Enjeux economie savoir by رضيت بالله

‫ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳــﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮﻳــﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﳝﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴــﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻴــﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﺎﺝ ﳋﻀﺮ‬

‫ﺳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭﱃ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﲑ ‪-‬ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺍﻩ‪-‬‬

‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻴﲑ‬

‫ﻓﺮﻉ ‪ :‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﻭﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ‬

‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﺗﻨـــــــﺔ ‪-‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪:‬ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﺒﲏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋــﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒـﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺩﺳــﻲ ﲪـﺰﺓ‬

‫ﺑﻠﺨﻀــﺮ ﺷﺎﻛـﺮ‬

‫‪hamza_meradci@yahoo.fr‬‬

‫‪chaker_belakhdar@yahoo.fr‬‬

‫ﻗﻤـــﺮﻱ ﺣﻴـﺎﺓ‬

‫ﺩﻋــﺎﺱ ﻋﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‬

‫‪hayet.goumri@yahoo.fr‬‬

‫‪azeddine_daas@yahoo.fr‬‬

‫ﲢﺖ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺩ ‪ /‬ﻓـﺎﺭﺱ ﺑﻮﺑﺎﻛـﻮﺭ‬

‫‪fares_boubakour@yahoo.fr‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﻴﺔ‪2008/2007 :‬‬

‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ א א א ‬ ‫"و א א א و وא ن"‬ ‫‪#$‬ق א א ! ‬ ‫א & ‪ .94 %‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪ .I‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪ .1. I‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪ .2. I‬ﲰﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪ .3. I‬ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬

‫‪ . II‬ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪ .1. II‬ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪ .2. II‬ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪ .3. II‬ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﺩﰊ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪:‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻻ ﳜﻠﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ!؟‬ ‫‪ .I‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .1. I‬ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻭﺋﺔ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪ .2. I‬ﺍﳌﺂﺧﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪ .3. I‬ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫‪. II‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ .1. II‬ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ .2. II‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻔﻲ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ .3. II‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‬‫ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻳﻌﻠﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ‬‫ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻀﻴﻒ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﹰﺍ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﹰﺎ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ‬

‫ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬

Résumé Au cours des deux siècles derniers, les théories économiques néo-classiques n’ont reconnue plus que deux facteurs de production: le capital et la main d’œuvre. Ceci est en train de changer; le savoir et l’information sont considérées en tant qu’actifs principaux créateurs de la richesse des pays. La technologie deviendrait plus que jamais le moteur de la croissances économiques; elle transforme les économies développées en des économie fondées sur le savoir. C’est une nouvelle ère dont les têtes travaillent plus que les mains. La nouvelle économie fondé sur le savoir est basée sur : - l’utilisation des technologies de l’information et de la communication (TICs). - La prise en compte de l’importance des recherches et développement (R&D), et la protection de la propriété intellectuelle. - La production, l’utilisation et la diffusion des savoirs et connaissances pour créer une valeur ajoutée. Cette nouvelle économie est caractérisée par : - La flexibilité ; - la baisse des coûts, la hausse de la productivité grâce à la vitesse de la transformation des informations. - L’absence des barrières pour l’entrée dans cette économie. - La prise en compte des concepts de soutenabilité (durabilité), de responsabilité, de l’innovation et de développement. Parmi les grands enjeux de l’économie de savoir : - le coût marginal de la production après la première unité produite est presque égale à zéro (0). - La lois des rendements croissants transforme la croissance linéaire à une croissance exponentielle. - La possession multiple des produits cognitifs. Mais ça ne veut dire pas l’absence des défis pour cette économie ; la baisse des coûts marginales conduit à la baisse des prix de vente et des profits. En plus de ça l’absence de l’encouragement de l’investissement dans le secteur des connaissances. L’émigration des cadres aussi c’est un autre défis de la nouvelle économie surtout dans le domaine de la technologie, et enfin la hausse des taux de la cybercriminalité (le piratage, les virus, le blanchiment d’argents, …) est considérée comme le plus grand danger. La sécurité de l’information permet d’assurer à l’information : - la confidentialité - l’intégrité - la disponibilité. - La non_répudiation On doit combattre ces types de crimes pour profiter les opportunités et les enjeux de la nouvelle économie.

Abstract During the two past centuries, the economic theories neoclassical have not recognized more than two factors of production: capital and labour. Now This is changing, knowledge and information are viewed as assets main creators of the rich countries. The technology would become more than ever the engine of economic growth, it transforms the developed economies in the economy based on knowledge. This is a new era whose heads are working more than their hands. The new economy based on knowledge is based on: - The use of information technology and communications (ICT). - Taking into account the importance of research and development (R&D), and protection of intellectual property. - The production, use and dissemination of knowledge to add value. This new economy is characterized by: - Flexibility; - Lower costs, increased productivity cause to the speed of processing information; - The absence of barriers to entry in this economy; - The incorporation of the concepts of sustainability, accountability, innovation and development. Among the challenges facing the economy: - The marginal cost of production after production of the first unit is almost equal to zero (0). - The law of Increasing returns transforms linear growth to an exponential growth. - Multiple possession of cognitif products. But it does not mean that there are no challenges for this economy; lower marginal costs led to lower sales prices and profits. And more, the lack of encouragement in their investment in knowledge. The emigration of professionals is also another challenges of the new economy particularly in the area of technology, and finally rising rate of crime (hacking, viruses, money laundering,â&#x20AC;Ś) is considered as the greatest danger. Information security ensures that the information: - Privacy - Integrity - Availability. - Non_rĂŠpudiation We must combat these types of crimes to enjoy the opportunities and challenges of the new economy.

‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣـــﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﲟﺠﺮﺩ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﳑﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﻔﺬﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺣﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻷﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻧﺪﺭﺓ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺷﻬﺪ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﳕﻮ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻓﺴﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻭﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺣﺎ ﻭﳏﺮﻛﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﻣﺘﲔ ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻗﺒﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﳛﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻃﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﰲ ﲢﺴﲔ ﻭﺇﻧﻌﺎﺵ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺇﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﲢﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺃﻣـﺎﻡ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺴﻄﺮﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﺩﺭ ﻷﺫﻫﺎﻧﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻔـﺮﺹ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﻳﺘﻴﺤﻬـﺎ ﺍﻗﺘـﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓـﺔ ﻭﻫـﻞ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﻣـﻦ ﲢـﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻣـﺎﻡ ﻫـﺬﺍ‬‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ؟‬ ‫ـﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ـﱵ ﺗـ‬ ‫ـﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤـ‬ ‫ـﺮﺹ ﻭ ﳎﺎ‪‬ـ‬ ‫ـﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻔـ‬ ‫ـﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻗﺘﻨـ‬ ‫ـﺎﺕ ﺗـ‬ ‫ـﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺳـ‬ ‫ـﺎﻙ ﻣـ‬ ‫ـﻞ ﻫﻨـ‬ ‫ ﻫـ‬‫ﺣﺠﺮ ﻋﺜﺮﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻪ؟‬

‫ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳓﻦ ﺑﺼﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﳊﺪﺍﺛﺔ ﻭﻗﻠـﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺰﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﻤﻮﺽ ﻳﺸﻮﺏ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻪ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﲨﺎﻉ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﲔ ﺣﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﻼﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺃﺭﺿﻴﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻜﺘﺴﻴﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺳﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﶈﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﱘ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻠـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗـﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﰎ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺠﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﲝﻴﺚ ﰎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻔﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﲟﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨـﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﺻﻪ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻭﺣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﺪﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﺸﻮﺩ ﰎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ ﺣﺎﻭﻟﻨﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉـﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺣﺮﺯﻫﺎ ﻭﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗـﺴﻌﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﻄﺮﻗﻨﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺃﺧﺮ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻄﺮﻗﻨـﺎ ﻷﻫـﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺂﺧﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺭﻛﺰﻧﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻄﺮﻗﻨﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ ﻣﻄﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .I‬ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪ .1. I‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ‪ Dominique Foray‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﲣﺼﺺ ﻓﺮﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻳﻬﺘﻢ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ‬ ‫ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺘﻐﲑ ﺳﲑ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺼﻒ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﻟﻴﺪ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺎﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪1‬؛ ﻛﻤﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺪﺩ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﻭ ﳎﺎﻻﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻄﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎﺣﺚ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﺳﻨﻘﺘﺼﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ‪:2‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺮﳛﺔ)ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ( ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻤﻨﻴﺔ)ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻃﻨﻴﺔ( ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳏﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺘﲔ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﰲ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻹﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺳﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﲟﺨﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﺴﻴﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﰲ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺮﻭﺓ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ‪ ،TIC‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰲ ﺳﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺇﻏﻔﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻞ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﻻ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2. I‬ﲰﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﲟﻀﺎﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ‪:3‬‬ ‫ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ؛‬‫ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﲟﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻴﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺠﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺗﻐﲑﻫﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﻜﺎﺛﻒ ﺣﺠﻢ‬‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻓﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺧﻠﻖ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﳑﺘﺪﺓ ﳋﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻏﲑﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﺘﻮﻕ ﻟﻼﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ؛‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ ر و ‪ ،‬ا ج ا د ا ‪ :‬ا * ص و ا ) ت‪،‬ا ' &‪ %‬ا و ‪ $‬ل ا " ا ! و ص ا ج ا د ا و ا ‪ *.‬ءات ا ! ‪،‬آ' ا )& ق و‬ ‫ا ' م ا د ‪ / ،‬ور ' ‪ 10-09 ،‬رس‪ 2004،‬ص‪.255‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫@ ا ‪ ? $‬ا > ﺵ و <;ة ) ا ;اوي‪ ،‬ا ">‪ C‬و ا د ا ‪ ،‬ا ‪ B‬ا‪A‬و ‪ 2007 ،%‬ا ‪ I‬ة '"! و ا ز ‪ @ ،G‬ن‪،‬ص‪.36‬‬ ‫‪ L* 3‬ا ‪ ،G/‬ص‪.35‬‬

‫ ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﻟﻠﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﻻ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ؛‬ ‫ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﳋﻴﺎﻝ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻛﻲ ﺑﺄﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺃﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‬‫ﻭﺃﺣﺴﻦ؛‬ ‫ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﻓﻜﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﳐﻄﻂ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺐ؛‬‫ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ؛‬‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳉﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ‪.‬‬‫‪ .3. I‬ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻻ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺷﻘﲔ ﻳﻜﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻣﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ‪ ،‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﻹﻗﻼﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ ﺷﺮﻭﻁ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ‬‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺳﻴﺐ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﻋﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ؛‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﲨﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ‪ :UNCSTD‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻛﻲ ﺗﻨﺪﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﺧﲑ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﲢﺘﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﻠﻔﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ؛‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻫﻴﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ؛‬‫ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﳐﺎﺑﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻭﺗﻮﱄ ﳍﺎ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬‫ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﺾ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻳﻘﺘﻀﻲ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﻡ ‪ ، PIB‬ﺇﺫ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﻤﺆﺷﺮ ﺿﻤﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺆﺷﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ؛‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺰﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﰲ‪:1‬‬ ‫ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ) ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ(‪ :‬ﺃﻱ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﳌﻦ ﺑﺬﻝ ﺍﳉﻬﺪ ﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻏﲑﻩ‬‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﺰ ﻟﺒﺬﻝ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﺃﻛﱪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﰲ ﺑﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪...‬ﺍﱁ؛‬ ‫ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺎﱄ ﲟﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﲟﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺪﺑﺮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﳌﺎ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲣﺼﻴﺺ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻲ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ؛‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫@ ا ‪ ? $‬ا > ﺵ و <;ة ا ;اوي‪ G/ ،‬ﺱ ‪ ،M‬ص‪.33‬‬

‫ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻣﺎﻝ ﺑﺸﺮﻱ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ‬‫ﻭﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﳚﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ؛‬ ‫ ﺇﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‪ :‬ﺇﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭﲢﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬‫ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ‪‬ﻭﺿِﻌﺖ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﲔ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﺄﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﳎﺮﺩ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻹﺭﺿﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﺎﺋﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻭﺑﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ . II‬ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫‪ .1. II‬ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﱪﺯ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺆﺩﻳﻪ ﻣﻀﺎﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻭﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺗﻔﺮﺯﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ؛ ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﰲ ﻋﺪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻧﺬﻛﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:1‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﰲ ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﻔﻴﺾ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ؛‬‫ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ‪ -‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﻘﻘﻬﺎ ‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬‫ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ؛‬ ‫ ﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ‬‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ؛‬ ‫ ﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺗﺴﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ؛‬‫ ﲢﻮﻝ ﲤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬‫ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ؛‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻭﳕﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﳕﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﱪﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﻭﺍﶈﻠﻲ ﻭﳕﻮ ﻋﻤﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﻛﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ؛‬ ‫ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﳕﻂ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻭﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻻﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻪ ﺑﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪.‬‬‫‪ .2. II‬ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺆﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻯ ﺩﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﳝﻠﻚ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ )ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ( ﻭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬

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‫ ' ‪ ،O'P ? I$ Q‬ا د ا ‪ ،‬ا ‪ B‬ا‪A‬و ‪ T @ ،2007 ،%‬ا ‪ .‬ب ا ) ‪ !"' R‬و ا ز ‪ @ ،G‬ن‪ ،‬ا‪A‬ردن‪ ،‬ص‪.22‬‬

‫ﻭﺳﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﺃﻭ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﺻﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﻔﺴﺮﻩ ﳕﻮﺫﺝ ﻛﺮﻭﺗﺸﻲ ‪ crosch’s‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﻪ ﳏﻔﺰ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪.1‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻨﺬﻛﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺣﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:2‬‬ ‫ ﰲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺨﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ)ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ( ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺔ‬‫ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﺃﻟﺴﻌﺮﻱ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﳌﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ؛‬ ‫ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﺪ)ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ( ﻷﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ‬‫ﺑﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺔ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻟﻠﺼﻔﺮ؛‬ ‫ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﻣﻠﻤﻮﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﻭﺯﻥ )ﰲ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ( ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺣﺠﻢ )ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ‬‫ﺍﻟﻼ‪‬ﺎﺋﻴﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻟﻮﻥ )ﻷﻥ ﺣﺎﻣﻼﺗﻪ ﺭﻗﻤﻴﺔ(؛‬ ‫ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻓﺄﻧﺖ ﺗﻈﻞ ﲤﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﻓﺎﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩﻳﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﳊﺼﺮﻳﺔ )ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ(؛‬‫ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ -‬ﻓﺘﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻣﻦ‬‫ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﲢﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺛﻮﺍﻥ‪ -‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻻ ﻳﻘﺮ ﺑﺎﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺳﻴﻠﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﻭﺍﻷﻗﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﳋﻄﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻷﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‬‫ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻷﻥ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﶈﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻷﺳﻲ؛‬ ‫ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻐﲎ ﻭﺃﺻﺤﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ‪.bill gates‬‬‫‪ .3. II‬ﳕﺎﺫﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﲔ ﻣﺘﻤﻴﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺎ ﻭ ﳜﺺ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫)ﲢﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﺩﰊ( ﻭ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‪:3‬‬ ‫ﺃ ‪ -‬ﺩﰊ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﲤﻜﻨﺖ ﺩﰊ ﻋﱪ ﺗﺎﺭﳜﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﲰﻌﺔ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺮﻣﻮﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻥ ﺗﺸﻖ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﱪ‬ ‫ﺩﺧﻮﳍﺎ ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﺈﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ :‬ﻭ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﻌﺮﰲ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺛﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬‫ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ‪‬ﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺼﲔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺩﰊ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﺀ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﳎﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻮﺍﻕ ﺍﶈﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻬﺠﺮ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﳍﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺳﺘﻘﻮﻡ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ‪ Microsoft‬ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺗﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺩﰊ ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫@ ا ‪ ? $‬ا > ﺵ و <;ة ا ;اوي‪ G/ ،‬ﺱ ‪ ،M‬ص‪.48‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ ‪ @ TW‬د ‪ ،TW‬إدارة ا ‪ ،‬ا ‪ B‬ا‪A‬و ‪ ،2005 ،%‬ا راق '"! و ا ز ‪ @ ،G‬ن ا‪A‬ردن‪ ،‬ص‪.205‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ ر و ‪ G/ ،‬ﺱ ‪ ،M‬ص ‪.259‬‬

‫ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺩﰊ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻡ‪ :‬ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬‫ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﰲ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺩﰊ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ‪ MBC‬ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻟـ ‪ CNN‬ﻭﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻭﻳﺘﺮﺯ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ ﺇﺫ ﻳﺸﻬﺪ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ‪‬ﺎ ﳕﻮﺍ ﻫﺎﺋﻼ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲢﺘﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻻﺋﺤﺔ ﺃﻭﻝ ‪ 10‬ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2000‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺄﰐ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﰒ ﻓﻨﻠﻨﺪﺍ ﰒ ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﰲ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ‪ TIC‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﳓﻮ ‪ %7.721‬ﻭﺗﺄﰐ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ)‪ (%7.29‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺻﺪ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ‪.EITO‬‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ‪،OCDE‬‬ ‫ﻭﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺣﺪﺍﺛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻝ ‪‬ﺎ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﲡﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺧﻂ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭﻧﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﲢﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ؛ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻓﺘﺼﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﺇﱃ ﳓﻮ ‪ %70‬ﻣﻊ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‪ 40‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺸﻐﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ ‪ ،ERICSSON‬ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﳍﻮﺍﺗﻒ‬ ‫ﺸﻐِﻞ ‪ 44979‬ﻣﻮﻇﻔﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪‬ﺗ ‪‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1998‬ﺷﻬﺪ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﱪﳎﻴﺎﺕ ﳕﻮﺍ ﺑﻠﻎ ‪ %40‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ ‪ 600‬ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .I‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .1. I‬ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻭﺋﺔ ﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﲔ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﺷﺒﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺑﺄﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻏﲑ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﲑ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺗﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻭﲣﺘﻔﻲ ﺑﲔ ﻟﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺿﺤﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻣﻰ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺃﺳﻬﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﰲ ﺃﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻲ )ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ( ﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2000‬ﻟﺘﺆﻛﺪ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﻟﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺎ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻏﺰﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﰲ ﻃﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺂﺧﺬ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2. I‬ﺍﳌﺂﺧﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺂﺧﺬ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻧﻮﺟﺰﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:1‬‬ ‫ ﺇﻥ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺍﳔﻔﺎﺽ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ‬‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﻜﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ ﻭﻓﺮﺽ ﺭﺑﺢ ﺍﶈﺘﻜﺮ ﻭﻟﻮ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﲑﺓ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺷﻮﻣﺒﻴﺘﺮ ﻟﻼﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ؛‬ ‫ ﺇﻥ ﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﲢﻮﳍﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻡ‬‫ﺣﻮﺍﻓﺰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻨﺴﺎﺥ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻋﻘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ؛‬ ‫ ﺇﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺒﲏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺦ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﱵ ‪‬ﺪﺩ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬‫ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﺟﺐ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪‬ﺪﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻷﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺜﻤﺮ ﰲ‬‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺇﺷﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺭﻭﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﺪ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻷﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻟﻸﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ‪ .‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﲞﺰﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺇﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺑﺎﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺳﺘﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬‫ﻛﺒﲑ ﻭﺑﺎﳌﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﺈ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﺘﺤﻞ ﳏﻞ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ )‪ (Web book‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻞ‬ ‫ﳏﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ ‪ @ TW‬د ‪ G/ ،TW‬ﺱ ‪ ،M‬ص‪.225‬‬

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‫ ﲟﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻣﻬﺪﺩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻫﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﻣﻐﺔ‬‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻫﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺩﻣﻐﺔ ﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪ %31‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺼﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ 200‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﺗﺘﻜﺒﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻞ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﲏ ﺍﳊﺎﺻﻞ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ ﺳﺘﻬﺰ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻻ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺳﻴﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﺭﺗﺄﻳﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺣﺼﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﱪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3. I‬ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ "ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ"‪ .1‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﺄ‪‬ﺎ "ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻭﺍﳍﺎﺗﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻝ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻠﺤﻘﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﳎﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻣﺸﺒﻮﻫﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻣﻮﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﺮﺗﻀﻴﻬﺎ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻊ ﻷ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺧﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ"‪ .2‬ﺇﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻠﺤﻘﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺑﺮﺍﳎﻪ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺠﺴﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺪﻣﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺗﻼﻑ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺮ ﻭﻗﻠﺐ ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻬﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺣﺠﺰ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ "ﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﳊﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺣﱴ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻋﱪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ" ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﺟﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱵ ‪‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻛﺄﺩﺍﺓ ﻻﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪،‬ﻭﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ‪ Cybercriminalité‬ﰲ ﻣﺆﲤﺮ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪1998/2/17 – 16‬ﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ ﺇﱃ ﲬﺴﺔ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻛﺠﺮﳝﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﺍﺛﺮ ﳍﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ؛‬‫ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺍﻟﻔﲏ ﺑﺂﺛﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ؛‬‫ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺧﱪﺓ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺼﻌﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﶈﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ؛‬‫ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳋﺪﺍﻉ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻀﻠﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺮﺗﻜﺒﻴﻬﺎ؛‬‫ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎ‪‬ﺎ‪.‬‬‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻔﺎﺕ ﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺘﻄﺮﻕ ﺇﱃ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺬﻟﻚ ﳒﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

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‫ﺕ ف ا ‪ .I‬ه‪ W‬ة ا‪A‬د ` @'‪ %‬أ > ع ﺵ ذ ? ا دل ا ' ? ا ول ; ‪ ? M‬ا ول أ ﺕ& اﺕ‪ \ W‬ا‪A‬آ[ ﺕ& وه ‪ Y '@ M'B‬ا "& ا ‪. / ". ' I.‬‬ ‫‪http://www.atsdp.com/forum/data.223/gupgi-njb-mszjg-zbnzui-zbvbn-jzbedksdk-1979‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪http://www.alriyadh.com/2008/02/20/article319312.html‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ ‪:Le piratage‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ‪ 1‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﻟﻨﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﳎﺎﻧﺎ ﺃﻭ ﲟﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﻣﺰﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ )ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺁﻱ ﺩﻱ ﺳﻲ( ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﲔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻗﺮﺍﺻﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﰒ ﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﲢﺘﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻀﻴﻒ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ "ﻣﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺯﻱ ﻫﺎﻛﺎﺩﳝﻲ ‪ "Zi Hackademy‬ﺑﺒﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺇﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ‪ 2‬ﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﲢﺘﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻗﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﳑﺎ ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﲢﺘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻋﺮﺑﻴﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %85‬ﺗﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ﺑـ ‪ %79‬ﰒ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﻥ ﺑـ ‪ %73‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﰎ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺑـ ‪ .%35‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﲤﺜﻞ ﺗﻌﺪﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﲑ ﻓﻬﻲ ﲤﺜﻞ ﲢﺪﻳﺎ ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻔﲑﻭﺳﺎﺕ ‪:Les virus‬‬

‫ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ‪ 3‬ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺼﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻹﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎ‪‬ﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬ﺃﻱ ﺑﻐﺮﺽ ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺑﻜﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﲑﻭﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﲑﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺣﺼﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﻭﺍﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺃﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺩﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺣﺼﺎﻥ ﻃﺮﻭﺍﺩﺓ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﻓﻘﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﺃﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1988‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻳﺪﻋﻰ‬ ‫‪ Morris‬ﺑﺈﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻓﲑﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻓﺄﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﲑﻭﺱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ‪ 6200‬ﺣﺎﺳﺐ ﺁﱄ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳊﻘﺖ ﺑﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﲟﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Robert‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪:‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ‪ 4‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﻭﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻐﻠﻮﻃﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﺮﻑ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺄﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﺰﻭﻳﺮ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺃﺭﺻﺪ‪‬ﻢ ﻭﻣﻦ ﰒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻪ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﺘﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﳏﺘﺮﰲ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺗﺰﻭﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ‪:Le blanchiment d’argents‬‬

‫ﻫﻮ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﺧﻔﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺒﺖ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻊ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺃﺧﺬ‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﺮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﺣﺪﺙ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﻣﻴﺔ‪ .5‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﲣﻄﻲ ﺍﳊﻮﺍﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩﻳﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻌﻴﻖ ﻧﺸﺎﻃﻬﻢ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺸﻔﲑ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﺪﺭﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪http://www.eapiic.net/PortalArabic/LinkClick.aspx?link=Studies%2fCrimesTypes.pdf&tabid=55&mid=379‬‬ ‫‪http://www.ensan.net/news/212/ARTICLE/2001/2008-03-04.html‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B38‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪op.site : http://www.atsdp.com/forum/data.223/gupgi-njb-mszjg-zbnzui-zbvbn-jzbedksdk-1979‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪op.site : http://www.atsdp.com/forum/data.223/gupgi-njb-mszjg-zbnzui-zbvbn-jzbedksdk-1979‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺸﲑ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻷﻣﻢ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ‪ 28.5‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺬﺭﺓ ﲣﺘﺮﻕ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 67‬ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺳﻨﻮﻳﺎ ﻟﻐﺴﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻏﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﲢﺪﻱ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻯ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﺣﺪﺗﻪ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ‪La signature électronique:‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ‪ 1‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻋﻦ ﻏﲑﻩ ﺇﺫ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ‬ ‫ﻼ ﳐﺎﻟﻔﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﰊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺭﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ‪‬ﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﲡﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻏﲑ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺳﺘﻔﻘﺪ ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻗﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﳑﺎ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﺍﳋﺼﻮﺻﻴﺔ‪ 2‬ﻳﻌﲏ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻔﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻤﺪﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻹﻃﹼﻼﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻬﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻓﺮﺩﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻧﺘﺤﺎﻝ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Op.site : www.al-jazirah.com/digimag/23042006/hasebat6.htm - 18k‬‬ ‫‪Op.site : http://www.atsdp.com/forum/data.223/gupgi-njb-mszjg-zbnzui-zbvbn-jzbedksdk-1979‬‬

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‫‪. II‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ .1. II‬ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻧﻮﺍﺣﻲ؛ ﻓﺄﻛﺎﺩﳝﻴﺎ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﻟﱵ ‪‬ﺪﺩﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻮ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﺗﻮﻓﲑﻫﺎ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺄﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻫﻮ ﳏﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ‬ ‫ﲪﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﳏﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻓﻬﺎ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ‪Sécurité des‬‬ ‫‪ informations‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳝﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺃﲝﺎﺛﻪ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﰲ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﳊﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﳍﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ،Confidentialité‬ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﶈﺘﻮﻯ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ‪،Intégrité‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ‪ ،Disponibilité‬ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻧﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪ .repudiation‬ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻣﻠﺤﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻳﺎﻣﻨﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺄ‪‬ﺎ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﲑ ﻭﺍﳌﻀﻲ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ‪.1‬‬ ‫‪Non-‬‬

‫‪ .2. II‬ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻔﻲ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﲏ ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺑﺄﺳﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺭﺍﻓﻘﻪ ﻗﻠﻖ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺃﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺗﻔﻖ ﺍﳌﺘﺨﺼﺼﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﳝﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺃﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺷﺪﺩﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺳﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﺄﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﲑﻳﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻠﺠﺄ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ‪ ،‬ﰲ‬ ‫ﺣﲔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﻻ ﺗﻜﻔﻲ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﻋﺎﺑﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺩ‪. 2‬‬ ‫‪ .3. II‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪:‬‬‫ﺷﺮﻋﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﲝﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ‪1976‬ﻡ – ‪1986‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ )‪1986‬ﻡ( ﺻﺪﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ ﳛﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ )‪ (1213‬ﻋﺮ‪‬ﻑ ﻓﻴﻪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﺍﳌﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺈﺻﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ‪‬ﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﺴﺎﺱ ﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺧﻮﻟﺖ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪2000‬ﻡ( ﲬﺴﺔ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﱄ )‪ (FBI‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﱄ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪.3‬‬ ‫‪http://www.arablaw.org/Information%20Security.html‬‬ ‫‪Op.site : www.atsdp.com/forum/data.223/zbujzdnd-zbkubnpni-bz-kiaen-bgjzmei-zbmszjg-zbebiaksjdni-1272/ - 42k‬‬

‫‪www.khayma.com/education-technology/Study33.htm‬‬

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‫ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻳﻌﻠﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ ‪:‬‬‫ﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﻜﺜﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺪﻱ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳍﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪﻡ ﺧﻄﺔ ﻣﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﲔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﲨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﲣﺬ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﺍ ﺧﻄﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺷﻴﻊ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﻟـ ‪ 128‬ﻫﺠﻮﻣﺎ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﳌﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﳍﺠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻳﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺮﰲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺣﺎﻻ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﲦﺎﱐ ﺁﻻﻑ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﳉﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ‪ .‬ﻭﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﺛﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻜﻠﻔﺔ ﲟﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺻﻨﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﲏ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﰊ ‪.1‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪:‬‬‫ﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩﻱ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪ 2‬ﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ 2006‬ﰲ ﺷﺄﻥ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺿﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺎﻗﺐ ﺑﺴﻨﺔ ﻭﻏﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﺜﻼﺛﲔ ﺃﻟﻒ ﺩﺭﻫﻢ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ )ﺳﺮﻗﺔ ﺑﻄﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺋﺘﻤﺎﻥ(‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻀﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ ﻋﻦ ﲢﻮﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺸﺮﻭﻋﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﺒﺲ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺒﻊ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺑﻐﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ 30‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺩﺭﻫﻢ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪200‬‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻒ ﺩﺭﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺳﻴﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ‪‬ﺎﺋﻲ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﻋﺪ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻧﻔﺲ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪.2‬‬ ‫ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻀﻴﻒ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﹰﺍ ﻋﺎﳌﻴﹰﺎ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ‪:‬‬‫ﺗﻌﺘﺰﻡ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﺳﺐ ﺍﻵﱄ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﻴﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻭﺿﺢ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺰﻱ ﰲ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ﺃﻟﻘﺎﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺧﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ‪ 2006‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻋﻘﺪ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭﺳﺘﲔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺘﻪ ﳌﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺇﳕﺎ ﳝﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻋﺮﺏ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﺅﻟﻪ ﲟﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺸﲑﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﺘﺨﺬ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ )ﺳﺎﻳﱪﺟﺎﻳﺎ( ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺮﺍ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﲑﻛﺰ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻭﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﲝﺎﺛﻪ ﻭﻛﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺩﻭﱄ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺰﻳﺎ ﺳﺘﺴﺘﻀﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ (2008‬ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻔﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺆﲤﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺴﺒﻮﻕ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪.3‬‬ ‫‪Op.site : http://www.alriyadh.com/2007/06/04/article254554.html‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

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‫ﺹ) * ا ‪ C 'b‬ا‪ d‬راﺕ ‪ ،‬ا د ‪..9764‬‬

‫‪Op.site : http://www.atsdp.com/forum/data.223/gupgi-njb-mszjg-zbnzui-zbvbn-jzbedksdk-1979‬‬

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‫ﺍﳋﺎﲤﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﳌﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﰲ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﲰﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻭﻓﺮﺓ ﻏﲑ ﳏﻜﻮﻡ ﺑﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳝﻨﺢ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﲣﻄﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻴﺰﺓ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺤﺎﻕ ﺑﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻔﺰ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﻟﻼﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﱃ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﳌﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻻ ﳜﻠﻮ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺼﻒ ﺑﺎﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﻄﺮﺍ ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﻳﻬﺪﺩ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﻥ ﻳﻌﺘﱪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺒﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﱘ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﳌﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﲢﺪﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﻨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺻﻪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺷﺮﺍﻛﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ -‬ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ -‬؛‬‫ ﺇﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻻ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺃﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﲤﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﳋﱪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ‬‫ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ؛‬ ‫ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ؛‬‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﺪ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ ﻭﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺾ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺼﺖ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﱐ ﻭﻣﺎ‬‫ﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ؛‬ ‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﹰﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﳋﱪﺍﺕ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺐ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬‫ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺑﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ‪.‬‬‫ ﻳﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﱃ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﲣﻄﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﲝﻴﺚ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‬‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻭﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﻭﺑﺎﻷﺧﺺ ﰲ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬‫ﻭﺣﱴ ﻟﻮ ﰎ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﻻﺕ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺳﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﰎ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺧﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻮﺍﺀ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺮﳝﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ‪:‬‬‫‪ (1‬ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﲪﻦ ﺍﳍﺎﴰﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﳏﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﺍﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻨﻬﺞ ﻭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﰲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ 2007 ،‬ﺍﳌﺴﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﻓﻠﻴﺢ ﺣﺴﲔ ﺧﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،2007 ،‬ﻋﺎﱂ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺚ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﳒﻢ ﻋﺒﻮﺩ ﳒﻢ‪ ،‬ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،2005 ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺍﻕ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺩﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬‫‪ (1‬ﺑﻮﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻗﻮﻳﺪﺭ ﻭﺑﻮﻃﻴﺒﺔ ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ‪،‬ﺍﳌﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﱄ ﺣﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗﻠﺔ‪ 10-09 ،‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‪. 2004،‬‬ ‫ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‪:‬‬‫‪1) http://www.atsdp.com/forum/data.223/gupgi-njb-mszjg-zbnzui-zbvbn-jzbedksdk‬‬‫‪1979‬‬ ‫‪2) http://www.alriyadh.com/2008/02/20/article319312.html‬‬ ‫‪3) http://www.eapiic.net/PortalArabic/LinkClick.aspx?link=Studies%2fCrimesTypes.‬‬ ‫‪pdf&tabid=55&mid=379‬‬ ‫‪4) www.khayma.com/education-technology/Study33.htm‬‬ ‫‪5) http://www.arablaw.org/Information%20Security.html‬‬ ‫‪6) http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3‬‬ ‫‪_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B38‬‬ ‫‪7) http://www.ensan.net/news/212/ARTICLE/2001/2008-03-04.html‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﲤﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‪ 2008/03/15:‬ﺇﱃ‪2008/04/17 :‬‬