the highest scale). The questions are focused on timber performance as a main construction material. Considering the fact that timber, as a structural material is an underutilised material in Kosovo construction industry, previous experience with wood of the contacted professionals has not been particularly considered. Aspects investigated were focused on:

Figure 1. The level of influence by involved professionals on the choice of construction material, expressed in mean values (1-no influence; 5-high influence)

— The role and influence of architects and engineers, as key-role players on the choice of construction material — Their perception on the different attributes of timber as main structural material such as: technical performance, environmental impact, energy and cost efficiency, fire safety, thermal and sound insulation, comfort and durability etc. — The level of their professional interest on acquiring more information on timber application in architecture — Their perceived barriers for using timber as a main construction material

3. Results The results gathered from the questionnaires are presented graphically categorized by a five-point Likert scale (1- lowest scale and 5- the highest scale) and are given in mean values of the responds for each attribute.

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Asked on the level of their experience working with timber as construction material (low, moderate and high), 34% of the respondents declared not to have experience at all while the rest declared to have moderate experience, showing that timber in general is an underutilised material in construction. The influence on the choice of construction material – Figure 1 present the level influence, in mean values, of different actors when choosing construction material (both structural and non-structural). Contractors and engineers are perceived to be most influential, while architects and constructors is shown to have moderate influence. Public authorities are perceived to have very low influence on the choice of construction material. Experience working with timber as construction material – Figure 2 provides an idea on the level of different categories of domestic and non-domestic construction by timber. It is obvious that timber has almost no use as the main structural material. It is used moderately in facades of non-domestic low-rise buildings, while more on non-supportive building elements. However the highest use of timber as technical material is in domestic pitched roof structures. It is worth mentioning that technical timber utilized in roof structures, is mainly locally produced while other categories are mostly executed with imported timber elements. Different attributes of timber, steel and concrete as main construction material – Figure 3 shows the perceived performance of three main construction materials in relation to construction attributes presented below. Concrete is the most used structural material which is also rated very high with reference to durability, structural performance, availability of technical information and product supply, fire safety as well as architectural expression. Most poorly rated attributes regarding concrete structures are recyclability, energy efficiency, insulation properties and environmental impact. Respondents ranked very high timbers aesthetics, energy efficiency, cost, recyclability, flexibility and time of construction. Additionally, aspects such as flexibility, aesthetics, and insulation are ranked almost equally amongst timber and concrete. Steel is perceived positive regarding construction time, durability and recyclability. Different attributes of timber as main construction material – Figure 4 shows the perceived performance, in mean values ranked in decreasing order. The building community perceives the construction time and energy efficiency along with design expression, flexibility and structural performance as most positive with regard to utilizing timber as structural material. The cost, energy consumption, insulation properties and recyclability are ranked as moderate (mean values 2.8 – 2.36). The less perceived attributes according to the respondents are

product supply, fire safety, availability of technical information, durability and environmental impact. Professionals’ interest on acquiring more information on timber application – In general, when compared to building with concrete and steel, it is perceived a lack of information with regard to timber application in construction, therefore high demand for almost all aspects of timber as technical material, as shown in Figure 5. Architects declared the need for information on design, building systems, fire safety at the highest rank, while almost all categories were rated higher than 3.0. Engineers expressed the interest mostly on technical aspects, such as building systems, structural performance, fire safety and durability. Barriers for using timber as structural material – surveyors were asked to identify barriers they do perceive to be the most indicative regarding the lack of timber presence as a structural material in Kosovo. The most common barriers listed among actors’ perceptions as main obstacles to apply and promote construction using timber as main building material are categorized below: — Building Code — Timber products availability — Lack of experience and technical details — Lack of professional gain during education associated with timber application — Durability — General perception that wood is sensitive to fire and not as reliable as concrete main construction material

4. Discussion and conclusion The main objective of this study was to understand the role of architects and engineers on the choice of main construction materials and their perceptions on different attributes of building with timber. The processed results reflected the low perceived influence of architects in the choice of construction materials when compared to engineers and contractors. The high influence of contractors may be due to lack of role of local public authorities in the process of design and construction. The study indicates the lack of experience working with wood as structural material in contemporary architecture. Very few respondents declared to have used timber as structure in non-domestic typology. Timber is moderately used in facades and mostly in supporting pitched roof of individual housing.

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Figure 2. Professionals’ experience using timber as construction material in domestic and non-domestic buildings, expressed by the number of respondents

Figure 3. The level of perceived performance, in mean values, of different attributes of timber, concrete and steel as construction material (1-very low; 5-very high) ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A. Januzi-Cana: “The Role and Perception of Architects and Engineers on Timber-Based Architecture – Case of Kosovo”, pp. 52–58

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Figure 4. The level in mean values (ranked in decreased order) of perceived performance of different attributes of timber as construction material (1-very low; 5-very high)

Figure 5. The level of professionals’ interest on acquiring more information on timber application (1-no interest; 5-very high interest)

Concrete has been perceived as the most used and suitable material in relation to timber and steel, being rated very high with reference to durability, structural performance, fire safety and availability of technical

information and product supply. Additionally, aspects such as flexibility, aesthetics, and insulation are ranked almost equally amongst timber and concrete. Steel is perceived positive regarding construction time,

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durability and recyclability. Respondents ranked very high timbers aesthetics, energy efficiency, cost, recyclability, flexibility and time of construction. The study reflects a lack of experience, therefore a lack of information with regard to timber application in construction. Respondents declared high interest for information on timber design, building systems, fire safety, structural performance and durability, in order to overcome the identified barriers toward use of timber as structural material, such as: building code, product availability and lack of gained professional knowledge during academic education. With regard to most positively perceived timber attributes, the study reflects similarity to the results derived in countries with much higher rank of timber application, like Sweden and Norway [11-13], however answers are predominantly based on professional knowledge and general perception and not necessarily on experience. The rate of respondents has been dominated by architects, which is also reflected in results. Additional qualitative approach among extended building community (involving builders, contractors, construction material suppliers), timber industry and government institutions would provide a clearer and more objective overview on the role and perception of building community toward use of timber in construction. Such an approach would ensure a better understanding of the importance and challenges related to the use of timber as construction material, hence its potential for a national economical benefits.

ELSEVIER, Environmental Pollution, 116, (2002), pp. 381-389. [5]

Moody, C. Russel, Hernandez, Roland, Engineered wood products – A guide for specifiers, designers and users. Madison: USDA Forest Service, 1997, pp. 1-39.

[6]

Gashi, Ardiana, Sector Profile of Wood Processing Industry, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Prishtina, Kosovo, 2014, http://www.mtiks.org/repository/docs/Sector_profile_Wood_7 17692.pdf

[7]

Gosselin, Annie, et al., Main Motivations and Barriers for Using Wood as a Structural Building Material – A Case Study, Congres International De Genie Industriel – CIGI 2015, Quebec, Canada 26-28 October, 2015.

[8]

Bysheim, Kristian, Nyrud, Q. Anders, Architects; perceptions of structural timber in urban construction, Conference COST E53, Delft, The Netherlands, 29-20 October, 2008.

[9]

Sarden, Ylva, Complexity and learning in timber frame housing: The case of a solid wood pilot project, Doctoral thesis, Department of civil and environmental engineering: Division of structural engineering: Timber structures, Luea University of Technology, 2005.

[10]

Stehn, Lars, Rask, et al., Byggandet av flervåningshus i trä: Erfarenheter efter tre års observation av träbyggandets utveckling, in: Teknisk rapport, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad, Avdelningen för byggkonstruktion – Träbyggnad, Luleå, Sweden, 2008.

[11]

Hemström, Kerstin, et al., The perceptions of Swedish architects and structural engineers towards use of wood frames in multi-storey buildings, Conference: SB10, Sustainable Community - buildingSMART, At Espoo, Finland, 2010, pp. 529-537.

[12]

Nolan, Gregory., Factors that influence design professionals when they use structural Timber in Australia, NZ TIMBER DESIGN JOURNAL, Vol, 9, No. 4, PP. 5-13.

[13]

Bysheim, Kristian., Nyrud, Q. Anders, Norwegian architects’ and civil engineers’ attitudes to wood in urban construction, The Final Conference of COST Action E53, Edinburgh, 4-7 May 2010.

[14]

Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning, Koncept Dokument për Rregullimin e Profesionit të Arkitektëve dhe Inxhinierëve në Fushën e Ndërtimit, Prishtina, Kosovo, 2015,

References [1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

Mantau, Udo, et al., Wood resources availability and demands – implications of renewable energy policies, UNECE, FAO, University Hamburg, European Commission, 2007, http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/timber/ docs/tc-sessions/tc65/policyforum/Wood_availability_and_deman d.pdf [Accessed: March 2016]. Lippke, Bruce, et al., Life-Cycle Environmental Performance of Renewable Building Materials, Forest Products Journal, Vol. 54, (2004), No. 6 pp. 8-19. Perez-Garcia, John, et al., The Environmental Performance of Renewable Building Materials in the Context of Residential Construction, Wood and Fibre Science, Vol. 37, (2005), pp. 3-17. Nowak, J. David, Crane, E. Daniel, Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA,

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https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&es rc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved= 0ahUKEwipv_qh65HMAhWCAJoKHWo7BNMQFg gcMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmmphrks.org%2Frepository%2Fdocs%2FKD_p%25C3% 25ABr_Rregullimin_e_Profesionit_t%25C3%25A

B_Arkitekt%25C3%25ABve_dhe_Inxhinier%25C3 %25ABve__ALB_236983.docx&usg=AFQjCNG9YS e8Bm32zAo_ggQ8yFGETnOXPg&bvm=bv.11974 5492,d.bGg [Accesed: March, 2016].

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DOI: 10.14621/tna.20170108

The Fountain Square –‘Shadervan’– A living Landmark of Prizren Ilir Gjinolli*, Arta Bytyçi Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Prishtina Prishtina, Kosovo; Ilir.gjinolli@gmail.com

Abstract

1. Introduction

This paper tries to present the importance of local cultural values of the city of Prizren embedded in its cultural heritage. The ‘Shadervan’ or fountain squareis a central public space, one of the most important landmark of the city. It is the centre of all public activities and a starting point of any story about the culture in Prizren. It is a landmark in physical terms, but it has also a strong social and cultural dimension bounded with many stories, songs and events across the history. We are searching here the cultural values embedded in the square being those simple life culture such as coffee and tea culture during an ordinary day or in the evening during the Ramadan, or cultural events that takes place in Prizren such as DOKUFEST, the international documentary and short film festival.Empowered by the civic activism of talented people to enrich the culture life, the fountain square serves as main foci in the city, where festival activities are bounded with a local identity. In this research we used a combined research methodology/ strategy involving interpretative historical research and case study research method. Searching the history of development of the ‘Shadervan’ area the basic arguments are found in the literature and archive documents. In the current standings, beside the literature and archives, analyses of the public life is used to present the findings and make comparisons within the same time frame and fast changing context.

Certain living places flourish because they allow every single individual to interact with the public life that takes place in it. By providing a qualitative experience to everybody, and opportunities to be actively engaged, these places bring happiness and wellbeing of the community. The Fountain Square or ‘The Shadervan’, is a central public space, and one of the most important landmarks of the city of Prizren, one of the oldest cities in Kosovo. Any visitor, who comes to visit Prizren, will be amazed with Prizren’s Shadervan Square, its vitality and human scale involvement. This paper discuses the cultural values embedded in the square being those of simple life culture such as coffee and tea time routines during an ordinary day, in the evening during the month of Ramadan, or during the cultural events that take place in Prizren including DokuFest, the well-known International Documentary and Short Film Festival. This paper aims to present the importance of local cultural values of the city of Prizren embedded in its cultural heritage. The Shadervan square, as one of the main public space and landmark, is considered to be the centre of all activities, and a starting point of any story about the culture in Prizren. It is a landmark in physical terms; however, it has also a strong social and cultural dimension bounded with many individual life stories, songs and events throughout the history of the city. Prizren is one of the oldest cities in Kosovo. Due to its position, it is a very important city in terms of both economy and culture. Prizren is also a touristic city with cultural heritage attractions complemented by a very lively public space and public life.

Keywords:

Place; Urban culture; Identity; Shadervan; DOKUFEST

Article history:

Received: 03 March 2017 Revised: Accepted: 15 March 2017

The Fountain Square – or ‘Shadervan’ in Prizren represents a focal point of public life, which has a long history dating back to 16-17 century, when the entire region was under the Ottoman Empire. It is a place where several old bazaar streets terminate, and in the same time meet each other. Throughout the centuries the artisan’s guilds of Prizren – so called ‘esnafs’, maintained the tradition of meeting at the ‘Shadervan’

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I. Gjinolli, A. Bytyçi: “The Fountain Square –‘Shadervan’– A living Landmark of Prizren”, pp. 59–70

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square for business exchange while enjoying the coffee and tea talks during the whole year, both outside and inside the coffee shops. The transformation of the ottoman city started at the beginning of 20th century, when Kosovo felt under the rule of Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians in 1918. However, as Prizren was a city in the periphery of the Kingdom, it did not suffer much in terms of eradicating the Ottoman structure in terms of culture and tradition. The fountain square – Shadervan preserved its importance because of its role as a crossroad of main bazaar streets and daily activities that were of vital importance to the square. This remained the same even during the communism time when the esnafs were dissolved, the shops partly nationalized, and artisan’s products have lost their importance towards more industrialized products.

period as Prizren [1]. Founded at the foothills of the Sharr Mountains, along the Lumbardhi River, during the entire its history, Prizren was an important commercial, administrative and cultural centre. From the Roman and Byzantine Empire, through Kingdom of Serbs to the Ottoman Empire, a rich treasure of cultural, historic and architectural values were left behind, which today make Prizren a historic city with a particular cultural heritage. In addition, today Prizren is considered a cultural centre of Kosovo and the region as well. Apart from the fortress that was inhabited until the end of 19th century, very little heritage material was preserved from the preOttoman period, to be able to trace any form of the public life and the old city structure.

Major transformations took place after the World War II – 1950’s to 1970’s, when some parts of the bazaar were demolished and socialist “modern” building constructions replaced the older and traditional buildings.

2.2. Spatial organisation of Ottoman Prizren

A combined research methodology/strategy involving interpretative historical research and case study research methods was used in this research. In the analyses of the development of the ‘Shadervan’ area through history, the main arguments are found in the literature and archived documents. In the current standings, beside the literature and archives, the case study method using analyses of the public life is used to present the findings and make comparisons within the same time frame and fast changing context. Using the simple tools such as calculating, mapping, tracing, tracking, photographing, keeping diary and making test walks within the square, it is attempted to generate the intensity of public life linking the DocuFest festival as the major event within the square, and the surrounding spatial elements that make the area lively 24 hours a day. The findings were classified in three main categories including: the cultural values and significances for the local settings and identities that ‘Shadervan’ Square produce in term of physical, social-cultural, and functional dimension. Positive features that support these values are identified including other categories that should be improved as well. As there is a growing awareness for protection of cultural heritage, we considered a set of recommendations in terms of preserving the current vitality of the square and possibly improving the actual situation.

2. History 2.1. Prizren The Romans called it Theranda, the Byzantines Prizdrijana, to get to the name known from the Ottoman

Prizren flourished in the XVI century during the rule of the Ottoman Empire, when it became an important commercial and artisan centre with more than 1500 shops, businesses, and a capital of culture and art. The main morphological feature of the Ottoman city is the division into the two quarters. One is the quarter where economic, religious, cultural and other public activities took place The other is the residential areas, including a number of mahalles - residential neighbourhoods [2]. The city’s morphological structure was bounded by a street network with mainly two types of streets - wider in the centre and narrower streets and alleys – dead end streets or ‘cul-de-sacs’ for local use. The main instrument of Ottoman city-making was the külliye [3]. Тhе word külliye derives from the Аrаbiс word meaning "the whole". А külliye was the functional centre of а well-defined neighbourhood, identified in the first decades by family bonds, profession, trade or place of the origin. It consisted of аn interrelated group of buildings around the mosque, installed and endowed by the sultan as the public interconnection of obedient citizens. Külliye is to bе distinguished from the administrative centre of the town, and the commercial centre of bazaars, placed nехt to the “Friday” mosque. The Ottoman city of Prizren was developed along the river Lumbardhi, and Gazi Mehmed Pasha külliye consisting of Bayrakli Mosque, Gazi Mehmed Pasha Hamam, Library and Medrese, a complex of public buildings linked to Arasta Bazaar (destroyed in 1960’s) (Figures 1 and 2). As a rule, the city was organized in the plain area under the fortress providing the Ottomans security from any kind of enemy attacks. Usually the city was divided into Muslim part, ‘mahalles’ in the valley, and Christian part in the hill under the fortress, called ‘varosh’.

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Figure 1. Prizren – Ottoman city structure before 1912

2.3. Mahalles – Residential quarters Similar to all ottoman cities, residential neighbourhoods–mahalle’s, were developed around the ‘külliye’and the bazaar, which in Prizren were organized onboth sides of the Lumbardhi River. In Prizren we can find two types of bazaars-çarshi [4]. The first type of bazaars includes a complex of shops gathered around the mosques such as Arasta, Saraç-hane or Sinan Pasha located around the main square. Arasta was a covered type of bazaar. The so-called unorganized structure of the Ottoman city, i.e., narrow and labyrinthine streets, dead-end streets and unplanned quarters, which were the main characteristics of Islamic cities as well, is closely related to the concerns for privacy of the city residents[5]. Mahalles were the basic units of urban society, headed by a local prayer leader (imam). Each mahalle was structured to perform administration and tax collection duties. Non-Muslim and minority groups usually lived in their separate quarters. In Kosovo this was usually typical for Serbs and Roma neighbourhoods. In Prizren Serbian and Roma minority were settled on the hilly area at the fortress foothill. Mahalles were named by the family names, usually identified by crafts and skill they were practicing. The division of quarters according to ethnicreligious identity or occupation, however, did not necessarily mean a lack of communication among these groups. On a contrary, each community traditionally respected the tradition and religion believes of other groups.

2.4. Bazaar / Çarşi The core area of the city’s centre was the bazaar or çarşi in Turkish, a commercial area consisting of a bezistan, (a

Figure 2. Prizren - view fom the fortress around 1912

covered market), han (a city or roadside inn) and shops where crafts, trade and other transactions were carried out. These buildings belonged to waqfs an endowment system was directly related to the urban economic activity such as artisanal production, trade and services [6].Because such buildings were rented by waqfs to merchants and artisans, they provided the larger part of the urban commercial facilities. Shops of all kinds, workshops, merchandise on display, artisans products, negotiations, observing random passers-by, crowded cafés, using different languages and cultures from corner-to-corner, this place has the same name – çarshia. For some residents this place was bazaar and for others an interchangeable words that both mean “market” in Turkish and Arabic respectively. However, çarshia is not only a marketplace or a shopping street; it is public space where the citizen’s social lives flow together and where the urban meets the rural values? A wide range of activities including business and marriage arrangements, vengeance, reconciliation, and negotiations have taken place for centuries at çarshia’s cafes, naturally enjoying one or more Turkish coffees. The rich, the poor, different cultures and languages backgrounds–they all shared daily life experiences and interactions in the çarshia [7].

2.5. Open public spaces in the Ottoman Prizren Usually, the historians have explained the lack of formal open space as lack of а strong public life and municipal governing institutions, which is not quite true. Several travellers and historians have described the rich and picturesque open-air life of Ottoman towns. The Ottoman open space has its origin in the byzantineOttoman view of the nature and architecture.

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Maurice Cerasi [8] classifies the Ottoman open space in four principle types: meydans, namazgah, mesire or çayir. Branislav Kojic, a Serbian architect, considered that in the Balkan cities, the amorphous type of square which occur in the road crossings, is the main public space that, besides the streets and bazaars, constitutes the public space network [9]. In Prizren, during the ottoman period, public life in the open space took place mainly in the bazaars through shopping and production activities. Eating and drinking in the cafés and meyhanes (restaurants) was also part of the daily life of those working within the bazaar quarter. Public gatherings took place at specific places - small squares and open areas around the bazaar - mainly around the Shadervan square. Shadervan is the Prizren’s main square, which even today remains the most attractive public space in the city. Enclosed by the shops with a drinking fountain in the centre, it is the main arena of public life. People walk, stand and sit around in the cafes to enjoy the city, the view towards the medieval fortress, and the surrounding mountains. (Figures 3 and 4) Shadervan is the Prizren’s main square, which even today remains the most attractive public space in the city. Enclosed by the shops with a drinking fountain in the centre, it is the main arena of public life. People

walk, stand and sit around in the cafes to enjoy the city, the view towards the medieval fortress, and the surrounding mountains. Diverse groups of residents would typically meet at their places of work or wherever they conduct their commercial activities. For other residents, however, public gatherings were synonymous forsocial meetings. From time to time meetings were organized for amusement and entertainment, even if impromptu, took on a different note. Marash, the suburban garden of Prizren, was a public place open to all residents. Usually, residents would gather for walking and socializing in the natural setting. Even today, Marash provides the opportunity for leisure activities, including walking and running. The shops and the cafes were usually open towards the street, encountering a small piece from the public space to attract the costumers which acted as a kind of semipublic hall to the private space of the shops or cafes. In Prizren, social gathering places included Meyhancilık- a small cafe, and a meyhane complex - where these shops were grouped to form a particular street of the bazaar. Public life took place also in the hamam, the public baths that were city’s most visited public buildings such as Gazi Mehmed Hamam one of well preserved cultural heritage monuments.

Figure 3. Plan of Shadervan Square before 1912 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I. Gjinolli, A. Bytyçi: “The Fountain Square –‘Shadervan’– A living Landmark of Prizren”, pp. 59–70

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Figure 4. View of Shadervan Square before 1912

The public spaces of the old Balkan town were distributed throughout the urban fabric of bazaars and mahalles. The network of these spaces was not planned, so we can assume that they occurred spontaneously. Observing them in the existing fabric and based on the surveyed material, we could consider that the open spaces usually occur at the street crossings. Occasionally they may occur alongside the streets and at the end of dead end streets [10].

3. The Shadervan square

According to Branislav Kojic, the shape of the squares is diverse and irregular but among these various forms, triangular plan can be distinguished in most of the cases. It was usually created in a “Y” shape street crossings, where two or more street branches with a lot combination of cuts and corners alter the triangular square shape.

Shadervan is a small square positioned at the intersection of main pedestrian axis in the city, leading to Sinan Pasha Mosque located in the city centre. It is enclosed by cafes and two storey shops that provide a human scale. Most of the architectural features of the buildings around the square are from the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century, the period when the majority of old shops were refurbished. Light colours with little details are used adding features to the urban architecture to fit the purpose of the square.

Other square shapes that can be found in the Ottoman Balkan are trapezoidal shapes, which occur when several streets flow into the same space; elongated irregular rectangle which represent a street extension; a combination of the two earlier types of square into one, and other various suaretypes that cannot be defined by any geometrical shape. Typically, the market paved area was similar to the street pavement. Cobblestone (“kallderma”) pavement was used the market space was used for social gathering and activities.

Shadervan Square is the central square in the city of Prizren dating back from the 15-16 century. Shadervan square is a typical triangular square. The triangular shapes squares are known since ancient times in the towns that were created spontaneously. Thus, in the medieval town, triangular square often occurs as a form of public space.

The square and the streets that terminate at the square are paved with granite cobblestones. Originally the square was paved with stones provided from the Lumbardhi or other local streams and rivers. Building façades that shape the square were built in the same way as the street that fronts mahalle or çarshia (bazaar) where the market is located. The façade’s line

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in the Shadervan Square follows the streets without particular emphasis to any building, while keeping human dimension to allow the Mosque and the Church to exercise the hierarchy, as landmarks that visually dominate the urban landscape around the square. Sinan Pasha Mosque, is a typical Ottoman mosque with a dome and a minaret, built in the second half of the 17th century. The Mosque possess a number of monumental features such as a large porch that due to the topography is elevated more than 2.50 meters from the street elevation.

3.1. Cult of water "The Water of Allah!" they yield and after a halt of five times by a hundred long nights they trapped it they captured it they detained it in a pillar they named it Shadervan Edi Shukriu, Archaeologist and poet In these verses of Edi Sukriu [11] poem ‘Shadervan’, one could trace the importance role of the water in Muslim society, and how difficult they considered to extract the water from the nature. Of course it’s God‘s water, so even it took long time to extract it, this didn’t forbid the public use of the water because, in the end, it was a public good – the God’s water. The water in the Shadervan square was also a public source of water in the city for those working in the bazaar and market, and for those who didn’t have drinking water wells in their homes. Due to the proximity wash legs and hands to complete the ‘abdes’, an Islamic ritual before praying in the mosque.

3.2. Urban transformation of Ottoman Prizren Shadervan square within its history of existence as an open public space has served as a place of special experiences for its individual users, and a generator of creative community of artisans, artists and writers. Since its origin, Shadervan has served as a place that connects neighbourhoods and bazaars, and has been the foci of public life of the city which remained until nowadays. Through the years, the square has improved the features adding functions that fit in the existing physical space structure suitable for different yearly seasonal activities. During the Ottoman Empire, tea and coffee shops were mostly frequented by male costumers. After the World War II a situation has changed in that as diverse users including gender, age and ethnicity, started to frequent tea and coffee shops. Urban transformation of the ottoman city becomes visible in the beginning of 20th century when Ottomans

were withdrawn from Balkans. Kosovo felt under Serbian Kingdom in 1918. Because Prizren was in the periphery of the Kingdom, it’s structure was not eradicated and most of its Ottoman features were preserved because the Serbians were more focused in transformation of the Ottoman structure of the cities in Serbia, so changes that occurred in Kosovo Ottoman cities were fragmented and interventions were more focused on providing new communal buildings. Most of public life remained the same as in Ottoman period, taking place in the bazaar and in the small squares. So did the ‘Shadervan’ or the Fountain Square. Although after the World War II the economy shifted from small manufactures in the city core to more massive industrial production that migrated to the periphery, the bazaar preserved its vitality because it was the principal space in the city where citizens met and public life took place. The ‘Shadervan’ was important also it was a crossroad of main bazaar streets. But, major transformations took place between 1950’s to 1970’s due to new property ownership relations. Most of ‘waqf’ endowments were dissolved so the property was nationalised. The nationalisation caused massive transformations of the Ottoman city core - to built the new city over of the old one. In this period, we could speak about planned transformations that affected Ottoman city core structure in all Kosovo cities.

3.3. Shadervan – A foci of contemporary social and cultural life As one of the oldest cities in Kosovo, beside its cultural heritage, Prizren possesses a strong sense of community self-organized in terms of keeping a traditional vitality in the public spaces. During the socialist period, there were many local culture initiatives such as festivals, primarily music and poetry festivals, that were usually linked to Shadervan. These activities were supported by traditional artisan shops and cafes. The failure of the socialist system in former Yugoslavia brought liberal economy. The war of 1999, influenced the change of the city residents structure, primarily in ethnic terms, so the changes in the use patterns of the inner city. After the war, beside the new forms of artisan production and services, the cafe culture regained important role in the public life, which laid the paths for different initiatives that contributed to enriching public life in the public space. Today, the Shadervan square is characterized by a set of formal and informal activities that take place during the day and the evening. A very lively public life through the whole day can be experienced in the square. There are periods during the year when the square is full of people through the whole night until early hours in the morning. This usually takes place during the DOKUFEST – the

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International Festival of Documentary Film in the summer, when the square becomes a kind of living room for all citizens and visitors of the festival. In the morning you can drink coffee or tea and have light breakfast in the terraces or inside. Then, around noon people gradually fill up the area around, sit in the cafes or do shopping. The street vendors are usually in the west side. They sell festival tickets and souvenirs. Beside the environmental and social values that possesses, the square is very vital economic spot in the city. Cafes and shops are viable businesses that contribute to the vitality of the square. At the same time, they play an important role for safety of the place. In the other side, the use of the terraces provides incomes for the municipality from tax incentives necessary for an effective maintenance. A mix of stakeholders in the square takes care on how the square is maintained. Shop-keepers, and local civil society organisations constantly keeps warning the city department for public services on whatever the square may need in terms of maintenance (Figure 5).

3.4. Citizens’ initiative and public space activism These facts are motives for different initiatives in terms of enriching public life in the public space. During the socialist period, there were many local culture initiatives

such as festivals and art exhibition, primarily organized by a very strong culture community in Prizren. This was continued after the war. One of the mainstream local initiatives is DOKUFEST, the International Documentary Film Festival organized since 2002. From a very modest three-day festival in the beginning, it grew to a ten-day international event that brings more than 10.000 thousand visitors in Prizren. Dokufest provide the city not only a top class documentary film festival, now rated among the 25 best festivals in the world, but it made city of Prizren to flourish, making all residents be engaged in the different culture activities and those supporting the event in different ways. The initiative came from local people working in culture, the class of the local people that love the city, its history and traditions. And they recognize the values of the cultural heritage that can help city development. DOKUFEST, is now the largest short and documentary film festival in the Balkans. Each year the festival fills the cinemas and improvised screening venues around historic city centre of Prizren with a selection of more than 200 handpicked films from around the world. The festival is known for its lively atmosphere, the amazing enthusiasm that grasps the city and its people and also for more than 150 volunteers working for the festival. Documentary photo exhibitions, debates, master classes and lively music events are also part of the festival.

Figure 5. Shadervan Square from the west ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I. Gjinolli, A. Bytyçi: “The Fountain Square –‘Shadervan’– A living Landmark of Prizren”, pp. 59–70

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During the festival, the Shadervan square becomes the starting point of all activities. There is an info-box, which provides all necessary information on daily and evening activities, projections, workshops and venues and maps for orientation, and nightlife, which usually last until early hours in the morning. Considering central position, it is a reference point to find all important places to visit in the city. In the Shadervan organisers of the festival, directors and media, meet to exchange information’s and experience the public life. While eating kebab, drinking traditional Turkish coffee or tea, interviews take place. The square also connects other landmark and hidden public spaces, areas in the vicinity where some other would like to enjoy the city charm in a more relaxed atmosphere. Although the festival last only 10 days, the flavour of the event takes off from the March with a constant rise ending with the impressions of those comes for the first time and those who are regular visitors of the festival.

3.5. Making city development and inclusive process The generative feature of the fountain square arises from the multi-layered dimensions such as time, morphological and functional dimension. Positioned very close to the river Lumbardhi, at the mountain footstep, under the historical neighbourhood of ‘Nenkalaja’ (‘under the fortress’), presents the most interesting focal point of the city core. There are two most prominent religious buildings in the surrounding: the Sinan Pasha Mosque from 17th century and the Sent George Orthodox Church from 19th. The square was the centre of the city bazaar including goldsmiths, gunsmiths, furriers, grocery shops and coffee shops. It was also the intersection of the Blacksmith Street crossing the river through the Old Stone Bridge, the other Prizren’s landmark, as well as Tailors Street. The ordinary citizens play the crucial role in improving the public space. Local residents understand that the city image goes beyond individual interest. Recently this activism broke the barriers between Municipal authorities and citizens. These activities are bringing the new culture where people are more and more interested to contribute for the public space.

4. Public life of the Shadervan square ”...Please look closely at real cities. While you are looking, you might as well also listen, linger and think about what you see.” — Jane Jacobs [12]. In this research, the users of public space were not directly involved in the survey, but their activity and behaviour were observed and mapped in order to

understand how the space is used. Direct observation is the primary tool for studying of the public life in the city. The choice of tools is based on the features that make chosen public spaces samples for finding answers to the research questions. For the field survey, it was necessary to consider the study context holistically, including physical, cultural and climate aspects. In order to study different aspects of public life, it was necessary to combine various types of investigation [13]. Usually this issue depends on the purpose of the study and local conditions. In order to cover the different time periods in a day, the survey took place from 10.00 to 16.00 and from 18.00 to 21.00. Counting took place 15 minutes each hour. It is considered that 15 minutes’ observation and counting during the hour could sufficiently illustrate the social life and activities in the public space. Concerning the nightlife, especially in the occasion of particular events-such as Dokufest in Prizren, separate observation until midnight was made, in order to extract the features specific for this particular event. In order to see the daily differences, the research was carried out during weekdays and weekends, because patterns change during the non working days and holidays. In Prizren, the traditional market day presents also a significant pattern change around the market and generally in the centre of the city. Basic tools used for survey were: counting, behavioural mapping, tracing, photographing and diary keeping. By counting we provided numbers for making comparisons between different sites over time. Maps of activities show people’s places, places for walking, staying and sitting. (Figure 6). Differences according to timing are shown in the diagrams. People’s movements inside or crossing through, are drawn as lines of movement on a plan of the site being studied. The interaction of urban life and form were captured and documented by photographing. To register details and nuances of interaction between public life and space, the notes were taken in the diary, noting observations that can later be categorized and quantified. We tried to answer the question: what makes a public space a pleasant place to be and to use? The survey shows graphically how they change during the day and the days in the week. What is the best time to sit in the square or adjacent café, how time influences the use of parks or how working time of the shops triggers people to walk on a shopping street? These criteria are based on human senses and needs.

4.1. The flow of people Through counting the flow of the people using the Shadervan square on different hours of the day, on different days, and different weather conditions was measured. The flow of people varies of different

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conditions. Mornings are usually quieter but there are more people who use the square in the morning during working days as their way to their work, especially in the summer. At 11 o'clock there were more people on the weekend than on the working days, but in the rainy days the number of people decreases substantially. The afternoons are characterized with small differences through hours (Figure 7). The diagram of common lines of movement used on the space is an outcome of several observations of the site on different days of the week. People prefer peripheral

Figure 6. The common everyday activities on the square

parts of the square for walking. (Figure 6) There are cases when they use these lines just as a connection between two points, but in most cases there are other reasons people prefer these lines. Walking through these lines people enjoy shadow during the summer and shelter during a rainy day, facts that are very important to have people in the public space. But the main reason people prefer peripheral lines has to do with the interaction with the activities that take place in the shops in the ground floor, such as greeting people sitting in the bar, or just looking to the shop windows.

Figure 7. Diagram of people’s flow in the square

Figure 8. Analysis of the most common lines of movement and the intensity of the flow ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I. Gjinolli, A. Bytyçi: “The Fountain Square –‘Shadervan’– A living Landmark of Prizren”, pp. 59–70

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Figure 9. Measurement of the speed of the people walking through different paths in square

Figure 10. Moments from different movement lines through 'Shadervan'

Even though peripheral lines are preferred, observations have showed that the number of people passing through the fountain is still quite large not organised in one line, but there are many paths used while passing through the fountain, creating a network of movement lines in the middle of the square. Passing through square and drinking water at the fountain is a must for all pedestrians- citizens and tourists in Prizren, mostly children and elderly people (Figures 8-10). From the observations the preferred spots for standing are usually under the trees. These spots sometimes serve as prearranged meeting points, but there are also cases when people prefer standing on the shadow under the tree from where they passively experience the space. The fountain is usually a standing point for

tourists, children or other people who wants to experience the sunshine in front of the fountain especially in the colder days of the autumn and winter (Figures 11-12).

5. Conclusions The city of Prizren could not be imagined without the ‘Shadervan’ Square. Numerous songs and poems written about Prizren have contained rhymes on the Shadervan Square, almost without exceptions. Shadervan has been and is still considered a landmark of Prizren comprising the cultural values and that pose an immersive contribution to the local settings and identities.

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Figure 11. The urban furniture

Figure 12. View from the square to the south ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I. Gjinolli, A. Bytyçi: “The Fountain Square –‘Shadervan’– A living Landmark of Prizren”, pp. 59–70

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Physical dimension – Shadervan possesses a set of physical features that makes it the most important public space in the city. These features include interwoven architectural styles from the early and late Ottoman period, Colonial style from the beginning of the 20th century, and building elements of the modern architecture included in the refurbished buildings such as shop storefronts, display windows and doors. Low height of the surrounding building envelope contributes to the human dimension of the square providing hierarchy towards monumental Sinan Pasha Mosque,Arasta Bridge on the east, and Sent George Church towards ‘Terzi çarshi’ (Tailor’s bazaar) on the west. The balance between these contrasts of dimension and materials is provided by a green alley of linden trees, which also provides the shade during the hot summers when taking a break while sitting on the benches. The overall visual features are complemented by the dramatic landscape consisting of medieval fortress walls on the top of the hill and residential neighbourhood under the l fortress that gradually flow towards the Lumbardhi river.

References

Functional dimension – The Shadervan square for the centuries was the foci of production and trade activities. Beside doing usual business, the artisans and traders have traditionally gathered in the coffee shops and meyhanes to eat and drink during the long working days. The traces of artisanal production remained nowadays. Goldsmiths and silversmiths have their shop corners including Prizren’s traditional filigree artwork, which is known internationally as well. Restaurants and coffee shops, presents a significant business activities through all the day. Other shops and groceries complement the variety of functions in the square and around. The Sinan Pasha Mosque, Saint George Church and the Catholic Church in the proximity, shows the centuries of harmonious coexistence of different religions, a feature that characterizes the majority of Balkan cities. Social-cultural dimension – Shadervan Square has preserved social values that were built during the Ottoman period. Ottoman era everyday life can be still traced in the present. Shopkeepers and vendors have changed, but the sense of socializing inside and outside in the open space has remained a cultural feature that is valued by the users. Shadervan Square presents one of the Pirzren’s liveliest public spaces. Beside physical features, its public life features contribute to the local identity of the area and Prizren as a whole. Residents and visitors would not hesitate to say that without Shadervan Square, Prizren wouldn’t be such a lively city. Linked to the culture events that take place in Prizren, Shadervan Square will probably continue to attract writers and musicians to comeback with new poems and songs on the water fountain and people.

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[9]

Kojic, Branislav Dj. “Stari Balkanski Gradovi, Varoši i Varošice”-(“Old Balkan Cities and Towns”), (Belgrade, IAUS-Serbian Institute of Architecture and Urbanism, 1976), 50-51.

[10] Kojic, Branislav Dj. “Stari Balkanski Gradovi, Varoši i Varošice”-(“Old Balkan Cities and Towns”), (Belgrade, IAUS-Serbian Institute for Architecture and Urbanism, 1976), 32-34. [11] Shukriu, Edi “Shatervani”, in “Qielli” - (“The Sky”). (Prishtina: Rilindja, 1989), 23. [12] Jacobs, Jane “The Death and Life of Great American Cities”, (London: Pimlico, Random House, 1962), 1962, 09. [13] Gehl, Jan, Svarre, Birgitte, “How to Study Public Life”, (Washington DC: Island Press, 2013), 22.

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)

ISSN 2198-7688

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The Journal

About the Journal

Instructions for Authors

Advertisements S.ARCH-2017 International Conference with AWARDs – Projects

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International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)

ISSN 2198-7688

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ABOUT THE JOURNAL Aim and Scope International Journal of Contemporary Architecture “The New ARCH” publishes research articles and studies on solutions to architectural projects and urban planning. Papers that are multidisciplinary and/or address new or emerging areas of architecture are particularly encouraged. Thus, the scope includes but is not limited to the design process and case studies with performance evaluation, buildings for tomorrow, transforming cities towards the future, course of adapting architecture, challenges of buildings refurbishment, energy efficiency and savings including building technologies, design in-line with environment associated with ecological impact of materials. “The New ARCH” is committed to publishing original papers communicating both recent research findings and innovative new practice. Thus, it provides an active interface between theory, science and practice serving both researches and practising professionals. The accent is on the architectural quality demonstrating different approaches of relations between good architecture and environment, without focusing only on technical aspects of building. So, the sustainability and great design does not exclude each other in the process of creating architectural spaces. Joined, they provide contemporary pillar to architecture. Language “The New ARCH” is published in English and accepts contributions written only in English. Frequency “The New ARCH” is a thrice yearly open-access electronic journal. Contributions Two types of contributions are expected: - Original Article - must either be of a current general interest or of a great significance to readers, - Review - introducing a particular area through a concise overview of a selected topic by the author(s). Responsibility Submission of a manuscript implies that the work described has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the copyright holder. The author(s) should provide a statement attesting to the originality of the work submitted for publication. Exception is an abstract or part of a published lecture or academic thesis. Peer Review “The New ARCH” is a peer-review journal. All submitted manuscripts, which follow the scope of the journal, are read first by the editorial stuff and only those that meet editorial criteria are sent for formal double-blind peer review process. Both the referees (at least two independent reviewers selected by the editors) and the author(s) are kept anonymous. Authors are obliged to follow remarks and comments of reviewers, instructions for preparing manuscripts, reference list specification as well as remarks and corrections of the Editorial Board.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ About the Journal Instructions for Authors

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)

ISSN 2198-7688

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INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS General Information Procedure The authors are obliged to submit papers only in English and free of typing errors. The manuscript should not exceed 14 pages (A4 format), including figures and tables. For the review process the manuscript should not exceed 14 pages and should be submitted in electronic form only as MS Word file. All titles listed in the reference list have to be in English, or translated in English with indication of the original language. Full name and affiliation have to be given for each author. Last name(s) has to be written in capital letters. The corresponding author should be indicated, with full postal and e-mail address.

margins of 20 mm from left/right and top/bottom paper’s edge, with spacing one line after. Illustrations (graphics, pictures) and tables have to be also separately prepared. The width of the Illustrations/tables has to be either 7.5 cm or 16.5 cm. Authors may submit a manuscript of maximum 14 A4 pages containing plain text (including nomenclature and references) and illustrations/tables.

Checklist 1.

Title page as a separate MS Word document (one A4 page) including: - Title - Author(s) and affiliation(s) - One author labelled as the Corresponding Author with full postal and e-mail address

Plain text (without illustrations/tables) as a separate MS Word file including all sections stated above in Manuscript Structure

All illustrations/tables as a separate MS Word file

Numerated captures of all illustrations as a separate MS Word file

Manuscript Approval

Numerated captures of all tables as a separate MS Word file

After computer lay-out of the paper, corresponding author will obtain text as .PDF file for approval.

Title

Submission Declaration By submitting the manuscript the author(s) declare that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis or as an electronic preprint), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere including electronically in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the copyright holder.

Manuscript Structure Only English and Greek alphabet must be used in preparing the whole manuscript. There are no strict formatting requirements but all manuscripts must contain the essential elements needed to convey your manuscript and should be written according to following order: – Title – Author(s) – Affiliation(s) – Abstract – Keywords – Introduction – Body of the text with numerated sections and subsections – Conclusions – Acknowledgement – Funding source – Nomenclature – References All pages must have page numbers.

Conflict of Interest All authors are requested to disclose any actual or potential conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within three years of beginning the submitted work that could inappropriately influence, or be perceived to influence, their work. Referees If you want, you can submit, with the manuscript, the names, addresses and e-mail addresses of three potential referees. Note that the editor retains the sole right to decide whether or not the suggested reviewers are used.

Copyright Transfer Agreement A properly completed and signed Copyright Transfer Agreement must be provided by author(s) for each submitted manuscript.

Manuscript Preparation General Text has to be separately prepared as Microsoft Word plain text document (without illustrations and tables) using Arial 10 font, with

Maximum 3 rows title (ALL CAPITAL LETTERS, bold, centred, with spacing one line after) has to concisely, informative, clearly, accurately and grammatically correct reflect emphasis and content of the manuscript. Abbreviations and acronyms should be avoided.

Author(s) and Affiliation(s) Author(s) Personal (First) Name(s), initial (optional) and FAMILY (LAST) NAME(S) (bold, centred, with spacing one line after) of all who have made substantial contributions. At least one author must be labelled with an asterisk (*) as the corresponding author. Affiliation(s) of author(s) must include Institution, City and Country (regular letters, centred, with spacing one line after). The full postal and e-mail address of the corresponding author should be placed on a separate line below the affiliation.

Abstract The paper must have an Abstract supplying briefly general information about the purpose and objectives of the paper, techniques, methods applied, significant results, and conclusions. Abbreviations and acronyms should be avoided. The optimal length for the abstract is one paragraph with 100 to 200 words, justified, with indent 20 mm from left and right margin, with spacing one line after. An abstract may also be presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s).

Keywords Maximum 8 characteristic words (regular letters, with indent 20 mm from left and right margin) explaining the subject of the manuscript (for example, “of”, “and” ... have to be avoided) should be provided directly below the abstract. Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords may be used for indexing purposes.

Introduction It should place the work in the appropriate context and clearly state the purpose and objectives of the contribution.

Body of the Text Authors are obliged to use System International (SI) for Units (including Non/SI units accepted for use with the SI system) for all physical parameters and their units. Titles of sections and subsections have to be written in bold, left, numerated (decimal classification) in Arabic numbers, with spacing one line before and one line after.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Instructions for Authors

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture â&#x20AC;?The New ARCHâ&#x20AC;&#x153; Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ensure that each graphics/illustration has a caption. A caption should comprise a brief title (not on the figure itself) and a description of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used. Figure captions should be placed below figures, in bold, justified left; one line should be left blank below figure captions. Table captions have to be placed above tables in bold, left justified with the table; one line should be left blank above captions and below tables. Place footnotes to tables below the table body and indicate them with superscript lower-case letters. All tables and figures must be referred in the text. All equations, formulas, and expressions should be numbered in parentheses, with right alignment, in the order of appearance in the text, and must be centred with one line left above and below. Also, equations, formulas, and expressions should be referred within the text with Eq., or Formula, or Expression, with corresponding number in parentheses.

The mark of variables with dimensions in brackets used and explained only once in the text, do not include into the nomenclature.

References References should be numbered in brackets in the order of appearance in the text, e.g. [1], [3, 4], [7-11], etc. The full references should be listed at the end of the paper (left alignment, hanging indentation) in numerical order of citation in the text. For references having two authors, names of both authors should be given. For more than two authors, only name of the first author should be given, followed by latin abbreviation et al. Data in References should be given according to the Reference List Specification, given in the next section. Footnotes Footnotes should be used sparingly. Number them consecutively throughout the article. Indicate the position of footnotes in the text and present the footnotes themselves separately at the end of the article. Do not include footnotes in the Reference list.

Preparation of Graphics (Illustrations) Graphics intended to appear in black and white or grayscale should not be submitted in colour. Graphics have to be submitted also in separated files in a JPG and/or TIF format. Use of colour in manuscript graphics is encouraged when it is important for clarity of presentation. It has to be noted that the quality of the graphics published in the journal depends on the quality of the graphic images provided by authors. Do not supply graphics optimised for screen, that are too low in resolution or that are disproportionately large for the content. Digital graphics should have minimum resolution of 1200 dpi for black and white line art, 600 dpi for grayscale art and 300 dpi for colour art. For uniformity of appearance, all the graphics of the same type should share a common style and font. For scanned half-tone illustrations a resolution of 300 dpi is sufficient.

Conclusions

Reference List Specification Journals Author(s)1, Paper title, Journal title, Volume number, (Year), Issue, pp. xx-yy, DOI number2

Books Author(s)1, Book title3, Publisher, City, Country, Year

Chapters Author(s)1, Chapter title, in Book title3, (Editor(s) of the book)4, Publisher, City, Country, Year, pp. xx-yy

Proceedings, Transactions, Book of Abstracts Author(s)1, Paper title, Proceedings, Proceedings information5, Conference, City, Country, Year, Volume6, pp. xx-yy

Thesis Author(s)1, Thesis title, Thesis rank, University, City, Country, Year

Reports

Content of this section should not substantially duplicate the abstract. It could contain text summarising the main contributions of the manuscript and expression and idea for the work to be continued.

Author(s)1, Report title, Report number, Institution, City, Country, Year

Acknowledgement

Literature or Data on web Sites and Documents without Authors

May be used to acknowledge helpful discussion with colleagues, assistance providing starting material or reference samples, data and services from others who are not co-authors, or providing language help, writing assistance or proof reading the article, or financial support.

Funding Source Author has to identify who provided financial support for the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the manuscript and to briefly describe the role of the sponsor(s), if any, in study design, as well as in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data, as well as in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. If the funding source(s) had no such involvement then this should be stated here.

Nomenclature Author should use a systematic name for each compound. The variables in nomenclature have to be written in alphabetical order and, if exist, must have dimension in brackets. The Greek symbols must be separated, and as well as subscripts and superscripts, abbreviations, and acronyms.

Author(s)1,2, Title/Data/Institution, Link

Web As a minimum, the full URL should be given and the date when the reference was last accessed. Any further information, if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.), should also be given

Patents Owner(s)1, Title of patent, Patent number, Year __________________________________________ 1 Last name, Initial (optional), First name 2 If exist 3 Title in original language or in transliteration, the English translation in parentheses with the indication of the original language 4 Editor(s)1 (in parentheses) 5 (Name(s) of the editor(s), if exist, in parentheses), Title of the publication if it is not the same as the title of the meeting 6 Only for Transactions

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Instructions for Authors

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)

ISSN 2198-7688

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THE NEXT ISSUE THE NEXT ISSUE OF THE JOURNAL THE NEW ARCH IS SCHEDULED FOR AUGUST 2017 !!!

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CALL FOR AUTHORS’ PAPERS FOR THE 10th ISSUE SCHEDULED FOR AUGUST 2017 !!!

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International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)

ISSN 2198-7688

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___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Advertisement

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)

ISSN 2198-7688

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Advertisement

International Journal of Contemporary Architecture ”The New ARCH“ Vol. 4, No. 1 (2017)

ISSN 2198-7688

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