4 Legs & a Tail NR Spring 2022

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Mud Season 2022

Earn Your Spurs The History of Cats Celebrate National Bulldog Day! Therapy Animals Chick Check

Inside this issue of 4 Legs & a Tail

®

2. Dexter’s Tale to Become a Film A compelling tale of the rescue and rehabilitation of a neglected canine stranded in the Adirondack Mountains is in the beginning stages of becoming a Netflix film.

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3. A Modern-Day Superhero

Karen Sturtevant

4. New Location for Riverside Vet 5. Spring Has Sprung Ingrid Braulini Some great adventures await you and your pets this spring 6. Celebrate National Bulldogs Are Beautiful Day 8. They are English Bulldogs

Karen Sturtevant

10. Biodegradable vs. Compostable Holly Kenseth Which Poop Bag is Better for the Environment?

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11. Willow, America's new first cat, joins the Biden White House Doug Cunningham 12. Therapy Animals and Their Healing Benefits Alice Ayers

13. Spotting & Soothing Separation Anxiety Michael Robertson

16. The History of the Domestic Cat How long have domesticated cats been around?

18. The Seasons of Puppyhood Paula Bergeron Why experiencing behavioral changes in your puppy is normal

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20. A Cautionary Tale 23. Caring for Animals

Jeffrey Reel Pat Jauch

24. Earning your Spurs Sue Miller Ever wonder where this term came from?

26. The Case of the Dog With Holes in His Head Sandra Waugh, VMD, MS 28. 10 Convincing Reasons Why You Should Raise Chickens Brigido LaGuardia 4 Legs & a Tail Volume N.122 P.O. Box 841 Lebanon, NH 03766

Publishers: Tim Goodwin, Tim Hoehn Office Manager: Beth Hoehn

603-727-9214

Graphic Design: Kristin Wolff

TimH.4LT@gmail.com

Sales: Scott Palzer, Rebecca Smedy

Spring 2022

If you have a tale about a tail or a photo that will make us smile, we’d like to hear from you. 4 Legs & a Tail is published quarterly and distributed free of charge throughout Northern and Western VT and Northern NH. 4 Legs & a Tail, Inc. is locally owned and operated and acts as a moderator without approving, disapproving or guaranteeing the validity or accuracy of any data or claim.

Any reproduction in whole or part is prohibited.

www.4LegsAndATail.com 1

Dexter’s Tale to Become a Film A

compelling tale of the rescue and rehabilitation of a neglected canine stranded in the Adirondack Mountains is in the beginning stages of becoming a Netflix film.

The 208-page true story titled “I am Dexter,” published this year and coauthored by Steve and Dr. Dru Pollinger and Helayne Rosenbaum, encompasses the journey of Dexter from being a lonely, 17-pound stray to a domesticated animal with a strong sense of identity, purpose and belonging.

The story is told uniquely in three perspectives over a three-year span, with first-hand accounts from the Pollingers and the attempt to get inside the mind of Dexter on his new endeavor and comeback story.

For 40 years, the Pollingers have owned and operated the Fair Haven Animal Hospital in Fair Haven, Vermont. Thousands of animals have been treated, diagnosed and assisted over the years, but none like the newest member to their family of five dogs, Dexter.

In the summer of 2018, Steve Pollinger received a phone call from a representative of the Upstate New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) about the potential of he and his wife taking in Dexter, who had been located and captured by a coyote trapper and animal rehabilitator named Mark Laske. Laske had informed the SPCA that Dexter displayed overwhelming signs of fear and was very difficult to approach.

“The chances for adoption for a dog so distressed are impossible,” Steve Pollinger said.

The Pollingers assumed this was due to years of abuse by either humans, animals in the wild, or maybe worse, both, ultimately resulting in post-traumatic stress.

“As the authors of this book, it by no means gives us permission to call ourselves ‘experts’ in the term others might use to describe Dexter’s condition,” Dr. Pollinger said in the book. “Forty years of hands-on-experience with dogs, our extensive reading and discussions with academics should qualify us to equate this dog’s behavior to PTSD, a human condition.

“But we cannot do that, nor should anyone. There isn’t a way to translate an unknown past evil event in this dog’s life into words. He can’t tell us. Going even further, those words are not easily come by in humans.”

However, Steve Pollinger, who is known 2 4 Legs & a Tail

for training and rehabbing dogs that have been abused, decided to take the challenge despite knowing how testing and time consuming it would be.

“He (Dexter) showed us through his body language and startle response that there had never been any good touch in his life – only physical abuse,” Dru Pollinger said in the book. “Another major accomplishment occurred when he was finally able to be properly leash walked.

As awkward as it appeared initially, it meant to us that eventually he would learn how fulfilling that could be.”

The “state of helpless connection” Dru Pollinger described Dexter being in for a substantial period of time made the task even more challenging.

The “baby-steps” of regimented structure in leashed walks, crushing food for consumption by hand to leave a scent of authority and welcoming and developing a bond verbally and physically over the year and a half Dexter was residing at the animal hospital went a long way.

“While living at the hospital he (Dexter) had free access to the outdoors. We gave him CHOICE, hoping at some point that he would want to be with us. Our patience was unending, our time with him was unlimited and our ultimate goal was to provide a secure, nurturing, and stimulating environment,” Dru Pollinger said in the book.

“When we were in the hospital working, we were continually attempting to engage him with our voice, our eyes and with food treats.”

Although Dexter’s exact age is unknown, the Pollingers said they believe the dog is around six years old and has tripled his weight since he was rescued.

After conducting a breed identity test through EMBARK roughly a year into having Dexter, the Pollingers found out Dexter is 39.7% Treeing Walker Coonhound, 24.4% Rottweiler, 12.9% Cocker Spaniel, 8.7% Bluetick Coonhound and 14.3% Supermutt (Collie and Dalmatian).

Many times with adopted rescues, the families taking in the pet feel as if they are the ones being saved. Both Steve and Dru Pollinger faced personal tragedies and demons over their lifespans and detail their experiences in the book.

“On February 1, 2011, our youngest son died from a drug overdose. He was 19 years young, smart, a great athlete, handsome and loving. Tommy had never wanted to disappoint his mom and dad. Part of me died that day too,” Dru Pollinger said in the book. “Over a long period of time and with the help of my family, my communi-

Steve and Dr. Dru Pollinger

ty, my job and my animals, I have forgiven myself for not being able to save my boy.

“On August 6, 2018, Steve brought Dexter into the animal hospital and within hours of observing this pathetic creature, I knew I could not let him down. I was 100% committed to rehabilitating him with Steve. On a conscious level, I began using the knowledge of my own healing process to help Dex live his life.”

Moving forward with the potential of a Netflix film, Steve Pollinger said he wasn’t too surprised there would be interest in making a movie as “dog movies sell well.”

“It depends on if you can get the essence of the story,” he said.

Steve Pollinger said he could see Paul Newman or Kevin Costner cast as himself but would love to have Robert De Niro fill the role.

The story continues to this day with Dexter serving as a beloved member of the Pollinger family and a friendly face around the animal hospital, while also being a reminder that anything is possible if you’re committed to the cause.

“It tells me that any dog is rehab-able,” Steve Pollinger said. “I prefer working with dogs that really have been abused and hopefully seeing that I can bring them back to some sense of reality and some sense of normality.”

“I am Dexter” is available at Barnes & Noble. Fair Haven Animal Hospital is located at 799 Vermont State Route 22A in Fair Haven and can be reached at 802-265-3822 if you’d like a direct copy. Fair Haven Animal Hospital is available for all your pet training and rehab needs!

Spring 2022

A Modern-Day Superhero Karen Sturtevant

There is no debate that 2021 was a challenging year with rising covid cas-

es, understaffed healthcare facilities and the looming dark cloud of uncertainty.

In an alternate world, a superhero would be on call. With a click of the mouse or a push of a button, this larger-than-life entity would swoop in to take care of all complications and obstacles paving the way to wellbeing and contentment. Isn’t it a shame that superheroes exist only comic books? Or do they?

Perhaps, just perhaps, we have one walking among us. I happen to know a real-life hero who doesn’t wear a cape.

His costume of choice is a black and green vest. His nose is often wet while his tongue lolls from his mouth. He trots rather than flies. Instead of super strength and mind control, this hero gives kisses—sloppy ones.

Meet the modern-day superhero: K9 Duke! Duke is the Williston Police Department’s comfort dog—the first in Vermont. Duke began his law enforcement career in the spring of 2020. Now, with two-years under his collar, he’s a honed professional doing what he does naturally: offering a calming reassurance to those he meets.

The official functions of a comfort dog include providing interaction during situations involving children and adults impacted by violence, tragedy or traumatic events. The presence of a comfort dog reduces anxiety while increasing communication between victims, witnesses and investigators.

In addition to visiting schools, attending community events and taking part in first responder meetings, Duke found the time to be featured in his own children’s book. K9 Duke The Comfort Dog is a delightful look at a day in the line Spring 2022

Untold Good Deeds • K9 Duke was used with witnesses and individuals who rendered aid to a drowning victim. These witnesses administered CPR and an AED prior to first responders arriving on scene. Duke provided all parties with comfort after lifesaving techniques were unsuccessful.

• During an interview at The Department of Children and Family Services regarding a suspected abuse case, K9 Duke provided company for the children being questioned.

• K9 Duke was able to give support to a person who was attempting to commit suicide. Duke stayed with the individual until transportation to the emergency room was arranged.

• During an interview with an assault victim and their family members, K9 Duke offered companionship and facilitated communication.

Duke will continue his mission of helping people with his sweet demeanor, his natural gift of tender reassurance. Officer Matt Cohen is dedicated to the comfort dog program, offering the services of this super canine to their home base and surrounding communities.

Books are available at the Williston Police Station and in softcover and Kindle online at Amazon.com. The comfort dog K9 Duke’s 2021 Highlights program is supported entirely by donaTotal Deployments: 119 tions, including all profits from sales of • Schools: 11 the book. For information on the good • Community Events: 80 work of the comfort dog team, visit Duke’s • Emergency Responses: 28 Facebook or Instagram pages.

Duke, the public figure, is recognized Achievements wherever he goes. The fame isn’t chang• Therapy Dog Certification ing him. The endless complements won’t • Police Therapy Dog Training at FSCO give him a swollen head. (It’s big enough Therapy K9, Columbus, OH already!) He’s modest down to his big • Completed Therapy Dog Class at Gold paws. Duke offers gifts that stay with the Star Dog Training, Fairfax, VT recipient long after he’s left to begin his • AKC Urban Canine Good Citizen next mission of comfort. Isn’t that a loveCertification ly way to counteract the dark times? Duke and Officer Cohen are poised for whatevCommunity Building er comes next. A second book? A movie?

• Launched K9 Duke Stuffie Program The Nobel Peace Prize? They sky’s the lim• Introduced K9 Duke The Comfort it for this special dog.

Dog book • Joined the Vermont Police Canine Association • Participated in The Green Mountain Iron Dog Competition of duty for Duke and his handler, Officer Matt Cohen. Written for children in a way they can understand and appreciate, it was launched in December 2021 at Guy’s Farm and Yard in Williston. The inventory sold out within two hours. It was clear from the reception; Duke had reached celebrity status.

Officer Cohen and K9 Duke are regulars on social media (@k9dukevt). Duke’s social media pages shares his antics and goofy side in hopes of brightening up people’s day, even from one thousand miles away. What is not shared on social media is the impact that Dukes makes to those he helps in person. Officer Cohen highlighted four cases from 2021 as part of showing how Duke has come to the rescue. www.4LegsAndATail.com 3

!

Heye you Haveard? h

Riv haserside L a Ve locaudlownew t tion !

...and please welcome our new veterinarian, Dr. Heidi Crane!

D r. He id i Crane grew up in the Southern Tier/Finger Lakes area of New York but has called Vermont home for the last 14 years.

After earning her undergraduate degree at Tufts University, she graduated from the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. She initially practiced in Colorado for a few years before making her way back to the east coast and happily settled in the Rutland area.

As a veterinarian, she loves working with owners to keep their pets healthy and enjoys the variety of day-to-day veterinary practice – you never know what you’re going to see, diagnose and treat on any given day! While she thrives on the challenges of veterinary medicine, Dr. Crane also cherishes the relationships she makes with owners and their pets through their care.

Outside of work, two children keep Dr. Crane and her husband busy, and they enjoy skiing, swimming, and exercising their Australian Shepherd, Masha.

They also have a cat named Weezie, and thanks to the kids, a hamster, 1 beta fish, and 3 guppies!

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Spring 2022

L

et’s see if we made it through winter with some semblance of our imagination intact. As we try to make sense of the fact that we have been locked up since “forever” between the pandemic and winter we need to start “doing things” that include our pets now that it is spring. Zoe the bullmastiff is pretty much fed up with the short breathers to pee and poop while Terrance the Lab has decided we have no idea what fun is and besides, why we can’t play in -10-degree weather and two feet of snow for hours on end? Trixi and Zelda have been spending the winter tearing each other apart while mock-hunting and not-so-mock attacking each other, and being bored out of their gourds…yes, even for cats.

So now spring has sprung and we need to start coming up with things both out of the house and into the wild with our pets.

I spent time hunting around for things to do. Somethings that are weather dependent, not so weather dependent, and things where who gives a hoot! Let’s do it!

Of course, with dogs, the biggest thrill is the exploration of new and exciting trails, dog parks, swimming holes, and if you have a particularly smart dog: specialized training and interaction with other dogs in competition may be desired.

I tried to pick things that cover areas, weather, and activities easily accessible to our readers, particularly those in Vermont and the Upper Valley, without recreating the wheel of usual spots.

A great place is the Watson Upper Valley Dog Park in WRJ (that’s White River Junction, VT to you area newbies). This is a great place to let them run wild… but fairly well-behaved dogs, please.

Looking for great trails for your lovable?

Try The Northern Rail Trail which meanders along a remarkably long and scenic route including a stretch along Mascoma Lake. Or the also scenic Cross Vermont Trail from Montpelier to Vergennes. Another beautiful spot is the Equinox Preserve (fun for humans too) in Manchester, VT. Or, of course, there’s the Franconia Notch trail up north or the Winnipesaukee River Trail.

A perfect place is Dog Mountain near Stowe close to St. Johnsbury (VT): doggy heaven. You can’t find a better spot for a dog. Trails, a swimming hole, other lovable mutts, a fantastic dog chapel (bring LOTS of tissues, a picture of a past dog, and/or written memorial to your pet to hang on the wall). You will cry a river… but it is so worth it! There’s even a tribute to Goldens (all dogs are invited) on May 21st and a special festival of remembrance for Stephan Huneck the Dog Mtn creator.

Great gift shop too!

For those of you who like some “competition” or “purpose” in June, in NH there is the Stratham Hill Paws Walk and The Run Dog Jog in Nashua both being fundraisSpring 2022

Spring Has Sprung Ingrid Braulini - Grantham, NH

ers. Back up to May, all sorts of breweries are doing events where you can bring your dog (not sure exactly how much beer is involved, but hey! Sounds like a plan).

There’s Yappy Hour, Tails n’Ales at the Red Hook Brewery in Portsmouth, NH as well as a Yappy Hour at the Smutty Nose Brewery in VT. In Vergennes, there’s Woofstock: A Festival of Fidos in June at the Basin Harbor Club with absolutely everything a dog festival could or should have. If they don’t have it, it’s not found anywhere, believe me. This includes a costumed pet parade, beach access for pets, cruises, an agility course, and on and on. Check out the web or call 802-475-2311 or email pr@basinharbor.com for more information.

Check the internet for restaurants and hotels that cater to you and your pet making an outing “oh so grand”! Ostensibly you can also, actually sign up for dog or goat yoga at several clever studios. Again you need to check out how and where because of the current, ever-changing situations.

Yoga may require heading out to Massachusetts. Hard to say.

So, what’s in for the cats? Not much, sadly. Most of the entertainment is geared to the indoors which can actually be done year-round like cat puzzles, interactive toys with feathers and balls, tunnels, and cat trees. Besides, cats are incredibly good at entertaining themselves often to their pet parent’s dismay or horror. You can also set up a wonderful agility course which they have probably also already done for themselves…you know the one with jumping over the expensive one-of-a-kind pottery display from the Craftsman’s Fair and nailsharpening on Aunt Bess’s luxurious 1776 heirloom quilt.

There is, of course, the fabulous Seacoast Cat Show which takes place at the Everett Arena in Concord on May 7 and 8. You “could” take your cat, but I don’t think you can bring her inside unless she’s signed up for the show. She’ll have to show she can prance around on command without whacking the judge and getting points taken off.

What else can you do with animals in the spring? You can take them to a nursing home or hospital if they have some semblance of manners (PLEASE, check with the facility first!). There are great spots for pet picnics, paddle boarding, and camping throughout our beautiful states. With today’s internet you can find all kinds of places and things to do, but please always check out the dates and times. In these pandemic years, everything is fungible.

If the weather is not playing along well, there are myriad puzzles you can do or even invent such as hiding munchies under or in plastic or metal bowls around the house depending on your pet’s acuteness. If you have carpeting, there’s also stuffed-animal-fetch for dogs or cat-toy-fetches for cats. How about an indoor picnic complete with playtime and dry kibble? I also highly recommend taking a class with your dog such as agility or even simple training. There are great fitness and wellness classes throughout the area such as one in Concord called Canine Strong.

Please be sure that wherever you take your pet, they have good manners and that you come equipped with plenty of poopbags and drinking water for your pup.

Finally, get together with friends who have dogs and hike, take walks, or classes together, explore new places and sniff out new things…you never know what you and your dog’s next favorite adventure will be.

Ingrid Braulini is the retired owner of Pet First Aid and Wellness LLC, a PetTech Instructor, a Former National Association of Professional Pet Sitters Board Member and an Education Committee Chair www.4LegsAndATail.com 5

Celebrate National Bulldogs Are Beautiful Day When is national bulldogs are beautiful day 2022?

Bulldogs are beautiful and they are celebrated on April 21 every year. The holiday is a chance for bulldog owners to shower their beautiful dogs with treats and love.

B

ulldogs, beautiful? Well, yes!

French, American, or English — bulldogs portray glamour in their own special way.

That’s why we present National Bulldogs Are Beautiful Day each April 21.

People (as a rule) can’t get away with a lot of slobbering and wrinkles, but bulldogs make it an art form. They started popping up as furry companions in historical literature about five centuries ago. Today this sweet sidekick continually ranks as one of the most popular dog breeds in the U.S. French bulldogs currently sit fourth on the American Kennel Club’s list. (Bulldogs, technically a separate breed, are fifth.)

6 4 Legs & a Tail

History of National Bulldogs are Beautiful Day

Just like the pit bull, bulldogs were bred originally to assist butchers in controlling livestock. The history of bulldogs predates that of pit bulls, however, tracing back to 5th century England, to a breed called the Alaunt. In the 15th century, other than catching cattle and horses on farms, bulldogs were used in the barbaric activity of bull-baiting; in which dogs were pitted against bulls to fight until the bull was pulled to the ground or the dog was killed by the bull.

Thankfully, bull-baiting was banned in 1835. Until this time, bulldogs were bred to be aggressive and a dog weighing 80 pounds could easily toss a bull

weighing a ton down by corkscrewing its own body around its neck.

After bull-baiting ended in the U.K, it seemed that there would be no further use for bulldogs and that the breed would eventually become extinct. Luckily, the exportation of the breed to Germany and the U.S. expanded the line of work in which bulldogs were used. They continued herding cattle and hogs, especially in parts of the country where terrains were too rough for building fences.

Bulldogs were crossbred in Germany to create the boxer breed. The aggressive bulldog was downsized in England, although it is uncertain whether this was accomplished by selective breeding of smaller dogs or cross-breeding with pugs.

The modern bulldog is gentle, affectionate, and stable both in terms of temperament and appearance. They may be small but are capable of great power and are super-loyal and brave when it comes to their human companions, especially children.

Spring 2022

By the Numbers #4

The ranking of bulldogs as the most popular dog breed in the U.S.

1886

The year when bulldogs were officially inducted into the American Kennel Club.

4

The number of different markings found on bulldogs.

55

The weight in pounds of the average male bulldog.

50

The weight in pounds of the average female bulldog.

8-12 Years

The lifespan of a bulldog.

15

The number of minutes walking before a bulldog is tired out.

40

The number of universities in the U.S. naming their teams after bulldogs.

National Bulldogs are Beautiful Day Timeline 1600 New World Bulldogs The first bulldogs sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to arrive in America.

1875 “The Bulldog Club Incorporated” Based in the UK, this is the oldest breed club in the world.

1886 AKC Recognition The American Kennel Club officially recognized bulldogs as a breed.

1922 Bulldogs Served Their Country Jiggs, a bulldog, enlisted to serve in the U.S. Marine Corps.

2019 The Beautiful Bulldog Contest Turns 40 This annual event takes place at Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa (Home of the Bulldogs!).

Spring 2022

Traditions of the Day

Each year, people express appreciation and celebrate these adorable creatures on National Bulldogs Are Beautiful Day. Those who own bulldogs pamper them and treat them to their favorite snacks. Some owners buy cute outfits for their dogs and post pictures with them on social media.

Bulldog beauty contests are hosted, because bulldogs are in fact, beautiful.

Those who didn’t appreciate bulldogs previously, take the time to read up on them and their history and consider getting one of their own.

5 Facts About Bulldogs

#1. It’s in the name Bulldogs were originally bred for bullbaiting. This explains their name. #2. The wrinkles are important Back when bull-baiting was practiced, the wrinkles on a bulldog were significant for blocking blood from getting into the dog’s eyes during battle. #3. Everybody’s favorite mascot Be it the U.S. Marines or Yale University, the breed is a mascot for many prestigious institutions. #4. A gastronomic experience.

Bulldogs have a condition called brachycephalic, which makes them snort National Bulldogs are and gassy.

Beautiful Day FAQs #5. Like owner, like pet Why are Bulldogs the best?

Bulldogs are couch potatoes and don’t Bulldogs make great pets for both kids need a lot of exercise, making them and adults because of their gentle nature. ideal for those who don’t want to do too They are not demanding and are quite much walking. low-maintenance, so they also make wonderful companions for the elderly.

Why We Love National How smart is a bulldog?

Bulldogs aren’t very intelligent, ranking Bulldogs are Beautiful Day at 78 out of 80 on the intelligence spec- • They make drool cool trum. Reportedly, it takes up to 100 tries Acknowledging the beauty of everyday for bulldogs to follow the first command. life is a sure way to elevate your mood.

What are Bulldogs used for today?

The bulldog—American and Eng- Bulldogs? They’re gorgeous just the way lish—has gone on to become a popular they are – drool hanging out of the corcompanion and working animal, as well ner of their mouth and bull-legged posture just add to the beauty. as a very widely used mascot.

• They’re adaptable Bulldogs are great for city dwellers and National Bulldogs are country folk. This breed is fairly low-enerBeautiful Day Activities gy, so they don’t require a ton of exercise.

• Volunteer at an animal shelter. It’s They’ll be content whether sniffing around heartbreaking, but not every bulldog gets to a huge backyard or are taking a nap on celebrate National Bulldogs Are Beautiful the floor of your apartment.

Day in the comfort of their own forever home. Lend a helping hand to bulldogs • They make great watchdogs They’re sweet-natured, but the staunch, — and every other dog breed — by volunteering some of your time to your local muscular appearance of bulldogs can be animal shelter. Your heart will be full after- intimidating. Although bulldogs are usuward, and you’ll probably even get some ally easygoing and lazy, when provoked, puppy kisses to help sweeten the deal. they’re not afraid to make their presence • Visit a pet-friendly restaurant or known when necessary. bar. Pack up your bulldog and head out to grab some tasty food and drinks. Most pet-friendly restaurants set out water bowls for your pup to enjoy as they hang out with you, but if you do a little research, you may even find a spot that has a menu dedicated just to the hounds.

• Indulge your pet. Stopping at the local pet bakery on a daily basis probably isn’t the best thing for your furry friend’s waistline, but today is National Bulldogs Are Beautiful Day, and that means ALL bulldogs are beautiful. Today is the perfect reason to indulge the bulldogs in your life—big and small. Yes, this also means you should stop by the human bakery and treat yourself as well. www.4LegsAndATail.com 7

They are

ENGLISH BULLDOGS A

Penney

Karen Sturtevant

colleague recently acquired an English bulldog puppy. I immediately like him (the colleague, that is)–the pup was a given. I begged my way into meeting the little duffer. As I awaited the day, the subject of these interesting canines had me thinking about the allure of English bulldogs.

What makes them special?

They are slow walking, swaying medical nightmares. They drool. Their food (free of corn, wheat, and soy) often has to be special ordered, their prescriptions compounded. An innocent sneeze on Tuesday could be life-threatening pneumonia by Thursday. You have the vet on speed dial, and the staff knows you by voice. They are stubborn. They know what they want, when they want. Drinking water becomes a five- star alarm with dish cloths at the ready. They start the day at 4 a.m. by barking and getting fed only to have the dawn made sweeter by the early morning nap taken after said feeding. You cannot go back to bed. They do–often.

They need daily cleanings between their skin folds with nontoxic anti- fungal wipes as they are prone to yeast infections. Their noses need coconut oil to keep moisturized, their nails trimmed weekly and medicated baths given several times a month to stave off infection, allergy and bacterial growth. They are not in a hurry and heaven help you if you are. They slobber. They burp and pass gas. Inflamed hot spots typically develop due to excess itching or licking. Would you know how to treat them? Ear and eye infections, too, are common. Preventative care will save both pain and trips to the vet’s office.

Pet insurance is highly recommended.

The unique, stocky, tough-dog physique is both attraction to and deterrent from ownership. Overfeeding mouths lead to overweight bodies putting unnecessary pressure on already-sensitive joints. They are English bulldogs.

They’ve (or have they?) come a long way from the days of the 18th century when they were used for the blood sport of bull baiting, pinning the massive beast to the ground. Once longer, taller with actual almost-muzzles, the dog would freely breathe, walk without pain and lead an almost canine carefree existence. We humans, in our ultimate know-it-all superior wisdom fond of achieving God-like aesthetics, decided we wanted a shorter, stouter, more compact dog. While we’re at it, let’s move the nose and mouth back so it’s nearly impossible for breath to enter and cool before entering their bodies, making them extremely heart intolerant. By shrinking their naris (nostrils) to pin tips in the indelible goal of making a dog, not a dog, we did it. Meet the English bulldog.

Unlike any other dog breed, the wrinkly, smushy-faced English bulldog has more challenges than your typical canine companion. Why spend an extra hour before the sun rises to feed, clean and prepare them for the day? Why spend holidays and weekends at the vet’s office? We English bulldog owners are certifiably insane; we like being broke and are a little off kilter.

In our world, English bulldogs reign. The rule our roost. They have stolen our bank accounts and hearts simultaneously. We barely notice because we’re blinded by love with this pure-in-heart dog.

It takes a grounded person to claim successful bulldog ownership. Have I mentioned

budgeting for a special diet of canned and dry food diet for life? Wake up to find your bulldog’s right eye squinty and runny?

Off to the optometrist with a fist full of money at the ready just for the privilege of walking in a 24-hour emergency clinic. What about surgery to correct cherry eye, dry eye, corneal ulcers or entropion?

Then off to the compounding pharmacy for 14 days of medication. Come home to find an entire bag of doggie vitamins ingested by a very guilty- looking face?

Off to the emergency vet for two days in the pure oxygen tank. Get out the credit card and cancel that tropical vacation.

Are you ready?

For prospective English bulldog parents, do your homework, and then do more.

Find a veterinarian experienced in English bulldog care. They truly are stubborn canine aliens. Talk to current and previous owners. Be realistic. This is life altering.

Even the most judicious of owners can miss cries for help, for signs of pain and illness. Bulldogs are stoic creatures. Procuring any puppy or dog ‘because it’s so cute,’ is never a reason. Consider adopting to give a bulldog a second or third chance. According to www.pibblesandbits. com, the English bulldog has long been a popular breed of dog ranking fifth overall according to the AKC. How many of these dogs end up surrendered or dumped due to uneducated owners?

I spent a great deal of time at a local

Lord Basil dining at The Meltdown in Barre

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Spring 2022

rescue specializing in English bulldogs.

The ailments, pain, extreme neglect and downright brutality these dogs, as several others faced, would make you question the state of humanity. The dogs that entered the rescue were given gold credit cards and no time limit for restorative health.

These were the fortunate. So many are not.

I lost my rescued Penney a few years ago.

I miss her deep snoring, her attempt to ‘play,’ and every particular trait that made her the special princess she was. Three years was not enough with her. When the time is right, I will honor her with another bulldog. Once bulldog fever takes hold of your heart, it’s impossible to let go.

Rizzo

brings me his favorite, the stuffed hedgehog. We play fetch and tug-of-war, and with that I’m instantly accepted into his circle.

I couldn’t be happier. Aesthetically, he is a stunner. His underbite, the floppy ears, the perfect little paws. Although Rizzo’s a beauty, Will and Kennedy are cognizant of the health challenges that come with the pretty face. We talked about cherry eye (already experienced by Rizzo), yeast infections, breathing challenges, hot weather woes, hip and joint issues, overfeeding, a sensitive tummy. As much as I gushed about Rizzo, I was equally impressed with this young couple’s dedication to educating and preparing for raising of an out- of-this-world breed.

Rizzo is learning how to be a well-mannered boy having already mastered ‘sit’ and ‘shake.’ Obedience class is in his future.

Socializing remains key. “We tried bringing him to downtown Burlington. He can’t walk five feet without going crazy tying to meet people,” said Will. “He has to say hi to everyone he sees, whether it’s people or another dog, he has to go up to them,” comments Kennedy.

“He makes the funniest noises, like a little gremlin,” Kennedy tells me. I heard this as I was rubbing Rizzo’s smooth tummy. Something between an extraterritorial and gleeful toddler. Nighttime is never dull: “I never knew a dog would keep me

up with his snoring. He’s so loud!” Will says good heartily.

For others thinking about bringing an English bulldog into their family Kennedy advises, “Do your research. This specific breed requires a lot of special attention.”

So far, the efforts have been paying off.

“Once you bond with them, it’s so worth it,” Will adds.

On this frigid winter day, my heart was warmed by witnessing the on-going commitment to this spunky pup. It’s clear Will and Kennedy have made the cut for bulldog ownership. Rizzo’s in very good hands.

Why an English Bulldog?

For all the complexities associated with the bully breeds, they hold a special place in our psyche, our souls. Stocky, silly, sweet. Sensitive stalwart, English bulldogs are like no other. They’re not for everyone and everyone’s not for them. If you like challenges, have a need to grow your empathy threshold and spend your last paycheck dollar, you still may not be right for an English bulldog. Few are. If, however, you fancy yourself a vivacious caregiver, observant steward, have a willingness to learn and re-learn perhaps you have what it takes to offer a lifeline for these gallant little gems.

They are English bulldogs.

The day had finally arrived!

I was to meet my coworker’s charge, Rizzo. As the door opened, I was greeted by a marshmallow accented with brown.

His paws reaching up—a two-legs-off-thefloor greeting. Will and Kennedy, Rizzo’s pet parents, told me they were working on his jumping. Not to worry I told them.

I was in bulldog heaven.

If my Penney was a princess, surely Rizzo is a prince—a rowdy one. They are eerily similar, even down to the speckled ear, the spot on the back. Unlike Penney (a rescue with a dark past), Rizzo is blessed to have his own people from day one who, unabashedly, dote on him.

He’s a whirl of energy as he zooms from person to person, soaking in their attention. “He goes from zero to a hundred real quick,” said Will. At six-months, Rizzo is learning that toys are for chewing, snow is fun for bulldozing through and Golden Retrievers make excellent tumble buddies. Will mentioned he’s glad the baby teeth are gone as during teething, Rizzo would gnaw on Will’s feet. “They were all chewed up,” Will said laughing.

Rizzo being Rizzo Rizzo’s personality beams though his bright eyes. Trotting to his toy pile, he Spring 2022

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BIODEGRADABLE vs. COMPOSTABLE – Which Poop Bag is Better for the Environment?

Holly Kenseth

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hile managing dog waste is far from the most exciting aspect of having a dog, it goes with the territory. Pet parents approach dog waste management in several ways, including allowing dogs to poop in their Green Up Day yards, flicking poop into the woods on is May 7th walks/hikes, and putting it in plastic bags to throw in the garbage. Waste left to break down naturally can run off into water and cause contamination through bacterial proliferation, so many people think they are engaging in an environmentally friendly practice by placing poop into bags and throwing it into the trash. However, this disposal tactic can be very harmful to the environment when people use the wrong types of bags.

There are dozens of poop bags on the market, and many are labeled “biodegradable,” which sounds environmentally friendly, but it turns out that biodegradable can be a buzz word that does not always accurately describe the products. In an article written for Treehugger in August 2021, Mary Jo DiLonardo cited that “biodegradable doesn’t really mean much; if at all.” Biodegradable bags that do not it’s just a marketing term without a legal definition. One 2019 study found that bags decompose quickly are increasing in volmarked biodegradable lasted in soil, sub- ume in landfills, which becomes even more merged in seawater, and out in the open problematic as more people continue to air for three years or more.” In another add dogs to their households.

The findings are not meant to say that all article from the American Kennel Club in June 2021, Gemma Johnstone explained biodegradable bags are harmful, but a betthat “much of the waste we scoop ends up ter label to focus on when choosing a poop in landfill, and, unfortunately, unless it is brand product is “compostable.” Researcha highly-rated compostable type, the bag ers and poop bag manufacturers explain used will take many years to fully degrade, that compostable bags are made of plant starches and do not contain plastics, so they dissolve at a fast rate. Compostable bags typically meet ASTM D6400 criteria which is the standard specification for compostable plastics that indicates these products will break down properly when disposed correctly in a municipal or industrial facility.

Earth Rated is a Canadian company that offers compostable bags that meet ASTM D6400 standards. Canada has composting facilities throughout most provinces that accept dog waste, and the Earth Rated compostable bags will quickly break down via heat and oxygen when treated in these facilities. The company notes that it is important to use compostable bags when bringing dog waste to a facil10 4 Legs & a Tail

ity because “non-compostable bags won’t break down in a composting facility. Instead, they will contaminate the batch with plastic.”

Unfortunately, the industrial composting of dog poop is not yet widely available in the U.S., but some parks and communities have composting programs, and hopefully this option will become more widespread over time. Also, even if a compostable bag made of vegetable starches ends up in a landfill, it is still better for the environment than plastic bags that do not meet ASTM D6400 certifications. It is always important to carefully read bag labels and descriptions because most compostable bags will meet the ASTM D6400 certifications, but some bags that are labeled as biodegradable may also meet the standards. As a rule of thumb, purchasing a product that is labeled as compostable may be the best way to protect the environment, but compostable bags tend to be expensive, so it does not hurt to do the research and figure out exactly which ingredients are in a specific product and which certifications are met. A few environmentally friendly brands that stand out are Earth Rated, The Original Poop Bags, Doggy Do Good, and BioBag. There are other options to consider for those who are interested in composting, but do not live near a municipal composting facility that would be able to effectively manage compostable bags. The American Kennel Club notes that lawn composting with sawdust or wood chips, indoor composting with worms, and an anaerobic process called Bokashi are options for those who would like to try composting at home. The Doggie Dooley is one product that works like a home septic system to naturally compost dog waste. According to the company, “Without additional treatment, dog waste will break down naturally over time from sunlight, rainwater and soil microbe absorption.” While at-home composting practices may be ecologically friendly ways to manage dog waste, it is important to remember that the composted waste should only be used to fertilize flower plants. People should not use the fertilizer on vegetable plants since it might contain trace amounts of waste and bacteria.

Spring 2022

Willow, America’s new first cat, joins the Biden White House

T

Doug Cunningham

he Biden White House finally has some feline energy. Meet Willow, a 2-year-old gray short-haired tabby with white stripes.

stop. The owner of the farm saw the magic and “knew that Willow belonged to Dr. Biden,” LaRosa said.

Willow won’t prowl the White House alone. The Bidens also have Commander, a 5-month-old German Shepard.

This is the first cat in the White House since India, George W. Bush’s First Cat. Willow’s arrival at the White House was delayed in part by Major, a rescue German Shepard that bit some Secret Service agents. He was subsequently sent to live with family friends.

The Bidens’ 13-year-old German shepherd, Champ, died in June.

MUD OR SNOW WES WARD’S THE WAY TO GO!

Willow is named after Willow Grove, PA, first lady Jill Biden’s hometown, according to her spokesman Michael LaRosa told NBC News.

Adopting a cat wasn’t President Joe Biden’s idea. But he said last year it would be an easy addition to the White House.

Jill Biden met Willow in dramatic fashion. The cat jumped onto a stage and interrupted her during a campaign

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Therapy Animals and Their Healing Benefits Alice Ayers - Rutland, VT

I work at Rutland Regional Medical Center but I do not work directly with

patients. My desire to help people feel better is strong however, and years ago I found a perfect way to help others heal by offering pet therapy to patients.

I have always believed that being around pets can help us feel better and lift our spirits. Coming home to my dogs and receiving enthusiastic greetings or quiet cuddles, on tough days especially, always makes me feel better.

Any doubts I may have had of the healing power of pets was erased years ago when I spent the day visiting my mom at the hospital. Although she and I were close, I was not able to draw her out and she did not speak one word the entire day that I spent with her. Shortly after I arrived home that evening, the phone rang.

Alice & Cabot

I answered to hear my mom gush with excitement. “Guess who is in my room?” Before I could even formulate a response, she went on to say “Two labs! I told them all about you and the therapy work that you do.” And the conversation flowed. To have my mom smiling and excited meant the world to me, and it helped her tremendously. It was wonderful that the two therapy dogs were able to comfort my mom when I had not been able to.

I enjoy being a Therapy Dog volunteer and being able to share with others the unconditional love and comfort that my dogs so willingly offer.

One day my dog and I were walking by a patient’s room, I leaned in and asked if the patient would like the dog to visit. The response was a clear “no.” It was unusual-

ly difficult to get my dog to move on from that room, but I said goodbye and wished the person a wonderful day. As we moved down the hall a staff member called out to us and said that this same patient would like to see the dog after all. I explained that we had just asked the patient, but the visit had been declined. Well, it turned out that the patient thought that the dog did not belong in the building and was trying to help to get it out even though she desperately wanted to pet him. My dog had known better than I that the patient wanted to see him. He listened to her heart, and not her words. We spent the next 10 minutes sitting quietly by the patient’s bed side as she calmly petted him and talked about her own childhood pets.

Another time we were walking onto a nursing unit to visit with patients when members of the staff sheepishly asked if they could have a few minutes with my dog. They explained that this day had been unusually difficult and that they could use a little dog therapy. I watched with joy as my dog gently moved into the group and was immediately smothered with love and affection. His tail wagged enthusiastically, signaling his own joy and approval. The staff thanked me as they turned back to work, a few while wiping away tears, and all with smiles on their faces. My dog had no idea why they had been sad, but he was able to give them some comfort and a kind of emotional release that a person couldn’t have. We continued on, even happier than when we arrived.

Whether a pet is a dog, cat, bird, rabbit or most any other animal, they can help to calm us and to help us heal. Your pet does not need to pass the health and training tests required of a volunteer therapy team in order to offer comfort and healing to you and your family. Taking your pet for a walk, playing fetch, or simply cuddling while watching TV are just some of the ways our pets help to share their love with us every day.

Alice Ayers is Financial Analyst at Rutland Regional Medical Center and a Certified Therapy Dog Volunteer.

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Spring 2022

Spotting & Soothing Separation Anxiety White Mountain College for Pets Holderness, NH

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s much as we love our dogs, they may love us even more. While we have busy lives beyond our pets, their lives are centered around us. They look to us for all the good things: we feed them, play with them, cuddle and bathe them.

So, it’s only natural that they may feel some separation anxiety when we leave.

After all, whether it’s for 30 minutes or 8 hours, your dog only knows you’re gone!

You’ve walked away, shut the door, and they may have only a loose notion you could be coming back. If your routines change (as so many have over the past few years), that can disrupt their comfort levels, too.

So how can you know if your dog is experiencing separation anxiety? And if so, how can you help reassure them they (and you) are safe? Here are signs to look for, and solutions to help ease your pup.

Signs: Here are some patterns you

may see in your dog: • Does your dog need eyes on you at all times? Does he/she follow you closely, glued to your side and whining if you’re in a different room? That’s a signal they may have developed some level of codependency. While we want our fur babies with us while we’re home, the ability to relax alone while you’re off in the garage or in your upstairs office, is a healthy sign of confidence.

Treatment: If your dog is struggling when you leave, here are a few things you can try!

• Practice short-term separations while you’re at home. Put your furry pal in a separate room with a favorite toy, blanket and/or a new treat—then close the door. Set a timer for five minutes, and then let them out, showering them with praise and treats. Gradually increase the duration; the confidence and trust that you’ll return will grow.

• Give them a reason to be (somewhat) glad you’re leaving. Designate a toy— maybe filled with a long-lasting treat like peanut butter or cheese—to get ONLY when you leave. It’ll distract them from their pain, minimize boredom and give them something positive to chew on if stress creeps in. Some dogs also feel soothed by having their owner’s scent close by, so try an old shirt or sock.

• For longer separations, buddy up. If you are going to be gone for an extended period (a relative term, adjust to your dog’s routine), ask a neighbor or friend to stop by to play and/or take them on a short walk. It’ll help release some of the tension and energy!

• Send them to day camp. If you’re still worried about your dog’s well-being, dog day camp may be just the solution. Filled with play and rest intervals, it’s the next best thing to you being there.

We never want our dogs to be in distress! If your concerns linger, or signs seem to be on the rise no matter what you do, talk to your vet. They know you and your fur baby and can guide you to other solutions that might help.

Mike Robertson is the founder of White Mountain College for Pets, holds training certifications from five international organizations. For more information visit their website at collegeforpets.com

• Does your dog pace and pant when you grab shoes or keys? It’s normal for dogs to get excited if they think you’re taking them on a walk—they may jump, wag their tails vigorously or spin. But pacing and panting with tails tucked and ears loose are more often signals of growing stress.

• Are more things being chewed while you’re away? While this can be a sign of boredom, it can also indicate your dog is feeling anxious. Dogs seek comfort through chewing—and will chew on whatever’s handy: shoes and couches, door frames and more.

• Do the neighbors need ear plugs?

Barking and howling can also be a sign of stress, but this one can be tricky; you may not even be aware that your dog has been vocalizing in your absence!

Talk to your neighbors or set up a camera if you think your dog might be struggling while you’re out and about.

Spring 2022

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Spring 2022

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The History of the How Long Have Domesticated Cats Been Around?

Did you know that just 70 years ago, few cats lived entirely indoors at all?

In fact, for more than 10,000 years, cats have lived outdoor lives, sharing the environment with birds and wildlife.

Understanding cats’ place in history and human evolution reveals how very recently domestic cats came indoors and how millions of this species—feral cats— continue to live healthy lives outdoors today, as all domestic cats are biologically adapted to do.

Origins of the Domestic Cat Cats began their unique relationship with humans 10,000 to 12,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent, the geographic region where some of the earliest developments in human civilization occurred (encompassing modern-day parts of West Asia). One such development was agriculture. As people abandoned their nomadic lifestyle and settled permanently to farm the land, stored grain attracted rodents.

Taking advantage of this new, abundant food source, Middle Eastern wildcats, or felix silvestris lybica, preyed on the rodents and decided to stick around

these early towns, scavenging the garbage that all human societies inevitably produce—just as feral cats do today.

Over thousands of years, a new species of cat eventually evolved that naturally made its home around people: felis catus. Today, pet, stray, and feral cats belong to this species that we call the domestic cat.

Cats Tr avel the World Cats formed a mutually beneficial relationship with people, and some scientists argue that cats domesticated themselves. Especially prized as mousers on ships, cats traveled with people around the globe: • A burial site in Cyprus provides the first archaeological evidence of humans and cats living side-by-side, as far back as 9,500 years ago. Cats must have been brought to the island intentionally by humans.

• In ancient Egypt, cats were worshipped, mummified, and sometimes even dressed in golden jewelry to indicate the status of their owners.

• In 31 BC, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire. Cats were introduced into Roman life, becoming truly widespread in Europe around the 4th century AD. A cat skeleton from this period shows the shortened skull of domestic cats today.

• Geoffrey Chaucer mentioned a cat door in The Canterbury Tales in the 1380s.

• From Europe, cats boarded ships to the Americas, reportedly tagging along with Christopher Columbus, with the settlers at Jamestown, and aboard the Mayflower.

• Cats continued their service as mousers throughout history, even serving as official employees of the United States Postal Service as late as 19th and early 20th century America.

• Towards the end of the 19th century, more Americans began to keep cats for their company as well as their utility. The first cat show was held at Madison Square Garden in 1895. By the end of World War I, cats were commonly accepted as house pets in the U.S. Throughout all this time, cats were allowed to come and go freely from human households—even President Calvin Coolidge’s cat had free rein to wander to and from the White House during the 1920s. As Sam Stall, author of 100 Cats Who Changed Civilization and The Cat Owner’s Manual, writes, “Back in Coolidge’s day no one thought of confining cats indoors—not even one belonging to the president of the United States.”

Catering to Cats: Inventing the Indoor Cat

Keeping cats indoors all the time was not possible—nor was it even a goal—until several important 20th century innovations: refrigeration, kitty litter, and the prevalence of spaying and neutering.

Even though these changes to our modern lifestyle make keeping cats inside possible, biologically, cats are the same as they were thousands of years ago. Their role in our society has evolved and broadened over the last hundred years, but their basic behaviors and needs haven’t changed.

Cat Food

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Unlike dogs, who have undergone many physical changes since domestication and evolved to survive on an omnivorous diet, cats haven’t changed much and still require a high-protein diet. Before the development of refrigeration and canned cat food in the 20th century, feeding indoor cats who could not supplement their diets by hunting would have been impossible for most Americans, who could not afford extra fresh meat or fish.

Spring 2022

Domestic Cat Kitty Litter Up until the 1950s, cats roamed American neighborhoods freely, using the great outdoors as their litter area. Pans filled with dirt or newspaper were used indoors by a few cat owners, but it wasn’t until the first clay litter was accidentally discovered in 1947 and the subsequent marketing of the Tidy Cats® brand in the 1960s that litter boxes really caught on. With the invention of cat litter, cats rocketed to popularity as indoor pets, but their outdoor survival skills remain.

Spaying and Neutering

Until spaying and neutering pets became available and accessible around the 1930s, keeping intact cats indoors was messy business during mating season. Techniques had been developed for sterilizing livestock, but American households would have had a hard time finding a veterinarian trained to safely neuter pets before this time. Just as cats found their own food and litter areas outdoors, 20th century cats bred and gave birth outdoors as they have done since their origins in the Fertile Crescent 10,000 years ago.

While some of those cats’ offspring can – if brought into human contact when they are young enough—successfully be socialized and integrated into human homes, many cats remain outside, living the same outdoor lives they always have, with or without human contact. Although adult feral cats—cats that are not socialized to people—cannot become indoor pets, neutering and returning them to their outdoor home improves their lives.

recently that we have begun to introduce reproduction control like spaying and neutering to bring them indoors. And also, bring the outdoors to them: using canned food and litter boxes to satisfy biological needs developed over thousands of years of living outdoors.

Although human civilization and domestic cats co-evolved side by side, the feral cat population was not created by humans. Cats have lived outdoors for a long time—they are not new to the environment and they didn’t simply originate from lost pets or negligent pet owners.

Instead, they have a place in the natural landscape.

Feral cats deserve a chance to live their lives outside just as they have for thousands of years. Indoor homes are not an option because they have not been socialized to live with humans. They would be scared and unhappy indoors. Their home is the outdoors and—just like squirrels, raccoons, and birds—they’re well suited to their outdoor home.

Accepting and acknowledging this simple reality is key to understanding and helping these animals. TNR is an act of compassion society can extend to them.

Just as many, many kind people place bird feeders, suet and birdhouses in the gardens to help increase the odds of birds living through cold winters, many kinds of peo-

ple feed feral cats and build outdoor s h e l t e rs for them.

Through TNR, we further help cats by spaying and neutering them and having them vaccinated.

This is not only good for the cats but also does a nice job of balancing the needs and concerns of the human communities in which many feral cats live.

People don’t want cats rounded up and killed. They do want to see cat populations stabilized and often appreciate when some of the behaviors manifested by intact cats are brought into check.

TNR makes great public policy—it is a well considered, balanced approach to helping improve co-existence between outside cats and humans in our shared environment. This is why so many cities are adopting it. TNR stabilizes cat populations, greatly reduces the number of calls of concern about cats that municipalities receive, decreases euthanasia rates at shelters, and saves municipalities money.

Cats are Part of Our Environment

In the thousands of years that cats have lived alongside people, indoor-only cats have only become common in the last 60 or 70 years—a negligible amount of time on an evolutionary scale.

Throughout human history, cats have always lived and thrived outside. It is only Spring 2022

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The Seasons of Puppyhood Why experiencing behavioral changes in your puppy is normal.

Paula Bergeron - Grafton, NH

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uppies: just the word conjures up images of adorable antics enacted by little fuzzy, milkbreathed creatures who fill our lives with innocence and love. In the real world, however, puppies can also be leaky, loud, razor-toothed, energetic, destructive trouble makers who can exhaust our last ounce of patience. What can be frustrating is that just when we think we have a routine in place that keeps our homes safe and our puppies satisfied, a whole new set of behaviors emerge and the old routine gets tossed out on its head.

Here are some comments I commonly hear from frustrated puppy owners during the first 1 1/2 years of their lives.

“Why is my puppy suddenly barking at EVERYTHING?” “He used to always come when I called and now just looks

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at me and then runs away.” “I think he just wants to make me mad” “She was such a sweet puppy but now she won’t stop jumping and biting me.” “My dog stares straight at me and barks and barks like he is demanding something.” “My pup is suddenly afraid of everything.” “My puppy used to play well with other dogs but now is lunging and barking whenever we go on walks.” What most of us are not aware of is that the changes we see in our puppies are not only normal but are a necessary and predictable part of their physical, emotional, and behavioral growth. These changes have been identified as Stages of Puppy Behavioral Development and can help us understand what to expect and how to handle the needs of our growing puppies.

The Stages of Puppy Behavioral Development (There are many variations of this developmental guide, I have compiled here a very general outline. For more detailed information, research the stages of puppy development)

Stage One 0-8 Weeks

Puppies are learning how to have good social interactions from their mother, and littermates.

Pups learn how to ask for attention and play, how to show submission, they learn bite inhibition, and gain confidence around other dogs. If you have gotten a puppy that was taken before 8 weeks from their mother, you may and probably will find your puppy lacking in confidence and the ability to interact well with other dogs. If you are not in a time in your life where you can dedicate time and energy for rehabilitation do not take puppies before those 8 weeks, but if you do be prepared that remedial support will more than likely be in your future.

Stage Two 8-10 Weeks

The fear period. Negative experiences during this time can become “hard-wired” into your pup’s life. For example, a fearful introduction to water could cause your pup to forever fear going swimming or getting a bath. It is important during this stage to introduce new activities carefully, keep them fun, don’t be too demanding, and don’t soothe a frightened puppy. Be the source of courage and shift your puppy’s reaction from fear to fun if they become started by new environments, people, dogs, or activities.

Stage Three 3-6 Months

Puppies at this stage rely on us and want to stick close. This is a great time to concentrate on training as it can feel easy because your puppy is focused on you. Take advantage of their need to stick close and reward coming when called as they will most likely do it automatically. However, as your pup moves towards the 6-month mark they begin to move away from this stage and you can experience that scary event when your pup does not come back when you call. This is not your pup being naughty, it is your pup beginning to have their own desires to explore and experience the world outside of their human. I recommend that all puppies drag a leash at this stage because we never know when this independent spirit might kick in and leave you trying to catch a determined pup who is off to explore the world.

Stage Four 6-12 Months

Ok, Strap yourselves in for this stage. This is one of the more challenging periods. Your pup has developed boundless energy, has become more independent, and the genetics of their breed specific characteristics have more influence on their behavior. You may suddenly see your pup begin to dig, herd, nip at heels, guard you, run in circles, chase birds, etc…. Their breed(s) comes to life, and the drive to fulfill their breed(s) will outweigh some of the training you have already completed. DON’T DESPAIR. Now is the time to practice your deep breathing and retrace your training steps to help your pup remember what seemed like a done deal just a short few months ago. Continue to provide adequate exercise, structure, and boundaries. Understand your dog is going to be more headstrong and will test your patience. This won’t last forever, expect some set backs, and allow for mistakes. On the positive side, look to see what fun can emerge from their new breed specific drives and talents.

Stage Five 1-1 1/2 Years

Your puppy is now emerging into their adult body and mind. They have come into their sexual maturity and will begin to explore where they stand in the social order of your family. It is time to be clear that they are a loved member but you are in charge of the safety and well-being of the pack. Structure, routine, boundaries, adequate exercise, and fulfillment of their breed characteristics are now important to establish a lifetime of good behavior. Know that by age three there tends to be a lessening of excitement and energy, and an even larger lessening of energy at age 5. But for now your puppy has entered the prime of his active life, so get ready to have and provide fun.

The stages of puppyhood flow from 0 to the second year of life. Understand that what we do during these stages will affect the kind of dog we live with for the next 8 to 15 plus years. So get ready for an active 1 1/2 years and be prepared as your pup grows from dependent to curious to an active dog to support the stages of their behavioral development.

Happy Training!

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A Cautionary Tale M

Jeffrey Reel - Hartland, VT

y daughter and I lived in the Berkshire Mountains of Western Massachusetts with our five-year-old lab/retriever, Lucky. Lucky was more than a member of the household. He was family: gentle, sociable, intelligent, and my daughter’s best friend and companion. It was just the three of us, finding comfort in each other’s presence. Lucky was a stabilizing presence.

Our home was located on a dirt road that ended at the shore of a lake. Our house was surrounded by summer homes and we enjoyed peace and solitude during most

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of each year. It was on an April morning when I took Lucky for his regular morning walk, and the day was typical for early April in the Berkshires: cold, overcast, and with a temperature hovering around 25 degrees. Spring comes late in the Berkshires. The last remaining patches of snow take refuge in the shade of houses and trees. All that remains of the lake ice is a thin sheet of glass. As was our custom on morning walks, I brought along a two-way radio, leaving the other for my daughter back at the house so we could communicate during the five-minute stroll.

Lucky walked alongside me toward a stretch of woods near the shore. I heard, but took little notice of, two large Canada Geese standing along what would be the shore a few weeks from now but that was still hidden under a thin sliver of ice and a crust of snow. Lucky had always been intimidated by the geese – loud, aggressive birds – and his habit had been to safely watch them from a distance. This time, though, things took a sudden turn. Lucky suddenly bolted after the geese, which took off, flying low and slow over the thinning ice and out over the lake. I yelled for him to stop and, as he approached the shore and lake ice, I screamed for him at the top of my lungs, as if his life depended on it. But his instinct to chase was strong and he was unaware of the danger in his pursuit. He raced across the beach, then

Spring 2022

onto the ice, and out over the lake at full speed. My heart raced and then sank, as I could only watch, waiting for that moment when Lucky would break through the ice and plunge into the water, well out of reach. About 150 feet out, the ice gave way beneath him and he disappeared under the surface of the water. After a few moments, his head popped back up. He threw his front paws up on the ice and scraped against it, trying to lift himself up and out of the water. He struggled for a minute or two, then stopped and simply rested his gaze upon me, and waited.

I stood there, stunned in disbelief and horror. Only moments before we were on just another morning walk. Now, all I could see of Lucky was his head and front paws, his eyes fixed intently upon mine, waiting for me to pull him out of the icecold water. I considered the choices. I could stand there for the next 20 minutes in order to “be with him” until he slipped back into, and under, the water for the final time, or I could turn away and return to the house, with Lucky’s eyes fastened upon my back. Both seemed incomprehensible and unacceptable, yet fate seemed to be forcing those cruel choices upon me. I couldn’t explain to Lucky why I would not come for him, and I wouldn’t know what to say to my daughter when I returned to the house without him.

My body shook with fear, sadness overwhelmed me, yet my mind continued to race for a miracle. I noticed that a nearby stream had sliced a thin channel of water into the lake, but even if I could swim along it, 50 feet of ice would still separate me from where Lucky had fallen through.

I knew the futility, and danger, of jumping in, but I had to at least go through the motions of rescue if only to show my loyalty, and wanting Lucky to witness my efforts during what would be his final moments of life. I plunged into the frigid water, still wearing my winter coat, and began swimming out into the lake. The shock to my body contracted my muscles and forced the air out of my lungs, which could not fully relax and expand again. I could only manage to take in small sips of air. My shoes slipped off my feet and sank to the bottom of the lake. The weight of the winter coat began to drag me under, so I removed it while treading water and tossed it onto the ice next to me. I shivered violently from both cold and fear. I shot occasional glances toward Lucky to see if his head remained above water, dreading that moment when I would turn to see only the hole where he had fallen through, and nothing more. But he remained above water, his eyes fastened upon mine. Ten minutes had passed since he had fallen through. I was exhausted from managing only shallow breaths and I began to lose feeling from the neck down. Quickly losSpring 2022

ing sensation and sinking deeper into the water, an image suddenly flashed before me of my daughter staying at a friend’s home until her mother could fly in from Japan to get her because I had drowned on this day with Lucky. I turned back toward shore.

Dripping wet and shivering from the cold, I emerged from the stream and sloshed to the nearest summer home, which was shuttered for the winter. A large aluminum rowboat, still covered with snow, lay overturned on the lawn. I flipped it over, searched for oars, and, finding none, began dragging the boat toward the open channel. Once in the boat, I leaned out over the bow and began paddling with both hands. I was exhausted, no longer able to feel my hands or arms, and continued yelling to Lucky if only to keep his attention. I finally got as close as I could to him by water, but we were still separated by 50 feet of ice. I leaned further out over the bow and began smashing through the ice with my fists, cutting open both hands and wrists. There was nothing left in me but fear for Lucky’s life and a faint glimmer of hope that I might now reach him in time. I kept up a running monologue with him as if it would buy us time. At least 20 minutes had passed.

I continued breaking through the ice until finally reaching him. Lucky tried, but could not climb up and in over the

boat, which sat too high above the water.

There was panic in his eyes as he tried to swim back out through the channel I had created with the boat, but he had grown so cold that he had lost all coordination, and his legs splayed in all directions. He would go under and then struggle again to the surface. I wrapped my arms around him to pull him up out of the water but he was too heavy to lift in that fashion.

In what I believed to be our last opportunity, I grabbed the nape of his neck and the skin along his back and yanked him straight up out of the water – 80 pounds of wet dog – and dropped him into the Continued Next Page

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boat. We both lay there, unable to move, shaking with a cold that had penetrated to our bones.

After a few minutes had passed, I lifted myself up and looked back toward shore.

My daughter stood there, her two-way radio in her hand. She had missed the entire episode, although the last words she had apparently heard me say over the radio were “Oh my God” as Lucky first began to race out over the ice after the geese. I tried paddling the boat to shore but could not, so I slipped back into the water, wrapped the rope that had been threaded in the bow around me, and towed the boat back to shore. Reaching land, Lucky was too

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scared to abandon the boat, so I gently tipped it over until he slid out. Soaked to the bone, and shoeless, I walked back to the house with my daughter and pup.

Unable to feel or use my hands and arms, I could not remove my clothing. I stepped into the shower, turned on the faucet with my forearms, sank down into the basin of the tub, and allowed warm water to wash over me until I had exhausted its supply. But I couldn’t stop shaking (and wouldn’t for another two weeks). When I looked up, my daughter was standing next to the tub, holding bandages for my hands and wrists.

Every fall and spring since then, as the ice first formed, and then melted upon the lake, I kept the dogs well away from shore (we had later taken in a shelter dog). In the winter, I admit to being overly cautious by waiting until the holes have been drilled for fishing and the ice clearly supports the weight of the snowmobiles that race out over the lake. In the spring, I wait until the ice has receded away from shore to the point where the dogs are unable to reach it. But like clockwork every spring, a pair of fat Canada Geese could always be seen standing on the thin sheet of lake ice close to shore. My imagination played tricks with me as I fancy them trying, yet one more time, to lure their adversary onto the ice and to his watery grave.

Lucky at Home

I seriously question my actions over and over, wondering if I could, or even should, again risk so much to save the life of our companion. Things could easily have turned out differently on that April day.

Lives are too easily lost in frigid waters, as stories in local papers give testimony to each winter. If errors in judgment are to be made (we are, after all, human), I suggest erring on the side of caution.

Thinning ice and dogs should never meet.

“A Cautionary Tail” for sure – a leash can be your best friend’s friend!

This true tale is offered to you in that spirit.

Spring 2022

Caring for Animals Pat Jauch - Caledonia Animal Rescue, Inc.

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f you have chosen a new pet, or if you are nurturing one that you have had for a while, we hope that you will enjoy many years of companionship. Be aware that your pet will depend on you for food, shelter, and exercise, as well as attention. Plan to include him or her in your daily activities. Rather than abandoning your pet for long periods of time, have someone come to play with your pet. All pets become part of the family and the bond you develop will be very rewarding for both of you. If you can adopt two animals, by all means do so! They can entertain one another whenever you need to be away from home and their antics will certainly entertain you. Despite admonitions to the contrary, even a cat and a dog can get along remarkably well, so consider that possibility when adopting. When properly introduced these two species can become best friends as well as being able to provide plenty of entertainment for each other as well as their caregivers.

Whatever you decide, it will be important to have the animal(s) spayed or neutered, both for their health and for your peace of mind.

If you cannot support a pet of your own, volunteer to help someone else with his or her pet. Perhaps you could care for a friend’s animal during holiday travel. Offer your help at your town pound or shelter. Share your knowledge of pet care with someone who has newly adopted a companion animal. The best gift is the gift of your self. Being compassionate to less fortunate creatures will bring you untold rewards.

If keeping an indoor companion animal is not a possibility, taking responsibility for supplying and maintaining a bird feeder will help your feathered friends in the wild. Once the birds find the feeder you may enjoy watching the variety of species that will be attracted to the seed, suet, and peanut butter treats. Their antics and social interactions can be very entertaining and especially in cold and snowy weather you will be providing a greatly needed service to our wildlife.

Caledonia Animal Rescue, Inc. wishes everyone and all their pets a very long and happy time together.

Spring 2022

www.4LegsAndATail.com 23

“Yippee-ki-iy-ay

He shouts and he sings

When a cowboy trades his spurs for wings” (When a Cowboy Trades His Spurs for Wings from The Ballad of Buster Scruggs)

24 4 Legs & a Tail

Earning your Spurs Sue Miller - Sharon, VT

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feel spurred to write about the equestrian equipment known as spurs.

(Sorry for the pun) I recently picked up three different publications that mentioned: “earning your spurs” in riding.

As a young rider, I often heard the term, “earning your spurs”. I admit that as a young impressionable rider I wondered when that day would be. I think I mistakenly believed that one of my riding instructors would one day say, “That’s it, you’re doing great! Today you’ve earned your spurs!” Or something to that effect.

The sad reality is, no one presents you with spurs and deems you a worthy rider. You have to make that decision on your own. Unless you’re in the cavalry.

Many traditions in horseback riding come from the military. Such as leading and mounting the horse from the left-hand side so a soldier could navigate around their saber. It should come as no surprise that the term, “earning your spurs” also comes from the military. It

originally started in days of yore with chivalrous knights. Gold or gilded spurs were only worn by knights or royalty.

Spurs were a symbol of a knight’s status. Spurs became an integral symbol of chivalry and were one of the tokens given during a knighting. It’s believed that this practice is the origin of the term “earning your spurs.”

The cavalry, a division of the United States Army also has an “earning your spurs” challenge that tests one’s mettle over a grueling contest that can take 3 days to complete. One is awarded spurs for completion of a spur ride or combat service in a cavalry unit. A trooper is tested performing such tasks as operations, call for fire, first aid, medical evacuation, communications proficiency, and individual movement techniques. Upon successful completion of this series of mental, physical, and leadership tests, a trooper will be awarded silver spurs. Troopers who have earned both silver and gold spurs are known as “Master Spur Holder.” The Gold Spurs, often referred to as “Combat Spurs” are awarded to Troopers during their combat deployments.

The dictionary defines the term as: To have shown that you are capable of doing something well and that you can be relied on to do it well in the future.

In reality, YOU decide in horseback riding when you’ve earned your spurs.

Early spurs were simply a tool for armies to guide their horses with their legs, while leaving their hands free to fight. While we no longer have to wield swords while astride, the goal in most riding classes is to ride effortlessly off the leg, just like the ancient cavalry riders had to do. A spur has a more precise point of contact with a horse’s side than a heel or leg aid, they can offer more precision of control of a horse’s movements. A well-trained horse will learn to move off the subtle pressure of a spur, which can save time and effort for the rider.

A misconception of spurs is that they are worn to make the horse go faster. If that were the case you would see jockeys wearing them in horse races. Spurs are an aid to help elevate your horse into your hand and engage their hindquarters. Used correctly with finesse spurs can help to get lift, collection, and a nice frame.

Spring 2022

What exactly is a spur?

It’s a medal tool attached to the back of the rider’s boots by a strap. The basic design of spurs has changed very little. The prick spur was the first type of spur to be invented. It consisted of a pointed goad that was connected to a metal band that was bound around the heel. I surmise from the spur designs of yesteryear that the term, “royal prick” came about from the deadly-looking medieval spurs knight and royals wore. The very earliest spurs were probably simple thorns attached at the back of the heel.

Modern spurs are comprised of a few parts – the heel band (also known as a yoke or shank), goes around the back of the heel of the boot. The neck/shank is what protrudes from the band, and ends with rowels or a blunt end. The rowels provide the contact point to the horse.

Most simple English spur designs have a single blunted tip, whereas Western riders are more likely to use something more ornate with spinning rowels.

The spur as a tool or a weapon? Any piece of equestrian paraphernalia can be used incorrectly in the wrong hands, or in this case on the wrong boots, the spur does have the ability to sore a horse. But when used correctly helps to make the cues lighter. A rider should use the leg first and then use the spur to reinforce never for cruelty or discipline. Spurs are closely regulated in some competitions.

Some cowboys wear “jingle bobs” on their spurs. Jingle bobs are small metal, often pear-shaped ornaments or charms worn on western spurs. They hang from the axel of the rowel. Today the jingle bob is mostly a fashion statement. Though I’ve heard that the jingle bob was a badge of honor for cowboys as they were awarded jingle bobs for recognition of their better horsemanship from the ranch boss.

Another theory is the gentle noise was also a cue to the horses and could be used much like a metronome in keeping time with the movement of the horses.

Collecting antique spurs has become a popular pastime for aficionados of western lore and cowboy culture. Anyone can participate in the mystique of the American West by collecting western spurs.

They truly are an art form of all different styles, metals, materials, and rowels. A good quality spur can become an heirloom item passed down to younger generations.

For a good horseman there is no end to learning, evaluating, and growing. You constantly evaluate and reevaluate your riding skills and training to the horse you are on that day. What worked and what you can improve on next time. Having precise communication and consistent cues is a common goal. Spurs can be helpful tools when worn by a worthy rider.

Susan Miller is a PATH Advanced instructor and ESMHL. Program Director at High Horses Therapeutic Riding Program and serve on the boards of the Vermont Horse Council and Vermont Horse Shows Association Spring 2022

www.4LegsAndATail.com 25

The Case of the Dog with Holes in His Head Sandra L. Waugh VMD, MS - Windsor Pet Dental

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ell, not exactly holes in the head, but holes inside the mouth that connect the mouth to the inside of the nose (nasal cavity). Such a hole is called an “Oronasal Fistula”, ONF for short. (Oro refers to the mouth, nasal to the nasal cavity, and a fistula is an abnormal passage.) In the dog, the upper canine, or fang, tooth has a very long and broad root, which slants inward from the side of the mouth towards the nasal passage. There is a thin shelf of bone that separates the end of the root from the inside of the nose (nasal cavity). This thin bone can be weakened or even destroyed by periodontal disease, creating a hole connecting the tooth socket to the nasal cavity. When the canine tooth is removed, either by extraction or by falling out on its own, the hole is then exposed to the inside of the mouth. If the gum is not carefully sutured closed, a permanent hole can be created.

Why permanent? The body wants to heal tissues together. Ideally, the tissue lining the nose would heal together to close the hole on the nasal side, while the tissue lining the mouth would heal together to close the hole on the mouth side of the bone. With a large enough hole, there is no scaffold for the cells to stick to in order to seal the hole. Instead, the tissue on the mouth side heals to the tissue on the nasal side all around the hole, making the hole permanent unless it is repaired surgically.

Upper right side of dog’s mouth. The ONF is located approximately where the end of the root of the upper canine had been originally.

Upper left side of the same dog’s mouth.

The ONF is located approximately where the end of the root of the upper canine had been originally.

26 4 Legs & a Tail

A hole in this position will cause the dog a great deal of distress and pain. Image if food or water went into your nose ever y time you ate or drank. These poor dogs suffer with chronic infections of the nasal passage, constant nasal discharge and the danger of inhaling food particles, which can cause pneumonia. Typically these dogs sneeze after eating or drinking, and rub their faces excessively on the f loor or paw excessively at their nose.

I imagine that they must have headaches all the time.

These holes can occur on one side only or on both as in this Dachshund, a breed that is known for having ONF’s. Dog breeds with noses that are long in relation to their skulls are at risk for ONF’s.

There are a variety of surgical procedures described for closing these holes. They can be difficult to repair, and may take several attempts to fully close. The repair requires that the two sides, mouth and nasal cavity, be separated by incising the two tissues apart. With a large hole, providing some

Oronasal Fistula Symptoms of an oronasal fistula can include a chronically runny nose, with or without bleeding, and persistent sneezing. It can occur in both cats and smaller dogs, ten pounds or smaller.

Causes of ONF include: • Trauma • Bite wounds • Oral cancer • Electrical shock • Periodontal disease • Traumatic tooth extraction • Mandibular canines (the fang-like teeth) positioned toward the tongue • Upper jaw overbites, which causes the canine teeth in the bottom jaw to pierce the hard palate (roof of the mouth) Spring 2022

The gum is then sutured closed over the barrier membrane. support for the sutured tissues is ideal. With each breath in and out, the repaired tissue is going to be pulled into the nasal passage and then pushed out toward the mouth.

This movement puts extra strain on any sutures that have been placed.

A barrier membrane of cartilage or demineralized bone can be placed over the hole after the tissues have been separated. This provides a barrier between to two sides and another layer to resist motion. While small holes do not require this, large holes need the extra support.

This Dachshund was a rescue dog and had been in his new home for 2 months. Before the oral surgery, he lay around all day and moved only when necessary. He was discharged the afternoon of his surgery and the next day was moving around the house more than the owner had ever seen. As each day went by, he became more and more active, running up and down stairs and poking his nose into everything. The owner was delighted with her “new and improved” dog, as he was now healthy and pain free enough to enjoy his new home and owner.

He was also much more amenable to oral examination. The first day I examined him, he was growling and trying to bite when I got my hands near his mouth. Ten days after the oral surgery, I could lift his upper lip and touch the gum which had been sutured over the ONF, although he was still suspicious. I expect that over time he will become much less guarded about his mouth.

Dr. Waugh is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. She also holds a Masters Degree from Washington State University of Veterinary Medicine and is owner of Windsor Pet Dental, PLC. Spring 2022

Henry is a rescue and had been in his new home for 2 months when treated for ONF.

www.4LegsAndATail.com 27

10 Convincing Reasons

Why You Should Raise Chickens Brigido LaGuardia

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f you want to raise chickens just because you found out that other people are making a good amount of money out of it, consider several factors. Raising chickens should not be underestimated. Only people who have a real passion for chickens can only understand how important it is to raise chickens and the responsibility that comes with it.

With the growing population, the shortage of resources like food always follows. One of the main reasons why people raise chickens is for food but there are other reasons why you should raise chickens if you have a spacious backyard and could not affect your neighbors.

Here are the 10 convincing reasons why you should raise chickens:

#1 EGGS

Who doesn’t love eggs anyway? Your hens lay fresh eggs, taste great, and are full of nutrition because you control what goes with the food you give your chickens. If you have lots of eggs you can also sell them because eggs are in high demand, easy and fast to prepare as food, and inexpensive. Expect your chicken to lay one egg per day if properly feed, but some breeds will surely give you an average of 4 to 6 eggs per week.

#2

CHICKENS AS PETS

Chicken makes great pets. Depending on the type of breed, chickens are playful, affectionate, and shy and you will find yourself having a lot of fun without noticing it. Especially the chicks – they are fun to play with,

#3

FRESH MEAT

There is no better-quality meat than growing your own. Like eggs, the quality of your own chicken meat is far healthier and nutritious compared to those that are commercially produced. You can also sell if you have too much for personal consumption.

#4

ALARM CLOCK

Have you heard someone telling you that he only wakes up when he heard the rooster crows? Sounds funny but in many remote areas where alarm clocks and cellphones are not available, historically, people are using roosters as an alarm clock. Especially the farmers, they go to their farm on the initial crow of the rooster.

#5

CHICKENS PRODUCE FERTILIZERS Chicken manure contains a good amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium – the primary ingredients in producing commercial fertilizer. Chicken manure can be composted and added to the soil of your garden, flowers, trees, shrubs, and lawns. The all-natural homemade fertilizer will save you money and help produce great results.

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6

# CHICKEN CAN HELP CONTROL BUGS AND WEEDS Without the use of chemicals and insecticides, you can control the over-population of crickets, grasshoppers, snails, slugs, and other pests in your garden as chickens eat them up. Chickens also eat weeds and other vegetation in your garden helping you clean your backyard.

#7

CHICKENS ARE GREAT STRESS RELIEVERS Imagine going from work tired, hungry, and exhausted and when you arrived at home, you have nothing but TV? Go to your chicken coop, play with your birds and you’ll be relieved of stress. This is proven to be very effective by many people who had no experience raising chicken when they were younger.

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# CHICKEN MEAT AND EGGS ARE IN HIGH DEMAND

If your purpose is business, raising chicken is another great avenue to explore. Chicken meat and eggs are always in high demand and can be sold anywhere regardless of jurisdiction.

#9

GREAT BUSINESS MODEL

Whether you are raising chickens for eggs, meat, breeders, fighting cocks, or hatchery, you can always make a great business out of these birds. If you plan to have a medium to largescale production, there are also by-products you can sell. Aside from the meat, eggs, ready-to-lay birds, chicks, breeders, and fighting cocks, you may also sell chicken manure and even empty sacks for extra profit.

10 CHICKENS ARE

#

EASY TO CARE FOR

Yes, you heard it right. Chickens are easy to deal with especially if they are contained inside the chicken house. You can limit the disease and control their food if there are contained allowing you to have better production results. Just feed them once in the morning and once in the afternoon and after 38 to 40 days you have meat (if you are growing broilers).

Spring 2022

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Mud Season 2022

Earn Your Spurs The History of Cats Celebrate National Bulldog Day! Therapy Animals Chick Check