Окружающий мир часть 1 вахрушев by Наиль Гимаев

Y,QK 373.167.1:50+50(075.2) 66K 20A71 822

Oe e11 <PeAepailbHbllil rocyAapcTBeHHbllil o6pa30BaTeJlbHbllil CT8HA8PT 06pa30BaTeJlbH8R C"'1CTeMa «WKona 2100»

lib CJ!

PyKOBO.Q11Tenb 113.QaTenbCK011 nporpaMMbl AOKrop ne.Q. HayK. npocp., Yn.-Kopp PAO P.H. 6yHees Coeer Koop.Q11Haropoe npeAMeTHblX n11H111it 06pa3oearenbHOli1 c11creMbl ccWKona 2100» naypear npeMl111 npae11renbCTB8 P<ll 2008 roAa B 06nacr11 o6pa30B8Hl1R 38 reoper11YeCKYIO pa3pa60TKY OCHOB o6pa30BBT8flbHOlit Cl1CTeMbl HOBOrO noKoneHl1R 11 ee npaKTl1YeCKYIO peanl138411IO B yye6Hl1K8X Ha yYe6H11K nonyYeHbl nono>K11renbHb1e 381<J1t0YeH11R Pocc1111tcK011t aKa.QeM1111 HSYK (or 01 .112010) NJ 10106-5215/ 340 11 POCCl111CK011 aKa.QeMl111 o6pa30B8Hl1R (OT 20.10.2010) ~ 01 - 5 / 7.Q-639

MMp.

Knacc .

( cc06MT8T8nM

•

.up~

CBC

KO~

Baxpywee AA., ,QaH11noe ,Q.,Q., 6ypcK111it O.B., PayrnaH A.C. 0Kpy>K&IOUIMM

pc.

Hlf

l o o h c s a k l a h c na 822

uc.

3eMnM»). YYe6Hl1K B 2 Y8CTRX. '-taCTb 1 . -

4 - e 113.Q., nepepa6. - M . : 6anacc , 1113.Qarenbcreo WKOnbHbllit .QOM, 2012. (Q(ipa30BaTenbH8R Cl1CTeMa «WKOna 2100»).

144 c., 11n.

ISBN 978-5-85939-608-5 (o6ud («6anacc») ISBN 978-5-85939-610-8 (Y 1) («6anacc») ISBN 978-5-905772- 18-4 (Y. 1) («1113.Qarenbcrao WKonbHbM .QOM»)

3A' )1(11

YKIYYe6H11K npe.QH83HSYBH .QnR yYSIJ.ll1XCR 3 - ro 1<J1acca 061.J.1eo6pa3oearenbH011 Yerb1pexnerHe11t HaYanbHolil wKonb1. Cooraercreyer <lle.QepanbHOMy rocy.QapcraeHHOMY 06pa3oearenbHOMy craH.Qapry HaYBnbHoro 061.J.1ero o6pa30B8Hl1R, RBnReTCR npo.QOroK8H118M HenpcpblBHOro Kypca 11 COCTSBHOl1 Y8CTblO KOMnneKTa yye6Hl1KOB pa3Bl1B810LJ.1811 06p830B8TenbHOlit Cl1CT8Mbl l<WKona 2100». C onopo11 Ha co6creeHHbllil onbrr pe6eHKa yYe6H11K cpopM11pyer 4enocrHoe npe.QcraeneH11e o M11pe. 11HTepec K ero no3H8Hl1IO 11 C03,Qaer 6a3y .QnR 113YYBHl1R HayK B OCHOBHOlit WKOne.

Y,QK 373.167.1:50+50(075.2) 66K 20A71

fCO!

ycr

{.;

CBJI fJia

• 11 ,QaHHbllit yYe6Hl1K B 4enOM 11 Hl1K8K8R era Y8CTb He MOryT 6b1Tb CKOn11poeaHbl 6e3 pa3pBWBHl1R ena,Qenb48 8BTOPCK11X npaa ISBN 978-5-85939-608-5 (061.J.1) !«6anacc»l ISBN 978-5-85939-610-8 (Y. 1) (16anacc») ISBN 978-5-905772 18-4 (y 1 l (<<V13.Q8TBflbCTBO WKOflbHbllil .QOM»)

Baxpywea AA • .Qa11WJOB .Q.Q.. 6ypc~>WI OB.• PayrHaH AC.. 1997. 2003, 2008. 2011 © 000 «6anacc», 1997 2003. 2008. 2011

M8 l

Klt1X

KAK PA50TATb C Y4E5HVIKOM Tb1 6y.n:emb 113yqaTb 0 KPY)KAIO Ill,I1H MI1P no yqe61111Ky 06pa30BaTC.7IbIIOM CHCTCMbI «lliKOJia

2100».

)K113Jib TaK ycTpo-

cna, l.JTO JII0)1.51M IIOCT051IIHO rrpHXOL(.l1TC51 CTaJIKl1BaTbC51 c pa3Ilb1Ml1 rrpo6JieMaMH. Hama ueJib -

noMOl.Jb K(l)K.UOMY ttayq11Tbv

C.H HX peruaTb, OCTaBa51Cb rrpH 3TOM L(OCTOHHbIM l.JCJIOBeKOM. ,l(JI51 3Toro Ha.no yMeTb: opraHH30BbIBaTb

CBOH

.n:eHCTBH.H:

CTaBHTb

rrcpc.n:

co6oi1

1~c11b, nJia1n1ponaTb pa6oTy, )1.eiicTBOBaTb no rrJiatty, ouett11BaTb pc3y11bTaT; •

pa6oTaTb c 11tt¢opMau11e.H:: caMOCT051TeJibll0 HaXOL(HTb, oc-

MbICJIHBaTb H HCIIOJib30BaTb ee; o6maTbC51 H B3aHMOL(eHCTBOBaTb c pa3HbIMH JlIOL(bMH: rrollHMaTb .n:pyr .upyra, .n:oroaap11aaTbC5I,

coTpy.n:tt1-1t-1aTb .n:pyr

.n:pyroM; pa3BHBaTb KaqecTBa CBoe.H: JIH'-IIIOCTH, yq11TbC5I ouett11BaTb CBOH 11 qy)l(HC rrocrynKH. BceMy 3TOMY MbI 6y.n:cM y'-IHTbC51 na ypoKax 0Kpy)l(a10mcro MM pa.

Yl.JCHHKH 11 yq11TeJib caM11 peruaIOT, KaK pa6oTaTb c yqe6unKOM. MbI, aBTOpbI, JIHlllb o6o51CH51eM caoi1: 3aMhICc.1. 1. c., 111n.

ei.1 Hany Ha-

-laCTblO

3A "'IEM Mbl Y"'llllMCfl? Hae OKpy)l(aCT orpOMHbIH H HHTepeCIIbIH MHp, B KOTOpOM Tbl )l(J1Belllb, KOTOpbIH TbI BH.lUllllb, CJiblllllUIIb H OIIlYIUaClllb. HaYKH 06 OKpy)l(aIOmeM MHpe ( TaKHe KaK ¢H3HKa, rcorpa¢115I,

MCTOpM51

.upyn1e)

paccKa)l(yT

6110J1or115I,

Te6e,

KaK

011

ycTpOClI, KaK 11ai1TH B 3TOM MHpC CBOC L(OCTOMilOC MeCTO. LJeMy ThI uay'-IHlllhC51 na ypoKax oKpy)l(aIOmero MHpa?

I Mlllpe,

)75.2)

OB ,

IlOHHMaTb H o6'hHCH$1Tb, 'ITO npoHCXO,ll;HT BOKpyr Hae:

CB513bIBaTh MC)l(L(y co6o.H: pa3Hbie ¢aKTbI, II01151TM51, BbIL(eJI51Tb rJiasnoe, cpas1111aaTb, ,neJiaTb BhIBOL(hI.

• T8K noMel.leHbl 38,Q8H~s:i. KOTOpb1e Yl.!8T p860T8Tb c ~Hcpop M84~e~ ~ n03H888Tb M~p. np8B~flbHbl~ nyTb BblnOnHeH~s:I T8K~X 38,Q8H~~ H8flb3s:I H8~T~ B yye6H~Ke B rOTOBOM B~,Qe. Ho B TeKCT8X ~ ~nnt0cTp84~s:1x yye6H~K8 ecTb no,QCK83K~. no3sons:1 tO~~e

BblnOnH~Tb 38,Q8H~R

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -

II. Onpe.u;e;u1Tb cnoe OTHomeuue K npoucxo.u;snn,eMy B

rrp11-

po.n:e l1 o6mcCTBe, caMOCT05iTeJibHO ,n:aBaTb 01ie11K11 CB011M 11 qy)KHM IIOCTyrrKaM, ,n:eJiaTb BbI6op -

KaK IIOCTYIIHTb, qyo6bI no-

TOM He 6bIJIO CTbI,l(HO 11 COBeCTIIO.

• TaK o6o3HaYeHbl s yye6HV1Ke 3a.QaHVIH, KOTOpb1e yYaT o~eHVl saTb csoVI VI YY>KVle nocTynKVI. lt1x Ka>K.Qbl~ MO>KeT Bb1nonHV1Tb no- csoeMy. Be.Qb y Ka>K,Qoro YY8HVIKa 8CTb csoe MH8HVl8.

f.> ("

J 3TVI 3a,QaHVIH npe,QHa3HaY8Hbl .QflH pa60Tbl B nape VlflVI rpynne. OHVI yYaT o6~aTbCH VI B3aVIMO.Q8~CTBOBaTb c pa3HblMVI flK>.QbMVI.

n=r

TaK nOM8Y8Hbl sonpOCbl, OTB8Tbl Ha KOT0pb18 MO>KHO Ha~TVI B yye6HVIK8 B roTOBOM BVl.Q8. 3TVI sonpOCbl noMoryr Te6e scnoMHVITb OCHOBHbl8 nOHHTVIH VI B3aVIMOCBH3VI B OKpy>KaK>~eM MVlpe.

I ]

~hpb1WHll1K

A 6 •

KaKoe speMH ro,qa s MocKse Vl3o6pa>KeHo Ha cxeMe? KaK Tbl CYVITaewb, CTOVIT flVI psaTb 3TVI paCT8HVIH B napKax?

KAK SY EM

Y~~TbC~?

qT06bI Hay q11TbC5i pemaTb npo6JieMbI B )IUl3HII, MbI 6y,n:eM 11CIIOJib30BaTb ua ypoKax TeJibHa.51 TCX I I OJI 0 fH.H).

npo6JieMHblH ,ll;HaJIOf ( JTO

o6pa30Ba-

onPE.QEJl~EM

nP05JlEMY YPOKA

n TaK o6o3Ha1.JC11 BMeCTC c YtfHTCJICM

MaTep11aJI, c

IIOMOIUbIO KOTOporo yqeHMKH

<t>opMyJiupyroT OCHOBHOH eonpoc, npo6Jie-

ypoKa.

H anp11Mep , B Hal!aJie Ka)l(Jl Oro rraparpa¢a yqe6n11Ka rrpHBCb

.n:eu

pa3rOBOp

Me)K.ny

pe651TaMH

TBOHMH

CBepCTHHKaMM.

3TOM pa3r0Bope Ha.no HaMTM rrpoT11nopel!HBhle ¢aKThl 11~tt

BhICKa3bI BaH1151. OHM MOryT BhI3hIBaTh y

sac y.n11B j 1eu11e, pa3-

Hbi e MHeHH51 0 TOM, KTO npan. 3TO 03HaqaeT, l!TO CJI0)!(11JiaCb

npo6JZeM1-laR cumya1"1uR. C

n OMOll(bIO yq11TCJI5I yqcu11K11 CMO-

ryT OC03HaTh rrpOTHBOp eq11c H

Bonpoc .l(JI5I

c¢opMy1111poBaTb

11cc11e.noBaHM5I 11JI11 Te:My

MQ)l(JIQ Il03HaKOMHThC5I c

ypoKa.

npo611eMy:

Ha cTp.

136

aBTOpCKOM nepc11el1 OCHOBHOrO BO-

npoca ypoKa.

TaK BblAeneHbl sonpocb1 l-1 38A8Hl-1H, noMoratOLLtl-18 opraH~3o eaTb CBO~ AeMCTB~~ . Hanpi..1Mep onpeAenl-1Tb O C HOBHO~ sonpoc ypoKa. BCnOMV1HAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM TaK o6o3Ha1.JenbI

eonpocL1 u aa,a;aHHH no npoii.a;eHHOMY Ma-

TepnaJiy, KOTOpbIC Heo 6XO.l(11MO IIOBT0p11Tb, rrpe)l(,l(e qeM Bbl np11cTyn11Te K 113yqeHMIO HOBOro.

PEWAEM nP05JlEMY. OTKPblBAEM HOBblE

3HAHV1~

MaTepnaJI, c DOMOIUblO KOTOporo yqeHMK11 BMeCTe c yq11TeJieM nmYT pemeHHe npo6JieMbl OTKpbIBaIOT T aK o6o3Haqeu

HOBble )lJI51 ce651 3UaH1151. ,l(JI51 3TOfO yq11TCJib 11 yqe1111K11 COCTaBJI5IIOT IIJiaII pcmeHH51 n p o6JieMhI. 3aTeM yq11TeJib n .n11a11ore

no6yJ1Caaem

y1IeH11KoB

BbI .l(BH IIYTh 11 n p oBep 11Th fl1IIOTe3hI 11JI11 c IlOMOIUbIO .n:11a11ora

noaeoaum

yqenHKOB K OTKpbITHIO HOBOfO 3HaHJUI.

pe3yJihTa-

Te yqcHHK11 caMH ¢op MyJI11pyIOT HOBOe IIOH5ITHe 111111 npaB11JIO. Iloc11e Toro KaK yqeH11K11 OTKpbIJI11 M c¢opMy1111pOBaJil1 HOBOe 3HaH11e, IlOJIC3IIO IIOIIbITaTbC51

npe,ncTaBHTb HOBOe 3HaHHe

B HHOH <t>opMe ( C11MBOJI, CXCMa, Ta611111(a, p11cy110K, Borrpoc, a¢opH3M, KJIJOqeBbi e CJIOBa, TCKCT 11 T ..l(. ) .

CPABHl/IBAEM CBOVI BblBO.Q C ABTOPCKl/IM

l raK o603HaYeHbl rnaBHble BblBOAbl. ~~~~~~~~~

YqeHHKH CBep5IIOT CBOIO cpopMy1111pOBKY c TeKCTOM yqe6HHKa. Otta He ,nOJI)KHa o65I3aTeJihHO coBrracTh c aBTopcKoii.

pe-

3YJibTaTe .ne11aeTC5I Bhrno.n, pernetta 1111 rrpo611eMa.

nPlllMEH$=1EM HOBblE 3HAHl/l$=1 TaK o6o3HaqeHhI 3a,naHH5I, BorrpochI H 3a,naq11, KOTOpbre Tpe6y10T rrpHMeHeHH5I HOBbIX 3HaHHM HJIH yMeHHM. TeKCThI rraparpacpoB He HY)KHO 3ayq11BaTb H rrepecKa3hIBaTh. 0HH HY)KHbl ,l(Jl5I BbIIIOJIHeHH5I

npoayKmU81-tblX 3aaaJ-tuu.

IIpa-

BHJibHbIM pe3yJibTaT HX BbIIIOJIHeHH5I HeJib35I HaMTH B TCKCTe B fOTOBOM BH,ne.

q T06hI

3,l(aTb cBoii rrpo.nyKT -

BbIIIOJIHHTb TaKoe 3a,naHHe, Ha.no coc.ne11aTh BhIBo.n, .naTh ouettKy. TaKHM

o6pa30M, HCI10Jlb3Y5I TeKCT H HJIJIIOCTpau;HH yqe6HHKa, yqeHHKH C03,na,nyT CBOM co6cTBeHHbIM TeKCT. IlopH,ll;OK BbIIIOJIHeHH.H rrpo~yKTHBHOfO aa~aHH.H

1. 2. 3.

OcMbICJIHTe u;e11b 3a.naHH5I ( o6n5ICHHTe CBOHMH c110BaM11).

Haii~HTe 11ttcpopMau;1110, tty)KHYIO ,n1151 BhIIIOJIHeHH5I 3a.natt115I.

3aIIHIIIHTe perneHHe HJIH COCTaBbTe MblCJieHHO OTBeT, HC-

110Jlb3Y5I CJIOBa:

~5!

cq11TaIO, qTo ... ; IlOTOMY qTo ... ; BO-rrep-

BbIX ... ; BO-BTOphIX ... » H T ..lJ:.

Ilpeo6paayiiTe HHcpOpMaI.J;HIO B CBOe perueHHe: BbIBO.l(, rrp11-

q11Hy, II03HI.J;HIO H T ..lJ:.

I I

,n:aiiTe IIOJIHbIU OTBeT ( eCJIH Heo6xo,nHMO ).

TaK o6o3HaY8Hbl >KVl3HeHHble 3aAaYvi vi npoeKTHble 3aAaHvi~. OHlll yYaT pewaTb npo6neMbl, KOT0pb18 MoryT BCTpeTlllTbCH B >Klll3Hlll. .QnH 3TOro nOH8}:\06HTCH C8Mbl8 pa3Hbl8 3Ha-

.. r

...

HlllH Ill YM8HlllR

.. r

q T06bI nay1111TbC5I M3BJICKaTb MHcpopMauino M3 TCKCTa, MbI 6y,lleM MCITOJib30BaTb Ha ypOKaX eme Oll.HY o6pa30BaTeJibHYIO TeXHOJiorMIO

- 11pO.llYKT11a11oe l.JTeHMe. ql1TaJI TeKCT, noJie3HO

aecT11 .lll1aJIOr c aaTopoM . .llJIJI 3Toro

HYJKHO

yMCTb 3a,llaBaTb

BOIIpOCbI aBTopy no XO.llY l.拢TCIIl15I, rrpor110311poBaTb OTBeTbI 11

npoaepJITh ce65I no TeKcTy. qT06b1 3TOMy Hayq11TbC5I, o6pama:H BHJ1Ma1111e Ha c11eu.11aJibHbie o6o3Hal.Jelll15I, KOTOpbie Mbl BBeJI11 B HCKOTOpbie TCKCTbI:

B - 3a,llai1: aonpoc aBTopy;

n -

rrorrpo6yi1: OTBeTHTb caM (BbICKa:>K11 rrpe,llITOJIOJKeH115I); rrpoBeph ce6JI no TCKcTy.

are !)-

路n

51.

:I-

路-

I-

~TO

HA.QC 06s:l3ATEJlbHO 3AnOMHlllTb?

Hw O.lll1H qeJioBeK He MOJKeT 3HaTb Bee. Ilo3TOMY MbI Yl.JMMCJI ,no6b1BaTh TC 3naH11JI, KOTOpb1e HYJKHbr .llJIJI pcllleH11JI Tow WJIH 11noi1: 3all.al.JM. B yqc61n1Ke MHoro wnTepecHbIX CBe,lleH11i1 v

11 3a,naHHJ1, HO 3TO npe,ZJ;JIO)KeHHblH MaKCHMYM -

TO, l.JTO Bbl

MO:>KeTe y3HaTb 11 BhIITOJIHl1Th, ecJI11 3axoT11Te. 06saaTeJibHbIH

MHHHMYM

3HaHl1W,

KOTOpbIH

np11rO,lll1TC5I

KaJKll,OMy, BbI,llCJICII oco6o.

CTp.

8- 9

rrepeq11cJieHo

TO,

l.JCMY

Heo6xo,llHMO

Ha-

Yl.Jl1ThC5I B 3-M KJiacce.

fJiaBHbIH BblBO.ll KaJK,llOfO ypoKa IIOMemeH B paMKe. 3TOT

BbIBO,ll., KaK J1 Beeb TeKCT yqc6H11Ka, IIC uyJKHO rrepCCKa3bIBaTb 11 TeM 6oJiee 3ayq11aaTh Ha11sycTb! Ero ua,llo rronJITb, l.JT06b1 Bbil10JIHJ1Tb 3a,llaHJ15I. 3)

KOHUe TCKCTa rrepCl.JHCJieHhl HOBhie CJIOBa.

3T111 cnoea HY>KHO He TOllbKO noH~Tb, HO 111 3anoMHlllTb. cnosa HY>KHO noHfnb, HO 3anoMlllH8Tb He o6H3aTenbHO.

8n11

.QOnOilHll1TEilbHbllil MATEPll1AI1 ,[(JUI Tex, KTO XOl.JeT 3HaTh 6oJihUJe. .QOnOilHll1TEilbHbllil MA TEPll1AI1 .Qils:I Ill-0503HATEilbHblX rrpe,l(Ha3Hal.JeH ,l(JI51 TaK

OTMel.JeH

Tex yqeHMKOB, KTO oco6o MHTepecyeTC51 TeMOM ypoKa.

B ocHoBHOM TeKcTe y11e6HHKa TaK)Ke HE BCE HYiKHO 3AIIOMHHTb HJIH BbIIIOJIHHTb! 7

MAPWPYT B CTPAHY 3HAH"1Vl

fnaea I BEIUECTBO

H 3HEPfHH

060JIOlJKA IIJIAHETbl,

OXBAlJEHHAn JKH3Hbl0

npoeepb

ce6~

KaKosa ponb opraHlt13MOB B >Klt13Hlt1 3eMn1t1?

npeAnOnO>K~, "iTO ~HTepeCHOrO Tbl yaHaewb B 3TOM rOAY Ka3anocb 6b1, MoryLI..tecTso YenoseKa He 3HaeT rpaH1t11.4. OH He TOnbKO lt13Y'-llt1n Hawy nnaHeTY. HO lt1 no6blB8n B KOCMOCe, npoHlt1K B T8'1Hy CTpoeHlt1H BeLI..teCT88. Ho no- npe>KHeMy mO,Qlt1 He MOrYT >Klt1Tb 6e3 noMOU.tlt1 )f(lt18blX opraHlt13MOB. Ecnlt1 Mbl XOTlt1M coxpaHlllTb Hawy npeKpacHyta nnaHeTY .QJlH 6y.QyU.t1t1X noKoneHll1'1, H8M HY>KHO H8Y'-llt1TbCH 6epe'-1b see >Klt1BOe. A ,QJlH 3Toro Heo6XO,Qll1MO Y3H8Tb K8K MO>KHO 6onbwe 0 3eMne lt1 ee 06ll1T8TenHX. B 3TOM rQJJ.y Tbl c HlllMlll no3H8KOMll1WbCR

rnaea Ill 3K0}10fHqECKAH CJICTEl\IA

rnaea IV JKJIBhIE yqACTHJIKJf KPYfOBOPOTA BEll(ECTB

1qKA

ITbl,

HHAH

:hIO

nOMOU,\blO 3TOlll KH~1rlt1 Tbl H8Y"i1'1WbCs:I:

np111so.Q111Tb np111Mepb1 Ten 111 se~ecrs, Tsep.QblX ren, >K111.QKOcTe'1 111 ra3os, .Qe'1crs111'1 3Hepr111111; np111BO,Qll1Tb np111Mepbl 838111MOCB5l3e'1 M8>K.QY )1(11180'1 111 H8)Kll1B0'1 np111pO,QOl'1; o6b5lCH5lTb 3H8Y8Hll18 KpyrosopoTa 88~8CTB 8 np111po,Qe 111 )K1113Hll1 Y8flOBeKa; - np111so,Q111Tb np111Mepb1 >Kll1BblX opraH1113MOB pa3HblX «npocpecc111'1»; - nOHll1M8Tb, YTO T8KOe 3KOCll1CT8M8 111 1113 Yero OH8 COCTOll1T; nepeYll1Cfl5lTb oco6eHHOCTll1 XB0'1HblX 111 14B8TKOBblX pacTeH111'1; )Kll180THblX (HaceKOMblX, nayKOB, pb16, 38MHOBO,QHblX, npeCMblK8-

t0~111XC5l, nT11114, 3sepe'1), rp1116os; 06b5lCH5lTb 111 ,QOK83bl88Tb He06XO,Qll1MOCTb 6epe>KHOrO OTHOW8Hll15l K )Kll18blM opraHll13M8M.

r11aea I.

BEIIlECTBO M 3HEPfMH

rMnp

§ 1. TEJlA Ill BELJ.4ECTBA onPE.QEJl~EM

nP06JlEMY YPOKA

Muwa: KaK )Ke pa3Hoo6pa3IIbI

rrpttpo~Hhie TeJia!

JleHa: Ilp11 qeM TYT TeJia? TeJio 6b1naeT y qeJioneKa. Hy l1 ell(e y ttarne:i1: co6aK11 Ai111h1. ~ B Y~M pa3HV14a s ynoTpe6neHV1V1 cnosa «Teno» MV1we'1 VI neHo'1? \,) Ha KaK0'1 sonpoc Tbl 6yAeWb VICKaTb OTBeT Ha ypoKe? npeAnO)f(VI CB0'1 BapVlaHT VI cpaBHVI era C sapV1aHTOM aBTOpOB. (CTp. 1 36)

PEWAEM nP06JlEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE

3HAHl/I~

TenaM~ B

HayKe Ha3blBalOT see npeAMeTbl, KOTOpble Hae oKpy)f(alOT. To, Vl3 Yero cocTOVIT Teno, Ha3b1Ba10T ee~ecTBOM.

• Ha30BVI nHTb Ten VI paccKa)f(VI, Vl3 KaKVIX se~eCTB OHVI COCTOHT. .QoraAa'1CH, KaKVle Vl3 nepeY111cneHHblX cnos o603HaYalOT Ha3BaHVIH Ten, a KaKVle - Ha3BaHVIH se~eCTB: JiaMIIa, MeTaJIJI, .n:pcnccwna, CTOJI, MOpO)KeHoe, TOpT, BO~a. • PaccM0Tp111 p111cyHK111. KaK111e noHHTVIH Mbl 111cnonb3yeM AnH Toro, YT06b1 Ha3saTb 3TVI TPVI rpynnb1 Ten?

0 1.

2. 3. 4. pe1.. 10

I___ R41 ,..

nopa6oTail1Te s nape. O.Q111H 1113 sac o6bHCHHeT, KaK111e Tena Ha p111cyHKe 111306pa>t<eHbl (>Kll1Bble 111 He>Kll1Bble np111po.QHb1e Tena, 111cKyccTseHHb1e Tena). BTopol.11 onpe.Qens=ieT, 1113 KaKll1X BeLJ..\eCTB OHll1 COCTOHT.

·))

a c

)

Teno

Cs1t1Hb~

>K1t1Bble np111pOAHble Tena

OpraH111YecK111e

KaMeHb

He>1<111sb1e np111poAHb1e Tena

ropHble

K8KO~ rpynne Tell OTHOC~TCff

0Kpy>1<ato~111e

Hae

~KYCCTBeHHblMlll,

Tena

MoryT

1/13 KaK~X Be~eCTB COCTO~T

6b1Tb

nopOAbl

np111po; ;b1M111

>KlllBblMlll Iii He>KlllBblMlll.

Iii

]

~ Tena

nPl/IMEH~EM

HOBblE

3HAHl/I~

It ,..111

1. YTo y118Hb1e Ha3b1saHJT TenaM111? 2. .) 1/13 Yero COCTOHT Tena? 3. np111Be.Qll1 np111Mepbl pa3nll1YHblX Ten 111 Bel.1.\eCTB. 4 . ..., KaK nHJ.Q111 pa3n11111aHJT, rosops=i cnoso «KOCTb», o YeM 111.QeT peYb -

o Tene 111n111 o Bel.1.\eCTse?

'~ i

§ 2. l/13 LiEro COCTOVIT BEll.(ECTBO

1.13

onPEaEn~EM OCHOBHO~ BOnPOC YPOKA

Jleua:

M1uua, o6o51CHH MIIC, IIO)KaJiy i1cTa, qeM )KC

TCJIO OTJIJ1l·JaeTC51 OT Bem:ecTBa.

Muwa: cpopMOM. KyCKa y)KC

,lla 3TO rrpocTo ! TeJI a

HarrpwMep, CCJIH TbI 113 rrpRMoyroJihHOro

IIJiaCTHJIHHa

.npyroe

TeJio.

OCTaIICTC51 TeM

JleHa:

o6Jia,naroT pa3HOM

JKe

BhlJiellttillh

co6aKy,

ncmccTBO

3TO

6y,neT

rrJiaCTl1JIMH

caMbIM.

Ho co6aKy MO)KJ 10 c;~c11aTb M3 pa3ttoro Ma-

Tcp11aJia: rrJiaCTMaCCbI MJIM CTeKJia.

Muwa:

IlpaBHJibHO. TeJia MoryT OTJJHlfaThC51 He TOJibKO cpop-

Moii, 110 11 BemecTBOM, M3 KOToporo on11 cocT051T. Co6aKa M3 IIJiaCTHJHfIIa 11 co6aKa 113 CTeKJia

Jleua:

3TO pa3Hhie TeJia.

Ho noqeMy rrJiaCTHJIHII tt cTeK110 061ia.naroT TaKMMM

ne~

JIC"

CO~

3aL

co..

]

Bel

-qac

pa:~IIhIMII cnolicTBaMM?

l.ITC

KaK Tbl AYMaewb, o YeM ceroAHs:f nolllA8T peYb Ha ypoKe? (CpaBHlll c saplllaHTOM asTopos Ha CTp. 136.)

Hit

BCnOMl/lHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM YTO T8K08 B8U..t8CTBO? (§ 1) YTo o6u.tero y cHera, nbAa, napa lll BOAbl? (2 Knacc) KaK M8Hs:flOTCs:f CBOlllCTBa MOpO>K8HOro, BblHYTOro >KapKlllM neTOM l/13 XOfiOAlllfibHl/IKa? (2 Knacc) KyAa lllC'-le3aeT BOAa l/13 coxHyu.tero MOKporo 6enbs:f? (2 Kllacc)

PEWAEM nPD6nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE

) 3bl

rra1

•

3HAHl/1~

• Hall!Alll Ha plllCYHKe ABYX co6aYeK. L/13 KaKlllX seu.tecTs OHlll [ COCTOs:fT? A Tenepb HalllAlll Tena, CA8fiaHHbl8 l/13 A8pesa.

qac 12

Ceo'1cTea ee~ecTe 3ae~cS1T OT Toro, ~3 ~SK x ~acT I OH~ cor.TOQT

npo'-1111T8Vl T8KCT 111 8bls:ICHll1, OT '-f8rO 388111Cs:IT C80VlCT88 88~8CT8.

BemecTBa COCTO>IT 113 MeJibqaihIIHX qacTHll, ( HarrpHMep, MOJICKyJI, aTOMOB ). Ott11 HaCTOJihKO MaJibI, qTo yB11.ll,eTb 11x MO)Kno TOJihKO B CBCpXMOll(HbIH MHKpOCKOIT. 1IaCTMUbI MIIOroq111cJICHHbI

11 pa3Hoo6pa3HbI.

Caxap

COJib -

113 .ll.pyr11x, BO.ll.a -

cocTOHT

113 O.ll.HHX

113 TpeTb11x. OT pa31nP-111if qacT11u

3aBHC>IT csoiicTBa BemecTB. Tio3TOMY caxap COJieHa>I, a BO.ll,a )-

COCTO>Ill(Me

BCTpeqaroTC>I.

CJia.ll,K11M:, coJib -

)KH.ll,Ka>I.

BemecTBa 6brBaioT pa3Hbie. B Belll,eCTBa,

qacTHU,

113

rrp11po.lle a6coJIIOTIIO 'IHCThie

qacTHU

TOJibKO

O.ll,HOfO

OHM 6b1BaIOT JIHIIIb B BM.ll.e cMeceii.

BH.l(a,

Tio3TOMy

qacTO fOBOp>IT 0 rrpaKT11qeCKH q11CTOM aemeCTBe, MMe>I B BM.ll.y, qTo rrpHMCCeH B HeM oqeHb MaJIO. Tiorrpo6yeM CMeIIIaTb BO.ll.Y H qepHHJia. 3Ty )!(11.ll,KOCTb HeJib3>1 Ha3BaTb HH BO.ll,OJ1:, HH qep?

HMJiaMH. 3To CMeCb. Bo3.ll.YX -

3TO TO)Ke cMecb. B

ero cocTaB BXO.ll.>IT pa3Hbre ra-

3br. l13 HMX Thi 3HaeIIIb KHCJIOPO.ll., yrJieKMCJiblH ra3, BO.ll,>IHOH nap.

KaK cMecb.

Tbl AYMaewb, cyn?

no'-f8a

3TO

'-fll1CToe

8e~ecT8o

11111111

Bew.ecTBa

MoryT

pa3JI11qaTbC5:I

TOJibKO

cocTaBOM

qacTHU, HO H HX pacrrOJIO)KCHHeM.

eeU_(eCTBa

pacnono>KeHM~ YaCTM~ aaeMC~T cocTO~H~e

npoYTV1 T8KCT, p8CC MOTpV1 T86J1V1~Y V1 CX8Mbl. 06bs:!CHV1, C Y8M CBs:l38Hbl oco6eHHOCTV1 se~eCTB 8 p83HblX COCTOHHV1s:IX.

•

TbI J uae IIIb, 1..JTO BemecTBa MoryT MeHJITb c ocToJittne 11 6b1T1> T Bep,n:b1M11 , )KH.ll.KHMM 11 ra3006pa3111>1M11. Bo.n:a , Jie)l, Bo,n:RHo-H nap -

:no pa3Hb1C COCT05IHH5I O,ll.HOfO H TOfO )Ke n emecTBa -

BO,ll.hl.

Tiol..JeMy

:>KC TBep,ll.bie TeJia, )KH,ll.KOCTM 11 ra3 bl TaK H C

IIOXO:>KH? MO)KCT, 06pa3y 1omHe HX 1..JaCTHHbI Be.n:yr cc6JI no pa3HOMy? BcrroMHHM CBOMCTBa BentecTB B pa3JIH1..JHOM cocT05IHMM.

raabl

TeepAble Tena Vl M 8 IOT

>KMAKOCTM --- - -------+-----------+---

nocTOHHHYIO cpopMy V1 06beM

VI MelOT nocTOHHHblVI 06beM, HO H8 V1M8IOT nOCTOs:IHHOVI cpopMbl

He vi MelOT nocTos:iHHOVI cpopMb1 vi o6beMa

.UK

Bal Ha rrp

.n:p :

)K]

Jie1

I01i

' ...

.•.' • • . . . .. ~ .

•

I-

f l'1

TBepJlhIX Te11ax qacn11.i:h1 rrJIOTHO rrp11)KaTbI .n:pyr K .n:pyry,

KaK JIIO.ZJ:M B tta6HTOM aBTo6yce.

:>KH.ZJ:KOCTRX qacTMI.(bl rro.n.06-

JJ hi JIIO/ t}IM B TOJirre, ~TcKymei1» no yJI11ue. B raJax l!aCTMitbl .n:aJieKII .n:py r OT npyra. I l03TOMY ra3bl )JefKO C)KHMaIOTC5I.

1. 2. >KV1

3. >Ke

'-~ M

'b u

1J1

• 06b~CHL'1, KBKL-18 COCTO~HL-1~ 88LJ..\8CTBa L'1306pa3L'1n XYAO>KHL'1K Ha 3TL'1X cxeMax.

•••••• •••• •••• •••• • ••••• •• • •

•

• •

qaCT11UhI JII06oro nemeCTBa Bcer.n:a HaXO.l(51TC51 B .l(Bl1)KeHl111. B TBep.n:hrx TeJiax OH11 npHT5Ir11naroTc5I .n:pyr K .n:pyry 11 11x .l(BH)KeHwe HanOMMHaeT KOJie6aHMe MJIM .n:po)KaHMe. Ilpw HarpeBaHWM nemeCTBa KOJie6aHMe qacTMU ycwJIMBaeTC51 11 OHM Haq11HaIOT pacTaJIKWBaTh .n:pyr .n:pyra 11 .n:BwraThC51. Tnep.n:oe TeJio rrpeBpamaeTC51 B )KI1.l(KOCTh. IlpH .l(aJ!bHeihneM HarpeBaHMM qacTM:UhI .l(BM)KYTC51 eme 6bICTpee, CTaJIKl1BaIOTC51 I1 OTCKaKl1BaIOT .n:pyr OT .n:pyra, CTpeM51Ch pa3JieTeThC51 KaK MO)KHO .l(aJibille. )!(11.n:KocTh npenpamaeTC51 B nap. Kor.n:a nap OXJia)K.l(aeTc51, qacT11UhI Haq11HaroT .n:B11raThC5I Me.n:JieHHee. BcTpeT11B .n:pyr .n:pyra, OHM npwT51fMBaIOTC51 11 06pa3yIOT KarreJibKM )KI1.l(KOCTM.

CPABHl!lBAEM CBOlll BblBO,Q C ABTOPCKl!lM

Tena cocTOHT 1113 MenbYa~w111x YaCTlllL\ ee~ecTea. Pa3Hb1e ee~eCTBa COCTOHT 1113 pa3HblX '"18CTlllL\. Tena MoryT 6b1Tb TBepAblMlll, >KlllAKlllMlll Ill ra3006pa3HblMlll, HO CHiii MOryT COCTOHTb 1113 '"18CTlllL\ OAHOro Ill Toro >Ke ee~eCTBa . TonbKO pacnono>KeHbl 3Tlll YaCTlllL\bl 6YAYT no-pa3HOMy.

y, TeepAble Tena, >KlllAKOCTlll, ra3bl, YL'1CTb1e 88LJ..\8CTB8, CM8CL'1

' )-

nPl!lMEH~EM

HOBblE

3HAHl/1~

OT Yero 3aBL'1C~T csolllcTsa B8LJ..\8CTB? npL'1B8AL'1 npL'1M8pb1 L'1388CTHblX T86e TBepAblX 88LJ..\8CTB, >KL'1AKOCT8ll1 L'1 ra30B. 3. KaK pa3nL'1YL'1~ nbAa, napa L'1 BOAbl cs~3aHbl c pacnono>K8HL'18M YBCTL-11.._e r57j 4. ..J noL'1rpall1T8 C TOBapL'1LJ..\8M B L'1rpy: OAL'1H npL'1BOAL'1T t1!tj npL'1M8p YL'1CTOro 88LJ..\8CTBa, Apyrol/1 - CM8CL'1.

It .. ~

1. " 2.

.QOnOJlHlllTEJlbHbll/1 MATEPl'1AJ1 .Qll~ Jll-0603HATEJlbHblX no"teMy nnaCTlillU1H Ms:lrKlilM, a CT0Kn0 -

TeepAOe

IlJTaCTl1.Til1H B MOp03lUibHOlf KaMepe CTaIIeT TaKllM TBepJT.bIM, 'ITO ero HeB03MO:>KHO 6y.ueT pa3M5ITb B pyKax. B nocTeneHHO

soccTanOBMT cno10 rrJiacn1qHoCTb.

KOMHaTC OH

Jae

Ec Ju1 )Ke MhI

6y.ucM HarpeBaTb ero 11 JT.aT.IbllIC, OH npeapaTl1TC.H B )1(11.l.{KOCTb. Qqe11b IIOXO)l(e Ha TO, 'ITO Mbl 3IIaeM npo .1e.u JI BO.Jy, TO.'IbKO TeMrrcpaTypa 11peBpa1ne1nrn: nJiacT11JI11Ha B )1(11.UKOCTb 6y,.1 cT ro-

pa3rco BbillIC. CTeKJio TO)l(e MO)KIIO c.ucJiaTh )Kl1Jl.KHM, Ho Jl.JUI 3Toro ero np11.ueTCH narpeTh ropa3.uo c11JibHee, qcM MhI ttarpc-

BaJin rr.naCTl1JTIIH.

Hbl

no"ieMy neA ner"te BOAbl Jle.n .,1erqe BO.Ubl.

06paTl1 BIIUMaHne, KaK 3TO Ba)J(HO .l.{Jl}l

)J(J13Hl1 pbI6 B rrpy.uy.

IIOJ

Yer

• B Tpex cocyAax 06bs:lCH~.

K8K08

ocTas~n~ BOAY np~ paan~YHO~ COCTOs:lH~e BOAbl ~306pa>K8HO

TeMnepaTYpe. Ha K8>KAOM

p~CYHK8.

(I • • • • • • • (I&.

...

• •• •••••• ~

• • • • • •

Tb1 06paT11JT BHMMaHMC na Ba)J(I-IOe OTJTMti11e BOll.bI OT .upyr11x se1necTB?

Bo.na

o6Jia,n:aeT

ytt11KaJibHbIM

TBep}lbIX TCJI paCCTOHHllC Me)J(,1Y )1(11{(KOCTl1, a y Jib.l.{a -

• OT

KaK~x

ABYX

cnolicTBOM.

qacTIIIla~fll

nccx

MCIJbIIJe, l.JCM y

60Jibllle.

np~Y~H aas~c~T cso~cTsa

Ten?

§ 3. '-ITO T AKOE 3HEPfllls:1 onPE~En~EM OCHOBHO~ BOnPOC YPOKA

p,n;bI M,

lTe OH ~C

MbI

Ilana:

Jle tta, 3Hepnuo HY)KHO 6epeqb! TbI oruITb

3a6bIJia BblKJIIOqH:Tb CBeT' yxo,n:JI 113 KOMHaTbl.

!Im-ta: A

rroqeMy

ee H Y)KHO 6epeqh?

KOC Tb.

'OJibKO

ro-

" '-ho Tbt Y3Haewb Ha ypoKe? (CpaBHL-1 c sonpocoM Ha CTp. 136.)

D ,[(JUI

BCnOMV1HAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM

rarpe-

KaK YenoseK L-1Cnonb3yeT 6oraTCTBa npL-1pOAbl? (1 KJ1acc) • YTo HY>KHO CAenaTb, YT06b1 MaWL-1Hbl 3apa60TanL11? (>KL-13HeH Hbl'1 onbtT) • 3aYeM >KL-1BOTHbl8 8AS:H? (>KL-13H8HHbl'1 onblT)

) ,[(JUI

PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE Ilana rrp e,n:JIO)KHJI Jle tte

ll03HaKOMHThC51 c

3HAHV1~

rrpHMepaMH H C-

IIOJib 30BaHH51 3Hepr HH .

.,, Y3H8'1 L-13 T8KCT8 L-1 L-13 pL-1CYHKOB, YTO T8K08 3HeprL-1R KaK Ha3blBatoT L-1CTOYHL-1KL-1 3HeprL-1L-1 AJ1fl asToM06L11ns:i, Koposb1 , Y8Jl088K8 L-1 T8Jl8BL-130pa?

1rype. KAOM

1yr11x BCCX ~M

- - --

,llJHI Toro

'1T06bI JII06o:H

opraIIM3M

MJU1

MeXaHM3M

naqaJI

.l(CMCTBOBaTb, ero neo6xo,n11Mo HaKopMHTb, HJIH CHa6JJ:HTb ropJOqJiIM, HJIM 110.l(KJIIOllHTb K 3JICKTpHlleCTBO -

3JICKTPHlleCTBy.

fhuua,

6eH3MH,

ro~

3TO MCToqHMKH 3HeprHM.

V1Cn

Hepnu1 - 3TO cnoco6HocT-;:- coeepwaTb pa6oTy, "1CTO"i( ]"1K AB"1>KeH"1~.

---

2. 3. 4.

AO~

COJIHeqHbIH CBeT rpeeT. Ho 3Hepnu1 MO)l(eT 6bITb 3aKJ110qena H

B Bem:ecTBe. TaK, sttepr115I, 3arracetttta51 B .n:poBax, rrp11 ropcIIMlf

CTE

3neprMro MhI MO)l(eM tta6JIIOJlaTb B .n:eifcTBMM.

Harrp11Mep,

OCBo6o:>K,naeTC51 M HarpeBaeT BO.l(Y B t.JaHHHKC.

lfeJIOBCK

rrp11MeH5IeT B )l(l13HM pa3HbIC BH.l(bl 3HeprHH .

• PaccKa>K~ c nOMO~btO p~cyHKOB, KaK '18Jl088K OCBO~Jl pa3Hbl8 ~CTOYH~K~ 3Hepr~~ .

Ilb~

Tell

MH&

Car .J

1 L

30p .J

•r ~ BO/

3n ane 18

nPl!lMEH~EM

laJI

ro-

fIH,

J ep,

l 11 Hlf

~3-

HOBblE

3HAHl!1~

'-ho 061..4ero 8 3T~X c~rya~~Hx: a8TOM06~Jlb 3anpa8JlHtOT roptOY~M; YeJl08eK ecT o6e.Q; JltOA~ rpetOTCH y KOCTpa; 80.Qa ~cnapHeTCH no,Q ,Qell1CT8~eM COJlHeYHOro C8eTa? 2. • Co.Qep>K~TCH n~ 3Hepr~H 8 KycKe xne6a, 8 6aTapell1Kax? 3. • KaK Tbt noH~Maewb 8b1pa>KeH~e «3Hepr~YHblll1 Yeno8eK»? I 4 . • A8TOM06~n~. KOTOpbte MeHbWe 3arpH3HHtOT 803.Qyx, CTOHT .Qopo>Ke. Onpa8.QaHa n~ 8 3TOM cnyYae 3KOHOM~H? f.5(.j 5. nopa6oTall1Te 8 nape: OA~H Ha3bl8aeT ~CTOYH~K t1:IJ 3Hepr~~ • .Qpyroll1 - cnoco6 era ~cnonb308aH~H 8 X03Hll1CT8e YeJl08eKa.

§ 4. nPEBPAL1-'EHll1E 3HEPr111111 onPE.QEn~EM

Jleua: 5I

nP06nEMY YPOKA

IIOJiyqaro 3Hepnrro ,ZlJ15I ttrpbl, HOTOMY \ITO

JlbIO MOJIOKO.

Muwa: OT Jleua: Ho

OTKyna OHa 6epeTC5I B MOJIOKC?

CoJIHI(a. Be.Uh

Co11Hue

noch111acT

3cMJIIO

TenJIO, a HC MOJIOKO!

KaKoe npon·18opeY~e Tbl 3aMeT~n? ('-ITo, no neHbl, OHa nonyyaeT ~3 MOJlOKa ~ YTO ,QaeT

MHeH~tO ConH~e.)

.., KaKoll1 y Te6H 803H~KaeT 8onpoc? (Cpa8H~ co cTp. 136.)

scnOMl!lHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM 'J '-ITO TaKoe 3Hepr~H? (§ 3) .., '-ITO cny>K~T ~CTOYH~KOM 3Hepr~~ AJlH a8TOM06~JlH, Tene8~30pa? (§ 3) "' KaKyte ponb 8 3Koc~cTeMe ~rpateT «KopM~Jlb~bt»? (2 Knacc) noYeMy ~M Hy>KeH C8eT ConH~a? (2 Knacc)

PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE

3HAHl!1~

• npoY~Tall1 naparpacp ~ ccpopMyn~pyll1 OT8eT Ha sonpoc ypoKa. YYCIIbIC 3aMeTMJIM, qTo ttcnoJib30Banttc JIICpnnr scerna npttso.zu1T K KaKOMy-Htt6ynh neHCTBMIO, /l.Bl1)KCIIHIO, M3MeHeHMIO. 3TO

na6JITO,ZleHMe

Il03BOJIMJIO

OTKpbITb

aaKOH coxpaHeHHH

aueprHH.

3Hepr~R H~KOrAa He B03H~KaeT ~3 H~~ero ~ He ~c~e3aeT 6eccneAHO. Ho oHa MO>KeT ~3MeHRTbCR ~ nepexoA~Tb ~3 OAHOVI cpopMbl B Apyryto.

• BHll1MaTenbHO paccMoTpll1 pll1CYHKll1. Bo scex 3Tll1X cnyYas:ix 3Heprll1s:i cosepwaeT none3HYtO Afls:l Hae pa6ory. npll1 3TOM npoll1CXoAll1T npespall.(8Hll18 3Heprll1ll1 l/13 OAHOt.i1 cpopMbl B Apyr yta. 8b16epll1 cppa3y, KOTopas:i onll1cb1saeT npespall.(eHl!1e 3Heprll1ll1 Ha Ka>KAOM pll1CYHK8.

2. 3.

'-ITt

6y,

5. 6.

3Heprll1s:i 3neKTpll1Y8CTBa 3acTasll1na ABll1raTbCs:i ll1rpywKy. 3Heprll1s:i n1t1Ll.(ll1 npespaT111nacb s Tenno yenoseYecKoro Tena. 3Heprll1s:i naAatOLl.(8t.i1 BOAbl npespaT111nacb B 3n8KTpll1'-18CKYtO 3Heprll1tO, a 3neKTpll1'-18CKas:i - B CB8TOByt0 3H8prll1tO naMnO'-IKll1.

r yn HC

CJI€

fi noAyMat.i1, OTKyAa nos:isl!1nacb 3Heprll1s:l Afls:l ll1rp y pe6s:ir. nonpo6yt.i1 o6Hapy>t<ll1Tb npespall.(eH111e 3Heprll1111. 06bs:iCHll1 wenoYKY npespall.(8Hll1t.i1 3Heprll1ll1.

•

Ll.(e Ter

3Heprns:i ConH4a

OCll

3Heprns:i, 3anaceHH8fl B B8ll..18CTBe paCT8Hlllli1

KOC.

~acxoA 20

3Heprn111 Ha 111rpb1 AeTeli1

l-~---11

8Heprns:1. 3anaceHHas:i s MonoKe

3 e. JIY'-

Terreph

MbI

3HaeM,

KaK

uncpnu1

coJIHe'iHbIX

J1yqew

.n:aeT

B03MO)KHOCTb .neT5IM HrpaTh.

3aKOH coxpaHeHMff 3HeprMM nPl/IMEH~EM

IX 1-

0. 18

'IO

HOBblE

3HAHl/I~

Mo>t<eT nlt1 3Heprlt1s=t lt1CYe3aTb? 3HaHlt1e KaKoro 3aKoHa nOMO>K8T H8M OTB8Tlt1Tb Ha 3TOT sonpoc? 2 . ..) Bo YTO MO>K8T npespaTlt1TbCs:l 3J18KTplt1Y8CK8s:1 3Heprlt1s:i? 3. Mo>t<HO nlt1 c>t<eYb s neYKe 14enyto oxanKy noneHbes TaK, YT06bl B KOMHaTe TeMneparypa He ysenlt1Ylt1J18Cb? f=> () 4. npoYlt1T8tl1 B KHlt1rax lt1 paCCK8>Klt1 CBOlt1M TOB8plt1Llt8M, K8Klt18 lt1CTOYHlt1Klt1 3H8prlt1lt1 6YAYT lt1CnOJ1b3088Tb J1toAlt1 B .J

n:r

6YAYL1.t8M. 5 . • KyAa A8fl8Cb 3Heprlt1s:i OCTblBWero Yatl1Hlt1Ka? 6. KaKlt1e Tbl 3Haewb cnoco6b1 coxpaHeHlt1s=t 3Heprlt1lt1?

.QOnOJlHll1TEJlbHblLil MATEPll1All .QJlSl Jlt0603HATEJlbHblX ~TO

npoMCXOAMT npM

npeepa~eHMM

3HeprMM

3Hepnui ue 11cqe3aeT, a rrepexo,nHT 113 OJ(HOM tj)opMhI B .n:pyry10. 3ttal!l1T, MO)KIIO l1306peCTl1 Bel!HhIM J(BHfaTCJib, KOTOphIM He Tpe6oBaJI 6b1 3anpaBKH ropIOY:HM. 0.n:HaKO yqeHbie OTKpbIJil1 cJie.n:yrom11w saKoH:

PM nepexoAe 3HeprMM M3 OAHOlll cpopMbl e Apyryt0 acTb ee o6RaaTenbHO npeepa~aeTCR e renno, KOTopoe acceMeaercR. no3TOMY 3Hepn110 HaAo 6epe'-1b.

---

------------

fop5IY:l1H Y:aHIIl1K OCThIBaeT, H HHKTO He MO)KCT co6paTb

Bee

3TO

TCIIJIO

CHOBa.

Ilp11.n:eTC5I

BKJIIOY:HTb

IIJIHTY M OIT5ITb HarpCTb ero. Ho ,ll.JI5I :>Toro IIOTpc6yCTC.H M3pacxo.noBaTb HoByro rropu1110 m1cprM11 .

• ):lns:t Yero 11toAlt1 lt1CnOJ1b3YtoT repMOC lt1 38TblK8toT LJ..t811lt1 s OKHax? Mo>t<eT nlt1 repMoc seYHo xpaHlt1Tb renno? Mo>t<HO 11"1 >t<lt1Tb 3lt1MOll1 6e3 oronneHlt1s=t? Ho BeJ(h 3cMJT5I TO)Ke MO)KCT TCp.HTb TerrJio.

OCTbIBIIIeM IIJiaIIeTe CTaHeT TaK )KC XOJIOJ(HO, KaK B KOCMoce. KaK )Ke MhI 6y.n:eM )KHTh Tor.n:a? He 6oi1.c.H! 3CMJI.H He OCTbIIICT, IIOTOMY 'ITO OHa Bee BpeM5I noJiyqaeT COJIHe'IHYIO 3HeprHIO B BHJJ:C CBeTa 11 TeIIJia.

rnaea II.

OliOJIQqKA IIJIAHEThl, OXBAqEHHAH )Klf3Hhl0

§ 5 . r.QE 05Li1TAKlT )f(Ll18blE OPrAHLi13Mbl onPE,QEn~EM

Jlella: 51

ll:b

n P06nEMY YPOKA

3HaIO, qTo )J(lifBbIC opraHM3Mbl o6HTaIOT

Ha IIOBepXIIOCTM 3eMJIM.

Muwa:

He TOJihKO, OHM )KMBYT BCIO.[(y. HarrpHMCp,

ttaceKOMbie 11 ceMeHa pacTeHIU1 .MO)KHO BCTpeTHTb

lllE

BbICOKO B ne6c, a KpOT )KMBeT IIO,l.l. 3eMJieH.

Jleua: noqBa

Ho BCll:h KpOTY ny)KeH B03.[(yx, a ccMena~r -

JIO

lVUI rrpopacTa1nur!

KaKoe Tbl 3aMeT111n npoT111sopeY111e? (rAe 06111Tat0T >Kl-1Bb1e opraHl-13Mbl, no MH8Hl-1t0 neHbl l-1 Ml-1Wl-1?) .., KaKoti1 y Te6H B03Hl-1KaeT sonpoc? (CpasH111 co cTp. 136.)

BCnOMl/IHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM YTo Heo6xOAl-1MO AnH cy~ecTsosaH111H >Kll1BblX opraHl-13Mos?

(2 Knacc) KaK Ha3b1saeTcH B03AYWHaH o6onoYKa Haweti1 nnaHeTb1? (2 Knacc) noYeMy H8nb3H >K111Tb 683 B03Ayxa? (1, 2 Knacc) HacenHtOT nl-1 >Kl-1Bbl8 opraHl-13Mbl BOAbl peK, 03ep, MOpelil l-1 OKeaHos? (2 Knacc) ~ MoryT nl-1 >Kl-1Bb1e opraHl-13Mbl cy~ecTsosaTb 6e3 BOAbl? (1, 2 Knacc) l/13 Yero COCTOll1T 38MHaH TB8PAb? (2 Knacc] KaK Tbl AYMaewb, >Kl-1BYT nl-1 opraHl-13Mbl s ropHblX nopoAax? (>Kl-13H8HHblti1 onblT) rAe Ha 38MHOM wape >t<111seT YenoseK? (>Kl-13HeHHblti1 onb1T] KaK Tbl nonaraewb, rAe B03MO>KHa >Kl-13Hb? (>Kl-13H8HHbllil onbrr)

PEW AEM nP06n EMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE

3HAHl/I~

npoYl-1Talil T8KCT Ha C. 22-23. 0TB8Tb, B KaKl-1X 060nOYKaX 3eMnl-1 06l-1Tat0T >Kl-1Bb1e opraHl-13Mbl. ~

Tp1,1

060110YK"1 3eM11"1, oxea"teHHble >K"13HbtO

BemecTBO Haxo.zu1TC5I s Tpex cocT05I1n.u1x, 06pa3y 51 Tpu 060JioqKn 3CMJIM.

ATMoc<l>epa,

IUIH B03.lYIIIHa5I o6oJIOqKa, 3amn-

maeT 3eMJIIO OT rrcperpesa 11 rrcpcoxJia)K.[(eHM5I, or rrona,l.l.aH115I tta Hee onacIIhIX tJ.JI5I )Kl13HM KOcMwqecK11x 11yqci1. Bee )KUBbie

opraHM3MbI ~bIIIIaT aTMoc¢epHbIM B03.ZXYXOM.

+ + +

+ +

)

IloBepxttocTb 3eMJIH, no KOTopo:H MbI xo,n:HM, Tncp,n:a5I. Ee 06pa3yeT KaMCIIIIa5I o6oJioqKa, HJIH

JIHTOC<f>epa,

KOTOpa5I

co-

CTOHT H3 ropIIblX rropoti:, B OCHOBHOM TBepti:bIX. ropIIble nopo,llbI ITOCTeITCHHO pa3pymaIOTC5I BO.U.OH, M0p030M M BCTpOM, CTaHOB5ITC51 6oJiee pbIXJibIMH. Me)J(t(y HHMH npoHHKaeT aTMOCcpep-

!>T

HbIH B03ti:yx. fti:e 6hI Mbl HM BhIKOITaJIH rJiy6oKyro 51My, oua noqnf Be3.a.e MO)J(eT 3a11011nHTbC5I BOAOH. IIo,n:3CMHbIC BOAhI 3aJicra10T B TOJI-

3eMJIH rr0Bc10,ny. BMecTe

peKaMH, 03epaM11, 60110TaMH,

MOp51MH, OKCaIIaMH H Jie,l{HHKaMH OHM o6pa3yIOT BO.ll:llYIO 060JIQqKy -

nmpoc<f>epy.

lt1

bl?

3X?

<ax

60-

UH-

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ +.rli++~+ + +

+VflOf 0i1

nm:

3bIC

• Onpe.Qen111, KaK111e o6onoYKll1 3eMn111 111cnonb3Y8T .Qflfl csoetl1 >Kll13Hll1 K8>K,Q08 >Kll1BOTH08 111 paCT8Hll18. 3aTeM no,QCYll1T8111, YTO 111cnonb3Yt0T Yall.le, 111 no,QBe,Q111 111Tor.

•

)14

801

2. B03AYWHSSI

Cs:l

KaMeHHasw

Me M81

3TC

5. X02

6. par MHI po

YTC

Jelil

CPABHV1BAEM CBOlll BblBO,Q C ABTOPCKV1M

Lf TO

>KM3Hb Ha 3eMne pacnpocTpaHeHa e o6nacTM e3aMMHOro npOHMKHOBeHMR aTMOCcpepbl, rMApoccpepbl M nMTOccpepbl. STa o6nacTb H83b1eaeTCR 6Moccpepo'1, To ecTb o6onoYK0'1 nnaHeTbl, OXB8YeHH0'1 >KM3Hbt0. >KMB8R o6onOYKa BOAHaH o6onOYKa -

6Moccpepa,

803AYWHaH o6onoYKa - aTMOCcpepa, n'1Apoccpepa, KaM8HHaH o6onOYKa - n111Toccpepa.

nPV1MEHS1EM HOBblE 3HAHV1S1 1.

noYeMy 060nOYKa, OKpy>t<atO~aH 3eMntO, Ha3b1Ba8TCH >Kll1-

BOllt?

Ha308111 o6onOYKlt1 3eMnlt1, B KOTOpblX o6blYHO BCTpeYatOTCs:l 111306pa>t<eHHbl8 Ha p111cyHK8X >Klt1BOTHbl8.

KaKlt1X o6onoYKax 3eMnlt1 (B03AYWHOlll, BOAHOlll 111n111 KaM8HHOlll) opraHll13Mbl >Kll1BYT nOCTOHHHO, a B KaKll1X filt1Wb speM8HHO 06111Tat0T? i-)(' 4. nopa6oTalllTe B nape. 0Alt1H Ha3blBaeT >K111BOTH08 lt1fill1 ~ =L pacTeH111e, Apyrolll onpeAenHeT, KaK111e o6onoYKll1 3eMn111 3TOT opraHll13M 111cnonb3yeT AfiH >t<ll13Hlt1. 5. KaKaH 1113 o6onoYeK 3eMnlt1 6onbwe scero cTpaAaeT OT X03HlllCTB8HHOlll A8HT8fibHOCTll1 YenoseKa? 6. >K1t1Bbl8 opraHlt13Mbl 111rpat0T Ha 3eMne OY8Hb 6onbWYtO ponb, XOTH 111X o6~aH Macca H888filt1K8. Ecn111 n111~1t1 CT8HOBll1TCH MHOro, Y111cno 111 Macca >Kll1BblX opraHlt13MOB MOryT OY8Hb 6blCTpo B03p8CTll1 6narOA8PH OAHOMY 3aM8Y8T8fibHOMY CBOlllCTBy. Yro 3TO 3a csolllcTso? -

§ 6. 60flbWOLi1 KPYrOBOPOT BELUECTB onPE.QEfl~EM

nP06flEMY YPOKA

Jleua: )l{aJib, tITO ne:mtt eaMH He y6ttparoTe51 na MeeTO. J1oqeMy IlblJlb Bee BpeM5I naKal1JIHBaeTe5I? )la)l(C e paeTeHHH ce npHXO,l(HTe51 eTHpaTb. KTO )Ke B npHpo.n;e see y6ttpaeT? Muwa: B .n;oMe nop51,n;OK no.n;.n;cp)l(HBaIOT . 1IIO,l(H, KOTOpbie B HeM )l(MByT. HasepHOC, H B npHpo.n;e IIO,l(,l(ep)l(HBaIOT nop5I,l(OK Te cy:meeTBa, KOTOpbie ee I iaeeJI5IIOT. ~ YTo Tbl y3H88Wb Ha ypoKe? (CpasHvt csotll sapvtaHT sonpoca

C 8BTOpCKV1M H8 CTp. 136.)

BCnOMVlHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM

PEWAEM nP06flEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE

OKf

KBc

TYit

1 e5I

Bell

KaKyta ponb s 3KocvtcTeMe vtrpat0T «KopMvtllb~bl», «eAOKvt» vt «MycopLJ-4V1Kvt»? (2 KJ18CC) Mo)KHO nvt )KvtTb s AOMe, He Hapywas:i nops:iAKa? (>Kvt3H8HHbllll onblT) • KaK Tbl noMoraewb noAAep)KvtB8Tb nops:iAOK s AOMe? (>Kvt3HeHHblLi1 OnblT)

Opr

3HAHV1~

nocMOTpvtM, K8K nOAA8P)KV1888TCs:l nops:!AOK 8 H8W8M AOM8 . 06bs:!CHV1, YTO TYA8 nocrynaeT V1 YTO OTryA8 «BblXOAvtT>>.

Y1t1CTblVt B03AYX

1\.

3TO: Pac KHC KO B IE JlbU:

"' LJ eM OTJ1111 '188TC~ TO, YTO Mbl Bb16pacbl888M 1113 csoero AOM8, or Toro, YTO nonaAaeT s Hero? .J KaK np111p0Aa noc-rynaeT c OTXOAaM111 >t<ll13Hll1 llt0Aell1?

nplilpOAe noAAep>KlileaeTCR nopRAOK, "iaCTbK> KOToporo ~BnffeTCff lil X03ff ~CTBO "ienoeeKa.

H, ),lJ,C

cc ~ca

CeMb51 B

JI.OMC MO)l(eT )l(HTh JI.OJiro

OKpy)l(aIOrueli HX

cqacTJittBO,

np11po.ue JI.YllIHbIH B03,nyx,

ecJI11

BbIXO,n51IUHH H3

KBapTHpbI, rrpcspa1uaeTC5I B CBC)l(HH, rp513HaJI BO.l(a -

B qHC-

TyIO, a OTXOL(bI B rrpo.uyKTbl ITHTaHHJI. UenOY:Ka rrpenparueHHH, KOTOpaJI Haq11naeTcJI 11 3aKaHqHnaeTC51 o.n1111M H TeM )Ke neruecTBOM, Ha3bIBaCTCJI KpyroeopOTOM eem;ecTe. KpyronopoT nell(eCTB rrpoxo.u11T 11 qepe3 nalll JI.OM.

KaK np111p0Aa oY111w,aeT B03Ayx? Opr aHll13Mbl Ka K111x «npocpecc111ll1» Moryr 3TO A8118Tb? lbl~ ~3-

K111cnopoA

YrneK111cnb1Lll ra3

vie.

~ ~

Mb1 BJI.bixaeM K11cJiopoJI., a BbIJI.bI XaeM yrJieKttCJihIH ra3. IIo3TOMY B KOMHaTC CTaHOBHTC51 .UYllIHO, H MbJ ee npOBCTpHBaeM. PacTCHHJI, ttao6opoT, rrorJIOI.l(a10T yrJieKHCJibIH ra3 H BhI.UeJIJIIOT KHCJIOpo.n.

pe3yJihTaTe B03.Uyx cTaHOBHTC51 q11cThIM, HM Jier-

KO L(billlaTb. H e CJiyqaHHO B03.UYX oco6enno CBe)l(HH B Jiecy H B napKe, r.ue Mnoro pacTeHHH. PacTeHHJI HCIIOJih3YIOT yrJieKHCJibIH ra3, BbIL(eJI51CMbIH )l(HBOTHbIMH H JIIOL(bMH.

I__ KaK npV1po.Qa OYV1LJ488T so.Qy? KaK «MycopLJ4V1KV1» yyacTBYIOT s 3TOM?

3a1 HT-

CJIC

Yll1CT8fl 80.Q8

rpfl3H8fl BO.QB

]

11 !

Bait

rp.s:I3HOH BO,l(OH B oqHCTHbIX coopy)KeHH.s:IX 6opIOTC.s:I MHK-

CTC

po6bI, H ee CHOBa MOryT yrroTpe6JI.s:ITb pacTeHH.s:I, )KHBOTHbie H

JIIO,l(H. EcJIH B BO.UY rrorra.n.eT BemeCTBO, c KOTOpbIM MHKp06hI

rrp1

He crrpaB.s:ITC.s:I, TO TaKyIO BO.UY IIHTb orracHO.

HHJ

IIOC

KaK npV1pO.Q8 npesp8LJ488T OTXO.Qbl B npo.QyKTbl? OpraHV13Mbl KaKVlX «npocpeccVlVI» yyacTBYIOT s 3TOM?

c T

r•

nV1LJ4a

K B

1. MHKp06hI pa3pyrnaroT TaK)Ke MHOrHe 6hITOBbie OTXO,l(bl. I13 3THX OTXO,l(OB IIOJiyqaJOTC.s:I IIHTaTeJibHbie BemeCTBa, HY)KHbie pacTeHH.s:IM.

PacTeHH.s:I

HCIIOJih3YIOT

JJ:JI.s:I

rrpoH3BOJJ:CTBa

CJIO)KHbIX opraHHqecKHX BemecTB, KOTOpbie BXO,l(.s:IT B COCTaB Bcex )KHBhIX opraHH3MOB. KopoBa rroe.n.aeT pacTeHH.s:I Ha rracT-

2. 3.

CBO

305

6ttme H ,l(aeT M.s:ICO H MOJIOKO. IlHTa.s:ICb pacTHTeJihHOH H )KH-

BOTHOH rrttme:H:, qeJIOBeK CHOBa IIOJiyqaeT tteo6xo.n.HMhie eMy

Kpy

opraHHqecKHe BemecTBa.

C K

TaKMM o6pa30M, oKa3bIBaeTc5I, tJTO Ka_)f(l(hIH BM.U opraHM3MOB

orrpc,n:eJieHHoe MecTo B KpyronopoTe nemecTB H nrpacr orrpe,n:eJiettttyro pOJih B npeBpamenH5IX nemecTB. CoaMecTnoe l(eHCTBMe Bcex opraHH3MOB 3eMJIH rro.n:.n:ep)KMBaeT cJ10)Kl1BlllHttC5I nop5I.n;OK Ha ee nonepxHOCTM - n 6.11oc¢epe. 3auu~racr

.,, c

48M opraHll13Mbl He MOryT cnpa8111TbCH?

I lapymcHHC rrop5I,n:Ka B rrp11pol(e MO)J(eT BbI3BaTb

fHK-

06bI

nDKCJJbJC fIOCJie.D;CTBH5I .D;JI5I JIIO,l(eH. )K11Bbie opraHH3MhI He MoryT nepepa6oTaTb necb Mycop. Co3,n:aHHhie qeJioBeKOM nOJIHaTMJICII, Mo1omttc l1 5i.ll,OBl1Tble nemeCTBa He pa3JiaraIOTC5I, a IIaKaIIJIMBaIOTC5I B npttpo.n:e. BoT TIOlJeMy BOKpyr ropOl(OB qaCTO DCTpcqa10TC5I orpOMHbie MycopHbIC CBaJIKH. JI1o;t11 11e scer.n;a TIOMH5IT, lJTO HClJe3IIOBeIIHe B rrpHpOl(C l(a)J(e 0.l(Horo BM.n;a )KHBOTHbIX HJIH pacTeHllll MO)l(eT MMeTb HeO)l(HJJ;aHHbie H ueycTpaIIHMbie noc.r1e,n:cTBM5I.

CPABHl/IBAEM CBOLi1 BblBO,Q C ABTOPCKl/IM 0TXOAbl >KM3HeAeffTenbHOCTM OAHMX opraHM3MOB ynorpe6nfftOTCff ApyrMMM. Bee Bell.\eCTBa HaXOAffTCff e KpyroeopoTe. lllx nocneAoBaTenbHble npeepall.\eHMff 06paayt0T aaMKHYTble '-'enM. B KOH'-'e KB>KAOlil TaKolil '-'enM BHOBb BOCCTaHaBnMeaeTCff Bell.\eCTBO, c KOTOpolil 3T8 '-'enb HaYMHanacb.

KpyroeopoT Bell.\eCTB nPl/IMEH~EM

HOBblE

3HAH l/I ~

~ 06bHCHll1, K8K nOAA8P>K8Hll1 8 nopHAK8 Ha 3eMJ18 CBH38HO c KpyroaopoTOM 88Ll..18CTB. 2. "' 0TKYAB Mbl nonyYaeM Yll1CTblli1 B03Ayx, BOAY 111 n111L1.1y? 3. CTanK111aancH n111 T b l c HBneH111eM KpyroaopoTa B8Ll..18CTB a csoeli1 >Kll13H111? 4. • n oAyMali1, K8Kll18 6oraTCTB8 np111p0Abl fllOA111 H83bl88IOT B0306HOBll1MblMll1. 5. • KaK Tbl cY111Tae w b, cT0111T n111 YenoseKy sMew111aaTbCH s KpyroaopoT B8Ll..18CTB?

113

ibie l'fBa rraB

LCT-

KH~MY

§ 7. >KlllBblE Y'"fACTHlllKlll KPYrOBOPOTA BELUECTB onPEAEn~EM OCHOBHO~ BOnPOC YPOKA JleHa rroMoraJia yq11TeJibHHU.e rrpOBOJJJITb BO BTOpoM KJiacce ypoK, na KOTOpOM l13Jl!aJIH 3KOCHCTCMbl. Pe6HTa p11coBaJI11 pa3Hbie 3KOCHCTCMbI 11 wx o6wTa-

KBc CTB

L TPE B

MH ne

TCJie.H. Tp11 p11cyHKa Jlcne He rroHpaBHJIMCb. KaK TbI .n:yMaeIUb rroqeMy?

TOI

OpraHll13Mbl KaK111x «npocpecc111VI» 386btnll1 noMecTll1Tb YY8Hll1Kll1 BTOporo KJ18CCa B CBOll1 3KOCll1CT8Mbt?

Bc1

Te1v

V1MI A8Hl

nor J1 p

noYeMy TaK Ba>KHO BKnlOYll1Tb B p111cyHOK opraHll13Mbl scex «npocpecc111VI»? Ha KaKOVI sonpoc Tbl 6yA8Wb 111CKaTb OTBeT? (CpaBHll1 CO CTp. 1 36.)

PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE

Diie

Ha3

CHH

BCnOMV1HAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM Opr8Hll13Mbl KaK111X «npocpecc111VI» Heo6XOAll1Mbl, YT06bl KpyrosopoT se~ecTs He npepb1sancs:1? (§ 6) CMorn111 6bt n10All1 >Kll1Tb Ha nnaHeTe OAHll1, 6e3 Apyr111x >Kll1BblX cy~eCTB? (§ 6) YTo TaKoe 3Koc111cTeMa? (2 KJlacc)

Han

pac CHH JJ:JIJI

3HAHV1~ •

Bo BTOpOM Kilacce Mbl 1113yyan111 3KOCll1CTeMy, a B Tp8Tb8M 6111occpepy. KaKaH M8>KAY 3T111M111 n0Hs:1T111s:1M111 CBH3b? HaVIA111 OTB8T B T8KCT8.

6onbwo~ KpyroeopoT ee~ecTe 06beAl.1HHeT 3KOClilCTeMbl B 61.1occpepy MbI 3HaCM, qTo opraHH3MbI o,n:Ho.H 3KOCHCTCMhI He TOJibKO 0611TaIOT Ha 0.l(HOM TeppHTOpHH,

110 l1 cymecTBYIOT Ha He.H

6Jiaro.napH .npyr .npyry. MbI y:>Ke no3HaKOMHJIHCh c 6oJihIIIHM KpyroBopOTOM BeI.QeCTB. OH npoxo.n11T ue TOJibKO qcpe3 uamy

KBapTttpy, no M qepe3 KaJK.nyro 3KOCMCTeMy Ha 3cMJie. BemeCTBa, KOTOpbie u e IIY)J(Hbl B OJJ:HOM 3KOCMCTeMe, 11CI10Jlb3YIOTC.SI B .upyroi1:.

oua, B CBOIO 01.Jepe.nb, nepe.naeT CB0.11 M3JIMIIIKM B

BTO-

rpeThIO. Hanp.11Mep, B JieCHhIX :>KOCMCTeMax Bbipa6aThIBaeTC.SI

~Mbl.

MHOfO KMCJIOpo.na He XBaTaeT.

HTa; Tbl

TaK Bee 3Koc11cTeMhI 3eMJI11 06be.n.11HeHhI 06m11M KpyroBopoTOM BemecTB

1ec-

1b1?

OH ,UOCTaBJI.SieTC.SI c BeTpOM Ty.na, r,z:{e ero

caMyIO

6oJibIIJYIO

3KOCMCTeMy

611oc¢epy.

BcrroMHMM, KaKHe poJIM MrparoT )J(MBbie opraHM3MbI B 3KOCMcTCMax.

• npoYll1T8111 T8KCT 111 06bs:ICHll1, noYeMy 8 naparpacpe 111A8T p8Yb t.1M8HHO o Tpex «npocpecc111s:ix» >t<ll1Bb1x opraH1113Mos? YTo 0H111 AatoT Apyr Apyry 111 HaM?

Tex, KTO ecex KOpM~T

IIpoHauo~HTeJIH , MJIM «KOpMMJihUhI~, -

3TO pacTCIIH.SI. Ott.11

norJiomaroT 113 no3.z:i:yxa yrJieKMCJihitt ra3, a M3 TIOl.JBbI H

3cex 3eT?

Bo.ny

MHHepaJibHbie (tteopraHMl.JeCKMC) IlMTaTeJihHbIC scmecTBa,

HarrpMMep

COJI.11.

113 HMX

CBeTy

npOM3B0.[(.SITC.SI

6oraTbie

opraHH'leCKHe ue~ecTBa. 3TOT npo:u:ecc ua3bIBaeTC5I <f>oTOCHHTeaoM. CoJ.naHHhie B pe3yJihTaTe ¢oToattepr11ei1: CJIO)J(Hbie

CHHTe3a BemecTBa CJiy)J(aT CTp011TeJibHbIM MaTep.HaJIOM caMMM paCTeHM.SIM,

yro-

3aTCM rr.11mei1: ,npyrMM OpraHH3MaM.

fl p.11

Q:>OTO-

CHHTC3e rrpOH3B0.[(HTeJIH BbI.[(eJI.SIIOT KMCJIOpo.n, nco6xo.u11MbIM

,nJrn

.[(bIXaHH.SI.

1BblX 38MJlflHll1K8

MHi1All1

Enb

Tb KO

Hett

nanopOTHll1K

1IHM

:amy

np01113BOA111T8Jlll1

PacTeHH5I He TOJihKO rrpOH3BOJUIT oprau11qecKHe semeCTBa, HO H TpaT5IT ero Ha CBOH HY)l(,Uhl. ,llJI5I 3TOro pacTeIIH5IM, KaK H BCeM )l(HBbIM opraHH3MaM, Ha,UO ,[{bIIIIaTb. BemecTBa H 3HeprH5I, 3arraceHHh1e B KJiy6tte KapTocpeJI5I, cua6)1(aIOT pOCTOK «CTpOHTe.1l hHbIM MaTepHaJIOM» H ,naIOT CMY CHJIY' qTo6bI rrpo6HTbC5I na rroBepxHOCTb.

0 Tex,

o ecex noeAaeT

IloTpe6HTeJIH, HJIH «e,UOKH»' -

uTO )1(11BOTHbie. 0HH He MO-

ryT caMH C03,UaBaTh opraH11qecKHC BCIUCCTBa 113 BO.Uhl l1 yrJieKHCJIOfO ra3a.

Ilo3TOMY Il0Tpc6MTCJIH ITOJiyqa10T HX, noe,na5I

pacTeHH5I HJIH .npyr11x JKHBOTHhIX. TaK ou11 .no6b1BaIOT 3Hepr11.10 ,[{Jl5I no.n.nepJKaHH5I CBOeM JKH3HH.

I1oTpc6HTeJIH B03BpamaIOT

pacTeIIH5IM yrJieKHCJihIM ra3. MHor11e H3 HHX rroMoraIOT pacTeHH5IM pa3MHOJKaThC5I H pacceJI5ITbC5I. qeJIOBeK TOJKe OTHOCHTC5I

K IlOTpe611TeJI5IM.

'Er"i

Co6onb KonopaACK"1ill

n1=

Mii

">KYK

3ati~

wa 2.

u.te

0 TeX, KTO

BCe

3. Yer Her

y6i;apaeT

PaapymHTeJIH, HJIH «Mycopu~HKH», -

3TO

pa3Hoo6pa3Hhie

)l(HBbie opraHH3Mbl, KOTOpbie, KaK H I10TpC6HTeJIH, He MoryT co3,naBaTh opratt11qecKHe semecTsa. ToJihKO B OTJI11q11e OT rro-

OHC

Tpe611TeJiei1: rr11TaIOTC5I OHM yMcplllHMH )l(HBhIMH opraHH3MaMH.

113 H3BeCTHbIX Te6e JKHBOTHblX K pa3pyillHTCJI5IM MO)l(HO OTHe-

so::

CTH ,noJK,neBoro qepB5I.

HHM TaK>KC OTIIOC5ITC5I rroqTH nee

rp116b1 H 6oJihIIIHHCTBO 6aKTep11i1 ( oqenb MeJIKHe JKHBbie opra-

IIH3Mbl).

IIHX Thi Y3HaeIIIb II03,[{Hee.

V13E

npc

ell(e-

pacuaTb. JeJH:I,

uaroT MOXOBVIK 6aKT8pV1V1

MO,Qo~esot/1

rrJiee,n;aJI

Lf8p8b

)fHIO

laIOT

CPABHll1BAEM CBOLil BblBO.Q C ABTOPCKll1M

lCTe-

HTC5:1.

r_ 511arOA8Pff )f(l,18blM opraHPil3M8M npeep8U48Hfile B8ll.48CTB 6eCKOHeYHO PilAeT no 38MKHYTOMY Kpyry. npoPi13BOAPilT811Pil cHa6>1<a10T ecex 06PilTaTe11elil 3eMJ1Pil nfilll.48171 Pil Kfilc11opoAOM. noTpe6PilT811Pil B03Bp8ll.48IOT paCT8HPilffM yr11eKPi1CJ1bllil ra3. Pa3pywfilTe11Pil npeepall.4alOT yMepwPile opraHPil3Mbl e Bell.4eCTea, Heo6xOAPilMb1e pacTeHPilffM. TaK noAAep>KPileaeTcff >Kfil3Hb Ha 3eM11e.

Klt1111

~-------------------------------npoPi13BOAPilTe11Pil, n0Tpe6Pi1Te11Pil, pa3pywfilTe11Pil, opraHW·ieCKVle se~ecTsa, Mli1HepanbHble (HeopraHw-teCKV1e) se~eCTBa, QJOTOCV1HTe3 nPll1MEH~EM

mh1e

oryT rro-

aMH.

THe-

BCe

1pra-

HOBblE 3HAHll1~

1. YTO CTaHeT c Hawelll nnaHeTOll1, ecnV1 Ill0,QV1 6y,qyT HapyW8Tb KpyrosopoT se~ecTs? 2. Mo)f(eWb I1V1 Tbl npV1BeCTV1 npV1Mep, Kor,qa KpyrosopoT se~eCTB HapywaeTC~ no BV1He YenoseKa? 3. HeKOTOpb1e nt0,QV1 npe,qnarat0T V1CTpe6n~Tb spe,QHble ,QJl~ '-18IlOBeKa )f(V18ble opraHV13Mbl. ,QpyrVle C'-IV1T8IOT, '-ITO TaK ,qenaTb H8I1b3~. KTo V13 HV1X npas V1 noYeMy? ~~ 4. nopa60T8111Te B nape. 0,QV1H H83blB8eT )f(V180THOe V1JlV1 Jm pacTeHVle, ,qpyrolll onpe,qen~eT «npo¢eccV110», K KOTopolll OHO OTHOCV1TCR 5. noYeMy B ,QV1KOlll npV1pO,Qe Bpe,QV1Tenelll HeT? noYeMy OHV1 803HV1K8IOT p~,QOM C YeilOBeKOM? 6. Mor 6b1 npOV1CXO,QV1Tb KpyrosopoT se~ecTs, ecnV1 6b1 npoli13BO,QV1Ten V1, noTpe6V1TeI1V1 V1 pa3pyw1t1Ten1t1 V1CnOJ1b3088JlV1 B npo~ecce csoelll )f(lt13He,qe~TenbHOCTV1 O,QHV1 1t1 Te )f(e se~ecTsa?

§ 8. 06MEH BEL1-'ECTB 8 OPrAHVl3ME

KO':

onPE,QEn51EM nP06nEMY YPOKA

.up:

©~

CKOJibKO pa3 B .n:eHb TbI elllb?

CJIC

CKOJibKO

rnu.uJ1

Cbe.n:aelllh 3a O.ZJ:MH pa3?

qac me

ITocqMTaif, CKOJibKO KMJiorpaMMOB rrMmM Tbr CbeJI 3a cBoro )KM3Hb.

CKOJibKO TbI BeCMlllb?

88L .,) Ha KaKoe npOTVIBOp8YVl8 Tbl 06paTV1n BHV1MaH111e? (KaKa~ sen111Y111Ha oKa3anacb 6onbwe?) KaKollt y Te6~ B03Hll1KaeT sonpoc? (CpasH111 c sap111aHTOM asTopos Ha CTp. 136.)

BCnOMl/lHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM npoYll1Tali1 T8KCT, paCCMOTp111 p111cyHKll1 111 nOAyMallt, nOLf8MY Mbl Cb8Aa8M 3a )f(ll13Hb TaK MHOro nVILJ.\111. Jiro6oM: opraHM3M He TOJibKO rrorJiomaeT BemecTBa, HO M BhI.n.eJI51eT Mx. B

HeM M.ZJ:eT rrocTo51HHbrif

ooMeH Bew.ecTB: o.n.HM

BeIQeCTBa 3aMeH51IOTC51 .n:pyrMMM. PaccMoTpMM, KaKMe BemecTBa opraHM3M rrorJiomaeT, Ha qTo Mx pacxo.n.yeT M qTo BbI,ll.eJI51eT. Y

Ha3os111, YTO Koposa nornoU\aeT 111 LfTO

BblAen~eT.

pOE

HM BO} Yr11eK"1C1lblLll

ra3

pac He ra1-_

qac

0 q T06hI IlOJiyqMTb Heo6xo.n:MMbJe L(Jl51 )KM3HM BemeCTBa, KOpOBa rrMTaeTc51 M .ZJ:hIIllMT. BttyTpM Hee CJIO)l{Hhie opraHMqecKMe Beme-

CTBa rrpeBpamaroTC51 B 6oJiee rrpOCTbie M pa3HOC51TC51 no BCeMy TeJiy. qaCTb MX IlOCTeneHHO ~C)l{MraeTC51» M OTL(aeT aHeprHIO,

MQ_

KOTOpa51 HCIIOJih3YeTC51 ,l(JI51 COBepIIICIIl151 MYCKYJibHOM pa60TbI l1 JLpyr11x

BH/lOB

)KJif3He,l(e51TCJlbHOCTH.

,llpyra51

tJaCTb

o6pa3yeT

CJIO)KHbIC nemecTBa TeJia caMOM KOpOBbl H 6yILymero TeJieHKa,

1rnu1

lfaCTb rrpcspamacTcJI B MOJIOKO. HaKottcu:, tJaCTh rrpocTbIX BeII{ecTB BbIBO!l:HTC51 113 opraHH3Ma KOpOBbl B Blf1{C OTXO/lOB.

CbCJJ

v 06bflCHV1, noYeMy pacTy~V1 111 TeneHoK noTpe6nHeT se~ecTs, YeM BblAenHeT, a Koposa - HeT?

6onb w e

Ba-

r Mbl BbT-

)A llH

•CT Ba er.

posa €II{C-

CeMy

THIO ,

TeJieHOK 11crrOJib3YeT semecTBa JlJUI

pocTa

cnoero Te1ia. Ko-

pose He HY)KI-10 paCTH, HO ee opraHH3M HY)K!J:aCTC51 B o6HOBJielllUl. CTapaJI IIIepcTb Koponb1 .n;sa)KlJ:bI B ron 3aMe1151c1 c5I HO-

eoii.

Ko)Ka, KOIThITa nocTencnno cttauuma10TC5l cttapy)Ku 11 tta-

pacTaIOT H3HyTpH. TaK HC3aMCTIIO, IIC MeH5151 CBOeM q>opMbl l1 llC rrpCKpaw,aJI p a60TbI , ITOCT05IHHO 06110BJI5IIOTC5I l1 .npyr11c opraHbJ

)IUIBOTHbIX.

Ila

caMoo6HOBJieHHe

TeJia

TaK)Ke

yxo.n:11T

4aCTb ITOCTyrra10m11x B opraIIH3M Bell{CCTB l1 JIIeprHH.

CPABHl!lBAEM CBOl/1 BblBO,Q c ABTOPCKl/1M

Bee Bt.1Abt >Kt.13HeAe~ne11bHOCTt11 B03MO>KHbt TOllbKO 3a Cl.feT 1.1cno11b30B8Ht.1SI no11yl.feHHblX opraHt.13MOM BeLJ.4eCTB 111 3Hepr1.11.1 . 06MeH BeLJ.4eCTB

nPl!1MEHS1EM HOBblE 3 HAHl/1S1

Lfro H83bl88IOT 06M8HOM se ~eCTB? 2. .> B YeM pa3nV1 YV1e Me>KAY o6MeHoM se~ecTs B3pocnoro V1 MOflOAOro opr aHV13Ma? 3. B YeM pa3nV1YV1e o6MeHa se~ecTs pacTeHV1H V1 >KV1BOTHoro?

.QOnOJlHlllTEJlbHbllil MATEPlllAJl .QJls:I Jlf0603HATEilbHblX

HOC

ropeHMe M AblXaHMe

Jle7-ta:

IloJiyqacTCJI, qTQ KOpoay MO)l(HQ Ha3BaTb MaIIUIHOM .l(JUI ncpepa6oTKH TpaBbI B MOJIOKO H Te_,1JIT?

Muwa: f py6o

roaop51, ,na.

,naHraTeJie aBTOM06HJIJI rop10Y.ee -

6ett3HH -

cropaeT. Ilp11 3TOM MarnHHa, no.uo6no opraHH3My, .._._.__..._. ~ HCTIOJib3yeT KHCJIOpo.n B03,nyxa. Bb1,neJIHBlIIa5IC5I 3HeprHJI coBeprnaeT pa6oTy - KPYTHT KOJ1cca. A OTXO.l(hI BbIXJIOilHbIC ra3bI, rrapbl BO}lbl H yrJieKHCJibIM ra3 - BbI6paCbIBaIOTCJI B aTMoc¢epy. Kopoaa TO)l(e B,nhrxaeT K11c110po,n, a a poIIH «roproqero» ,nJIJI Hee BbICTynacT ITHI.Ua. YrJICKHCJibIM ra3 H .n.pyrHe OTXO.l(bl BbI6paCbIBaIOTCJI B OKpy)l(aIOmyro cpe,ny. Ho ecTh H cymecTBeHHaJI pa3HHUa Me)l(.n,y aaToMo6HJieM H Kopoaoi1. Ilpouecchr «ropettHH» a opraHH3Me rrpowcxo,nHT Me,nJieHHO, Ho 3aTo tterrpephIBHO. Be,nb OHM rrom:tep)I(HBaIOT )l(H3HCiceJ1TeJihHOCTb opraHH3Ma KaK BO BpeM51 .l(BH)l(eHH51, TaK H BO apeMH rroKOH. BemecTaa, rroJiyl!CHHhre c rrHmc:H:, 11crroJih3YIOTCJ1 He TOJibKO }lJIJI rroJiyqeHHJI 3IIeprHH, HO H .l(JIJI «CTpOHTeJibCTBa» opranwsMa: pocTa H rrocTcneHHoro caM006IIOBJieHHJ1. AaToMo6HJih )KC ue MO)l(eT caM ce6JI OTpeMOHTMpOBaTb HJIH XOTJI 6bI ITOKpaCHTb. 3To AOJI)l(CII ACJiaTb qeJIOBeK.

1. TOIV

2. flW·f

3. (nrn >Ke t-

KaKVle se~ecTsa Heo6XOAV1Mbl HOCTV1 V1 8BTOM06V1rno, V1 Kopose?

pa6oTbl V1 >KV13HeAesnenb-

:BaTb

l Te-

f optoYeel

3My,

a.HC51 bl -

IYrneK111cnb1Lil ra3 I

IYrneK111cnb1Lil ra3 j

aCbl-

11.JIH Bbl-

PaccMoTpV1 ABB HV1>KHV1X pV1CYHKa. Ha KaKoe 0Tnw-1V1e Koposb1 or asTOM06V1nH o6paTV1n BHV1M8HV1e XYAO>KHV1K?

MM ~te,n-

3He-

[ BO )TC.H bCT-

BTO-

:OT51

1. ..., B YSM CXOACTBO V1 B YeM pa3nV1YV18 B A8HTenbHOCTV1 asTOM06V1nH V1 KOpOBbl? 2. "' LfeM asToMo6V1nb noxo>K Ha >KV1BOVI opraHV13M, a YeM oTnV1YaeTCH OT Hero? 3. KaKVle o6~V1e csolllcTsa ecTb y asTOMo6vinH V1 Koposb1 (nocrynneHVle se~ecTs, pocT, npespa~eHvie se~ecTB, pa3MHO>KeHV1e, BblXOA se~eCTB)? 37

§ 9. KAK >KVIBblE OPrAHVl3Mbl 3AnACAKJT

YTC

3HEPrVIKJ COJlHUA onPE.QEn~EM

nP06nEMY YPOKA

Mw.ta:

Jletta, 11.zu1 CCTh Kamy. JleHa: He 6yJJ.y. Mnura cKa3a.n, t.ITO MbI Bee ninaCMC5I OT CoJittua.

Ma.Ma: )l(eM

3To Beptto, HO 3Hepr1110 CoJIHUa MhI MOnoJiyt.IaTh TOJihI<O OT «KOpMHJibUeB». A Thi

«e.n.oK». IIoaTOMY H l(OJDKIIa ecTb I<arny, a To TaK H OCTaIIelllhC5I pOCTOM «OT roprnKa /(Ba BeprnKa».

Kai

./Ki

Tllfl

pac

)KC

KO'JJ

IIO~

KaKoe Tbl 3aMen1n npon'1sope'-l~e (Me>K.QY cnosaM~ neHbl ~ MaMbl)? ~ KaKoVI y Te6H B03H~KaeT sonpoc? (CpasH~ c sap~aHTOM aBTOpOB Ha CTp. 1 36.)

scnOMl!lHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM

3au B J

poc

3HE

Mo>t<eT n~ 3Hepr~H ~c'-le3aTb ~ noHBnHTbCH ~3 H~'-lero? [§ 4) Mo>t<HO n~ >K~Tb, He nononHHH 3anacos 3Hepr~~? (§ 4) noYeMy pacTeH~H Ha3blBatOT «KOpM~nbWaM~»? (§ 4)

PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE

3HAHl!l~

Ka)K,l(blM opraHH3M TIOJiyt.IaeT nuepnuo OT CoJIHUa. qaCTb

Oil TpaTl1T na )l(H3HeJJ.e5ITeJibHOCTb 11 caM006HOBJieHHe, a t.IaCTh 3auacacT n cnocM TeJie, yne1111Y.11BaH cro pa3Mepb1. KaK~X BelJ...!eCTB ~ c noMOL.J...!btO KaKOVl 3Hepr~~ CTpOHT pacTeH~H ~ >K~BOTHble cso~ Tena? PaccMOTp~ p~cyHoK. 06b-

• 1/13

'-lTO 0 6 03Ha'-l~n 3a >KenTble '-lepTO'-lK~ HCH~.

xy,QO>KH~K

Kpy>t<KaM~

~x coe,Q~HHtOT?

pa3Horo wseTa. u-.TO

Y.CN

JJC4

0 0

1. nae 2.

en 38

npo'-1111Tall1 T8KCT 111 06bs:!CHll1, OTKYAB y Te6s:i 6epyTCfl c111nbl, YT06b1 6eraTb, npb1raTb, 111rpaTb, Y'-1111Tbcs:i? .J

Tb1 Mx npMo6peJI, Kor.n:a 3aBTpaKaJI ccro.n;HH yTpoM.

XJie6e M

Kame co.n:ep)KMTC5I 3Heprn5I CoJIHI(a, KOTopyro 3anacJIM pacTeHM5I.

mua-

MO-

Thi

'aK M

)1(11BOTIIbie M JIIO):(M ycBaMBaIOT 3TY 3HeprMIO M3 paCTMTCJibHOH IIHIUM JIM6o M3 pbr6bl MJIM M5ICa )KMBOTHbIX, KOTOpbie TIMTaJIMCb pacTeHM5IMM. Ilmworra:H: ce6H no )KHBOTy. OH M5IfKMH, noToMy tITO no.n: Ko)l{eH y

Te65I Haxo.n;MTC5I CJIOM )KMpa.

HeM 3anaceHa 3HeprM5I,

KOT0pa5I TI03BOJIMT Te6e )KMTb, eCJIM npM.n;eTC5I HeKOTOpoe BpeM51 IIOfOJIO):(aTb. qeJIOBeK, KaK M .n:pyrMe )KMBbie opraIIM3MbI, MO)KeT

Hbl 111

3arracaTb B ce6e 3HeprMro. EJiaro.n:ap5I 3TOMY MbI e.n;MM TPM pa3a B ,n:eHb, a )KMBeM HenpepbIBHO. qaCTb 3anaCOB pacxo.n:ycTC5I Ha

HTOM

pocT TeJia, KaK y JleHhI M MMIIlH.

KaK AOnro MO>KeT xpaHll1TbCfl B opraHll13Me TaKoll1 3anac 3Hepr111111? KorAa nony'-l111n111 ee A8Tll1 Ha nesoM p111cyHKe?

:ยง 4)

'h ee

racTh

posn

)6b-

Yro

Ha pHcyttKe cnpaBa M3o6pa)KeH BeKOBOH .n:y6.

ero Mory-

qeM CTBOJie H paCKM):(MCTbIX BeTB5IX coxpaH5IeTC5I 3HeprH5I COJIHeqHbIX Jiyqe:H:, KOTOpa5I HaKaTIJIMBaJiaCh 6oJiee CTa JieT.

CPABHl/lBAEM CBOLll BblBO.Q C ABTOPCKl/lM

>K111eb1e opraH1'13Mbl MoryT 3anacaTb 3Hepr111t0 Co11H4a. nPl!lMEH~EM

HOBblE

3HAHl/1~

1. " Mb1 8All1M H8CKOnbKO pa3 s A8Hb, a 111cnonb3yeM 3Hepr111t-0 nocros:iHHO. KaK HaM 3TO YAB8Tcs:i? 2. 3a C'-leT K8KOll1 3Hepr111111 Bblpoc KapTocpenb, KOT0pb1111 Tbl en HaKaHyHe?

rnaea Ill. 3KOJIOfllqECKA.H CHCTEMA

pa 06

§ 10. >KV13Hb 3KOCVICTEMbl onPE,QEns:JEM nP06nEMY YPOKA

Jleua: KOMapoB.

HVI

BoT 6b1110 6b1 3)lopoBo, ec1u1 6b1 He cTaJio

CT~

3ao)l110 11 TapaKaHoB, Mbimew 11 LI:pyr11x

llCHY)KHbIX )KMBOTIIhIX.

Muwa: Maph1

He 3a6brnai1, tJTo ace

M11pe CBJJ.3atto! Ko-

MIIOfO'-IHCJieHHhie ttaccKOMhie.

On11 BbIBO-

)l51TCJI B BO)lC, a rron16aroT Ha cy111e. ,[(O)K)lCBhIC rroTOKM CIIOCJIT Heo6xO)ll1MblC )lJI5I )KJ1311J1 BCIUeCTBa B BO)lOeMbl, a KOMaphI B03Bpan~aIOT MX o6paTHO Ha rrojJJI, B 11yra 11 Jicca. He 6y.n:eT KOMapoB -

napylllHTC51 KpyroBo-

poT BeTJ{eCTB. ,l{a 11 ypo)KaH na IIOJI5IX CH11311TC51.

MaAta:

qacTo JKMBOTHhIX 11 pacTeH115I )lCJlJIT tta rroJie3IIbIX 11

Bpeti:HhIX. Ho Ha rrp11Mepc KOMapoB, 5I .n:yMaro, Bhr y6e.n:111n1cb, l.J:TO B IIpHpO!{e neT HHllero JIMIIIHero.

KaK08 npon1sop8YV18 Tbl o6Hapy>t<Vln s cnosax n8Hbl VI MlllWVI? (MO>K8T nlll nop~AOK B 3KOCV1CT8M8 nOAA8P>KV1BaTbC~ 683 KOMapos?] 'o) Ha KaKOi.11 sonpoc Tbl 6yA8Wb VlCKaTb OTB8T Ha ypoK8? (CpaBHVl CO CTp. 136.)

BCnOMVIHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM

rA8

06V1TalOT >KV1Bbl8 opraHV13Mbl: B 6VlOCcp8p8 111nV1 B 3KOCV1-

CT8M8? (§ 7) '-ho TaK08 3KOCV1CT8Ma? (2 KJlacc] KaK1118 «npocp8cc111V1» >Kll1BblX opraHV13MOB Tbl 3Ha8wb?

(§ 7)

IlOT

npoYVITai.11 T8KCT. 0TB8Tb Ha BOnpOCbl: KaKylO YaCTb 3KOCll1CT8Mbl MO>KHO Ha3BaTb rnaBHOi.11? K8KV18 CB~3Vl 068Cn8YV188IOT KpyrosopoT 88LJ..\8CTB?

MIU

pyu

T0~1, lJTO B 3KOCHCTeMe

pac

HeT HH'lero JIHWHero: BCe, lJTO B HeM rrpOM3BO,l(MTC5:l, TIOJIHO-

11 eT

CTbIO 11CI10Jlh3yeTC5I ee o6ttTaTeJI}IMl1. OJiaro;:i:apR 3TOMY 3KOCH-

11 B

npornJIOM roJly MbI roaop11Jiu o

CTCMa

cym.ecTeyeT

6e3

IlOCTOpouueii IlOMOII.J,H

yrO)lHO

M111

)lOJlfO. I1p11lfl1Ha TaKOW ycTOMlJMBOCTl1 COCTOMT B TOM, lJTO o6M-

TaTeJIM 3KOCl1CTCMbl npHcnoco6HJIHCb K

.upy To.:

PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHVIS1 1]

JOT,

Il03TOMY BCC

0611Taroiu11e

KaK

COBMeCTHOH )KH3HH.

3KOCHCTeMC )KJ1Bbie

opraHM3Mbl

3aM

pa3llblX «IIpocpecctt:H:~ Ha3bIBaIOT coo6~eCTBOM

( o6oJICH11, qTO

06o:u1aY:aCT ::no CJIOBO ) .

Ta.JIO

• nocMOTpltl Ha plllCYHOK. Ha HeM lt1306pa>K8Hbl )f(lt18bl8 opraHVl3Mbl, 06L11Tato~L11e Ha nyry. .QoraAa~cs:i, YTO o6o3HaYator crpe11Klt1 KOplt1YH8BOro lt1 3eneHoro wsera. Ha~Altl OTB8T B T8KCT8.

~rr11x

Ko-

>IBO-

rro-

3a B

rro-

OBO-

[X H IICb,

V1vi6e3 Ke?

I PacreH"1R

•I Ky3He1.11i1K I .. [COpoKonYTJ1----1.,-il (FcTe~1----1..-JM1i1Kpo6b1 I @:::opoKonyr I .. >KyK1i1-Mornnbll..\"1K"1 I

CoKon

CVI-

I M1i1Kpo6~

.. , PacreH"1R

Tb1, naBcpttoc, )(ora)(aJICJI, qTo 3CJICHbIC cTpCJIKH rroKa3bIBa-

IOT, KTO qeM rr11TaeTCJI. TaK11e uerroqKH 113 rroe)(arom11x JJ:pyr .upyra )1(11BbIX opraH113MOB Ha3hIBaIOTCJI u;enHMH IlHTaHHH. ToJihKO KY3IIeq11K11 11 rrT11UhI JIOBJIT )1(11By10 JJ:06h1qy, Be)(h OHH noTpe6HTeJIH. A BOT )l(yK11-Mor11Jibll.(11K11, .no)l(,neBbie qepB11 11 MHKp06hI rn1TaIOTCJI y)l(e yMeplll11M11 opraHH3MaMH - OHM paa-

pyurnTeJIH. Ho qTo )Ke TOr)(a o6o3HaqaeT cTpeJIKa OT «MycopmttKOB~ K

eMe

pacTCHHJIM? Hey)J(eJIH pacTeHHJI rroe.naroT M11Kpo60B? KoHetIHO

HO-

neT! IIpocTo pa3pylllttTeJIH rrorJiomaroT nor116lllne opraHH3MhI

ICH-

l1 B pc3yJibTaTe CBoero o6MeHa BemecTB OCTaBJIJIIOT B IlOtIBe

!lHO

Ml111CpaJJ.bllbIC BCII.(eCTBa, KOTOpbie 11CITOJib3YIOT pacTeIIHJI.

6u-

IHH.

Mbl

TaKHM o6pa30M, c rroMOII.(bIO pa3pyuu1TCJ1ci1 ucrrH IIHTaHHJI 3aMbJKaIOTCJI B KpyrOBOpOT.

YTO 8Ll..\8, Kp0M8 C006Ll..\8CTBa pa3mt1YHblX opraH~3MOB, BXOA~T s 3Koc~cTeMy? Ha111A~ Ha p~cyHKe >t<~Bble opraH~3Mbl pa3HblX «npotj:lecc~l.11». TonbKO n~ >t<~Bafl np~poAa BXOA~T s 3KOc~cTeMy?

2. 3. Ta

4. 5. BO

6. Hb OH

noYeMy npesp8Ll..\8H~8 B8Ll..\8CTB B 3KOC~CT8M8 Ha3blBalOT KpyrosopoToM? Terrepb MbI MO)KeM c.n:eJiaTb sa)KIIbIM BbIBO.U. pOJlHOM

3KOCMCTCMC

cynlCCTByeT

CBOH

JI106oi1 rrp11-

KpyroaopoT aemccTB.

EJiaro.n:ap.H eMy n po113Be.n:ettHbIC B 3KocwcTcMe BemecTBa rroJIHOCThIO MCilOJib3YIOTC51 ee 0611TaTeJI5IMl1. M11ttepaJibHbIC BCTI(eCTBa IlOCTyna10T K pacTeHl15IM, OT HMX -

K )KJ1BOTllbIM, OT IllfX -

K rpn6aM 11 M11KpoopraHJ13MaM M 3aTeM B03BpanlaIOTC51 B IlOY.By,

r.n:c

OHM CHOBa CTaHOB5ITC51 J].OCTYITHblMM .ll.JI.H pacTeIIMM.

TaKMM o6pa3oM, o.n:1111 M Te )Ke ":laCTMilbI BcmecTBa ncnoJih3yIOTCH pa3HbIMM cymecTBaMH MHoro pa3.

Onn

ncpe;xaIOTC51 no

Kpyry, HO He rrporra.n:aIOT, a TOJibKO BHJ].Ol13MeH5IIOTC}l, BX0l(5I B COCTaB TeJI pa3HbIX opraHH3MOB.

3KC

3X0)83-

CPABHl/IBAEM CBOLll BblBO,Q C ABTOPCKl/IM

3KO -

3KOC~CTeMa - eA~HCTBO >K~BOlil ~ He>K~BOlil np~pOAbl, e KOTOpOM coo6~eCTBO >K~BblX opraH~3MOB pa3HblX «npocpecc~lil» cnoco6HO COBMeCTHblM~ yc~n~SIM~ nOAAep>t<~ B8Tb KpyroeopoT ee~ecTe. 3KOC~CTeMa, coo6~eCTBO >K~BblX opraH~3MOB, ~enb n~TaH~SI

nPl/IMEH51EM HOBblE 3HAHl/l51

1. J 2 . ..,

YeM 3KocvicTeMa noxo>t<a Ha 6vioccpepy, a YeM OTJlVIYaeTcH? YTO TaKoe coo6~eCTBO >Ki.1Bb1X opraHVl3MOB? 3. Ha3osvi >KVIBbre opraHi.13Mbl, cocTasnmo~vie OAHY ~enb n1.1T8HVIR 4 . ..J 1/13 KaKl-1X YaCTerll COCTOVIT 3KOCl.1CT8Ma? 5. noYeMy 3KOCl.1CT8Ma MO>K8T CKOJlb yrOAHO AOJlrO cy~eCTBOBaTb 6e3 noCTOpOHH8rl1 noMO~VI? 6. ntaAVI YaCTO Ha3blBatOT Vl306pa>KeHHblX Ha pV1CYHK8 >KVIBOTHblX vi pacTeHl-1H speAVIT811HMVI. KaK Tbr CYVITaewb, npasbr nvi OHl.1?

8IOT MblWb

1pn-

R4i

:CTB. lOJI-

7. nopa6oTarl1Te s nape. 0AVIH 1113 sac npviBOAVIT npviMep ,,.. BP8AVIT8J1H, a BTOporll 06bHCHH8T, noYeMy OH Ba>KeH AJlH 3KOCVICT8Mbl. 3aTeM nOM8Hflrl1T8Cb p011s:!MVI.

;ecT-

ex -

uoq-

111tt.

h3y-

[ no

l5l B I

§ 11 . nO'-fBA - BA>KHElilWA~ "iACTb 3KOCVICTEMbl

Ki ryM

BCnOMVIHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM

PYII!

KaKylO ponb ~rpaeT s 3Koc~cTeMe KpyrosopoT B8Ll.\8CTs? KaKosa ponb pa3pyw~Tene~ s KpyrosopoTe? (§ 7) rAe >K~BYT pa3pyw~Ten~? (§ 7) '@(l

onPE.QEn~EM

riB

Jleua:

II OY. IOT TI04

nP0 6nEMY YPOKA

IJoqeMy

BCTKH,

KOTOpbIC

H TIOCTaBMJia B

BO,ny, .ZJ:aJIM JIMCToqKH, HO / (aJibIIIe He pacTyT?

Muwa:

l{JIH pocTa pacTeHIUTM HY)KHa ne TOJihKO

BO):(a, HO 11 MHHepaJibHhie COJIH. Ilo:::>TOMY pacTeHMH ca:>KaIOT He B 6aHKY c BO.ZJ:OM,

B ...

4 mec

TYT fllO •

3a11e:

II 6oii

KyAa HY>KHO ca>KaTb pacTeH~s=t? YTo s=isns=ieTcs=t onopo~ Ans=t ~x Tena? 0 YeM Tbl Y3Ha8Wb Ha ypoKe? (CpaBH~ co CTp. 136.)

ny 1

PEWAEM nP0 6nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHVI~

l/lccneAyeM CBO~CTBa nOYBbl. ABa OnblTa.

n opa6oTa~Te

B rpynnax:

npOB8A~Te

I le peh1ii o nhIT . Bo3bMHTe roplllOK c noqBoii M HaJiei1Te Ty.na HeMHoro BO.ZJ:bI. II011a6Jiro.n:ai1Te, BhITeqeT JIM oHa CHH3y. IIOl.fBa BOJ(y. B Topoii

C.n:cJia.H:Tc

onhIT.

BbIBO.ZJ:,

Bo3bMMTC

y .n:ep)KHBaeT

ropcTOl.fKY

noqBbI

JIM

6pOCbTe ee B CTaKaII C BO,ll.OM. qTO 6yneT TIO.ZJ:HMMaTbC5I BBepx? Onpe.n:cJIHTC, qTo con cp)KMTCH B noqBe.

KaKylO ponb s KaeT?

no"i. ; ; -

3Koc~cTeMe ~rpaeT

noYsa? KaK oHa

3TO noeepXHOCTHbllil nllOAOPOAHbllil CllOlil

B 03H~

3eM11~

IloY sa B03HHKaeT B pe3y JibTaTe pa3py mc1111R ropttbIX rropo.n non

B03.ll.CHCTBMeM BJiar11, B03.n:y xa, TCllJla , XOJIO.n:a 11 .n:eHTeJib-

IIOCTM )KHBhlX opraHM3MOB. B

IIOt.rnc )KHBeT MHO)KeCTBo MHKpocKonvrqccK11x pa3pyIII11Te-

11cii opra1n1qccKMx BemecTB. OHM rrepepa6aTbrnaroT ocTaTKM opra11113MOB B MMHepaJibHbie Ben(eCTBa, Heo6xo,n11Mbie pacTeHMHM.

1. 2. 3. •

4. •

88HI-

KpoMe Toro , B noqBe co.ncp)l(HTCJC rreperHoii, HJIH ryMyc. Ott 06pa3yeTcJC B pe3yJibTaTc HenoJIHoro pa3PYII1CIIHJC ocTaTKOB opraHH3MOB. fleperttoft CKJic11uacT rroqBy B KOMOqK11, Me)l(,ll.y KOTOpbIMJ1 JierKO npOIIMKa-

·1

r ~' ,

/., '.. n-....,...., 1. ~

~:~ nepe f.H01'1 . . - . -

, I

. . ";'

:...

...

• ... •

• .. •.

lb KO

Il{CCTB, TeM Olla II.JIO~OpO~Hee, TCM ~1yqllle Ha new pacTYT pacTeH115I. CaMbie nJio,nopon:nbIC 11 6oraTbIC ncpcrttoeM noqBbI Y:CpHo3eMbI. Pocc11JC HMeeT 6011bw11e 3arracb1 qep11oscMIIbIX seMeJih.

HH51

Iln:o~opo~He IIO'IB 6oJ:i crpaHbI. K

O,ll.HO 113 r JiaBIIbIX 6oraTCTB JII0neMy Ha,ll.0 OTIIOCHTbCJl 6epe)l(H0. floq-

BY Ha,ll.O o6eperaTh or BbIMbrna111151 11 BbIBeTp11Ba1n15I.

Yepsb

nax:

aTb-

1Hll1-

Pa3pywi,..nem'1 -

06111TaTen111 noYBbl

)

tpo.n e.1b-

nreop-

UIM.

nol.fB8, neperHOlll nPl/lMEH~EM

1. 2. 3. 4.

HOBblE

3HAHl/1~

YTo TaKoe noYsa? KaKoe 3HaYeHlt1e lt1MeeT s nplt1pOAe noYsa? Mo>KHO fllt1 CYlt1T8Tb noYsy >Klt1BOll1 YaCTbtO 3KOClt1CT8Mbl? KaK H83blB88TCfl B81J48CTBO, OT KOTOporo 38Blt1Clt1T noY -

88HH08 nflOAOPOAlt18? f.571 5. nopa60T8111T8 B nape: OAlt1H H83bl888T 06lt1T8T8fl8111 nOYBbl, a BTOpolll 06bflCHfl8T lt1X pOflb.

t1m

.,0...

· ·1

IOT B03,nyx, Bona 11 )l(HBbie cymecTBa. Bepxtt11i1 CJlOM rroqBbI, HaCbIIIJ.eHHbIM neperHOCM, JIMCeT Te:MHbIH HBCT. qeM 60.JibIIIe B noqBe neperHOJl 11 MHHepaibHbIX Be-

a B

§ 12. 3KOClllCTEMA 03EPA

KaK

onPEaEn~EM OCHOBHO~ BOnPOC YPOKA

Jleua: KaK )KaJih, l:lTO name 03epo 3aHOCHTC5I 11JI0M! B HeM y)Ke Henp115ITII0 KynaThC5I ... Muwa: TbI npaBa. IloxO)KC, pa3pyw11TeJI11 B 03epe

c no~

nc cnpaBJI5IIOTC5I co cBoci1 pa6oToi1. BoT OHO nocTenetttto H 3apacTaeT. EcJI11 TaK rroM:.n:eT M ,n:anhrne, Haruc 03epo rrpeBpaTMTC5I B 6oJIOTO.

YeM rosopsn pe6sna? DTseT Ha KaKo~ sonpoc Tbl Ha~ A8Wb H8 ypoKe? (CpaBHV1 co CTp. 136.)

&t ~

BCnOMV1HAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM rAe o6pa3ytOTCH 03epa? YeM OHV1 OTnV1'-f8tOTCH OT Apyr111x BOAOeMOB? (2 Kflaccl KaK111e «npocpecc111111» >t((,.1Bbrx opraHV13MOB Mbl scTpeyaeM s Ka>KAO~ 3KOCV1CTeMe? KaKOBbl 111x pon111? (§ 7) PEWAEM nP06nEMY. OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHV1~

JK~

Kat< o~epa npeepal!4af0Tcs:1 e 6onoTa?

JT51IOT

Q3cpa pacrroJiaraIOTC5I B yrJiy6Jictt115Ix cyrnw. Bo.n:a cTeKaeT B KOTJIOBHnhI 11 ocTaeTc5I TaM. Pyt.JbM YI pcKw, Bna.n:a10mtte B 03epa, nccyT c co6oif MHO)KeCTBO llCCt.IJ1HOK, MCJII<J1X qacnni; rroqBbJ c ocTaTKaMH opraHH3MOB, nor116rnwx ua cyrne. B 03epax Tel:leIIH.H ueT, rroaTOMY Bee rrona.n:a1ow,11c n nwx TBep,n:hre qacTHUbI occ.n:a10T Ha .ZJ:HO H 3allOJIII5IIOT 03Cpny10 KOTJIOBHHy. qaCTHl(bl ropIIblX nopo.n:, nepeMCIU11Ba51Cb c OCTaTKaMM opraHH3MOB caMoro o3epa 11 npttHeceHHhIMM c cyurw, o6pa3yIOT HJI. B pe3yJihTaTe pa3pyrnwTeJI5IM rrpwxo1n1TC5I BhrnoJIH51Th ,n:Boftttyro pa6oTy. OHM ,n:OJI)KHhI rrepepa6aThIBaTb ne TOJihKO OTXO.ZJ:hI 03ep11oi1 3KocwcTeMhI, HO 11 coce.n:ttux c new aKocwcTeM cyrnw. 3TOM /l:BOHIIOH pa60TOH pa3pyrn11TeJI11 o6bil:lHO IlOJIHOCThIO He cnpaBJI5IIOTC5I. 0TXO.ZJ:hl HaKaITJIHBaIOTC5I B BHJJ.e HJia. 03epo 3apacTaeT 11 co BpeMeHeM rrpeBpamaeTC51 B 6oJIOTO.

Ecn~ KpyroeopoT Bel!4eCTB He nonHoCTbfO 3aMKHyT, TO ycnoe~s:t B 3KOC~CTeMe nocTeneHHO MeHs:lfOTCfl. lllMeHHO

n03TOMY Ha MecTe 03epa paHO 60J10TO.

~Jl~

n03AHO nos:tBJls:teTCfl

J1x

KJieTC TYT 6

B6J pacTy ll:OH.

60ll )((

KaK ce~38Hbl opraHlll3Mbl e 3KOClllCTeMe oaena?

PaccKa>K~ 06 o6~TaTen~x o3epa ~ ~x cs~3~X APYr c ApyroM C nOMOLI.4blO CX8Mbl. nposepb ce6H, ~CnOnb3YH T8KCT ~ p~CYHK~. ITC.sI

3epe

·CTC-

Haa~ -

BO-

M B

3KocucTcMa o3cpa «.n:Byx3TaJKHa.sI». Bepxttwn «JTaJK» cocTaBj l5IIOT MCJIKJ1e opraHH3MbI, KOTOpbie IIJiaBaIOT B TOJIU{e BO.LJ:bl.

~T B

l1x

)3e-

KJieTOt.t Jihi e pacTe1uu1 (so.n:opocJI11) M )KMBOTHblC. Ha .n:ne pac-

IOll-

ryr 6oJICC KpyIIIIbie pacTeHH.sI, uaup11Mcp ~)JI()JJ.C.H.

pax

Ha3I>IBaJOT IIJiaHKTOHOM.

HeMy OTHOC.sITC.sI MCJIKUe O.LJ:H0-

B61u1311 6cpcroB BM.LJ:IIhI KyBu111TIKa, porcb 11 KaMbilll.

OHM

iac-

paCTYT B BO/(C, 110 JIHCTb.sI H CTC6JIH MX pacrrOJIO)J(eHbT Ha,n: B0-

1Ia-

/lOH. IlocMOTpH BHHMaTeJibHO Ha poro3. 3TO pacTeHHe 01J1H-

(H3-

6otJIIO Ha3bJBaIOT KaMbllliOM.

OH-

Xapa

)L{bl

UHL

3a-

0 0 S1

nnaHKTOHHbl8 BOAOpocm.'1

~~~~

Poro3

Kysw~HKa

~~~~~~__!1_~~~~~.!l?mt~~

He:

Mtto:/KeCTBO o,n:HOKJieToqttbIX Bo,n:opocJiei1: rrpHBJieKaeT BHHMaHMe IIOTpe611TeJieM. Cpe,n:M HMX rrpeo6Jia,l(acPHMM M ~MKJIOIIbI, xopOlllO

tte6o

11crroJib3YIOT

Mapa

KaqecTBe KOpMa ,zJ:JIH pb16. ,lla¢HMM

M ~MKJIOIIbI

oprai

,l(aIOT MeJIKMe paqKM -

3HaKOMhie JII0611TeJIHM aKBap11yMoB. B

MHOI

cPHJibTPYIOT (rrporrycKaIOT qepe3 ce6H) BO,l(y B IIOMCKax MeJIKMX BO,n:OpOCJieM. 0,l(MH TaKOM paqoK, KOTOporo BM,l(HO TOJibKO B Jiyrry, «06pa6aTbIBaeT» 3a cyTKM rroqn1 JIHTP BO,l(bl. PaqKaMM KOpMHTCH MHOrMe pbI6bI, HarrpHMep Ka-

1. 3KOC

pacb M IIJIOTBa. 3TMMM pb16aMM, B CBOIO oqepe,l(b, He-

)f(ll13f-

pe,l(KO JiaKOMHTCH x11mttb1e oKyHh 11 myKa.

3. 4. 5.

YKlle~Ka

CBfl31 8 H8•

PoTaH

ll.lyKa

6. Q3epHbl8 pb16bl

M0Tb1nb (m1Y1t1HK111 KOMapos) Q3epHb1e pa3pyw111Ten111

038p

Ha ti:He BOti:oeMoB 11<IIBYT pa3pynn1Te1nL

rne" ).1a-

DUIO YIOT

)fJbI

HMM OTHOC51TC51

MHOfOl!HCJieHHbie MHKpo6bI, a TaKJKe BCeM H3BeCTHbie paKH H tte60JibIIIHe KpaCHbie «1IepB511IKH>.'>. 3To MOTbIJib -

}lHllHHKH KO-

MapoB. Bee 9TH o6HTaTeJIH ti:Ha rrHTaIOTC51 ocTaTKaMH yMepIIIHX opraHH3MOB.

3KOC~CTeMa

rncnPl/IMEHS1EM HOBblE 3HAHl/IS1

ffO-

:yTKa-

He-

Bee n1t1 «npocpecc11n'1» )f(1t1Bb1x opraH1t13MOB ecTb s 03epHoll1 3KOCV1CT8M8? 2. KaK 061t1TaTen1t1 o3epHoro coo6LJ.teCTBa np1t1cnoco61t1n1t1cb K >Klt13Hlt1 s 03epe? 3. noYeMy 038p0 MQ)f(8T H8'18Tb 38p8CT8Tb? 4. noYeMy B '1lt1CTOM 038p8 BOA8 npo3p8'1H88, '18M B peKe? 5. PaccKa)f(1t1, KaK Ha3b1saKlTC~ lt1306pa)f(eHHb1e Ha pV1CYHKe CB~3lt1 Me)f(Ay opraHlt13M8Mlt1 3KOCV1CT8Mbl 03epa. 06b~CHlt1, noYeMy B Hee BKflKlYeH '18fl088K B Blt1A8 CKOBOPOAbl c )f(8p8HOll1 pb10KOll1.

KaK Tbl c111t1Taewb, YTO 6onbwe cTpaAaeT OT 3arp~3HeHV1~: 038p0 lt1fllt1 peKa? noYeMy?

03epa

ยง 13. 3KOClllCTEMA 60IIOTA '6)(1

C1 TIOK}: E Jin:

onPE~En~EM OCHOBHO~ BOnPOC YPOKA

JleHa: IloqeMy 3.D.eCb TaKaJI 3hI6KaJI 3CMJUI?

Muwa:

IloToMy qTo 3TO 6oJIOTO. 3.uecb rro.u TOJI-

CThIM CJIOeM pacTeHHtt HaXO.D.HTCJI no.ua.

TbI noM-

KOBp 6ary JICT

HHIIIh, KaKaJI 3KOCHCTeMa 6bIJia paHbllle Ha MeCTe

06"11

6oJioTa?

KaKoll1 3KOClt1CTeMe rosoplt1T Mlt1wa? y3H88Wb Ha ypoKe? (CpasHlt1 co cTp. 1 36.)

YTo Tbl

Pc cooEi CBH3

BCnOMV1HAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM rAe H8 nosepXHOCTlt1 3eMfllt1 pacnOflO>K8Hbl 60flOT8? (2 KJ18CC) YTO 6blfl0 npe>KA8 Ha M8CT8 60110Ta? (ยง 12) YTO npolt1CXO.Qlt1T c 3KOClt1CT8MOll1, 8 KOTOpoll1 KpyrosopoT 3aMKHYT He nOflHOCTbto? (ยง 12) Karo lt13 o6lt1TaTenell1 60110T Tbl 3Haewb? (2 Kllacc)

133

PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHV1~ npeepa~eHfl!e

03epa B 6onOTO

nOMO~bKJ plt1CYHKOB caMOCTOHT8flbHO pa36eplt1Cb 8 TOM, KaK o3epo npespa~aeTcH s 60110To. nposepb ce6H no TeKCTY.

KaK Tbl TIOMII.Hlllb, KpyroBOpOT nemecTB B 03epe He TIOJIHOCTbIO 3aMKHyT. 3TO 3HaqHT, l.J:TO )KHBbie opraHH3Mbl He ycneBaIOT HCTIOJih30BaTh HeKOTOpb1e semecTBa. OttH HaKarrJIHBaIOTcJI, 11 ycJIOBHJI B o3epe MeIIJIIOTCJI. PacTeHHJI n0Kpb1Ba10T He TOJJbKO 6epera H ,UHO, HO 11 3aJIHTYIO

COJIH~eM IIOBepxHOCTb

o3epa. KopHHMH pacTeHHJI npot.IHO crrJieTaIOTCJI .upyr c .upyroM, 06pa3y51 CJlJIOillllOH JlJiaByt.IHM KOBep-crrJiaBHHy.

Hall1.Qlt1 cn11aslt1HY Ha plt1CYHKe.

Crv1an11Ha nocTerreHHO CMbIKaeTC5I, sarroJIHJHI Bee oscpo. ,lltto, IIOKpbITOe HJIOM H OCTaTKaMH pacTeHHM, CTaHOBHTC5I BCC BbIIIIe. EJIH3

6eperoB

Il05IBJI5IeTC5I

MOX

c¢arHyM,

KOTOpbIM

rycTbIM

KOBpOM HacTynaeT ua o3epo. Cpe.n.11 Mxa rroceJIJIIOTCJI KJIIOKBa, 'OJI-

6aryJibHHK H OCOKH. EbIBIIIee 03epo no rrpoIIIeCTBUH MHOfHX

OM!CTe

.i1eT rrpespamaeTCJI B .n.pyryIO 3KOCHCTeMy -

06~TaTe1n1 Tbl

6oJIOTO.

6onoT

PaccMoTpltl Ha pLt1CYHKax pacTeHltls=t lt1 >KltlBOTHblX 60110THoro coo6~eCTBa. K K8Klt1M «npocpeCCltls=tM» OHltl OTHOCs=tTCs=t? YTO ltlX CBs=t3bl888T C 60J10TOM? '°-iTO Tbl 0 HltlX 3H88Wb lt13 KHltlr?

ICC)

nocb

por

l<nt0KB8

OM,

ry.

6arynbHV1K

rony6lt1K8 >Kypasnb

KpoHwHen

:IO-

ae-

OT-

:Th

)M,

MopowKa KyponarKa 6onOTHbl8 paCT8Hltts:l

>KvtBOTHbl8 -

06V1T8T8flV1 6onoT

Hall1A~Te B T8KCT8 OTB8Tbl Ha sonpoCbl, BblH8C8HHbl8 B 3aronOBK~.

'-ITO oxpaHfleT 60110THYIO BOAY OT BblCblX8H"1fl?

0,n;MH 113 caMbIX MHTepeCHbIX 0611TaTeJieM coo6meCTBa 6oJIOT -

H•

MOX ecparHyM, KOTOpbIM o6Jia,naeT y ,nM-

BMTeJibHOM erroeo6HoeTbIO BIIMTbIBaTb B ee65I Bo,ny. PacTeHMe BeeoM Beero

(3TO Bee O,lI;HOro CIIM-

qeqHoro KOpo6Ka) MOJKeT ~ BbIIIMTb ~ UeJibIM eTaKaH BO,lI;bI.

Eme

O,lI;HO MHTepeeHoe eBOMeTBO ecparHy Ma

MCIIOJib3yeTC5I

Me,D;MUMHe.

3TO

pacTeHMe

MOJKeT

y611BaTb 6aKTepMM. Ilo3TOMY BhleyrneHHbIM ecparHyM MHOr,na MCIIOJib3YIOT BMeCTO 6MHTOB M BaTbI. IloCMOTpM Ha pMCYHOK CTpOeHM5I MOXOBOro 6oJIO-

Mox ccparHyM

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Ta. Mx11 yxo,n;HT eTe6JIHMM BrJiy6h, HO 3eJieHhIMM HB-

Hblr.Ji

JIHIOTCH TOJibKO 11x BepxyrnKM. H11JKe pacrroJiaraIOTCH 6eJieebie OTMeprnMe qacTM CTe6JieM. Eme HMJKe BM,D;-

6 ...

Hbl errpeeeoBaHHhie 6yph1e oeTaTKM Tex JKe paeTeHMH.

npe1 HOK_

KaK o6paayeTcfl Topcp? Pa3pyrn11TeJIHM Tpy,n;Ho JKMTb B 6oJIOTHOM rrotIBe. Ilo.n eJioeM Mxa Bee BpeMH eb1po 11 xoJio,n;Ho.

JKe

TaM HeT KMCJIOpo,na ,lI;JI5I ,lI;bIXaHM5I, a

TOMY

ccparHyM

y611BaeT MMKpoopraHM3MbI. Ilo3TOMY OTMeprnMe oeTaTKM He pa3pyrna10Te5I, a rroeTerreHHO yrrJIOTHHIOTCH 11 rrpeBpama10Te5I B TOpcp. Cyxoli TOpcp xoporno ropMT. Ha HeKOTOphIX 3JieKTpoeTaHUMHX ero

11erroJih3YIOT

KaK TOIIJIMBO M Bbipa6aTbIBaIOT 3JieKTpMtieeTBO. Co BpeMeHeM ToJima Topcpa eTaHOBMTeH Bee BbIrne, a 6oJIOTO -

eyrne. Tor,na OHO HatIMHaeT 3apac-

TaTh TpaBOM. Ilpoli,neT MHOro JieT, M 3,neeh MoryT CTpoeH~e

MOXOBOro 6onoTa

II05IBMTbC5I JiyrOBbie KOJIOKOJibl!MKM.

UBeTbI:

JIIOTMKM,

poMaIIIKM,

c 7. •

Tbl I 6onc

npoi.

1ro-

CPABHV1BAEM CBOVl BblBO,Q C ABTOPCKV1M

me-

')l;H-

K 1,1 e o3epe, e 60110Te KpyroeopoT ee~ecTe He nonTblO 38MKHYT, no3TOMY B HeM HaKan111,1eaeTCS1 Topcp.

>ny.

3KOC"1CTeMa 60110T8

IIH-

nPV1MEH$'.lEM HOBblE 3HAHV1$'.l

KaH

yMa ff<eT

IYM

1JIOJIB-

1TC$l H)l;v

mH.

.,,.~

KaK B03H~KaeT 6onoTo? 2. KTO BXOA~T B coo6~eCTBO 6onoTa? 3. 8 YeM CXOACTBO ~ OTn~Y~e 3KOC~CT8M 03epa ~ 6onoTa? 4. noYeMy 60nOTH8H 3KOC~CT8M8 nepeyBfi8)1(H8Ha? 5. noYeMy BOAa neToM s o3epe corpesaeTCH, a noA 6onoTHblM MXOM BC8rAa XOfiOAHO? 6. 1/13 o3epa BblTeKan pyYelll. KaK Tbl AYMaewb, KOrAa 03epo npespaT~TCH B 6onOTO, pyYelll BblCOXH8T ~n~ H8T (neBbllll p~cyHOK)? 1.

rne.

)MY

IYM

rar~

>HT.

TIOT

BhI-

>aC-

ryT

.KH,

Q3epo

npespaT~nocb

s 6onoTo

7. • K 6onoTaM Y8CTO OTHOCHTCH K8K K 6pocosolll 38Mne. KaK Tbl AYM88Wb, YTO Mbl noTepHeM ~ YTO np~o6peTeM, ocywaH 6onoTa (npaBbllll p~cyHoK)? 8. PyYb~ n~TalOT peYK~. peYK~ n~TalOT 6onbw~e peK~. YTo npo~30lllA8T, ecn~ ocyw~Tb 6onoTa Ha o6w~pHolll Tepp~Top~~? 9. ToptjJ - Tonn~so. YeM onacHo ocyweHHoe 6onoTo?

§ 14. 3KOClllCTEMA JlYfA

onPE):lEJl~EM nP06JlEMY YPOKA Jleua:

u:e JIIO

3al.JCM Jiy)f(aMKY B rrapKe CKOCHJIH? TaM Ta-

KaJI COl.JHaJI TpaBa 6hIJia.

Muwa:

Ec1111 TpaBy He KOCHTh, TO 3acoxrn11e cTe6-

pac Bo,

3yn

1111 noMernaIOT eiI pacTH B 6y.nymeM ro.ny. IIo3TOMY TpaBy B napKax H cKarni-rnaIOT.

8TC

.J Ha KaKoe npOTl.·180p8Yll18 Tbl o6paTll1Jl BHll1MaH111e? (YTO np011130ll1A8T B nap Ke, 8CJ1111 Tpasy He KOCll1Tb ?) KaKolll y Te6H so3Hll1KaeT sonpoc? (CpasH111 c sap111aHTOM aBTOpOB Ha CTp. 1 36.)

scnOMV1HAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM

KM np:i;

UBE

YTo TaKoe nyr? KaK111e pacTeH111H 111 >Kll1BOTHble TaM 06111Tat0T?

e r

(§ 10, >Kll13H8HHblll1 onblT) B KaK111x np111pOAHblX 30Hax npeo6naAat0T TpasHHll1CTb1e pac-

,npy

TeH111H? (2 Knacc)

IOIIJ

PEWAEM nP06JlEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHV1s:l npoYll1Tall1 T8KCT 111 onp8A8Jlll1, KaKll18 paCT8Hll1H pacryr Ha nyry 111 KTO TaM y6111paeT H8CKOW8HHYKJ Tpasy.

H C

n1'1U KTc r1'1X

)laBaM no6JIH)f(e Il03HaKOMHMC51 c pacTeHH51MH JiyroBOfO

coo6mecTea.

Cpe.n11

JiyroBhIX

npo11sBo,n11Te11ei1

npC)f(,ZJ;e BCero IIJ)l(HO OTMeTHTb 3Jl3KH. 3To TpaB51HHCTbIC pacTeHH5I c IlOJihIM CTe611eM-COJIOMHHOM YI HeB3paqHbIMl1 MeJIKHMH U:BeTKaMH. 3JiaKH 11epe,nKO o6pa3yIOT ryCTbIC .nepHMHbl HJIH KOqKH 113 CilJieTeHHbIX KOpHeM. Bo BpeM5l cypoBOM 3HMbI HMCHHO B .nepHHHe nepe)f(HBaIOT He611aronpIUITHbIH nep110.n 6y.nym11e MOJIO.lJ:ble pOCTKH. Po.n11tta MHOr11x 3JiaKOB cyx11e cTenH H caBanHbI, r.ne nacyTC51 .ZJ:MKHe KOilbITHhie )f(HBOTHbie. OHM Ol.JCHb JII065IT Ill1TaTbC5l 3THMH pacTeHH51MH.

Ilo3TOMY 3JiaKH

Bhipa6oTaJIH np11cnoco6JieHH5I rrpoTHB r116e1111: HX JI11cTb5I pacTyT nyqKQM OT OCIIOBaHH51, a na MeCTe C'bC.lJ:CH-

):lepH111H8 3Jl8KOB

HOfO JIHCTa 6bICTpo BbipacTaeT HOBbIM .

., 06bHCHll1 c nOMOLJ4btO T8KCTa, noYeMy pacnawKa nyros YaCTO np111BOAll1T K pocry osparos.

j ryc1

0TJJHqMTeJibHOe CBOHCTBO 3JiaKOB -

crroco6HOCTb c IIOMOI.U;blO

uenKMX rreperrJieTeHHbIX KOpueH: CKpeIIJUITb OCbinarom;y10CJI 3eMJIIO. IlocJie Toro KaK CKJIOHbI OBpara 3apacTaIOT TpaBJIIIl1CTbIMM ra-

pacTeHM5IMl1, IlOTOKl1 .ZJ;O)K.n:eBOH BO.ll:bl nepecTaIOT MX pa3MbJBaTb. Bo.n:a 3aIIOJIHHeT nocTOJIHHoe pycJio pyqhH Ha .n;He ospara.

re6'.)MY

~e?

?) sa-

3YJihTaTe ~paHa~

pe-

Ha nosepxHOCTM seMJIM (ospar) 3aJieqMsaeTCJI.

KaK Tbl AYMaewb, nolieMy Ha nyry MHoro erc51 serpoM, a s necy - Mano? 3JiaKM -

pacreHvi~

onb1n51-

caMhie MHoroqMcJieHHhie pacTeHMJI Jiyros. Ho useT-

KM MX HeB3paqHbI, M OHM OilbIJIJIIOTCJI BeTpOM. KpacoTy Jiyry

rrp11.n;aeT

necTpbIH

KOBep

pa3HOTpaBb5I.

5JpKMe

JieIIeCTKH

uaeTKOB npHBJieKaIOT HaCeKOMbJX-OilbIJIMTeJieH. llIMeJIH, nqeJibl 11 6a60'!Kl1 CHYIOT IlOBCIO.l(y B IlOMCKax CJia.n;Koro HeKTapa.

IOT?

>aC-

IIpH

3TOM OHM nepeHOCJIT IIhIJibUY c

o.n:noro pacTeHHJI Ha

.upyroe, OIIbIJIJIJI UBCTbI. Ha MecTe UBCTKOB o6paayIOTC5I IlJIO.l(bl 11 ceMeHa. OHM pacnpocTpaHJIIOTCJI no Jiyry, qT06b1 Ha CJie.n:y-

IOI.UHH ro.n; npopaCTH H .n;aTb )KH3Hb lIOBbIM pacTeHMJIM.

nyry

• MHo>Kecrso norpe6virene~ npvisneKaer Ha nyra o6lllnbHa51 n~~a. PacCMOTplll pvicyHKlll VI paccKa>Klll, KTO 3a K8M OXOTVITC51. Kro l/13 «eAOKOB» nV1raerc51 pacreHV151Mlll? A KTO noeAaer APYr~x )f(l/IBOTHblX?

vro~jJeii

HHC-

:paq-

KOq-

l1MbI

· ne-

HHbl,

1.JeHb

JIaKM ~111c

~.uett-

8CTO Mb1Wb- Mant0TKa

I v no'-leMy CKOW8HHbllll nyr BHOBb 38n8H88T? KaKlt18 np111cnoco6n8Hll1H no3sonmoT nyroBblM pacTeH1t1HM KB>K.Qbllll ro.Q oTpacTBTb 38HOBO? )KM3Hh y

TpaB5IHHCT1>1x pacTeHHH He.n;oJira5I. BacMJieK M rrac-

Jlyr [

TYllih5I cyMKa oceHhIO rrorM6a10T, a BecHoi1 BCXO.l(JIT HX ceMeHa. Jiorryx )KHBeT ,l(Ba ro.n;a. IIepBbIH fO,l( OH HaKaITJIHBaeT B KOpHe IlMTaTeJibHbie BemeCTBa. 3TO Il03BOJI5IeT eMy Ha BTOpoi1 fO,l( BbIpaCTH BhICOKMM H .n;aTb MHOfO ceM5IH. v

.n;pyrHX pacTeHHH Il0,l(3eMHhie qacTH KJiy6HM -

3JiaKOB M HeKOTOpbIX

KOpHeBHma, JIYKOBMUbI,

)KHBYT MHOfO JieT M Ka)K,l(YIO BecHy .n;aIOT Ha"tfaJIO HO-

BhIM rro6eraM.

Alr'IT

Tal'v)KeT.

pacTa•

Ka~ BO.Qll1T

BOT He)l(Hbie JIHCTb5I H CTe6JIH TpaB 6e33aIUHTv

HbI rrepe.n; 3HMHHMH MOp03aMH H Ka)K,l(bIH fO,l( OTMHpaIOT.

Bac1-1neK

nacryWbH CYMK8

Jlonyx

np0111CXO.Q111T co CT8pb1Mll1, MepTBblMll1 OCT8TK8Mll1 paCT8H1t111!? r-:;;;:::--------:;;;;;===~-1

~MycopmHKH~, 0611Ta10m11e B ITO"lfBe, pa3pylliaIOT opraHH"tfeCKHe BemeCTBa MepTBhIX pacTeHHH H rrpeBpamaIOT HX B rrpoCTbie BemecTBa, KOTOpbie CHOBa MOfYT 6hITh HCITOJib30BaHbI HOBhIMH ITOKOJieHH5IMH

noLtB8HHbl8 )f(Lt180THbl8

pacTeHHH. BJiaro.n;ap5I pa3pyllI11TeJI5IM rro.n;.n;ep)KHBaeT-

cR BhICOKOe ITJIO.l(OpO,l(He JIYfOBhIX ITO"lfB.

Hltllll?

2. 3.

KaK111M111 pacTeH1t1HM1t1 3apacTat0T nyra?

HltlflM

EcJIH rroqBa Ha Jiyry BJia)l(Ha5I, TO paHo HJIH rro3.n;Ho cpe.n;11 pa3HOTpaBh5I rro5IB5ITC5I pocTKH KYCTOB 11 .n;epeBheB.

CBOHMH

KpOHaMH rro.n;pOCllIHe .n;epeBua 6y.n;yT 3aTeH5ITh JIYfOBbie pacTeHH5I. Jiyr rrocTerreHHO cMeHHTC5I JiecoM. Ho 06 3KOCHCTeMe Jieca ThI rro.n;po6Hee y3Haelllb Ha cJie.n;y10meM ypoKe.

5. • ( po.Qe

noac1ac-

etta. pHC BbI-

pbIX l(bI,

HOlllT-

CPABHl/IBAEM CBOL/1 BblBO,Q C ABTOPCKl/IM

3TO 3KOCMCTeMa, B KOTOpor.il rnaBHblMM npOM3BOAMTenSlMM RensuoTcSl anaKM.

TaM, r.n:e JICTO )KapKoe u BOJI:hI He xBaraer, Jiec pacTM n e Mo)KeT. TpaBa BbIChIXaer, HO Ka)KJI:bIH ro.n: BO BJia)l(HbIM CC30H OTpacraeT 3aHoBo. KaK H83bl88KJTCf1 np111pO,QHbl8 30Hbl, 8 KOTOpblX ponb npo1113BO,Qll1Tenetll 111rpaKJT Tp8Bf1Hll1CTbl8 pacTeH1t1f1? \1

11111i1?

aIOT

3KOCMCTeMa nyra, 3na Kiil

1pe10Ba

HMJf

aer-

e,l(H

HMJf

creJie-

nPl/IMEH~EM

HOBblE

3HAHl/I~

KaK111e oco6eHHOCTlt1 0Tn1t1Y8KJT 3naK111 OT ,qpyr111x pacTe-

H111tll? Mo>KeT n111 3KOClt1CTeMa nyra cy~ecTsosaTb 6e3 3naKos? 3. KaK111e np111cnoco6neH1t1f1 no3sonf1KJT rpass::iH1t1CTblM pacTeHlllflM p8CTlt1 T8M, f ,Q8 ,Q8p8Bbf1 p8CTlt1 H8 MOryT? noYeMy? 4. noYeMy s napKax 111 cKsepax Kocs::iT Tpasy Ha ra3oHax? 5. • CTOlllT n111 YenoseKy yxa>t<111saTb 38 napKaM1t1 111n111 ,qaTb np111po,qe 803MO>KHOCTb >Klt1Tb no CBOltlM 38KOH8M?

I § 15. JlECHblE nPOll13BOAlllTEJ1111 r@41

onPE,QEn~EM

Aepee

KaK

nP06nEMY YPOKA

Ilana: KaK Kpac11Bo B 311MHeM Jiecy! JleHa: 06b1qHbIH JieC, rrpOCTO MHOro .nepeBbeB. llana: Jiec - 3TO CJIO)KHa.H 3Koc11cTeMa. B Hew pacTYT He TOJihKO .nepeBh51, HO 11 KycTapu11K11, 11 TpaBbI.

KaKoe Tbl 3aMenm npoTV1sopeYV1e? (YTo TaKoe nee?) \J KaKOll! y T86H 803HV1K88T sonpoc? npe,QJ10>KV1 CBOlll sonpoc V1 cpaBHV1 c aBTOpCKV1M. (CTp. 136.)

scnOMl!lHAEM TO,

~TO

3HAEM

B KaKV1X npV1pOAHblX 30Hax pacryr AepesbH? YeM 0TnV1Ya10TCH ycnOBV1H 3TV1X npV1pOAHblX 30H? (2 Knacc) YTo HY>KHO ,QJlH pocTa pacTeHV1111? (§ 7)

PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE Jlec -

3HAHll1~

3TO 3KOCMCTeMa M3 HeCKOnbKMX «3Ta>Kelil»

KaKV18 «3Ta>KV1» MO>KHO BblA8nV1Tb s 3KOCV1CTeMe neca? :;.1 KaKV1e npeV1MYLJ..t8CTsa V1MelOT AepesbH nepeA TpasaMV1? YTo AalOT AepesbH pacTeHV1HM HV1>KHV1X «3Ta>Kelll»?

06b

>KV1Tb 6

B ro

no,ncT<:

JlHCTh. BCe

KaK

JUfCTbl Bb1coK11e ;icpeBh51 cocTaBJI51IOT Bepxtt11i1

«3Ta)K» Jieca. l1M

Otta

.nocTaeTC51 60Jibn1e coJIHeqttoro cBeTa. KycTapHHKH, TpaBbI 11

nepan1

MXH BbIHY)K.ZJ:CHbl M11pHTbC51 c 3aTeIIeHHeM. 3aTO .nepeBb51 .naroT

Kop

HM rrpoxJia.n.y 11 BJia)KHOCTb B )Kapy, 3am11maroT OT C11JlbHbIX

KOpbI

BeTpOB. Ka)K,noe pacTeH11e rrp11crroco611Jiocb K CBOeMy «3Ta)KY»

JIHCTbt

H He MO)KeT )KM.Tb BI-Ie Jieca.

JJ:BHJKe

HYT IT• TbeB -

.Qepeebst -

r11aBHb1e npoP113BOAP11Te11P11 11eca

KaK~e ~3 3T~x Aepesbes c6pacb1sa.aT n~cTsy Ha 3~My?

6epe3a

B. ;f pac路paBhr.

nee?) CBOt.'i!

i8IOT-

~ YTO

06b~CH~ c nOMOU4b.0 T8KCT8, noYeMy Aepeso He Morna 6bl )f(~Tb 6e3 CBO~X Y8CTell1: n~CTb88, CTBOna, KOpHell1.

KpoHe

.uepeBa

K11n11T

HeBH/J;J1Ma5I

rJia3y

pa6oTa.

BeTB11 v

rro)lCTaBJIHIOT JIHCTb5I coJinuy, cTapa5ICb yJIOBHTb KCl)K.l(hIH Jiyq. JhfCTb5I npOH3BO.l(51T opraHJ.flieCKHe Bern:eCTBa H cua6)KaIOT H~H1 see ocTaJibIIbie qacTH .nepcBa. KaK )Ke nepeBO y.nep)KHBaeT orpoMHblH Bee CBOHX BCTOK J1 .1111CTheB? Onopy HM co3.naeT cTBOJI 113 npotIHOJi .npcsecHHhJ. Otta npoHH3ana TOIIKHMH cocy,naMH, no KOTOpbIM BO)J.a c MH-

3bI 11

HepaJibHbIMH semecTBaMH no,nHHMaeTC51 BBepx.

aIOT

Kopa tte TOJibKO 3arn:HmaeT CTBOJI .nepcBa. BttyTpeHH.HM CJIOM

bllbIX

KOpbl npoB0/(11T COKH, 6oraTbie opraHHtieCKHMH BcmecTBaMH, OT

a)J(y禄

JIHCTbCB BHH3 no CTBOJiy. )lBJ1)1(eHHe COKOB. B

flopaIIJ.1B Kopy, MO)KJIO HapyrnHTh

3TOM CJiyqac KOpeIIb H CTC6CJib ncpecTa-

HYT rroJiyqaTb 3anac nHTaTeJibHbIX BemecTB 11 ::>ttepr1111 OT JIHcTbeB -

JI .ncpCBO MO)KeT nor116HyTb.

lIIHpOKO paCKHHYJIHCb rro.n 3eMJieM MOIUHbie KOp-

JlecH

Hl1. OHM He .naroT JlCpeay yrraCTh )laJKe rrpM CHJihHOM neTpe. KopHH rJiy6oKo rrpo1111KaIOT B rro'IBY H .no6hIBaIOT l13 Hee Bo,ny H Ml1HepaJibHbie BemecTBa. Haaepttoe, Thi a11,neJI, KaK Me,ncccTpa 6epeT y

rra-

UMeHTa KpOBb 113 IIaJibUa rrp11 ITOMOIUl1 TOHKOH Tpy6o'IKH. KpoBh rro,nn11MaeTC5I no HCH caMa. ,l{epeBbR TO)l(e l1CnOJib3YIOT CBOHCTBO TOHKHX Tpy6olJeK BCaChIBaTb )l(H)lKOCTh. TaK no TOHKHM cocy.naM KOpIICH JtI CTBOJia Ha MeCTO BO,l(bl, HCnapHBUieMC5J 113 JIHCTb-

CB, BCaCbIBaeTC51 BO,na H3 IIOlJBhl. BOA8 111 Ml!1Hepa11bHbl8 COJ11!1 _..

opraH111YecK111e

se-

Ll.(ecTsa

HaC1Alt1 Ha p111cyHK8 OCHOBHbl8 '-f8CTV1 Aepesa: KOpHll1, CTBOn lt1 KpoHy. 06bHCHll1, K8Klt18 se~eCTBa AB1111113 KpOHbl K >KYTCH 1113 KOpHeC1 B KpoHy, a K8Kll18 KOpHHM.

epeebff - MHoroneTHMe pacTeHMff c KpenKMM OApeeeceewMM cTe6neM.

Xo:

OpewH~K

6y3~H8

KaK 111cnonb3YKJT nKJA111 3Tlt1 KYCTapH111K111? KaK Tbl AYMaewb, nol.feMy s cnnowHOM enosoM necy H1.t1>t<H111e ((3T8)f(lt1)) T8K 68AHbl paCTll1T8nbHOCTbKJ? v

1. 2. paCTE

[

KycTapHMK - MHOroneTHee pacTeHMe, y KOTOporo HeCKOflbKO TBepAblX CTe6ne'1 OTBeTBflffeTCff OT o6~ero _, KOpHs:t.

______________________________________________

3. )f(111se

KOp-

IleCHble Tp8Bbl

• KaKlt1e lt13 3Tlt1X Tpas Tbt Blt1Aen?

'UJib-

'Ba. na-

Mali1H111K

rpyeBb5I

BCa-

pHCM iCTb-

CeAMlll'-IHlllK

KOpABlt1-!bl K

KHlt18

XoxnaTKa

(

Tpaebl -

pacTeHlllR c

MRrK111M111 3e11iiHblMlll cTe611RM111._ __

,[\epeBbR, KycTapHMKM, Tpaeb1 nPV1MEH~EM

HOBblE

3HAHV1~

noYeMy nee H83bl88fOT CJ10>KHOC1 3KOClt1CT8MOC1? 2. YeM AepesbH OTJ1lt1Y8fOTCH OT KycTapHlt1KOB lt1 TpasHHlt1CTblX paCT8Hlt1C1? 3. KaKlt1e AepesbH, KycTapHlt1Klt1 lt1 Tpasb1 pac-ryr TaM, rAe Tbl >K1t1sewb? ~Cl 4. .J nopa6oTall1Te B rpynne: nOA68plt1T8 Blt1Abl A8p8Bb8B, Kycti.ttJ TapHlt1KOB lt1 TpaBHHlt1CTblX paCT8Hlt1C1, KOTOpb18 pacryT BM8CT8.

§ 16. nOTPE6111TEillll Ill PA3PYWlllTEI1111 3KOClllCTEMbl IlECA onPE,QEJl~EM

rue, Ka.

nP06JlEMY YPOKA

POT

Jleua: ,ll,MM

3ttacmh, Minna, MbI CTOJihKO BpcMeHH xo-

Jiecy,

HHKaKMX

)KMBOTHbIX

TaK

llC

BCTpeTHJIM. Hancpttoe, OHM B Jiecy He TaK BIDKHbI?

KOB-J

Jho6

ceKOI KaK Tbl AYM88Wb, npasa flVl neHa? YTo HOBOrO Tbl Y3H88Wb H8 ypoKe?

KOr,l( (CM.

CTp.

136.)

e,n:on

Bb.HM

scnOMl!lHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM

CMHY

KaKVle css:i3V1 cyll.\eCTBYKJT Me>t<,o,y >KV1BblMV1 opraHV13M8MV1 s C006Ll.\8CT88? (§ 10) ~ noYeMy npOV1380,D,V1T8flV1 H8 MOryT >KV1Tb 683 noTpe6V1T8fl81i1?

Beme

(§ 6, 7, 10)

PEWAEM nP06JlEMY, -OTKPblBAEM HOBblE npoYV1T8lil T8KCT

06bs:!CHV1,

npasa flVl

3HAHl!1~ neHa.

Ba>t<Hbl

flVl

>KV1BOTHb1e ,o,ns:i neca? 06pama.rr JIM Thi BHMMa1u1e Ha TO, KaK JierKO nattTM B Jiecy H KaK Tpy,ll,HO BCTpeTMTb )1(11BOTHbIX?

Ee. CTbJI pOBbl

CTallt HUH.

01« llTHII

rHe3.! . IIl;H.

Ka)K) OCTaJ

Tc PaccMoTpV1 pV1cyHoK, r,o,e npe,o,cTasneHbl o6V1TaTenV1 3KOCV1CT8Mbl neca. BcnoMHVl, YTO o6o3HaYaKJT cTpenK111. Ha30BV1 ~en1;1

n1t1T8Hlt1s:I, 1;1306pa>t<eHHbl8 Ha p1;1cyHK8.

)K11sOTIIbIX-ITOTpe611TeJieH B 3KOCMCTeMe JICCa ua~nroro MeHb-

we,

'!CM pacTeH11i1-npo113so.z:c11TeJiei1:. Ilo pOJih nx O'!CHh se;rnKa. Be.z:ch 6e3 )l(HBOTHhIX He CMO)l(CT HOpMaJibHO IIJJ.Tn KpyrosoII XO-

ilbl?

crp.

MV1 8

poT se1uecTB. PaccMoTpHM, Harrp11Mep, s3a11MOOTHomcH1u1 JJ.CpeBheB

n )l(y-

KOB-KopoeJJ.OB. 3.z:copOBOMY pacTeHHIO naceKO~lhle ue CTpallIHbl. JI106bie rrospe)l(,l(eHH5I KOpbI TYT )Ke 3aJIMBaIOTC.H CMOJIOII, If HaceKOMbie ue MOryT npOHMKHYTb B TCJIO paCTCII115I. I1Hoe .z:ceJCO, Kor.z:ca .z:ccpcBO CTapeeT. Ha Hero nana1laCT MIIO)f(CCTBO KOpoe.uon. Pa3pyma5I cyxocToli, Merna1ou~11i1 pacTH MOJIOJJ.nIM .z:cepeBh51.M, )f(YKH IIOMOraIOT pa3pylllHTCJIJIM rrcpcpa6aTbIBaTb ,llpeBeCHHy. MaJICHbKHe IIOTpe611TeJIH-KOpOe,l(bl ycKOp.HIOT KpyronopoT BeruecTB B 3KOCMCTeMe.

me VI?

Jl ~

Jiecy

KopoeA

YepHoronosKa ~ rHe3Ai:J

EcJIH B Jiecy KOJIM'!eCTBO HaceKOMbIX, rrocl(aIOn{MX Kopy 11 JIHCTb5I l{epeBbeB, qpe3MepHO yseJIM'!MTC5I, 01111 naqnyT Bpe.l(HTb 3,l(OpOBbIM pacTen115IM. KpyrosopoT Hapyu111Tc5I. I Io ccJI11 HaceKOMbIX craneT oqenb MaJIO, HeKoMy 6y.z:ceT naua.uaTb na cTapbIC pacTemUI. Cnosa napym11Tc5I KpyrosopoT. KaK )f(C cro coxpaHHTh? 0Ka3bIBaeTC5I, peryJI11posaTb '!HCJICHHOCTb HaCCKOMhIX MOryT ITTMUbI. EcJIH Bpe.z:c11TeJieH MHOrO, TO ITTHI{ B 3TOM MCCTe 3a-

fHC3.Z:CHTC5I 6oJibIUe o6bitIHOro, 11 Ha Bcex ITTCHI{OB XBaTHT IIHIUH. Ho ecJIH ttaceKOMbIX 6y.z:ceT MaJIO, M11or11e napbI IITMU OTKa)KyTC5I OT rHe3.z:cosatt115I. Tor.z:ca MaJioq11c11cn11b1c HaceKOMhie

18>KK8

>CV1Cl..l8n~

ocra11yrc51 ueJibI. Kpyrosopor B 3KocucreMc nc HapyUI11TC5I. Tcncpb MbI MO)l(eM c.z:ceJiaTb BbIBOl{:

>KlflBOTHble He TOnbKO yYaCTB_Y _IO _ T_ B_ K _p_y_r_oeopoTe ee- J ~ecTB , HO "' pery111t1pyt0T ero. _

TiocMOTpH Ha p11cyHKH 3KOCHCTeMhl Jieca H rrorrpo6yii HaMTH TaM pa3pynnneJieM. K

HMM OTHOCHTC5I H3BeCTHhlM Te6e ,[(0)1(,[(eOTMep11I11e qacTM pacTenMii. Mttor11e

rpM6bI rroceJI5IIOTC5I Ha rHHJibIX HJIH 6oJibHbIX ,n:epeBh5IX, MHO-

JIOCE

r,n:a na KopH5IX. OHM ycsaMsaroT roTOBhie opraHH"lfCCKHe seme-

11 51•

CTBa, C03,[(aHHhie pacTeHM5IMM.

JIM ,

BOM l.!epsb. Ero nMma -

HHB 6hIC

K AeT

••

t:\O>KA8BO~ Y8p8b - I18CHO~ pa3pyw1t1renb

6 eilb 18 rpV16bl TO>Ke OTHOCflTCfl K «Mycopll.IV1K8M))

Jiec BbipacTaeT TaM, r,n:e He CJIHllIKOM BJia)KHO M He CJIHIII KOM cyxo .

3THX ycJIOBM5IX pa3pyIIIMTeJI11 Moryr noJIHOCTbIO

rrepcpa6aTbIBaTh

yMepIIIMe

opraIIM3MhI

tteo6xo,n:11Mb1e

ti;JIJI

pacTett11ii MHHepaJihHhie semecTBa. K pyrosopoT s Jiecy cTaHoBIITCJI JaMKHYThIM. MepTBhie ocTaTKH oprauM3MOB He HaKaIIJIHsaroTcJI.

y CJIOBM5I

o6MTaHM5I OCTaIOTC5I IIOCT05IHHbIMM, II03TOMY

3KOCMCTeMa Jieca MO)KeT cymecTBOBaTb oqcnb ,[(OJlfO.

f&1

CPABHV1BAEM CBOlil BblBO):\ C ABTOPCKV1M Jlec poTOM

[

3Koc111cTeMa neca

ycTOVll.fll188SI 3KOCll1CTeMa c 38MKHYTblM Kpyroeoee~eCTB.

---------------------------------------

nPV1MEH~EM

3HAHV1~

PaccKa.>Klt1,.. KaK .>t<lt180THb1e Moryr ynpa0nHTb Kpyro0opoTOM 8eU.teCT8 80 8CeM necy. 2. J noYeMy necHa H 3KOClt1CTeMa He CMO.>KeT cyU.teCT8088Tb 6e3 KOpOeA08, nTlt1W lt1 Apyrlt1X noTpe6lt1Ten eli1? ~ 3. "" nopa6oTali1Te 0 nape: no oYepeAlt1 .. H83b10ali1Te rplt16b1, 1:n KOTOpble pacryT TOJlbKO 803Jle onpeAeneHHblX Aepe8be8. 4. noYeMy necH8H 3KOClt1CTeMa He 38MeHHeTCH Apyroli1 3KOCll1CTeMoli1?

HOBblE

npo• npo1

«(

CJlOI T8K, .>KeT

((~

A8IO Jl8TI::

r aP.E K8IO YTOf KJ18 ~

6om

2. l oTrE 888 ((CB~

A8BI

peB•

uen

HaHTM no)l(.ue1nor11e :, HHOBeru;e-

.QOnOilHlllTEilbHbllll MATEPlllAil JI10.n11 Bb1py 611JI11 Jieca, 11 q11cJio 6eJIOK y MCHbUJH.11och. q T06bI MCnpaBMTb c11rya1uuo, MCTpe611JIM KYHMH u HCTpe6oB. qMcJio 6eJioK pe3KO so3pocJ10. O tt11 cTaJIH qa1ue 6oJICTh 11 3apa)KaTb .upyr .upyra. PacnpocrpaHl1BI.Il11ec5I cp e.u11 IIHX 3apa3Hhie 6oJie3n11 np11BeJI11 K 6hICTpOMY na,ueHHIO q11cJieHHOCTM. KaKaH 6enKa, 6onbHaH 1,1111,1 3AOpo8aH, nepsolll nona,Qer B nanbl XV1~HV1K08? KaKo8a ponb x1t1~HV1KOB 8 np1t1p0Ae?

R::t~

EJ CJIHIIIOCTbIO

L{JUI

craHocarrJIM13TOMY

)80-

1pOTOM IOB8Tb

rpV16b1, l:>88. I 3KO-

no1t1rpall1re 8 1t1rpy «.QeTeKTV18». 0AV1H V13 1,1rpOK08 6yAeT ... CBl!l.QETEnEM: oH 3araAb1saeT enoso 1,1 OT8eYaeT Ha 80npoeb1. OeTailbHble 1,1rpOKV1 - .QETEKTl!lBbl. 0HV1 3aAatOT 80npoebl V1 OTraAblBatOT enoso. «CBV1AeTeJlb)) Bbl61t1paeT lt13 en1t1eKa nt06oe en080 (1,1111,1 ABa cnosa), 3an1t1eb1saeT era Ha nltleTOYKe lt1 nepe8opay1,1saeT era T8K, YT06bl HV1KTO He Blt1Ae11. Ha 80npoebl «AeTeKTV18Q8)) OH M0*8T OT8eYaTb TOilbKO «Aa» lt1 «HeT». «.QeTeKTV18bl)) elt1AHT 80Kpyr «eBlt1AeTenH» lt1 no OYepeAV1 38.Q8t0T eMy no OAHOMY 8onpoey. Ka>t<Abllll «AeTeKTV18» MO>KeT A8naTb 3aMeTKV1 V1 38rI1HAb18aTb B e80ll1 en1t1eOK. KaK TOilbKO KTO-TO lt13 ltlrpOKOB AOr8A8eTeH, K8KOe enoso 38r8,Q8HO, OH rosoplt1T «eTon». noene 3TOll1 KOM8HAbl see 38MOilK8tOT, 1t1rpoK nV1WeT Ha IlV1eTOYKe HOMep 1 V1 e80t0 OTraAKY T8K, LfT06bl Hlt1KTO He BV1Aen. 3TOT IlV1eTOK nepesopaY1t1BaeTeH lt1 OT KflaAblB8eTeH 8 eTopoHy. l!lenpasnHTb esota OTr8AKY «A8TeKTV1B)) 6onbwe He 1t1MeeT npasa. BTopolll OTr8A8BWV1111 noeTynaeT 8Hanorlt1YHO V1 eTa8V1T HOMep 2. TaK npOAOn>KaeTeH AO Tex nap, noKa see He H8nlt1WYT eBOltl OTr8AKV1. n1t1eTOYKV1 «AeTeKTV180B» nepe80paYV188tOTeH TeKeTOM ssepx V1 epaBHlt188tOTeH e KOHTpOnbHblM n1t1eTKOM, KOTOpbtlll «CBV1AeTenb» 38n1t1ean B H8Y8Ile 1t1rpbl. nepBbllll npaBVtnbHO yra .Q8BWV1111 eYlt1T8eTeH no68AV1TeneM. Cno8a AJ1H 3araAbt88H1t1H: 5ICTpe6, Kopoc.n, 6eJIKa, xsol1:noe .ucpeBo, 1111cTBeHHoe .nepeso, coi1Ka, .uy6, Kpy r onopor uem ecTB, uerrb ITMTaHII5I.

.QOnOflHlllTEI1bHblVt MATEPlllAn .QJlS:t flKJ603HATEflbHblX

KaK npMpoAa aaneYMeaeT paHbl onPE,QEn5=JEM nP06nEMY YPOKA

Jlella:

03cpo naYJ1ttaeT 3apacTaTb 11 rrpcnparuaeTC5l

B 6oJIOTo, 6oJIOTO -

B Jiyr, a Jiyr

B JICC. Bbrxo-

11.HT, B KOHHC KOHilOB BCC BOKpyr ITOKpOCTC5l JieCoM?

Muwa:

HaBepttoe, 6e3JieCHbie yqacTKH no5IBJUIIOT-

C5l CHOBa H CHOBa.

KaK Tbl AYMaewb, noYeMy see 3KOei..1eTeMbl He npespall.4at0Tes:1 s nee? BCnOMl/lHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM KaKas:i 3KOei..1eTeMa MO>t<eT B03Hi..1KHYTb Ha MeeTe o3epa, 60noTa 1,.1 nyra e TeYeHi..1eM speMeH1,.1? (ยง 1 2-1 6) , j KaKyt0 ponb s eMeHax 3KOei..1eTeM 1,.1rpat0T pa3pyw1,.1Ten1,.1? (ยง 13) .., B KBKVIX yenOBVls:IX pa3pywviTenvi MOfYT BblnOnHs:ITb esotO ponb? (ยง 16)

Tel

err

OT:

031

ye:

.n:o.

me:

BO-

PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHl/15=l

nOMOL1.4bt0 pvieyHKOB VI TeKeTa o6bs:ieHll1, KBK nos:isns:it0Tes:1 6e3neeHble yyaeTKi..1. ..J

Bp โ ข

)Ky

IIH TCD qy.

l/'l3sep)f(eH111e synKaHa noKpb1saeT 3eMnta nasoVI

I PeKa pa3Mb1saeT 6epera j

Ilo*aph1, M3Bep)KeHH5l BYJIKaHOB, HaBo.n.ueHHJI H TbICRq11 .n:py-

KO pa ca:

r11x np11qHI1 BpeMR OT BpeMCIIH rrpHBO.lJ.5IT K pa3pyIIICHH10 3KO-

po MC

CHCTCM. Ho npHpo.n.a ttayqHJiaCh HX BOCCTaHaBJIHBaTh.

06bHCHlt1, B YeM nplt1Ylt1Ha npespa~eHl-1111 3KOClt1CT8M. Vlcnonb3yll1 T8KCT lt1 pLt1CYHKlt1. "

~TC5I

IXO-

OM? IOT-

qeM Jiylnue ycJIOBM5I .l(JI5I )KM3He,l(e5ITeJihHOCTM opraHM3MOB, He

reM rrpoBopHee pa6oTaIOT pa3pyun1TeJIH. OHM MoryT ycrrernHo crrpaBMTbC5I c rrepepa6oTKOM OTXO.l(OB.

B 6013) lflb?

o3epe KpyroBopoT BemecTB He 3aMKHyT, rro3TOMY ocTaTKM

orMeprnttx opraHH3MOB HaKarrJIHBaIOTC5I Ha .n;He.

pe3yJihTaTe

o3epo cTaHOBMTC5I 6oJIOTOM. Ho H B 6oJioTe pa3pyrn11TeJIM He ycrreBaIOT rrepepa6oTaTh Bee opraHuqecKMe ocTaTKM. 0HH rrpo-

~OJI)KaIOT HaKal1JIMBaTbC5I, l10.l(HMMa5I 60JIOTO Ha.n; BO.l(OM H ocyrna5I ero. EoJIOTO rrpeBpamaeTc5I B Jiyr. Ho H Ha Jiyry KpyroBopoT OCTaeTC5I He3aMKHYTbIM. Il03TOMy Jiyr co BpeMeHeM rrpe-

ITCH

BpamaeTC5I B Jiec. IlpHqHHhI CMeHhl 3KOCHCTeM BO BCeX CJiyqa5IX oqeHh IlOXO)l{M. He3aMKHYTbIM KpyroBopor BemecrB rrpHBO.l(MT K HaKorrJieHMIO OTXO.l(OB B BM.l(e Topcpa HJIH BaJie)KHHKa, KOTOpbie 3KOCHCreMa He MO)KeT rrepepa6oraTb.

y CJIOBH5I

o6MTaHM5I MeH5IIOTC5I, v

lJTO rrpHBO.l(HT K l105IBJieHHIO .n;pyr11x pacTeHHH H )KHBOTHhIX. 3aKOIIOMepHa5I CMeHa 3KOCHCTeM 3aBeprnaeTC5I pa3BHTHeM 3KOCMCTeMbI c 3aMKHYTbIM KpyroBOpOTOM.

IIocMOTpH Ha CT05IHKY rypHCTOB (pttcyHOK cJieBa). Ha Mecre KocTpa ocraJiach BhJ)K)KeHHaH 3eMJI5I. EcJIM 61>1 rroBpe)K,neHHaH paCTMTeJibHOCTb He BOCCTaHaBJIMBaJiaCh, TO B rrpMropo,n;HbIX Jiecax CKopo He OCTaJIOCh 6bI HM O,UHOM rpaBMHKM. 0.n;HaKO rrpMpy-

po.n;a yMeeT 3aJieqMBaTb paHbl. Ilpoli.uer HeCKOJihKO JieT, M Ha

KO-

MeCTe

KOCTpMma CHOBa l105IBMTC5I rrpe)KH515I paCTMTeJibHOCTh

(pucyHoK crrpaBa).

BoAa 111 oroHb pa3pywat0T yMeeT lllX BOCCT8H8B11111B8Tb.

3KOClllCTeMbl.

np111p0Aa

5. 6.

Pattbllle rrp11po.n.a Bcer.n.a ycrresaJia 3a11c\n1BaTb cnow paHbI. Ilo3TOMY 3eMJHI 6hIJia IIOKpbITa pacTeHIUIMH-rrpo113BO,lJ.11Te.7151M11, ee HaCeJI51JI11 )J(I1BOTHbIC-IIOTpe611TeJI11, a B ITOl.JBe pa6oTaJIH pa3pylllMTeJIH. Co BpeMc11eM BJIH51IIHe qeJioBeKa Ha rrp11po.n.y Ol.JeHh B03pocJio. OlllH6KH JIIOJ{eH.

Terrcpb rrp11po.n.e CTaJIO Tpy.n.tto 11crrpas115ITh

nPV1MEH~EM

HOBblE

3HAHV1~

1. npV1pO.QHble eTV1XV1V1 pa3pywat0T see HOSble V1 HOSble 3KOelt1eTeMbl. YMeHbwaeTes:i nltl npV1 3TOM KOnV1YeeTso 3KOeV1eTeM Ha 3eMne? 2. Eenltl see nyra V1 paHbWe 3apaeTanlt1 neeoM, TO noYeMy .>Ke nyra .QO elt1X nap e~e seTpeYataTes:i? 3 . ..> KaK pa3pywV1TenV1 MOryT ynpasns:iTb eMeHoli1 3KOeV1eTeM? 4. 06bs:ieHV1, YTO npOV130WflO s npltlpo.qe OT HeyMenoro SMewaTenbeTsa YenoseKa.

J{()

rrp

7. Hvt

Hb Sb

Lfro .qenatar Ha pltleyHKe nta.QV1? YTo enyYVlnoeb e .qepesbs:iMV1? C Tpasoli1? KaK ee6s:i YyseTsytaT 3sepV1 V1 nTV1Wbl? Hapywltlnes:i nltl nops:i.QOK s npltlpo.qe?

pc:

nc: 68

5. 6.

KaKyta ponb 111rpat0T neea s 3all.4111Te peK 111 111x 6eperos? YTo npo1113owno e peKoVI noene Bb1py6K111 neea?

llbl.

Mll,

,a3-

MY RTb

<O·eM lMY ? ~e-

KaK 1110,n:tt ;\toryT coxpaHHTb npttpo,n:y? Ilpe)l(,n:e BCcro, OHH ,l.(QJI)l(Ilbl

3HaTb

BbIIIOJIIUITb

rrpaBHJia,

KOTOpbie

IIOMOfaIOT

rrpttpo.uc 3aJieq11BaTb CBOH paHbI.

7 . • Bb16ep111 1113 en111eKa eoseTOB Te, KOTOpble nOMOrYT eoxpaHll1Tb np111pOAY (1113 Ka>KAOVI napbl eoseTOB OA111H -

npas111nbHblVI].

- Een111 Tbl XOYeWb pa3seeT111 B neey KOeTep, HaVIA111 eTapoe KOeTp111ll.4e. - Een111 Tbl XOYeWb pa3seeTll1 B neey KOeTep, BblTOnYll1 AnH Hero MeeTO. - Een111 Tbl XOYeWb yKpaell1Tb KOMHary, eo6ep111 6yKeT 1113 necHblX t...tBeTOB. - Een111 Tbl XOYeWb yKpae111Tb KOMHary, eo6ep111 6yKeT 1113 eaAOBblX t...tBeTOB. - ryns:tTb s neey nyYwe no Tpase. - ryns:tTb s neey nyYwe no Tpon111HKaM. - Ha eKnoHax osparos Hen.~3H Bb1py6aTb nee, TaK KaK OH yKpenns:teT noYsy 111 MewaeT ee pa3Mb1BaH111t0. - np111 He06XOA111MOeTll1 nee MO>KHO Bbtpy6aTb 111 Ha eKnOHaX. - B MeeTax, rAe >1<111syT peAK111e >1<111soTHbte 111 paeTyT peAK111e paeTeH111s:t, HY>KHO e03AaBaTb 3anoseAH111Kll1. - PeAK111e paeTe.~111s:1 111 peAKll1X >1<111soTHbtX oxpaHHTb HeT eMb1ena, BeAb OHll1 see paBHO BblMPYT·

§ 17. 3KOCVICTEMA

non~

C5I

onPE~En~EM OCHOBHO~ BOnPOC YPOKA

Jleua:

Bee 3KOe11eTeMbI cy1ueeTBy10T eaM11 no cc6c. lloqeMy )KC qeJIOBeKy np11xo,n11Te5l 3a6oTHTbCJJ 0 IIOJrn.X?

Muwa:

I/IX

06nTaTeJiu rrp11po.n:tthIX 3KOCHCTC~f Bee, qTo

HM HY)KHO, noJ1yqaroT .upyr OT .npyra. Ha rroJie qcJIOBeK Bbipan(H BaCT TOJibKO 0,ll11H BH.ll paeTeHHH.

" B caMoM Aene, KTO noMo>KeT nonesb1M pacTeH111HM? LfTO Ill KTO lllM MO>KeT noMewaTb? YeMy 6yAeT nOCBHLL18H Haw ypoK? (CpaBHlll co CTp. 136.)

BCnOMV1HAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM .J

YTo YenoseK nonyYaeT c nonelll? (>K1113HeHHbllll onblT) KaKy10 ponb 111rpaeT KpyrosopoT seLL1eCTB s 3Koc111cTeMe?

•

(§ 6, 10) oJ YTo 6yAeT co speMeHeM npo111cxOAlllTb c 3KOClllCTeMolll, ecn111 KpyrosopoT BeLL1eCTB B Hell! He 38MKHYT? (§ 12-16)

PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE

3HAHV1~

HaVIAlll B TeKCTe 06bHCHeH111e rnasHoro OTfllllLflllH nonH OT np111POAHb~ 3KOClllCTeM. / {aBaH rro,nyMaCM, l.JTO 6y.neT, HarrpHMep, e IIOJICM p)KH, eeJIM 3a HHM He yxa)KHBaTb. Hcy6paHHa5I eoJIOMa TaK H oeTaHeTC51 ua IIOJie: ee HeKOMY pa3pyIIH1Tb 11 rrepepa6oTaTb. Y)Ke Ha eJICJJ.yrom11i1 ro.u OHa noMemacT B30HTl1 HOBbIM rrpopoeTKaM. A Te, l.JTO B30iitlyr, He tl.a.AYT KOJIOCa: BC.llb 3anae MMHepaJibHbIX BemecTB B IIOYBe 11eTOII(HJ1e5I, ero HHKTO He Boe110111111JI. HeKoMy 6opoTbe.H c 6oJIC3H5IMM 11 Bpe,n11TeJI.HMl1 p)KH: HCT HM ITTHU., ll11 XHJ.UllblX ttaceKOMbIX, n11 naceKOMhix-eau11TapoB, noe.narom11x 6011bHhie pacTCHn.H. TaK ~ITO CTOMT Il05IBl1Tbe5I JII060MY Bpary p)KH - II OU 6e3uaKasaHHO pasMHO)KHTC5I 11 yH11l.JTO)l(11T Bee rroJie. Mb1 eoBCCM 3a6bIJIH, l.JTO BMecTe e poeTKaMH p)K11 B30M.llyr 11 eopH.HKH -

)l(Jf-

BY'-!MC pacTe1urn:, erroco6Hbre 6b1eTpo paceeJHIThC5I. l1x cMeHMT 11yrouoe Mnorou,BeTbe, 11 .llaJihme, roll, 3a ro.noM, na MeeTe tteyxo)KCHIIoro IlOJI5I 6 y,neT BOCeTaHaBJIMBaTbe.H npHpO.llHa.51 JKOeHCTeMa.

,. .ny CT~

Tel

yx• 1

JIC

EcJI:w ue yxCl)l(HBaTb 3a rroJieM, 0110 co spcMCHCM rrpespaTHT-

C5I B np11po,nHy10 3KOCHCTeMy.

o ce>C51 0

s TeKcTe 111 Ha p111cyHKax 06111TaTene~ none~. B Y8M 111x oco6eHHOCT111? Ha KaK111e rpynnb1 111x MO)f(HO n0Aen111Tb? Ha~Alll

, qTo e qe-

8HlllCBs:l-

ropox

Po>Kb

;Me? MopKOBb

ecn111

noACOflH81.f HlllK

np111eCJIH SJ Ha

KapToQ:Jenb

rel1.y, qTo

KyKypy3a

XnonY8THlllK

KynbTYPHb1e pacTeH111fl

J'B B

ITbC5I

.l{HKHe pacTeHH5I B rrpwpo,nHhIX 3KOCHCTCMax JIOCT05IHHO Be-

lHbIX pac1 OH

11.YT 6oph6y .npyr c 11.pyroM. OHM BbIIIOCJIHBhI, rroTOMY qTo cTpCM5ITC51 BbDKHTb. Bb1se11.eHHb1e qeJIOBCKOM KYJibTypHbie pacTeHHH .na10T BbICOKHe ypo:>KaM, no Tpe6yroT orrpe11.eJieHHOro

BCeM eHHT

yxo11.a - pbIXJIOH M y11.06peHHOH rroqBbl, OTCYTCTBH51 copH5IKOB. qTo :>Ke qeJioseKy HY:>KHO 6y,ncT c11.cJiaTh, Y:T06b1 p:>KaHoe noJie coxpaHHJIOCb?

!yxoreMa.

IIpe:>K,ne scero, eMy rrp11,neTC5I 3aMCHMTb 0TcyTcTny1om11x Ha Il0JI5IX pa3pyrn11TeJieH H caMOMY BHeCTM MHHepaJibHbie Bell.(eCT-

)l(JI-

Ba, nco6xo11.11Mb1e pacTeHH51M. ,l{JI51 3Toro MO:>KHO JIH6o rrepepa6oTaTb COJIOMy, JI1160 HCITOJib30BaTb fOTOBbie MHHepaJibHbie

y.Z1:06peuu11.

L(O)K.ZXCBbJC l.!CpBM M .n:pyr11c ~Mycop:mMKM» pa3pbIXJUIIOT noqBy, l.JT06bI KOpHI1 pacTen11i1 IIOJIYl.!aJIM B.ll:OBOJib BO,llbl M B03,ny-

xa. HexBaTKY 3TI1X )KHBOTTibI X ua no115rx rrp11xo.zu1TC5I Bocrro11-

Kc::

H5ITb qeJIOBCKy: Ka)K.l(bIH ro.n JIIO.l(H ecnaxueaJOT 3eMJIIO.

KpoMe KYJihTYPHhIX pacTeH11i1, Ha rrno.nopo.n:Hott rrO"IBe no11ei1 IThITaIOTCR rroceJIHThCR H .npyr11e pacTe1111R. IIp11xo.n11Tc5i

.nII co

qeJIOBeKy npOIIa.JlbIBaTh IIOJie -

M36aBJI5IThC5I OT copumcoe.

no .ne BP

MblWb

6a60YK8K8nycTHVl48

[

0AyB8HYVIK

KonopaACKVIVI >KYK VI era nVIYVIHK8

n onesb1e copHRKVI VI HenpoweHble noTpe6V1TenV1 ypo>t<aR

ME Ypo)KaM. KYJihTYPHhIX pacTeHHH rrpHBJieKaeT MHO)KeCTBO He-

rrporneHbIX 110Tpe611Te11ei1. Tor.na t.ie110BeK 6epcT Ha ce65I pOJib

K)l

XHI.Q_HHKa H 6opeTC$I c HaCCKOMbIMH H rpbI3y11aMH.

)l11$I o6nert.ieHM$I 3TOH 6opb6hl t.ie110BeK H306pc11 oco6h1e 51,noBMTb1e BCII~CCTBa -

11,ZJ;OXHMHKaThl. )la BOT 6c.na, :JTH 51,llhl HC TOJibKO y6HBaIOT Bpe,nHTeJieH, HO H HaKaITJIMBaIOTC5i B pacTeHI151X.

--=--

rroq-

Ec1ur qeJioBeK 11crrOJih3yeT B rr11m:y pacTeHHJI c rroJie:i1, 06pa-

13,n:y-

6oTaHHhie JI,n:OXHMHKaTaMH, TO JI.l(bI rrepeXO.l(.HT B ero opraHH3M.

rroJI-

KaK

JKe

6bITb? YqeHbie rrp11.nyMaJI11 6e3orracHhie crroco6b1 3a-

m11TbI pacTeHHM OT Bpe.l(HTeJieM. Bo-rrepBbIX, OHM CTaJIH BbIBOnoi1rcJI

J(l1Tb TaKHe COpTa pacTeHHM, KOTOpbie caMH yMeIOT 6opOTbC5I co CBOHMH BparaMH. IIOJI.H JKHBOTHbIX -

BO-BTOpbIX, cTaJIH «rrp11rJiaruaTM> Ha

3aJ.UHTHHKOB ypOJKaJI.

3TOT crroco6 3aIIJ:HTbI pacTeHHM llOMOJ.UHHKOB -

HCI10Jlh30BaHl1eM JKHBbIX

6y.neT rrpHMeH.HTbC.H qam:e, TaK KaK OH 6e3Bpe-

,n:eH .l(JI.H qeJioBeKa. Ha3hrnaeTCJI OH

6HoJiorn11ecKoii 6 opb6oii

Bpe.n11TeJI.HMH KYJihTYPHhIX pacTeHHM.

60>Kbs:I KOpOBK8, Tnelll

noe.Qato~as:i

Haes.QHLllK, OTKn8.Qbrsato~Lllll1 s:11111..1a B nLll~LllHKY KOpoe.Qa

>Ky>1<em11..1a, noe.Qato~as:i ryceHLllL.1

CPABHV1BAEM CBOVl BblBO,Q C ABTOPCKV1M

---------0 CHO BHOe OTJU1"fl-1e 3KOCL-1CTeMbl

nons:1 OT APYrl-1x 3KOCL-1CTeM aael-1Cl-1MOCTb OT YenoeeKa. KpyroeopoT ee~ecTB Ha nOJlSlX 38MblKaeTCSl TOJlbKO c nOMO~blO "feJlOBeKa. 3TO l-1CKYCCTBeHH8Sl 3KOCL-1CTeMa.

iY8

none, y,qo6p8Hlll8

nPV1MEHs:lEM HOBblE 3HAHV15=1

D HeOJib lJ(O-

K a K VI noYeMy Yen oseK yxa>K111saeT 38 no11s:1MV1? 2. K aK111e KYllbTYPHble p acTeH111s:1 111 c opHs:!KVI p acTyT s sawelll M8CTHOCTVI ? 3. noYeMy c opHs:!KVI T8K Jll06s:!T non s:i VI T8K pe,QKO BCTpeYaIOTCs:I B n pVlp O,QHblX 3KOCVICT8Max? I:>(" 4 . J n oVlrpaVITe c TOB8PVILL!8M B 111rpy: O,QVIH Vl3 sac H8t1t..O 3b1saeT copHs:iK, a ,qpyr oll1 - c n oco6 c HVIM cnpaBVITbCR

He iUIX.

•

§ 18. AKBAPlllYM - MAJlEHbKASl

lllCKYCCTBEHHASl SKOClllCTEMA

as-

onPEAEn~EM OCHOBHO~ BOnPOC YPOKA

Jleua: ~yBaTb

IJoqeMy MHe rrpHXO,lU1TC51 IIOCT051HHO rrpoB03~yx

H qacTO MeH51Tb BO~Y B MOeM aKBa-

AKBapHyM -

Ha51 3KOCHCTeMa. Ho H

3TO MaJieHbKa51 HCKyccTBeH-

Otta rro~qHH51eTc51 3aKoHaM

:Jiff

rrpHpo~bI. TbI 3a6b1Jia rroceJIHTb TaM

o~Horo H3

Ba)I(HeihllHX o6HTaTeJiett 3KOCHCTeMbI.

K8K~X 06~TaTen~X 8KBap~yMa 386bITT8 neHa? Ha K8KOll1 sonpoc Tbl 6yA8Wb ~CK8Tb OTBeT? (CpasH~ co CTp.

136.)

UB•

KO.

]

pbI

601 BCnOMl/IHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM

~ef

1/13 K8K~X l..f8CT8111 COCTO~T 3KOC~CT8Ma? (§ 10) ~ OpraH~3Mbl KaK~x «npocpecc~ll1» AOn>KHbl np~cyTcTsosaTb s 3KOC~CT8M8, l..fT06bl KpyrosopoT B8L48CTB B H8111 6bln 38MKHyTblM? (§ 7) YTo TaKoe ~cKyccTBeHHa~ 3Koc~cTeMa? (§

17)

PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHl/I~ Ha30B~ see l..f8CT~ 3KOC~CT8Mbl, KOTOpb18 Mbl MO>K8M Hall1T~ s aKsap~yMe. >K~sbre opraH~3Mbl KaK~x «npocpecc~ll1» Mbl TaM BCTpeT~M?

aKJ rrp

pHyMe?

Muwa:

6H: (II

JIM:

60.1

nOMO~btO T8KCTa V1 pV1CYHKOB Bblf!CHV1, KTO )f(V1-

BeT B 8KB8pV1yMe. npoYV1Talil T8KCT, 88.Qfl .QV1anor C asropoM. npolKBa-

,l(aBaM II03HaKOMl1MC51 c o6hiqHbIMl1 o6HTaTeJI51Ml1 aKnapHyMOB. Bee aKBap11yMIIb1e pacTeIIHH HHorna tte-

\Ilv-H.-.my H.e-

npaBHJihHO Jia3bIBaIOT BO,n:opoCJI51Ml1.

,,,~V~·

v....,.. VIH.I·

fl'J',..,,1 '""" 0 anoJlO-

'BeH-

1 • y .....

)HaM

J/Ce1~1H a'. Ha caMOM ,n:eJie cpe,n:M HMX MHOfO BO,l.I;HbIX

HBeTKOBbIX pacTeHMM, TOJibKO ~BeTyT OHM oqeHb pe,n:-

113

KO.

,l{,.

UJl/ '.1} /j

11 {

...

vln

VVl<V

) )(

'~~

•1

l13JII06JieHHbie 0611TaTeJI11 aKBap11yMOB, KOneqHo, crp.

Bamw1cHep111s:i

---,______,

pb16bI. TI03HaKOMbC51 c OCHOBHbIMM BM,n:aMH aKBap11yMIIbIX pbI6oK. fioJibUIHHCTBO 113 tt11x po,n:oM 113 Tporr11KoB, rro3TOMy col{ep)KaT MX B TeITJIOH Bo,n:e: OT

+20°

1(0

+27°.

Cpe,n:M TCIIJIOJII0-

6HBbIX pb160K HaH60Jiee rrony JI51p1Ibl ryrrrrH 11 MeqeHOCl{bl. h)

vvJU

Tb B

(n01JP,J • •,

KHY-

Jil1BbI, 11 yxo,n: 3a IIHMM HeCJIO)KeH.

(I •

(

•

omeem.

(Bom

On11 uenpMXOT-

ttv·n~.1.tb ..,,.J,

nli,u

8VlTV1 T8M

rypaM111

TennoBOAHble aKsap111yMHb1e pb16K111

CoMHKM .una H

HacToJ:Iru:Me «Mycopn~MKH»: OHM nJiaBaIOT OKOJIO

y 3TMX 111uwve· iJ,

OY:Mru:aroT aKBapMyM OT OCTaTKOB ITMIUM.

CCTb o.uua Y.D.MBMTeJibHaJ:I oco6e11HOCTh.

pb16

Mb1 npHBhIKJIM CY:MTaTh, Y:TO nee pb16b1 .D.billlaT KMCJIOponoM, paCTBOpeHHhIM B BO.D.e. 0Ka3bIBaeTC5:I, COMMKM, KaK M Mbl

T06ott, .UhilllaT B03.UYXOM aTMOCcpCpbI. ,l1)15:I 3TOfO OHM M3-

penKa BbJCOBbIBalOTC5:I M3 BO.Uhl. Ha CBOCH pO,UMHC COMHKH )KHBYT B tterJiy6oKMx MYTHhIX Bo,noeMax

11113KHM co.n:ep)KattMeM

KHC11opo.ua. BoT OHM H rrpMcrroco6HJIHCb 3arJJaTbIBaTh B03.n;yx, KaK )KJ1TCJ1M CYilIM. He

nee

(Bom hflh(l}{ OCOOUl/IO(mbf)

aKBapMyMHhie pb16b1 po.uoM 113 Tpo1u1KoB . ,llaBHhIM-

nam10 B K11Tae 113 KapacJ:I BhIBCJJH 30JIOThIX pb160K. IIocKOJihKY KapacH )KHBYT B yMepeHHOM KJIHMaTc, 30JIOThIX pb160K co.nep)KaT B 6011ee XOJJO,n:HOH BO.D.e.

Kr:

MOJIJ HHX MO)!(

CTCH TOM

KHC.1"I

XO.D.51

CTeK..

~ rpbI3

OT~

Ee Kapacb -

npeAOK scex nopoA 30nOTblX pb160K

CTBeE

MaTC. C5:I Il

IA~ 06blKHOB8HH8fl 30nOT8fl pb16Ka

KoMeTa

1. 2. sap~

ByanexsocT

TenecKon

3. •

3Hae XonOAHOBOAHble aKsap111yMHb1e pb16K111

4. • non~

KOJIO pb16 ;\a ICJIO-

11 I 113)KH-

Yn111TKa-KarywKa AKB8PlllYMHbl8 )f(lll80THbl8

iMeM

J,nyx, lbIM-

OJib' co-

KpoMe pb16, B aKBap11yM noccJHIIOT M ,npyr11x )KMBOTHhix: MOJIJIIOCKOB, paKOB, qeperrax. CaMbIC pacrrpocTpaHCHHhie cpe,n11 HMX - yJIMTKH-KaTyrnKM. I _. • ~ Httor.na MO)KHO

BCTpeTMTb

6oJiee

KpynHbIX

y JIMTOK

aMnyJI51pM:i1:.

CTeHKM aKBapHyMoB nocTeneHHO noKpbrnaroTcJI 3eJieHbIM HaJieTOM -

MeJibqai1:rnHMH Bo,nopOCJIJ:IMH. 0HH ,naIOT )KHBHTeJibHbIH

KHCJiopo,n, HO 3a_nep)KMBaIOT cBeT. BoT TYT Ha noMOIUh M npMxo,nJIT yJIMTKH-KaTyrnKM, KOTOpb1e CTeKJia. (lenPpb nOllRfflJIO, )(II{ ,

cq11m;aroT

OJLU

Bo,nopocJIH

lllj 1/ClilJ )

PaKoB H qepenax B aKBapHyMax co,nep)KaT ropa3,no pe)Ke.

(Ilollc ..!f JH <,, ?)

Be,nh OHH noe.naroT pb16, qacTo rro.n-

rpbI3aIOT H BblpbIBaIOT pacTeHMJ:I. Il03TOMY HX Jiyqrne .nep)KaTb B OT,l(eJibHOM aKBapMyMe.

'lDl"l

EcJIM Tbl BCepbe3 3axoqerub c,neJiaTb CBOIO MaJiellbKYIO MCKycCTBeHHYIO 3KOCHCTeMy, TO Hai1:.nH KHHry 06 aKBapMyMax H BHHMaTeJibHO npoqHTa:H: ee. Tor.na TBOH IlO.l(BO.l(HbIH MHp noJiyqMT-

CJ:I IIO-HaCTOJIIUeMy ycToi1:q11BbIM H .l(OJiro 6y,neT pa.uoBaTb Te6JI.

CPABHV1BAEM CBOlll BblBO.Q C ABTOPCKV1M

[

AKea~~YM HaceneHHaff

ManeHbKaff pacTeH~ffM~

~cKyccTeeHHaff 3KOc~cTeMa, >K~BOTHblM~.

nPV1MEH~EM

1. 2.

------------------

HOBblE

3HAHV1~

noYeMy 8KB8p111yM H83bl88KJT 111CKYCCTB8HHOVl 3KOCll1CT8MOVI? ~ nepeY111cn111 scex yyacTH111Kos KpyrosopoTa se~ecTs s aKsap111yMe. 3. • Ha3os111 06b1YHb1x 06111TaTeneVI aKsap111yMa, KOTOpb1x Tbl 3H88Wb. 4. • YeM aKsap111yM noxo>t<, a YeM 0Tn111YaeTc~ OT 3Koc111cTeMbl ..J

non~?

r11aea IV. JKHBbIE yqACTHHKH KPYfOBOPOTA BEIUECTB

11.ne· Hbl

§ 19. PACTEHllls:t-nPOlll380.QlllTEI1111

)Ken

OpraHbl ~eeTKoeoro pacTeHlilff

HbIM onPE,UEn~EM

Muwa:

nP06nEMY YPOKA

6eJII:

Tb1 co611paeUib rcp6ap11:i1:, HO 3a6h1Jia 3acy-

u111Tb OLI:HY Ba)l(IIYIO qacTb pacTeHl15I.

Ha KaKoe npoT111sopeL1111e 06paT111n BH111MaH111e M111wa? (Bee n111 HY>KHoe co6pana neHa?) KaKorl1 B03Hl!1KaeT sonpoc? (CpasH111 co cTp. 136.)

.n:a i: Jana -q11B2

B8U4•

scnOMll1HAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM

...>

cocy

eT If

KaKyKJ ponb s 3Koc111cTeMe 111rpaKJT npo1113so,Q111Ten111? (§ 7) KaK111e pacTeH111H Tbl 3Haewb? (>K1113H8HHblrl1 onbrT) YTo Heo6xo.Q111Mo .QnH pocTa pacTeH111rl1? (§ 7) DTKy.Qa pacTeH111H 6epyT so.Qy 111 Mll1HepanbHbre BeU4eCTsa?

CHJib

)KeC"J

CblBCi

(§ 7, 15) PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE

ro p era

3HAHll1~

nOMOU4bKJ TeKCTa 111 p111cyHKOB 06bHCHll1, no'-ieMy Teno pacTeH111H cocT0111T 1113 pa3HblX opraHos. KaKosa 111x ponb? nKJ60MY paCT8Hll1KJ HY>KHbl CBeT 111 BO,Qa, HO He BCeM era '-i8CTHM OHl/1 ,QOCTynHbl. 06bHCHll1, K8Kll1M '-i8CTHM Ha3eMHOro paCT8Hll1fi 6onee ,QocryneH CB8T, a K8Kll1M 80,Qa.

Or MM, KOTO 3YJJb CTBl1 3Tl1

Ha cyme CBeT 11 Bo.n:a ttaxo.n:HTCH B pa3HbIX MecTax: CBeT na.naeT CBepxy, a BOLI:a naKailJIHBaeTC5I BHH3y. Ilo3TOMY Ha.n:3eMIIbie qacTl1 pacTellHM T5IHYTC5J BBepx, K cBeTy, a no.n:JeM11b1e -

BHH3, K no.n:e. KaJK.n:aJI qacTh 3a-

HHMaeTC5I CBOHM LI:CJIOM: OLI:H11 r11e -

cpOTOCHIITe30M, .n:py-

acacbrnatt11eM. KpoMe Toro, Ha.no ncpc.n:aBaTb Be-

mecTBa OT o.n:tt11x qacTe:i1: pacTen1151 K .npyr11M. Ha.no

CTe6enb

6opOTbC5J c 3eMHbIM rrp11nDI<eHl1CM. ,llJI5I pCIIICHJil5I 3THX CJIO)f(HbIX 3a.zi:aq y

na3eMHbIX pacTeHl1M c¢opM11poBa-

JIHCb OTLI:eJihHbie qaCTl1 TeJia

opraHbI: Jil1CT, CTe6eJib

11 Kope11b. JIHCTbH Ha3eMHbIX pacTeHHH

3a.zi:aqy -

BbIIIOJIH5IIOT r JiaBHYIO

ttaKopMHTb Bee KJieTKH pacTeH11.5I.

Jil1CTh5IX

8TB

M.n:eT ¢oTOCMIITe3. He)l(Hhie BHyTpennHe qacTH JIIICTa 3amHmeHbI KO)l(HUeM.

110M01Qbl0 CTe61u1 paCTCIIHC rrpco.n:oJieBaeT 3eMIJOC rrpHT.sI-

JKeHHe. On .nacT orropy JIHCTh.sIM 11 rro.n:cTaB11.sieT 11x coJIHClfHhIM JiyqaM. C11apy)l(H cTe6eJih rroKpbIT 3aII(HTuoii Kopoi1. CTe6eJib CB.sI3hIBaCT qacTH pacTeHH.sI .n:pyr c .npyroM c Jacy-

ITOMOII(blO

cocy.n:oB. llo O.UHHM cocy.n:aM BBepx IlO.UHHMaCTC.sI OT KOpH.sI BO.n:a H MHHCpaJibllbie BemecTBa, no .npyrHM -

onycKaIOTC.sI BHII3

3arraceHHh1e B JIHCTh.sIX opranHlfCCKHe BemecTBa. Onn 06ecrrc-

aH111e

11HBaroT aHepr11ei1 11 BemecTBOM Bee pacTeH11e.

36.)

v HaC1A111 p111cyHOK c Hll1CXOAH~ll1Mll1 111 BOCXOA~~ll1Mll1 noTOK8Mll1 se~eCTB 8 CTe6ne (§ 15 «necHbl8 np01113BOAlllT8Jlll1)), CTp. 60).

KopeHb

ua.n:C)l(HO y.n:ep)l(HBacT pacTeHHe B rro11nc

Bcacb1Ba-

eT 113 Hee BO.UY H paCTBOpeHHbie B neM BemecTBa. TI03TOMY OH CHJlbHO pa3BeTBJICII. Ha KOHuax TOHKHX KOpHcii IIMCCTC.sI MHOJKeCTBO BbipOCTOB-BOJIOCKOB, KOTOpbie IIOMOraIOT 6bICTpee BCa-

rsa?

ChIBaTb Bo.n:y.

\) Mb1 1113yy111n111 opraHbl, KOTOpb1e 06ecneY111sat0T >t<lll3Hb A8HHOro pacTeH111R Ho KaK111e opraHbl 06ecneY111sat0T npoAon>t<eH111e era poAa? T8Jl0 )nb? 3C8M ~THM

M-

OpraH pa3MIIO)l(CIIH.sI pacTeHM.sI MH,

QBeTOK. 5lpKu~1u 11cnccTKa-

3anaxoM, CJia.UKMM HeKTapoM Oil rrpHBJieKaCT naccKOMbIX,

KOTOph1e nepe11ocJIT nbIJihUY c Ol{Horo uBeTKa tta .npyroif.

pe-

3YJibTaTe aToro 3aB.sI3hIBaroTc.si ccMcna. CJia)l(CHHOC s:-JaHMo,nei1CTBHe HaceKOMbTX H UBeTKOBbIX paCTCIIHH npHBeJIO K TOMy, qTO 3TH pacTeHH51 CTaJIH IIIHpOKO pacIIpOCTpaHeHbT B rrp11po.n:e.

:rax:

Ilo-

tlpyBe[a.n:o ~HIX

,DBaenb y10 ~MIX

LtseTKOBbl8 pacTeHlllR 111 lllX Onb1n111Ten111

CeMetta UBeTKOBhIX pacTeHHH pacrrpocTpaHHIOTCH MHO)KeCTBOM crroco6oB. qacTo ceMeHa 6hrna10T crrpHTaHhI BHYTPH coqHhIX BKJCHbIX IlJIO)J;OB. )l(wBOTHOe C'he.n;aeT IIJIO,ll; BMeCTe c ceMeqKoM, KOTopoe 3anuuueHo o6oJioqKoI1 11 coxpattHeTcH B :>KeJiy.n;Ke HeBpe.n;HMbIM. IloTOM )l(11BOTHOC rrepe.n;B11raeTC5I Ha .n;pyroe MeCTO H pOHJieT ceMel.JKO na 3CMJIIO BMeCTe c IIOMeTOM. IlOMCT y.n;o6p5IeT 3eMJIIO, 11 ceM5I B 6Jiarorrp115ITHbIX ycJIOB115IX npopacTacT. CeMeHa .n;pyr11x pacTcH11I1, ttanp11Mep TaK11x, KaK 0/(yBaIIl.J11K, pacrrpocTpaH5IIOTC5I c IIOMOIUbIO BeTpa. • KaK Tbl .QyMaewb, YeM 0Tn111YaKJTCH nno.Qbl, pacnpocTpaHrteMble 88TpOM, OT nflO,QOB, pacnpocTp8HH8MblX )f(l/180THblMll1?

Mti

WBE

OpewH1t1K

pac

H I

IlJIC

Ce1 H :

8111,C

KneH 0AyBaH'"llt1K

Penei.i!H1t1K

5=16nOHR

ecT:oq-

e c H B Ha OM.

H:.S:IX

KaK

Hs:I -

MHoroo6paaMe pacTeHMlll onPEaEn~EM

Muwa: q TO JleHa:

nP06nEMY YPOKA

TbI p11cyelllh?

UBeToK rrarropoTHHKa.

Muwa: A

pa3Be y Hero ecTb u;BeTKH?

u '-leM OTJ1V1'-i8fOTCH MH8HV1H neHbl V1 Mviwvi? u KaK Tbl .QyMaewb, y KaKvix pacTeHviLll ecTb 1...1seTKvi?

PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE

3HAHl/I~

nOMOLl.tbfO T8KCT8 V1 pvicyHKOB onpe,Q8J1V1, see JlVl paCT8HV1H

l...IB8T)'T. CaMbie MHoroq11cJieHHbie 11 qacTo BCTpeqarom11ecJI Ha3eMHbie pacTeHHJI -

u;ueTKOBbie.

HHX eCTb He TOJihKO JIHCT, CTe6eJib

11 KopeHh, HO 11 u;BeTOK. Ha MecTe u;BeTKa saTeM cospeBaIOT IlJIO,l(hI, KOTOpbie CJiy)KaT ,l(JIJI 3aIUHTbI H pacceJieHHJI ceMJIH. CeMJI co,n:ep)KHT 3apo,n:bill1, rroxO)KHH Ha MaJieHhKoe pacTeHtte, 11 sanac rr11TaHHJI.

• B

YeM, Ha TBOLll B3rflH,Q, npV1'-iV1H8 p83JlV1'-iV1Ll1 BO BH8WH8M BV1,Q8 Vl306pa>KeHHblX Hvt>Ke paCT8HV1Ll1?

6epe3a

,Qy6

Knesep

WV1nOBHll1K LtseTKOBble p8CT8Hll1R

xBOMHhIM pacTeHJUIM OTHOC51TC51 M11on1e .n:epeBh51, IllHpoKo

pacrrpOCTPaHCHHhie B JieCHOH 30He M MMCIOII(Me JIMCTh51 B cpopMe wroJioK -

XBOIO. KaK rrpaBMJIO, OHM He c6pacb1BaIOT JIMCTh51

Ha 3MMy. PaJMHO)KaJOTC51 ceMeHaMM.

M ceM' rracc KMC ~

Bee MCC~

Enb

KeAp

ni,1CTB8HHL-148

Coe Ha

Mm101<esenbHL-1K

XsoVIHble pacTeH L-1fl

CPABHL!lBAEM CBOL/1 BblBO.Q C ABTOPCKL!lM Ha3eMHble pacTeHL-U:I COCTORT M3 JlMCTbeB, CTe611R M KOpHR. l.4eeTKOBble pacTeHMR C8Mble MHOrO'-f MCJleHHble M pa3H006pa3Hble M3 HMX. Xeoli'IHble pacTeHMR He MMeIOT 1..4eeTKOB.

TCJIO

HM I )KaIO

JIM r;

IOTCS:

.n:op~

CTe6e11b, JlMCT, KopeHb, 1..4eeToK, 4BeTKOBble pacTeHMR, XBOli'IHble pacTeHMR

n PL!lMEHS1EM HOBblE 3 HAHV1S1 n oYeMy Teno H838MHblX p8CT8Hll1~ pa3A8n8HO Ha opraHbl? KaKyK> ponb lllrpaK>T opraHbl pacTeHvm? 3. YTo TaKoe wseTOK ll1 ceM~? 4. Y eM oTnlllYaeTcs:l pa3MHO.>t<eH111 e wseTKOBblX OT pa3MHO.>t<eHll1~ XBO~Hb~ pacTeH111~? 5. noYeMy CaMbl8 KpaCl/180 WB8TYL.Ltll18 paCT8Hll1~ CT8HOB~TC~ peAKOCTbK> s6nll13ll1 HaceneHHblX nyHKTos? YTo H8AO CAenaTb, YT06b1 KpaclllBblX pacTeHlll~ soKpyr Hae cTano 6onbwe?

1. 2.

1p0KO

.QOnOJlHll1TEJlbHbllil MATEPll1AJ1

cpopICTbJI

Mxu,

XBOIU,H, IlJlaYff.bI 11 nanopOTHHKH ne HMeIOT useTKOB 11

CCMJIH. OHM pa3MHO)KaIOTCJI cnopaMM. B

cnopax noqT11 HeT 3a-

naca nHTaTeJibHbIX seruecTB, no3TOMY 01111 11e60JibllIHe .11 JierKHe. Muoroq11cJieHHh1e crropbI pa3HOCJITCJI BO.l(OM HJIH seTpOM. Bee cnopoBbie pacTeHHJI npe.l(noq11TaIOT cc1n1TbCJI so BJI~HbIX MCCTax, I'.l(C OHM MOryT pa3MHO)KaTbC5I.

Mox

Xso~

nnayH

nanopOTHl!lK

bHl!1K

CospeMeHHb1e cnoposb1e pacTeH111R OI<eaIIhI, MOPJI 11 .n.pyr11e so.n.oeMhI naccJIJIIOT so.n.opocJIH.

T€JIO ycTpOCIIO erue nporue: y HHX HCT HM JIMCTbCB, HM CTe6JieM, HM KOpIICM. Be,D.h BO,D.a HM ,lI.OCTyrrna co BCCX CTOpOH. Pa3MHOJKaIOTC5J so.n.opocJIH cnopaMH. MeJJKMe Ol(HOKJICToqHhie so.n.opoc-

JIM IIJiaBaIOT B TOJIIUe BO,lJ.bI. Bo.uopOCJIH ITOKpynnee rrpHKperrJIJIIOTC5I KO ,n:Hy. Ho He see rrorpy)KeHIIhie B BO.ll.Y pacTeHH5I -

BO-

JJ.OpOCJIH. Bo.n:y OCBOMJIH 11 MHOfMC UBCTKOBbIC pacTeHH5I.

K8TCs:I

ffb ,

nnaHKTOHHbl8 BOAOpocn111

H111Tenna

Ynbsa

I .QOnOI1HlllTEI1bHblll'I MATEPlllAJl .Q.fl~ JlKJ603HATEJlbHblX

p T83c

KneTKM - ManeHbKMe na6opaTopMM DOJiee Tpex CTOJICTHH Ha3a,l( aHfJIHHCKHH yqeHblM Po6epT fyK ycoBeprneHCTBOBaJI MHKpOcKorr. 3TO l103BOJIHJIO eMy B3fJIHIIYTb na 06b1qHbie rrpe.uMeThI rrpw 6oJibIIIOM yBcJI11qeHHH. fyK 3aMeTHJI, qTo ace )KHBbie opranH3MbI rro.ucJieHbI Ha KJieToqK11, HJIM 51qei1:K11. Terrepb MbI 3HaeM: nee '1CHBhie opr aHH3 Mbl COCTO.ffT H3 K.Jie T OK, KaK .n;oMa 113 KHprr11qei1. Ka)K,na5I )KHBa5I KJieTKa - 3TO MaJieHbKa5I Jia6opaTOpHH. KJieTKa nanOJIHeHa BO,l(OM H ,n:pyrMMH BemeCTBaMH.

K• KH )

HbllJJ yCTJ: HOM:

uei1: w,n:yT rrpeapameH115I opranwqecKwx BemecTB 11 3Hepr11w. KJieTKa o6MeHwaaeTC5I acmecTBaMH

Mau:

c ,n:pyrHMH KJieTKaMH H c BHeIIIHeM cpe,n:oi1:. qeM )Ke OTJilfqaroTC5I KJieTKH pacTeHHM?

• n

0cHOBHa5I pa6oTa pacTeHHM

ML-1KI

¢oTOCHHTe3.

TaK OHM 3arracaroT 3HeprHIO CoJIHUa B opraHHqecKOM aemecTBe H «KOpM.HT» 3THM BemecTBOM BCIO 3KOCHCTeMy. Crroco6HocTb K ¢oTOCHHTe3y ,n:e11aeT pa3Hbl e pacTeHH.H ITOXO)KHMH ITO BHeIIIHeMY cTpoeHHIO. Bee pacTHTeJibHbie KJieTKH oKpy)KeHbI rrpoq-

CTap1<1HHb1Lil M1<1KpOCKOn

HOH o6oJioqKoi1:. HMcHHO o6oJioqKw KJICTOK yBH,neJI Po6epT fyK B CBOH MHKpocKon. 06oJioqKa np11,n:aeT KJICTKe orrpe.ueJieHHYIO ¢opMy w 3am11maeT ee co,n:ep)KHMOe OT H3MeHeHH5I BHeIIIHHX ycJJOBHH . 0KpacKy pacTHTeJibIIOH KJieTKe rrpw,n:aeT .HpK0-3CJieHoe acmecTBO XJIOPO<l>HJIJI, KOTOpbIH yJiaBJIHBaeT 3UeprHIO COJIHeqnbIX Jiyqe:H. oJiaro,n:ap.H CMY rrpOHCXO.l(HT ¢oTOCHJITC3 opraIIMY.eCKOfO Bem:eCTBa. Co3.n;attnh1e aemecTBa KJICTKa pacTCHH.H wcrroJih3yeT .l(JI51 ce651. qaCTb HX OHa «C)KH:raeT»

KneTKL-1 Kopb1 Ay6a (pLt1CYHOK r yKa)

npH .l(bIXaHHH .l(Jl.H IIOJJyqeHH5I 3Hepr1111, •• v OCTaJihHa51 qacTb H.lI,CT Ha «CTpOHTeJibHblM MaTepwaJI» - KJieTKa yBeJI11q11BaeTC.H B pa3Mepax, pacTeT.

MOI)

nyKa

P accKa>t<l-1 c noMO~b tO cxeMbt, KaK l-1.QeT npo4ecc tjJorocl-1Hre3a s 3eneHo~ KneTKe.

rrewrr. ihie

rro-

JiesaJ1 fKa

\HI. C:TB

IYr11eK1.1c11b1'1 ra3 Ic:) BoAa

MhI

CeeT

c:>

K1.1c11opOA OpraH1.1YecKoe ee~eCTBO

Kor.n,a KJieTKa cTaIIOBMTCJI B3pOCJIOH, ona .n,eJIMTCJI. TaK KJieTKM pa3MIIO)KaIOTC5:1. HhilllKO

51,n:po.

KJieTKe MO)KHO pa3rJIJl,ll,CTh TeMnoc rrHT-

5I,n:pe co,n:ep)KMTCJI HttcpopMaU:M5I o

TOM, KaK

ycTpoen opraHM3M. 3Ta HHcpopMaU:MJI Ha3bIBaeTC5:1 HacJiel{CTBeHHOH, TaK KaK Ka)Kl(a5:1 ,n:oqepH5:15:1 KJieTKa IlOJiyqaeT 3 T Y MHcpopMau:ino OT MaTepMHCKOH KJieTKM ~no HaCJICl(CTBY».

• nocMOTpl-1, K8K BblrnSl,QSlT Y8CTl-1 p83Jll-1YHblX p8CT8Hl-1~ no,Q Ml-1KpOCKOnOM. YTO y Hl-1X o6~ero? OHl-1 COCTOSlT l-13 ......

e3. !H-

OM •3y

rel{-

M-

H1.-1Tb BOAopocn1.-1 cn1.-1pornpb1

UseTOK w1.-1nosH1.-1Ka

11-

oif.

a·~

ti'

l~,

~I_

_ _ _ _n_n_oA _ s:1 _ 6n_o_H_ 1.-1 _ _,, _ _ __.

06bSlCHl-1, Ha K8Kl-1X pl-1CYHK8X l-1306pa>t<8Hbl Kn8TKl-1, KOTOpbte MOryT C03,Q888Tb opraHl-1'-i8CK08 se~eCTBO l-13 H80pr8Hl-1'-i8CKOro. nonpOCl-1T8 YYl-1T8/1Sl-61.1011ora nOK838Tb 88M Kn8TK"1 KO>Kl-14bl nyKa. 06bSlCHl-1, noYeMy s H1.1x Her xnopotjJ1.1nna .

ยง 20.

>K~BOTHblE MAilEHbK~E ~ 6011bW~E

IIIH: Bee

onPE,QEJls:IEM nP06JlEMY YPOKA

JleHa:

M111ua,

He,n:aBIIO B KHvDKKe rrpoY:MTaJia, 4TO

caMoe MaJieHbKOC )l(MBOTHOC -

Muwa: Jiepoi1Ka

))

3TO 3eMJiepoi1Ka!

CJIO Illf]

TbI, uancpHoe, HCBHMMaTeJihHO \fMTarra. 3eM-

nail

MJieKOIIMTa-

KY.ll

3TO He TOJibKO 3Bep11, HO H IITM-

OKP IOTC

caMbIM

1om:ee. )KMBOTHbIC -

MaJieHbKMH

3BepeK,

l{bl, pb16b1, HaceKOMhie. CaMhie MaJieHbKHe JKHBOTIIbie

COCT05IT Bcero H3 0,Z1,HOM KJieTKM. Ha KaKoe nporvtsopeYvte Tbl 06pan.111 BHvtMaHvte? (Bcex nvt >KVlBOTHblX YYll1Tb1Bana neHa, KOrAa onp8A8Jlfma VlX pa3M8pb1?) .J Ha K8KO~ sonpoc Tbl 6yA8Wb 111CKaTb OTBer? (CpaBHll1 c sap111aHTOM Ha crp. 136.)

BCnOMl/IHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM KaKosa ponb >Kll1BOTHblX s 3Koc111creMe? (ยง 7) 8b16epvt V13 cnvtcKa CBO~CTBa, 06~111e AJlH >KVlBOTHblX 111 pacT8Hll1~. 3areM Bb16ep111 CBO~CTBa, xapaKT8pHbl8 TOJlbKO AJlSl )f(VlBOTHblX V1 TOJlbKO AJlH paCT8Hll1~. ( 1 , 2 KJlaCCbl) Cso~crsa: co3,naBaTb opraHH1:1ecKoc nem:ecTBO, 3arJiaThIBaTh ,l.l,06b1Y:y, ,Z1,BHraTbC51, paCT.M, pa3MHOJKaTbC5I, U:BeCTH, qynCTBOBaTb.

fijJ

OTJI OAH Hh1' 3a,n;;

Mell

po if BOT

m:yr

c y

PEWAEM nP06JlEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHl/ls:I

โ ขc

nOMO~btO T8KCTa 111 p111cyHKOB onp8A8J1111, Y8M OTflll1Y8tOTCH APYr OT Apyra pa3JlV1YHbl8 rpynnbl )1(11180THblX, H8111388CTHblX neHe.

Jly'-!88111K

Pa3Hoo6pa3111e

npocre~w111x

IlpocTeiimue

AMe6a noeAaer BOAopocnb

JKHBOTHbie BCTpet.J.aIOTC5I Be3,n:e, r.ue eCTh BO,Ua .

.lla)l(e B KarrJie II01:1BeHIIOfO pacTBopa H3 I~BeTO'-IHOfO ropwKa Mbl o6napyJKHM no,n: M11KpOCKOIIOM pa3Hoo6pa3HblX rrpOCTCH-

IIHIX. HeeMOTpH Ha KpOIIIeqHbie pa3Mepbl, Mbl Hai1)i;eM y

HHX

Bee oeHOBHbie eBOMeTBa )J(IfBOTHbIX. )l{IfBOTHbie, B OTJIIfqlfe OT paeTeHMM, He erroeo6Hbl e03.ZJ:aBaTb eJIO)J(Hbre HJIM opraHwqeeKMe BemeeTBa H3 tteopraHHqeeK11x. llx IIHTaHHe

eoeTOMT

rrepeBapHBaHMM

fOTOBOM

IIMIUM.

q T06bI

eMTa-

Ky.n:a .ZJ:BMraTbCH, )J(lfBOTHbie .ZJ:OJI)J(Hbl qyBeTBOBaTb ll3MeHeHMH

TR-

oKpy)J(aIOme:H epe.n:hl. KaK M paeTeHMH, )J(MBOTHbie pa3MHO)J(a-

!bie

IOTeH. I1M TaK)J(e HY)J(Hbl KHCJIOpo.n: .ZJ:JIH .ZJ:bIXaHHH If Bo.n:a.

HaMTM rrwmy, )J(MBOTHbre .n:oJI)J(HbI .ZJ:BHraTbCH.

qT06h1 3HaTh,

Bee )J(HBOTHhie, KaK II paeTeHMH, eoeTOHT M3 KJieTOK. Ho, B

n111 ') ia-

OTJIIfqlle OT rrpoeTeMIIIMX, 60JibIIIMHeTBO H3 HHX COCTOHT He 113 o.n:Ho:H, a H3 MHOrHx pa3JIIfqHbIX KJieTOK. TeJio MHoroKJieT011HbIX )J(IfBOTHbIX pa3.n:eJieHO Ha opraHbl, BbIIIOJIHHIOIUMe pa3Hble 3a.n:aqw B opraHM3Me. CaMbie rrpocTbie MHoroKJieToqHbie cocTOHT H3 .n:ByeJIOMHoro MeIIIKa. BHyTpH Hero HaXO.ZJ:MTeH KMIIIeqHaH IIOJIOeTb, B KOTOpo:H rrpowexo.n:MT rrepeBapMBaHMe IIMIUH. Ilo::>TOMY TaKMX )J(ll-

IC:l-1-

lOt,

BOTHbIX

Ha3bIBaIOT

KHIIIe'IHOIIOJIOCTHbIMH.

llx

POT

OKpy)J(eH

myrraJihl(aMM, 3aXBaTbIBaIOIUMMR .ZJ:06b1qy,

OnpeAen111, rAe (csepxy 111n111 CH1113y) pacnono>KeHbl ~ynanbl..\8 y C111AHYll1X Kll1W8YHOnonocTHblX 111 nnasaKJ~lllX B TOn~e BOAbl?

'Cs:l

i8.

Kopaflflbl AKTll1Hll1fl

D a. :ca v

60flbWll1HCTBO Kll1W8'-IHOnOJ10CTHblX -

MOpCKll18 >Kll1BOTHbl8

11-

Te11a yMepillMX opraHM3MOB oce.naroT Ha ,n;Ho Bo.noeMOB MJIM rrorra.naroT B noqBy. OHM cTaHOBJITCJI KOpMOM ,n1151 qepBeif, KO-

cm.

TOpbIC .no6hrnaIOT TIMIUy, TIOJ13a51 no .ZJ;Hy BO.ZJ;OeMOB MJIH 3apbI-

BaJICb B TIOlIBy. qepBM MOfYT rrepe.n;BMraTbCJI M pbITb 611aro.na-

CTI <!

p51 Mb1mu;aM. HcKOTOph1e qepBM CTaJIM rrapa3MTaMM )J(MBOTHbIX

n ee

( fJIMCTbl) M pacTeHMH.

yc no~

M a) IOT

nnocK1.-1~

nnaHap1.-1R non38tOl.1..\l.-1~

Yepsb

AcKap1.-1Aa -

MJirKoTeJioe )J(MBOTHoe 3TOMY TCJIO MOJIJIIOCK a

,QO>KA8BO~

Kpyrnb1~

napa31.-1T1.-1YecK1.-1~

Yepsb

yepsb - KOnbY8p8b

Y8Tbl~ pOIOl.1..\l.-1~

11erKaJI M )J(CJiaHHaJI .no6hrlla. Ilo-

3amMmeuo co6CTBCHHbIM .ZJ;OMMKOM -

paKOBI1IIOH. 0,nHaKO paKOBMHa orpaHMlIMBaeT era TIO.ZJ;BM)J(HOCTb. Ilo 3TOH rrpMlIMHe XMIUIIbie KaJibMapbI M OCbMMHOrM, KOTOpbIM Heo6xo.n;MMO .norOH5ITb CBOIO .uo6bilIY, yTpaTMJIM Hapy )J(HYIO paKOBMHy. OHM OCBOMJIM 6bICTpbIH

peaKTMBHbIH -

cnoco6 rre -

pe,UBM)J(eHMJI. BbITaJIKMBaJI MOIUHYIO cTpyro BO.ZJ;hI, on11 .UBM)J(yTCJI B npoT11Bo110110)J(HOM ttarrpaB11e11MM. Mo111110CKM, 06MTarom11e na cywe, TO)J(e He Bcer.na

coxpaHJIIOT paKOBMHy. TaKOBhI, Ha-

rrp11Mcp, CJIM3Hl1, )J(MBYIUMe B TIOlIBC.

B1.-1HorpaAH8R yn1.-1TK8

Mope Ko~ rpe6ewoK

H111E

coE 3. Monnt0CK1.-1

,QBt.-1>K8Hl.-18 K8IlbMapa

Yer

KO-

KaK Tbl gyMaewb, YeM paKOBLllHa noMewana CJl lll 3 H fO?

pbI -

MoJIJIJOCKtt-)KeMqy)KHHUhI 3HaMeHMThI cBoeli

>t(a-

crroco6HOCTbIO IIOKpbIBaTb CJIOCM nepJiaMyTpa

IhIX

rreCtIMHKll,

11.111

y CTpHUbl

rrona.na101u.11e M

MM.UHM

HMM

CtIMTaJOTC51

paKOBMIIy.

,n:eJIMKaTeCOM,

rro3TOMY 11x cne1~11aJ1b110 Bb1pam11BaIOT.

KaJib-

MapoB .路10B5IT CCT51Mn: KaJK,UbIH ro.n BbIJiaBJIMBaIOT .no MI1JIJIM01Ia TOHH.

Cm13eHb

101 ~Tb .

YCTP~Llbl

bIM

pa-

CPABHll1BAEM CBOLi'I BblBO.Q C ABTOPCKll1M

neyT-

we Ha-

>K~BOTHble 6blB8toT OAHOKneTOYHblM~ ~ MHOrOKneTOYHblM~. Bee OH~ noTpe6~Ten~. H~aw~e >K~BOTHble MOryT 6b1Tb He TOflbKO nOAB~>KHblM~, HO ~ np~KpenneH颅 HblM~.

npoCT8lltWllle, YepBLll, MOJlJlfOCKLll

nPll1MEH5iEM HOBblE 3HAHll15i

l-Ji1 1.

nopa60T8lltTe B nape: OALllH nyCTb H83blB8eT OTJllll'-flll TeJlbHYfO YepTy )f(LllBOTHblX, a BTOpo'1 onpegen~eT H8388Hllle rpynnbl, K KOTOpollt OHLll nplllH8AJ1e)f(8T. 2. C YeM cs~3aHo ycno)f(HeHllle )f(LllBOTHb1x? KaKllle npL11cnoco611eHL11~ y HLllX 803HLllKJ1lll? 3. ~TO LllHTepecHoro Tbl 3Haewb 06 lll3YYeHHblX )f(LllBOTHblX, Yero He HanL11caHo s yye6HL11Ke?

t1:.;rJ

§ 21. MAJ1EHbKll1E Pb1UAPll1

L rra~

onPEOEn~EM OCHOBHO~ BOnPOC YPOKA

Jle1-ta: Mwma, KaK :>KC :>KYKM HOC.HT Ha ce6e TaKOH T5I:>KeJibIM rraHIUIPb?

Muwa:

,lla BCJJ:b ttaceKOMbie OlfeHb CHJihHb1e! Mypa-

Be w, Hanp11Mep, MO:>KeT 3aTaII.J;11Th po5IJib Ha aepx Tpa3To rrpas.na. Ho ,neJio TYT He s c11J1e r-.cypasb.H,

a B ero pa3Mepax. HaceKOMhie :>KMBYT B .npyroM MMpe -

H8C pa3

0 KaKoM ML-1pe rosop5n nana l'1 ML-1wa?

J YTO Tbl 0 HeM XOY8Wb Y3H8Tb? npeAflO>KL-1 CBOlll 88pl'18HT l'1 cpaBHL-1 c sapl'18HTOM 8BTOp08. (CTp. 136.)

PEWAEM nP05nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE neH~cT0Hor1,1e·

3HAHl/I~

• OnpeAenL-1 c noMOL1.4btO TeKcTa, s YeM npeL-1MYL1.4ecTsa l'1 H8AOCT8TKl'1 Hapy>KHOro CKeneTa. HaceKOMbie, nayKH, paKH -

IOT ttapy:>KHbIH CKeJieT.

Ott

MMe-

rroKpbIBaeT TeJio KaK rrau-

IlHpb, HO COCTOHT H3 OT.AeJibHhIX TBep,nbIX qJieHHKOB. qJieHl1KH ITO.ABM)l(HO coe,nHHeHbl .npyr c .npyroM, KaK

s AOcnexax

11aTbI y

pbu{ap5I.

JierKHH 11 KpCI1KHM Hapy:>KHblH CKCJieT COCTOHT l13 IIe:>KHBOfO BemeCTBa H He MO)l(eT paCTH BMeCTe c xo35Il1HOM.

Kor.na

rratt:u;Hph

cTaHOBMTC5I

TeCHbIM,

ero

rrp11xo.n11Tc.H c6pacb1BaTb 11 uapamHsaTb 60J1ee rrpoCTOpHbIH.

3TO speM.H )l(HBOTttoe 6e33am11THO 11 rro-

TOMY np5rlleTc.H.

[YyK-HOCOpor

CTP MhJI Bee 6oJJ

ocTaJibHOC speM.H lIJieHMCTOHOrHe

OlfeHb 110.ABH)l(llbl H BCTpeqaJOTC5I IIOBCIO,ny.

• I<

opr. .Qm= KOn OA8

HaceKOMble M i,,x pOACTeeHH"1tclil

11.rreHHCTOHOrHe -

B \..

BCnOMl/IHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM • C KaKl'1Ml'1 TPYAHOCTflML-1 cTanKl'1Bat0TCfl opraHl'13Mbl Ha cywe? (>f<l'13H8HHblll1 OnblT) • .Qnfl Yero Hy>KeH cKeneT? (1 Knacc)

(

HOi1 pyKOH ITO.AH5ITb BCCX CBOMX 0.AH0KJ1aCCHl1KOB. Ho, .AOTpoy:>Kc He CMOfJia 6bI OT Hee OTOpBaThC.H 6e3 Ml1Illl1HOH IIOM0ll(l1!

Pb1~apb

HYBIIIMCb /{0 KaIIJIM pOChl, KOTOpa5I 6hIJia 6hI Te6e no 1105IC, Thi

BH}

:?TOM MHpe l1 Thi, Jlena, MOrJia 6bI o.n-

B MMKpOMMpe.

B03 Hblt

Hai

BMIIK11. MypaBbMHbIH p05IJih, KOHelIHO.

JJana:

pa3

HaC•

>Ke.

,l{JU:I l..£JICHHCTOHOrHX, OCBOHBIIIHXC5I Ha cyIIIe, nayKOB

uapy)KHbIH

CKeJieT OKa3aJIC5I

HaceKOMhIX H

Ha.l{e)KHOH

3aIUHTOH.

IKOH

yparpa-

11CM ue CTpaIIIHhI HM 3eMHOe np11T5I)KeII11e, IIH BhICh1xatt11e Ha B03J1:yxc. Po11b oprattoB .n;h1xatt115I 11rpa10T TpaxeH - pa3BeTBJieHHhre Tpy6oqK11, OTXO.l{5IIUHe OT MeJIKMX OTBCpCTHH ua 6pIOIIIKe BHYTPb TeJia. B HHX H rrocTyrraeT B03.nyx c K11c11opo.n;oM.

HaceKOMble Bh5I,

1e 0,l{-

rpo-

nOMOLI.4blO T8KCT8 06bs:tCHV1, noYeMy T8K p83H006pa3Hbl H8C8KOMbl8. KaKas:t rpynna pacTeHviVI oTnviYaeTcs:t Havi6011bWV1M pa3Hoo6pa3vieM? (§ 18)

Thi 11u1!

peKop.QcMeHbl MHoroo6pa3lJIR

HaceKOMbre -

caMa5I MHoroq11cJieHHa5J 11 IIIMpoKo pacrrpo-

CTpauennaJI rpynna MeJIKMX Ha3eMnb1x )J(HBOTHhIX. Bee HaceKoMbIC HMCIOT IIIeCTb Hor, a 6oJibIIIHHCTBO BCCTIIO

6011ec

60JibIIIe,

B ue?

naceKOMhIX

Bcex

)KJ1BOTHbIX

OCTaJibHbIX

3Hal..£HTeJibHO

BMCCTe

B35ITbIX.

qeM )KC np11l..£11Ha TaKoro Muoroo6pa3tt5I?

• KaK pa3Hoo6pa3vie ycnosviVI AflH >KV13HV1 3asvicviT OT pa3Mepa opr8HV13MOB? ,Qns:t OTBeTa Ha sonpoc npose,qvi onb1T: nonpo6yV1 cocYviTaTb KOJlV1Y8CTBO cnoco6os, K8KV1MV1 Tbl MO>K8Wb cnps:tT8Tb B csoeVI O,Q8>K,Q8 KJllOY V1 KHV1ry. qCM

~e-

l..£CM

eu~e H KpbIJib5I. J13-

MHJIJIHOHa BH.D;OB

MCJibl..£e opraHH3M, TeM Jierqe eMy Bbl)KHTh B

caMbIX

pa3Hoo6pa3IIbIX ycJIOBH5IX. IlOCMOTpH, KaK MIIOro pa3JIIPIHbIX naCCKOMbIX )l(HBeT BCero Ha O.D;IIOM paCTCIIHH!

Me-

aH-

>KenyA8Bbll71 AOnroHoc111K

'OB.

<aK H3

KO-

(

~fO

)0-

Cepe6p111cTafl J1YHK8

10'He

HenapHbli.11 :~~,.·~~~. W8J1KOnpflA 1' 1

,O,y6osaf! J11!1CTOBBpTK8

Mnon1c naccKOMhie pacT11TeJihH05I.ll.HhI. Hx 1111ma -

nhIJihl(a

11 HCKTap, TTJIOlJ:hl H ceMeHa, JIHCTh5I, KOpHH H ,.Qa)KC ..npeBeCHHa. 3TH HaCCKOMbTC qacTO CTaHOB5ITC51 )KepTBaMH CBOHX XHll.J,HbIX co6paTheB. EcTb H TaK11e, KOTOpb1e 3apa)KaIOT CBOMMH JIHlIHHKaMn ..npyrux :>KMBOTHhIX. :>KHBOTHhIX i1 tJ.a)Ke y

IICKOTOphie IlhIOT KpOBh y

..npyr11x

qeJioBcKa. HaceKOMh1e-caHMTaph1 rroe..naroT

na..QaJib H OTMCprn11e qacTM pacTeHMH.

HaCeKOMbIX pa3BMTbl

caMbie pa3uoo6pa3Hhie rrp11cnoco611eH115I ..QJI5I nnTaH115I: OHM MO-

01y CBC B3f

MY Ha )KM MO

ryT )KCBaTb, rpb13Tb, KOJIOTb, cocaTb, JIM3aTb.

KYJ •

l-JeM nlllTBtOTC~ lll306pa>t<eHHbl8 HaceKOMble?

fJia3a HaceKOMhIX cocT05IT 113 nytJKa Tpy6oqeK. Ha lJ:HC Ka)K,l(QH Tpy6ot.JKH Jie)KMT o.n.ua KJieTKa, BOCIIpMIH1MaIOll.J,a5I CBeT 11 l.(BeT npe.n.MeTa, na KOTOpbIH OHa nanpan11etta. J1306pa:>Kc1111e CKJia..QbIBaCTC5I 113 OT..QeJibIIbIX l(BeTOBblX Il5ITCII.

• rnflA~ Ha p111cyHOK, 06bs:1CHlll, KBKlllM BlllAlllT WB8TOK CTpeK03a, a KaKlllM Y8fl088K.

83pocnoe H8C8KOM08

npesp8li..l8HVl8 6a60YKVI

• I

llbUa

·1ma.

HblX flHIIfl1X {aIOT

IITbI MO-

JleTOM HaCeKOMbie o6ne.ZU1H.HIOTC.H B napbl M pa3.MHO)J(aIOTC.H. OHM OTKJiaLJ.hIBaIOT .Hi1:ua, 113 Koropbrx BhIXOLI..HT JIH"IMHKM. y TapaKaHOB M Ky311eq11KOB 3TO MaJieHbKHe 6ecKpbIJibie KOTII111 CBOMX pOLI.MTeJiei1:. JI11q11I1KM KOpM.HTC.H, pacTyT M CTaHOB.HTC.H B3pOCJihIMM. MypaBbM Ha CTp.

BOT JKYKM,

npOXOLI..HT

92).

6oJiee

KOMapbr, Myx11, CJIOJKHbIH

6a6oqK11,

nyTb

(CM.

IUMe1n1, p11cyHOK

l13 MX .HMU BblXOLJ..HT JIMqMHKM, COBCeM ncnoxo-

JKMe Ha pOLI.MTeJiei1:.

q T06bI

rrpeBpaTMTbC.H BO B3pOCJIOe uaceKO-

MOe, TaKa.H JIMqMHKa LI.OJIJKHa BbipaCTM M CTaTb HeTIO,l{BMJKHOII KyKOJIKOH.

Hew-To 11 rrpo11cxo.u11T qy.uecuoe npeBpamc1nre.

Ha YTO noxo>t<111 HaceKOMbl8 Ha p111cyHKax?

Ha pu-

ma nh-

6a6o'-iK8-Kann~M_a_~l

nanO'-iH~K

OT CBOMX BparoB -

IITMU HaceKOMbre 3am1uua10Tc.H pa3Jinq-

HbIMM crroco6aMM. 0.n:HM TibITaIOTC.H crrp.HTaTbC.H , .npyr11e MaCKMpOBaTbC.H, rpeTbM -

3a-

nanyraTb. 51pI<HC HaCCKOMbie KaK 6bl

npe.uyrrpeJK.n.a10T: «OnacHo !», «51.nosi-no ! » 18

0 YeM npeAynpe>t<AatOT 3Tll1 HaC8KOMbl8?

.___ ___o_c_a_ _ _ __,j

~'~~6_o_~_b_~~K_op_o_sK~ 93

Y,nMBMTeJihHO

npMcnoco6JieHhI K JKM3HM 06mecTBeHHb1e Hace-

KOMhJe: MypaBhM, rrqeJibI.

OHM JKMBYT 6oJihllIOM ceMheI1, r.ne

Bee o6~13aHHOCTM pa3,neJieHbl MeJK,ny ee qJieHaMM. B

MypaBeM-

HMKe eCTb MaTKa, KOTOpa5I OTKJia,llbIBaeT 5IMUa. 3a HeM M JIMlJMHKaMM yxaJKMBaIOT pa6otIMe MypaBhM. J{pyrMe pa6otIMe MypaBbM M:W:yT, ,no6b1BaIOT M npMHOC5IT KOpM. MypaBbM-COJI.l(aTbI oxpaH5IIOT MypaBeMHMK.

Mypasell1H1t1K B pa3p838

Mypasb111-conAaTb1 38Ll.1111Ll.18IOT Mypaseli1Hll1K

]

lJJI

Pa60Y111e Mypasb111 H8CYT ryceH11114y

MaTKa c s:ill114aM111 111 pa60Yll18 MypaBblt1

.np: XO,. KJI•

HbJ

• c

nOMOL14blO T8KCT8 111 p111cyHKOB onp8A8Jlll1, '-i8M nayK111 111 paK006pa3Hbl8 OTJlll1'-i8IOTCs:l OT H8C8KOMblX

BO,.

Kp1

BocbMMHOrMe OXOTHMKM

y nayKOB

BOCeMb ,llJIMHHbIX HOf M cpaBHMTeJihHO He60JibllIOe

TeJio c nayTMHHOM JKeJie3oI1: Ha KOHue. Bb1,neJI5IeMa5I ero JKM,l(KOCTh 3aCThlBaeT Ha B03,l(yxe M CTaHOBMTC5I npotIHee HeMJIOHOBOM HMTM. H3 nayTMHhl nayKM CTp05IT CBOM ,llOMMK-KOKOH ,l(JI5I IlOTOMCTBa.

IlOMO:W:bIO nayTMHbl

OHM JIOB5IT .no6hillY M ,l(aJKe MOryT JieTaTb Ha nayTMHe. IIayKM MoryT.

XM:W:HMKM,

KpenKMMM

HO TBep,nyro

qeJIIOCT5IMM

OHM

IIM:W:Y eCTh

npoKyChIBaIOT

.no6b1qy M BIIpbICKMBaIOT B Hee 5!,l(OBMThIC IIM:W:eBapMTeJibHhie COKM. )KepTBa IlOfM6aeT, a ee BHyTpeHHOCTM pacTBOp5IIOTC5I. Tor.na rrayK Bb1cach1BaeT co.nepJKMMoe JKepTBbl,

KapaKypT onaceH Ans:! YenoseKa

ee IIOKpOB

TaK M

OCTaeTC5I B

rrayTMHe.

EoJihllIMHCTBO rrayKoB He cTpallIHbI ,nJI5I qeJioBeKa, TaK KaK He MoryT rrpoKyCMTb ero KOJKY.

1. 2.

CYL

.ce-

P~Koo6pa3Hbte -

r,ne

BOAHbte 1.u1eH111cT0Hor111e

PaKoo6pa3IIbIC :>1<11ByT B Bo,ne.

MOpHx -

3TO Kpa6b1, KpeBeT-

rrpeCIIblX BO,UOeMax,

ei1-

KM M KpMJib, KOTOpbIM IIMTaIOTC5I KMTbl.

UI-

KpoMe peqttoro paKa, o6MTaeT MHO:>KeCTBO MeJIKHX pallKOB. Cpe-

dy-

JJ.M HHX BCeM M3BeCTHbie .n:aQ:>HHM H IJ;HKJIOIIbl

.Tbl

aKBap~iHbIX pb160K.

KpeseTKa

Jiyq1IJMH KOpM

MopcK111e nnaHKTOHHble pal.!Kll1

_ ____________PaKoo6pa3Hb1e _

.__

PaKoo6pa3IIbie yMeJIO MCIIOJib30BaJIH rrpeMMY.LUCCTBa CBOHX qJieHHCTbI X .n:pyrHX 1111

HOf.

O,UHH X

B IIJTaBHMKH.

XO,lJ.11JlbHbIX HOf. KJie:W:H, KJieIUHH -

OHH

rrpeBpaTHJIHCh

«BCCJia» ,

paKOB H Kpa6oB ,lJ.CC5ITh 6oJiblll11X

Tiepe,l1.H5!5I napa pa3Bl1JiaCb B KpC11Kl1e , KaK opratt 3axBaTa .n:o6b1q11.

,llbIIIIaT paKoo6pa3Hbie c IlOMO.LUbIO

)Ka6p.

3To TOIIKHe, He)K-

Hbie IIJiaCTl1HKl1 no.n: rrattu;11peM, IlOCT05IHHO OMbIBaCMbie CBe:>KeM Bo.n:o.M.

K11cJiopo.n: rrpoHHKaeT 113 BO.ll:hI B

3Tl1 nJiaCTHHKl1 11

KpOBbIO pa3IIOCl1TC5I 110 opraHl13My.

CPABHl!1BAEM CBOLil BblBO.Q C A BTOPCKl!1M

~neH111cT0Hor111e aTo HaceKOMbte, nayK111 111 paK006pa3Hb1e. y HlllX lllMeeTCR Hapy>KHblVl "ineHlllCTblVl CKeneT Ill KOHe"iHOCTlll. y HaceKOMblX weCTb Hor, y nayKOB - eoceMb. HaceKOMbte 111 nayK111 oceo111n111 cywy 111 npecHbte BOAOeMbl, paKoo6pa3Hble npecHbte 111 MopcK111e BOAbt. HaceKoMbte - C8Mble pa3H006pa3Hble >KlllBOTHble Ha 3eMne.

JI,-

Jtt lbI

Ie. He OT

HaceKOMbte, nayK111,

Hfl1

oe re.

nPl!1MEH~ EM

YneH1.1cT0Hon1e, paKoo6pa3Hble

HOBblE

3HAHl!1 ~

1. 2.

3a YTO YneH1.1 cT0Hor1.1e nonyY1.1n1.1 csoe H83BaH1.1e? KaK HaceKOMble 1.1 nayK1.1 np1.1cnoco61.1n1.1cb K >Kl.13Hl.1 Ha cywe? 3 . ., Ha.Qo n1.1 60flTbCfl nayKos?

ยง 22. nEPBblLil WAr LJl3 MOP~ HA CYWY onPEAEn~EM OCHOBHO~

MbI

BOnPOC YPOKA

Bal!

Il.1Ic

JleHa:

MHllia, IlOtieMy B pb16e TaK MHOfO KOCTei1?

)Ka,

Tpy,n:HO eCTb.

Muwa:

OTJI11q11:e OT tIJieHHCTOHOnfx, pb16b1 HMe-

IOT BHYTpeHHHH cKeJieT. BoT ThI cro H Haxo,n:Hlllh.

YTO He 3 H8 fl8 n eHa? Y To Tbl nocoseTye w b eli1 Y3H8Tb o pb16ax? (CM. CTp. 136.) KaKVl e oco6eHHoc TV1 Yn e HV1 CTOHorV1x cs~3aHbl c V1X Hapy>KHblM CK8fl8TOM? (ยง 2 1)

BCnOMl/lHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM OcHoBy

BHyTpeHHero

cKeJieTa

cocTaBJI5ICT

rro3BOHoqHHK.

11eMy rro,n:BH)KHO rrpHKperrJI5IIOTC5I ,n:pyrHe KOCTH.

IIbIM,

HMerom:HM

rro3BOHOtIHHK,

OTHOCHTC5I

pb16b1,

)KHBOT-

~'I5IfYllIKH,

noaeoHO'IHhIMH.

rrpc

o,n:HH Ha Bero )KH3Hh. OH

coB

paCTCT BMeCTe c TeJIOM. 0,n:HaKO OH He 3am:11:m:aeT TeJIO CHapy-

KJlC

)KH. 3Ty 3a,n:aqy y

Jlhl.

3MCH, rrTHUbI H 3BepH. Bcex Hx Ha3bIBaroT BttyTpeHHHH cKeJieT rro3BOHOtIHhIX -

IT03BOHOtIHbIX BbIIlOJIII5IeT KO)Ka, COCT05III.I:a5I

H3 )KHBbIX 11 MepTBbIX KJieTOK.

pbIC

llle.

B3~

Y.TO

) CKeneT pb16b1 Pb16h1 -

BOAHble noaeoHO"fHbte

โ ข Hali1AV1 B T8KCT8 V1 HQJOpMa ~V1tO 0 TOM, K8K pb16bl np111cnoco6V1Jlll1Cb K >KV13 Hll1 B BOA8. Opra11b1 ,n:b1xaHH5I pb16 -

)Ka6pbI.

6011bmnncTBa OHH rrpH-

KpbITbI )Ka6epHbIMH KpblllIKaMH. M11or11c pb16b1 -

lJ b LM 11.

XHII.I:HHKH: 01111 1u1Ta10TC5I npyrHMH )KHBOT-

qc11rocTH pb16

yca)KeIIhI

ocTpbIMM

3y6aM11:.

CHJihHhie

MbIIIIU:bI, rrp11KpCIIJICHHbie K CKeJieTy, 1103BOJI5IIOT 6bICTp0 ITJiaBaTb 3a Cl.JeT 113r1160B TeJia H XBOCTOBOro ITJiaBIIHKa. .llpyr11c rrJiaBHI1Kl1 cJiy)KaT PYJI5IMM 11 rro.n.n.ep)KMBaIOT paB110Bcc.11e. Ko)Ka, 110Kpb1Ta5I qe1nyei1, 3aW:Mlll.aeT TCJIO, KaK KOJ!bllyra. :\te-

OKyHb

Cm1HHb1e n11asH111K111

~~ ;

CM. lblM Yewy~

HK. OT-

KH,

6plOWHOVI nnaBHll1K ---~

.llo6hil.!Y pbI6bI o6ttapy)KMBaIOT c ITOMOilJ.bIO opraIIOB l.!YBCTB. OHM BMLI:5IT, CJihIIIIaT M qyBCTBYIOT 3arraxw. Pb16b1

uc HCMhie:

rrpOCTO qeJIOBel.!eCKOe yxo ne MO)l(eT yCJibIIIIaTb B BOJJ:e fOJIO-

Ott

COB pb16.

py-

KJieTOK B KO)Ke, KOTOpbie 1103BOJI5IIOT Olll.Ylll.aTb KOJie6aHM5I BO-

la.H

l{bl. 3To rroMoracT pb16aM op11ettT11poBaTbC5I B MYTHOM Bone.

pb16 eCTb 6oKOBa5I JIHHH5I -

p5Il{ qyBCTBMTeJibHbIX

oOJihIIIHHCTBO pb16 pacTeT B Tcl.!ctt11e Bcei1 )KM3HH. Kpyrrtthie pbI6hI (COM, aKyJia, myKa) MoryT rrpO)KHTb no CTa JieT M 60J1bIIIe.

ropa3JJ:O

qame

Bee

OHM

rror116a10T

elll.c

MaJibKaMM.

B3pocJibie pb16b1 Ka)l{lJ:hI M ron OTKJia,n:hrna10T Tb1c5l c.r11 HKpMHOK, l.JT06bI XOTh KTO-nn6ynb 113 IIOTOMCTBa rrpOl{OJl)KHJI poll,.

D :om)TbI

MopcK111e pb16b1

npeCHOBOAHbl8 pb16bl

I onPEaEn~EM OCHOBHO~ BOnPOC YPOKA

Jle11a:

Ti:

M1-nna, nocM0Tp11, KaKa.H qy,nttaJI pb16a

rrJiaBaeT a JiyJKe.

Muwa: B

Hee ccTh Jiarrhr!

so.ue nJiaaaIOT He TOJihKO pb16b1. 3To

TPl1TOH. Ott crrycKaeTC.H B ao.uy TOJibKO aecuo:i1:, B ncp110.u pa3MHoJKeH11.H.

Tpl-1TOH

aoo6me OH -

3eM110-

BOJJ.11oe 11 JieToM JKHBeT na cyrne.

C K8M neHa nepenyrana 38MHOBOAHblX? u KaKo'1 y Te6s:i B03Hlt1KaeT sonpoc? (CpaBHltl co cTp.

CT051. rr11aE HOfli JI.Hry K11M

136.)

)KM.Tl

KOJKc

BCnOMVlHAEM TO. YTO 3HAEM

aa101

(§ 21)

.. noLfeMy OAHltl npeAM8Tbl TOHYT B BOAe. (>Klt13H8HHbl'1 onblT)

aa101

KaK AblWaT BOAHble >Klt1BOTHb1e?

OTKJJ

APYrl-18

H8T?

BpC.M qToo HOBO

PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHV1~ 3eMHOBOAHble >K"1BYT Ha rpaH1t14e cyw"1 "' BOAbl

.. c

nOMO~btO T8KCTa 06bHCHlt1, K8Klt18 nplt1cnoco6neHlt1H n03BO-

nlt1nlt1 38MHOBOAHblM OCBOltlTb cywy. 3cMHOBO.UHhie

Bee

OHM

::>To JI.HryIIIKH, TpHTOHhI 11 HX po.ncTBeHHHK11.

- IT03BOHoqHhIC JKHBOTHhie. JhrryruKM 11 TPMTOHhI 0611-

TaIOT s6JIH311 BO.l(OeMOB 11 rrpoBO.U51T qaCTb BpCMeHH B ao.ue, a l.faCTb -

Ha cyIIIe. Ha ao3.n:yxe OHM .UbnuaT 11erK11M11, cKphITbIMM

OT BbICbIXaHM51 BIIYTPl1 TCJia. qepe3 HHX KHCJIOpo.u 113 B03.l(yxa IIOCTyrraeT B KpOBb, a yrJieK11CJiblH ra3 -

P1:,1 3e

BhIXO.l(11T. ,l{orroJIIIH-

TeJibHO 3eMHOBO.Ullbie HCITOJih3YIOT ,UJI51 / {bIXaHH51 HeJKHYIO KOJKy,

KOTOpa.H IIOKpbITa 3all{11TIIOH CJIH3bl0 11 ITOTOMY BCer.ua BJiaJKHM. Ph16a ua cyIIIe 6ecrroMOll{HO JICJK11T, 11 rrJiaBII11KH c:H He IIOJJ.Mora, a y

JIJiryIIJK11 -

.n:Bc rrapbI Hor c BHyTpcttHHM cKeJieTOM

H r116KHMH cycTaBaM11. EcTb Ha l.fTO onepeTbCR !

lllKpl-1HKa

ronosacTl-1K

o~P

~-J

ns:irywKa Tpass:iHas:i ns:irywKa

.____n_P_YA_o_s_a_s:i_n_s:i_ry_w_K_a_......

ns:iryWOHOK

Pa3Bl-1Tl-1e ns:irywKl-1

A06b

2. .,)

Ha c ·

nyrH~

3. •

AltlTC~

4. • Kltl ,

ewb,

[ TpaB51HhIC JI5ITYilIKH 0611TaIOT B 11ecy H Ha 11yry. Bectto:H OHM bI6a

3TO iOM, mo-

OTKJia.[(bIBaIOT HKPY B JIY)l(H TaJIOM BO.[(bl. I13 HKpHHOK pa3BHBaIOTC51 fOJIOBaCTHKH -

JIHqHIIK11 JI5IfYilIKH. foJIOBaCTMK -

CT051IQee BO!{HOe )l(JllBOTHOe: y

Hero CCTh )l(a6pbl .11 XBOCTOBOM

IIJiaBHHK. qepe3 neCKOJibKO Hel{eJib y Hor11, a XBOCT yMeHhlllaeTc51.

Ha-

rOJIOBaCTHKa BbipacTaIOT

JieTy, Kor.n:a 11y )l(a BhICb1xaeT,

JI5IryllIOHOK y)l(C MO)l(eT .[(billlaTb JierKHMH. Ha cyllle JI5IrymKa JIOBKO oxoT11Tc5I 3a HaceKOMbIMH. KJie:HKHM 513bIKOM oHa «CTpeJI5IeT» no rrpoJieTa10m11M KOMapaM. Ho )l(J1Tb JI5Iryn1Ka MO)l(eT TOJibKO B CblpOCTH, HHat.J.C ee Ue)l(Ha51 KO)l(a 6hICTpo BbIChrxaeT. B BaIOT -

Bo.nc 3CMHOBO.[(Hbie rrpcKpacuo nJia-

Be.n,h Me)l(.n:y rraJihl(aMM y

HHX ecTh rrcpcnonKH.

BpeM51 OT BpCMCIIH HM rrpHXO.[(HTC51 BCilJibIBaTb K IIOBepXHOCTH,

er?

qT06h1 Ha6paTb Bo3.uyxa B 11erK11e. BoT y)I( .n:ei1cTBHTCJibHO 3eMHOBO.[(Hb1e: 11 3CMHbie, 11 BO.UHbie!

BO-

,QpesecHaH nHrywKa ~' a IMM

I l~_ __c_e_p_a_H_>K_a_6_a_

rpe6eHY8Tbllit Tp111TOH

CPABHl/IBAEM CBOli1 BblBO.Q C ABTOPCKl/IM

yxa HH-

no3BOHOYHble >Klt1BOTHble C BHyTpeHH!t1M CKelleTOM. Pb16b1 BOAHble no3BOHOYHb1e c >Ka6epHblM Ab1xaH1t1eM. 3eMHOBOAHble n03BOHOYHble, >K1t1By~1t1e lt1 B BOAe, lt1 Ha cywe.

iKy, a.H.

OZ(roM

no3BOHOYHble: pb16bl, 3eMHOBOAHble, n03BOHOYHV1K

nPl/IMEHS1EM HOBblE 3HAHl/IS1 V1K

~ Yro no3sonHeT pb16aM HaXOAll1Tb, AOrOHHTb 111 cxsarb1sarb A06b1Yy? 2. KaK111e np111cnoco6neH111H noMoratar 38MHOBOAHblM >KV1Tb 111 Ha cywe, 111 s BOAe? Mo>t<HO n111 Ha3sarb 111x HacroHL!.(111Mll1 cyxonyrHblMVl >Kll1BOTHblMV1? 3. • noYeMy 38MHOBOAHblM C BHyTp8HHV1M CK8fi8TOM np111XOA111TCH TPYAHee, YeM YneH111croHor111M c Hapy>t<HblM? 4. • HeKoropb1e nt0All1 AYMatar, YTO >1<a6b1 Bbl3b1sat0T 6opoAaBKll1, 111 npeAJ1arat0r 111crpe6nHTb 3r111x >KVlBOTHblX. KaK Tbl cY111raewb, npasb1 n111 0H111?

§ 23. HA CYWE - KAK .QOMA

me fMlMO-

onPE.QEnSiEM nP06nEMY YPOKA

Jleua: 5I Tpora.Jia 51mep1ui:, OHM xoJIO,lJ;Hhie. Muwa: 5I TO:/Ke TpOra.JI - OHM TeIIJibie! Ilana: He crropbTe. TeMrrepaTypa TeJia y

Ta~

KaKM 11 BOKpyr. 3TM )KMBOTHhie XOJIO,lJ;HO-

KpOBHbie. Kor,z:i:a xoJIO,z:i:Ho, OHM xoJio,z:i:Hhie M Brra,z:i:a-

113-

:/Ke,

IOT B OI.lerreHeHMe, 3acb1rraroT. HhIIIIKe -

corpeIOTC51 Ha coJI-

11 rro6eryT.

Muwa: A A

He HMX Ta-

Ilana:

Ka>

no; I

BOT JI51ryIIIKa Bcer,z:i:a xoJio,z:i:HM.

KoHeqHo, Be,nh TBOM MOKpb1e pyKM TO:/Ke xoJio,z:i:Hhre.

CKC:

y JI51fYIIIKM KO:/Ka BCer,z:i:a BJia:/KHM, B OTJIMqMe OT 51IUepMI.l, y

Ta£

KOTOpbIX KO:/Ka Bcer,z:i:a cyxM.

peE

Ha KaKoe npon1sopeYV1e Tbl o6paTV1n BHV1MaHV1e? (XonOAHaH V1flV1 TennaH HL148PV11..(a.) J KaKo~ sonpoc y Te6H B03HV1K? (CpasHV1 cso~ sapV1aHT c sapV1aHTOM asTopos Ha CTp. 136.)

TeJ: KO):

BCnOMV1HAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM v YTo MewaeT 38MHOBOAHblM yAaflHTbCH OT BOA08Mos? (§ 22) no'-ieMy HaC8KOMblM Bp8MH OT Bp8M8HV1 npV1XOAV1TCH ((M8HHTb o,qe>KKy»? (§ 21 J rAe Ha 3eMfl8 pacnpOCTpaH8Hbl nyCTblHV1? (2 Kfl8CC) PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHV1$1

noMOL14bto T8KCTa V1 pV1CYHKOB naparpacpa 06bHCHV1, noYeMY >KapKV1e cTpaHbl HaV16onee no.QXO.QHT AflH npecMb1KatoL14V1XCR

IIpecMbIKaromHecn -

:/KMBOTHhie xoJio,z:i:HoKpOBHhie.

IIpM

rro-

xoJio,z:i:aHMM OHM 3a6Mparorc51 B yKpOMHhie MecTa 11 3ach1rraIOT, IIOKa TeIIJIO He pa36y,z:i:MT MX CHOBa.

3TO BpeM51 o6MeH Be-

M03038Bp nTep038Bp

BenoL.1epanTop

8n.1

100

rrpE

npecMblK8IOLl.\1118Cfl )f(llln111 A8BHblM-A8BHO

)K.K

o6c IIIa

51if1

I~ meCTB B MX TeJie npoHCXO)l.MT Me)l,JieHHO. 3HeprMM BhI)l.eJI51eTC51 He)l,OCTaTOqHO, qT06br opraHM3M Mor corpeTbC51 npM JII06o:H: noro.n.e.

B TponM-

Kax, r.n.e KpyrJihIM ro.n. TeITJIO, npeCMbIKaIOmMeC51 C Ta-

,nHOra,n:aCOJI-

He Tep51IOT CBOeM aKTMBHOCTM. l1o3TOMY MX TaM TaK MHOfO.

TaK

11peCMbIKaromMeC51 ITOJiyqMJIM CBOe Ha3BaHMe

3Mes:i 11111Hs:ieT

M3-3a crroco6a nepe.n.BIDKeHM51. OHM M3BMBaIOTC51 BceM TeJioM npeCMhIKaIOTC51, TaK KaK MX Jiailbl, eCJIM OHM y

HMX eCTh, . pac-

IlOJIO)KeHhI no 6oKaM TeJia, a He ITO)]. 6pIOXOM. 11peCMbIKaIOmMeC5I )l.billlaT TOJlhKO JierKMMM, KOTOpbie nponylihre.

u, y

CKaIOT B KpOBh MHOro KMCJIOpo.n.a. •• v

HMX cyxa5I KO)Ka, IlOKpbI-

Ta5I qelllyeM, KOTOpa5I 3amMmaeT opraHM3M OT JIMlllHero McnapeHM5I

BO)l,bl.

TBep,n:bie

IUMTKM

qelJ1yM

TeJIOM. l1o3TOMY npeCMhIKaromMeC51 JIMH51IOT -

pacTyT

BMeCTe

MeH5IIOT CTapyro

KO)Ky no Mepe pocTa, KaK 3TO ,n:eJiaIOT HaCeKOMbie.

sa-

11pecMbIKaromMec5I -

HacToHmMe Ha3eMHhie )KMBOTHhie. OHM

)KMBYT )l,aJieKO OT BO)l.bl M OTKJia)l.bIBaIOT 5IMUa Ha cyllle. 110.n. o6oJioqKoif 51ifua ecTh Bee, qTo HY)KHO )l.JI5I pa3BMTM5I 3apo.n.h1-

22)

llla, BKJIIOqa51 M 3anac BO)l.hl. MoJio.n.oe )KMBOTHoe BhIXO)l.MT M3 51MUa y)Ke caMOCT05ITeJihHbIM.

~flTb

Harl1All1 8 T8KCT8 np1113H8Kll1, no KOTOpblM MO>KHO pa3nll1'-lll1Tb HLJ4ep111wy, 3Meto, KpoKOA111na 111 '-lepenaxy. A '-ITO y H111x o6LJ4ero?

Hm:epHU,bI -

HalllM 06h1qtth1e coce.n.M. OHM nMTaIOTC5I ttace-

KOMbIMM. EcJIM )Ke 51IUepMUY CXBaTMT XMIUHMK, OHa OCTaBJI5IeT

IYelCR

eMy CBOM XBOCT, a caMa y6eraeT. Ha MeCTe OTOpBaHHOro XBOCTa BhipacTeT HOBbIM.

rro-

lIOT,

Be-

>K111BbpDAs:!Ll.(8s:! s:!Ll.(8p111Lt8

npeCMblK8IOL1(1118Cs:! H8W8Lil CTp8Hbl

101

K rrp11 .n.ocr )KJ1)l pbl rraTI

A IOTC. CT5I?t

KpoKOA1t1n

OT : Me)'.(.

BaIO H Bl

nJ fl&;

6e f 1t1raHTCK8R

Yepenaxa

m.LtV1

AO E nep• ecm

+10 3. npeCMblK810ll!lt18CR >K8pK1t1X CTp8H

3MeH JIOM.

HC HMCIOT Jiarr H rrcpC.D.BHraIOTC.H, H3Bl1Ba.HCb BCeM TeOTJUP!He OT .Hll(ep11u, OHM MOryT 3arJiaTbIBaTb KpyrrHyIO

.n.06b1qy: Mblllle:H, .Hll(epHU, JI.HrymeK.

y .n.aBbl

H IUITOHbl .ll.YlllaT

csoro .n.06b1qy, rrpe)K.n.e qeM C'hCCTb. HeKOTOpbre 3MCH y611saroT .n.06b1qy .H.D.OM.

YKYCbI orraCIJbI 11 .D.JI.H JIIO.n.e:H. Ho IIH o.n.na

3Me.H He OXOTHTC.H Ha qeJIOBeKa H He Harra.n.aeT 11CpBoi1.

102

CT81B 8T.

- 8

AtoK

-0 OHltl

-Y

I KpoKO.lJ;HJibI )KHBYT B Bo.ne, JIOBHT pb16y MJIM rro.ncTeperaIOT rrpMUIC,ZJJIIMX Ha so.n;orrow )KHBOTHbIX. HcKOTOpbIM KpOKO.UHJiaM .uocTaToqHo o.uwu pa3 xoporuo rroecTb, qT06b1 ue.,1h1i-i ron no)KMJJ:aTbCH CJic.ny101ue:i1: .uo6hI\fH. 3y6hI KpOKOL(HJIOB O\fCHb OCTpbl M MoryT npoKyCHTb .n:a)Ke CTaJibIIOtt JIHCT. Ko11eqHo, KyrraThCH B BO,ZI;OeMax, r.ue BOJ.J.51TC51 KpOKO,LI,11.JibI, oqenb orraCHO.

BOT y

11epenax

3y60B HCT. CyxonyTIIbie qepenax11 ru1Ta-

IOTC5I pacTeHM51MH, 0Tpe3a51 MX coqHbie JIHCTb51 OCTpbIMH qeJIIOCT51Ml1 , KaK HO)KIIHUaMH. TBepL(bIM naHIJ:J1pb 3aIUMIUaCT qeperrax OT XHIUHMKOB. I1M HeKy.n;a cneIIIMTb, l1 Ha cyIIIe 01111 oqeHb Me,n:;111TeJibHbI. EcTb H .upyr11c qeperraxM, KOTOpbie xopo1II0 nJiaBaIOT. HeKOTOpbIC 113 HMX )KMBYT B Mope J1 IlHTaIOTC51 pb16oi1 H BO,UHbIMH pacTeHH51Ml1.

CPABHV1BAEM CBOVl BblBO.Q C ABTOPCKV1M npeCMblK810lltllleCR nepBble H8CTORutllle H83eMHble no3BOHO"tHble >KlllBOTHble. y HlllX cyxast KO>Ka, R171~a lllMelOT nllOTHbll71 noKpoe, Ill no3TOMY npeCMblK810utllleCR, B OT11111'-tllle OT 3eMHOBOAHblX, MOryT >KlllTb BA811111 OT BOAbl Ill HaCellRTb 38CYWl1111Bble 06118CTlll. npeCMblK810utllleCR OC06eHHO pa3H006pa3Hbl B >KapKlllX CTpaHax. npeCMblK810utlllecst: s:!L4ep111~bl,

3Mell1, KpOKOAll1Jlbl, Yepenax111

XonOAHOKposHb1e >1<111soTHb1e

D TeiYIO LIIaT aIOT ~ Ha

nPVlMEHs:IEM HOBblE 3HAHV1s:f 1. Mo>t<Ho 11111 Ha3BaTb npecMb1KaKJL4111xcs:1 HacTos:IL4111Mll1 cyxonyi-HblMll1 >Kll1BOTHblMll1? noYeMy? 2. Lt111pK nepee3>1<a11 s Apyroi.:1 ropoA. 111 n111ToH exan AO BOK3ana B rpy30BOll1 MaWll1H8. KaKoi.:1 CTana TeMnepaTypa Tena n111T0Ha, KOrAa np111exa11111 Ha BOK3an, ec11111 Ha y11111~e 6b1110 +10 째 ? 8b16ep111 oTseT: +5 째 , +10째, +36째. 3. YTo 3TO 3a 3Me111? [P111cyHoK cnpasa.) YTo Tbl CTaH8Wb AeJlaTb, CTOJ1KHYBWll1Cb C Hll1Mll1? 8b16ep111 OTBeT. - Bo3bMY s pyK111 y>t<a 111 He 6yAy np111611111>1<aTbCs:1 K ra AKJK8. - 0TOVIAY B CTOpOHY 111 He 6yAy TpeBO>Kll1Tb 3Mell1, BeAb OHll1 - YaCTb np111pOAbl. - YAapKJ raAKJKy, B8Ab oHa s:IAOB111Ta.

r onosa

y'>Ka

f8AIOKLi1

103

§ 24. nEPHATblE 111306PETATEnlll onPE):\En~EM

nP06nEMY YPOKA

f{B

Jle11a: 5I

Muma, c.n:eJiaii Mlle, JIO)J(aJiy:i1cTa, KphIJib5I!

xoqy JieTaTh, KaK nTnua.

Muwa:

qT06b1 JieTaTh, uy)l(IIO CIIlC H TeJio c.n:eJiaTb

JICfKHM, KaK y

nTHUhJ.

noKpl>ITI> TCJJO neph5IMH .

.., YeM OTnV1'-i8IOTCs:J MHeHVls:J neHbl V1 MV1WV1 0 nTV1l\8X? J KaKo~ sonpoc y Te6s:i B03HV1KaeT? (CpaBHVl c as TopcKVlM 88pV18HTOM H8 CTp. 136.)

BCnOMll1HAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM • KaKas:J OAe>KA8 ny'-iwe rpeeT? no'-ieMy? (>KV13HeHHbl~ OnblT) • no'-ieMy nap8WIOTV1CT n8A8eT? no'-ieMy nap8WIOT 38MeAns:JeT era naAeHVle? (2 KJlacc) J no'-ieMy npeCMblK8IO~VleCs:J He H8CV1>KV188IOT s:l~l\8? (§ 23) KaKVlX neTalO~VlX >KVlBOTHblX Tbl 3Haewb? (§ 21)

PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE

3HAHll1~

[

61>

Bee Allff noneTa

OnpeAenVl c noMo~blO TeKcTa V1 pV1CYHKOB, KaKVle npV1CnOC06neHV1s:J Ans:! noneTa 803HV1KJlV1 y nTVll\.

Jie

KphIJih5I nMeIOT He TOJihKO IITHIJ;hI, HO KTO JieTa-

.n;e-

eT 6b1cTpee, Bhirne, .l(a.TiblllC, qcM OHHI Ka)l(,n:M

TaJih B CTpOeHHH TCJia IlTHI.J,hl npncrroco6JieHa K IIOJieTy. Ee CKCJICT COCTOHT H3 JierKHX Tpy6qaThIX KOCTe:H. BMecTo 3y60B -

JTerKHH KJIIOB. HeKOTO-

pbie BHyTpeHHHe opraIIbI IlTHU, yMeHbllieHbI, 3aTO IlOJieTHbie ocTaJihHhie.

MblllIUbl

pa3BHTbI

Ho rJiaBHoe

3TO, KOHel!HO,

60Jihllie,

qeM

«H3o6peTeHHe»

Bee

IITHU -

nepbH.

Orraxano rrepa COCTOHT H3 6opo.noK, OTXO,ll;5IIUHX OT CTep)l(H5I. OT 6opO.l(OK OTXO,ll;5IT 6opo,noqKH, KaK XBOHHKH Ha eJIOBot'i JTarre. EopO.l(OlIKH HMeIOT KpIOl!OlIKH, KaK 3acTe)l(Ka-«J1nrryqKa». BoT rroqeMy rre-

pb5I TaKne JierKHe, npo1IIIhIC, ynpyrne H TenJibie.

Ha~AVl Ha KplO'-iO'-iKVl.

pV1CYHKax

6opOAKV1,

6opOAO'-iKV1

p5:1

JIO

po Te

«O

•

'-ie

Ilepo COCTOHT 113 He)I(HBOfO BemecTBa, C03;:cannoro K.,1eTKal\1M KO)J(H. Co npeMeneM OHO l13Halll11nacTC5I, no:>To~iy O.lll1H HJUI ana pa3a B ro.n. nTHUhI JIMH5IIOT. CTapbIC 11cpb5I BhirraaaroT, a Ha nx MCCTC BbipacTaIOT HOBhie. ·.naTb

KpbIJibfl rrT11u - 3TO BH.llOH3MCHeHHhie nepe.zu111e KOHet.IHocTH. OncpClll1C KpbIJibeB H XBOCTa CJIY)I(HT JXJI51 orropbl Ha B03.lJ.yx.

~ax?

as-

olT)

ns:::ier np~ AB~.>KeH~~ KpbITT8 BBepx nepb~

)

np~ AB~.>KeH~~ BH~3 nepb~ on~p810TC~

CB060AHO nponycK8IOT B03AYX

H8 B03AYX

CMblK8IOTC~

,l.lJI5I llOJieTa HY)I(Ha 3HeprH51, II03TOMY IITHilbl MHOro e,ll51T H 6bICTpO nepenapHBaIOT rr11:my. 3HcprH5I 3arracacTC5I B )I(HpOBbIX OTJI0)I(Clll1.RX. )1(11p MaJIO BeCHT, H II03TOMY JXJI51 ,naJibHHX rrepe-

KaTf..1~.

eTa~e

fbIX lTOaTO

BCe

{

JICTOB Oil HCllOJib3YeTC5I KaK TOllJUIBO. JlcrKHC H ccp.n.ue llTHU HMeIOT CJIO)KHOC CTpOCHHe. DJiaroaap51 MM o6Men semeCTB y

HHX 11,n:eT Ot.Iellb 6bICTpo: OHM -

JIOKpOBHhie )I(HBOTHhie. TeMrrepaTypa TCJia y

6oJiee

+40°.

Ten-

rrTMU rrocT051HHa51,

IIoaaep)I(11BaTh TaKyro TCMncpaTypy n 3MMHMe MO-

po3hI rroMoracT rryllIMCToe onepe1111e. Ono y acp)I(MBaeT BOKpyr TCJia CJIOH B03,Uyxa, rrperr5ITCTBYI011U1H JlOTcpc TCITJia.

TaKOH

<$0/l,C)J(/l,C» IITHila He 3aMep3aeT.

HanV1WV1, s KaKyta «o.Qe>t<Ay» npespa~aeTcfl onepeHV1e nTV1~bl '-t8'-teTKV1 ll8TOM, 3V1MOVl, HO'-tbtO.

[{HX

KaK )!O-

ne-

105

OucpeHHC Tpc6yeT rrocTOHIIHoro yxo.n:a.

JI bl~ IIO)J

TCII Hax ITO/I Ha

•r nn.14bl CM83bl88IOT onep8Hll18 )K111pOM 1113 )K8Jl83bl H8A XBOCTOM.

pe3y11bTaTe

nepo

HaMoKaeT

. BOA8.

HblE

" o>KeHi,,e nT1.14. Bocn111TaH"1e nTeH oe

06bf1CHVI C nOMOLitblO T8KCT8 VI pVICYHKOB, B YeM CXOACTBO VI pa3JlVl'-lVl8 pa3MHO.>K8HVl5=1 nTVI~ VI npeCMblK810lltVIXCR

BecHOM Jl.JIR IITHU: HaqHHacTcH rop51qa51 rropa - ce30H pa3MHO)KeHHR. CaMU:bI 3aHHMaIOT Jl.JIR cBoe:H 6yJJ.yru:e:H ceMbH Jiyql.llHe yqacTKH H rreHHeM coo6ru:a10T JJ.pyr11M, qTo 3TO MCCTO 3aH5ITO. CaMKH Bb1611pa10T noHpaBHBlllMHC$! yqacTOK, a 3aOJJ.IIO H caMua. CaMKa CTpOHT YIOTHOe rne3JJ:O, OTKRaJJ.bIBaeT He BCC 5IHU:a cpa3y, a no OJl.HOMY B .n:eHb H HaCH)l(HBaeT HX. IlTeH~OB

~ BbIKapMJIHBaIOT o6bP:IHO o6a po.n:HTeJI$!. Ilocne BbIJieTa

....___ _~_ co_~u~

IITeHHOB H3 rHe3.n:a pOJl.HTeJIH npOJl.OJI)l(aIOT 3a6oTHTbC.SI

0 IIHX, ITO Ka He o6yqaT xoporno JieTaTb H Haxo,nHTb IIHiu:Y.

Lil: 61 H

u.; Ki

H838MHblX 111 OKOJlOBOAHblX nTll11..l nT8Hl..lbl p0)KA8IOTCR 3pR'-1111Mll1. 0Hll1 noKpblTbl nyxoM, 6erat0T 111 111IJ..tYT KOpM. 0Hll1 883A8 CJ18AYIOT 38 M8T8pbt0, KOTOpaR rpeeT 111 oxpaHReT 111x.

106

nTeHUbl AP888CHblX 111 Xll11J..tHblX nT111U p0)KA810TCR cosepweHHO 6ecnOMOIJ..tHblMll1 . PoA111Te11111 AOnro oneKatOT 111x, noSTOMY OHll1 nyYwe paCTYT 111 '-181J..t8 Bbl)Kll188IOT.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

KOIV

KOHIJ.e JieTa MOJIOL(hie nTJHJ.hI JJ:OCTttra10T pa3MepoB B3poc-

JibIX. OceHbIO HaceKOMbie np51'-IYTC51, ccMcHa TpaB cKpb1BaIOTC5I no.n. cueroM. MHor11e nTHU:hI, cnaca51Cb OT rOJIOLJ.a , y J1eTaIOT B TCilJihIC KpM. OH11 Ha3hIBaIOTC51 nepeJieTHbIMH. ,l(py r11e nTHU:hI HaXOJJ:51T KOpM

Ha ,l.(epeBb51X: ceMe ua B

llll1ll1Kax, HaceKOMbIX

IlO,l.( KOpoM:. 0Hl1 OCTaIOTC51 311MOBaTb B MCCTax, r .n.e Il051B11Jil1Cb I

Ha CBeT' 11 11X Ha3bIBaIOT OCeAJihIMH .

• Ha30Bt.1, KBKt.18 1-13 3Tt.1X nTt.11.-4 OCeAJ1bl8, a KBKl-18 - n8p8fleTHbl8. KaK Tbr .QyMa8Wb, c '-t8M 3TO MO>K8T 6btTb csH3a Ho?

10 t.1

Cs1t1p1t1cTenb

ce-

myaIOT

IIOM Ka

:paUOB

Bopo6eLl1

KyKywKa

nonOI138Hb

1eTa

MyxonosKa- necTpywKa

CPABHV1BAEM CBOLi1 BblBO.Q C ABTOPCKV1M

'bC51

nTM4bl - ny"twMe neTyHbl B >KMBOTHOM 4apCTBe. Teno MX o6ner"teHO. OHM MMetOT nonble KOCTM, nerKMlil 6e33y6bllil KntOB, nerKMe nepbR. nTM4bl TennoKpOBHbl. OnepeHMe KpblnbeB M XBOCTa cny>KMT AnR onopbl Ha B03AyX. nepbR 3a~M~at0T Teno OT noTepM Tenna. Y nTM4 xopowo pa3BMTa 3a6oTa 0 nOTOMCTBe: H8CM>KMB8HMe, BblKapMnMB8HMe M o6y"teHMe nTeH40B. I

nTM4bl, nepo, nepeneTHble M OCeAllble nTM4bl

T8nnoKpoBHbl8

>Ki.1BOTHbl8

nPV1MEH51EM HOBblE 3HAHV151 fV11..1 lbl-

10bl-

KaKi.18 «1-1306p8T8H1t1H» noMoratoT nT1-11.-4aM f18T8Tb? 2. no'-1 8MY n8pbH 1-1rpatoT TaKyto sa>t<Hyto ponb s >Klt13Hi.1 nTt.11..e 3. 8 '-teM ,QOCTOt.1HCTB8 noneTa? 4. 8 '-teM CXO,QCTBO o6M8Ha 88~8CTB nTl-11.-4 t.1 '-t8f1088Ka? 5. no'-t8 MY KpynHOMY >Klt1BOTHOMY f18T8Tb TPY.QH88, '-t8M M8flKOMy?

107

• HaL11AVI Ha pvicyHKax rpynnb1 Ha3eMHblX, oKonosoAHblX, ApesecHblX vi XVllJ..!HblX nTVIL\. noArOTOBb paccKa3 o npvicnoco6neHVIHX OAHOLl1 Vl3 rpynn K ycnOBVIHM 06VIT8HVIH.

KonV16pV1

BopoHa nonyralil

LlecapKa 3onoTolil cpa3aH

>Kypasnb ,Qpocpa

108

KyponaTKa

511

)818-

MaHA8Plt1HKa

CepaR ct>naMlt1Hro

~annR

68Kf18H

Co Kon OpnaH- 6enoxsocT

CTenHoLl'I

~cTpe6

nepenenRTHlt1K

109

§ 25.

HAW~

6PATbs:I

onPE.QEn}'.IEM nP06nEMY YPOKA

Jleua: y

Hae B

pa3seJIOCh, a y

aKBap11yMc pb160K BOH CKOJibKO

Ai1HhI

Bccro YCTbipe mettKa. Ha-

Bcpttoe, pb16K11 rrp11pO/lC 6oJJbIIIC tty)l(HbI, qeM co6aKM. ,lla, M11Uia?

Muwa:

BoBce HeT. IlpocTo pb16b1 He 3a6oT5ITC5I o

MaJihKax, 11 B rrpHpOJI.e ott11 noqT11 Bee rror116a10T. IlpHXOJI.HTC5I BhIMepeTh. A

MeTaTb HKPY eme 11 emc,

qTo6bI

co6aK11 3a60T.HTC5I o cB011x mettKax TaK

xopomo, t.ITO 11oqT11

see

3aMeT111n n111 Tbl npoT111sopeY111e so B3rns:iAax JleHbl 111 M111w111? (LfTO, no MH8HllllO pe6s:iT, 03H8Y88T pa3H08 YlllCno nOTOMKOB?) .., KaKollt y Te6s:i B03HlllKaeT sonpoc? (CpasH111 co cTp. 136.)

BCnOMl/lHAEM TO, YTO 3HAEM

AeTeM

o6xoA~TCff

M.n:eKOilHTaIOUJ,He, MJIH 3Bep11, pO)l()laIOT HCMHOfO .neTeHbilllei1, uo xopowo 3a6oT5ITC5I o HHX. Cttat.Ia.rra MaTh BhIHallIHBaeT rroTOMCTBO B CBOeM TeJie, ctta6)Ka5I ero IlHTaTCJibHbIMH Bell.(eCTBaMH JI KHCJIOPO.llOM. 3aTeM IIOCJIC p0)1(JI.eHH5I ona BbIKapMJI11BaeT MJieK01111Ta1om;11M11.

BoT rrot.IcMy 3Bcp11

tta3BaHbI

06hit.IHO pOJI.MTeJIH cmc JI.OJiro rroMoraroT

CBOHM JI.eT5IM BO BCeM. Harrp11Mep, CTapblC BOJIKH B CTae o6ytiaIOT MOJIOJI.blX HaBbIKaM OXOThl, JJOCH rrcpcJ{aIOT OllbIT o6opOHbl. qCJIOBCK TO)Ke OTHOC11TC5I K MJieKOIUITaIOW.HM 11 o6Jia.naeT BCCMH MX rrpH3HaKaMH.

Oe 3a

c•

5IIIIIC

HO, • JJYllI

mepc

Pa3t:

AOporo

OnpeAen111 c noMOLJ4btO TeKcTa, npas n111 M111wa. noAyMalit, CKOnbKO nOTOMKOB AOn>KH8 lllM8Tb K8>KA8s:1 napa pOAlllTenellt, YT06b1 06LJ4ee Y111cno >KlllBOTHblX coxpaHs:inocb 1113 noKoneH111s:i s noKoneH111e.

J{eTetthnnei1 cso11M MoJioKoM.

Mne

racT

PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHl/1}'.I Bocn~TaH~e

IOTCS:

HMC~

LfeM noKpblTO Teno pa3nlllYHblX n03BOHOYHblX? (§ 22-24) ;,J CKonbKO A8T8Hb1wellt o6blYHO pO>t<AatOT pa3n111YHb1e no3soHOYHb1e? KaKoro OHlll pa3Mepa? KaK AOnro OCT8IOTCs:l BM8CT8 c poA111Tens:iM111? (§ 22-24) ..; KaKas:i nonb3a OT TennoKposHocT111? (§ 24 J

gJJ

ouw MOfYT ocTaTbC5I )KHBhI.

lJll eCTb

CIIOC IIOJII

XI·

qy. ~

fJIOT CJJa6

Tit Ero Tllla: pact sy6h

BMeC

110

I_ llbKO

Hao6a-

aIOT. l HC

MbtWb

MblW8T8Mlll

Mop)f(111xa c MOp)f(OHKOM

TaK lBbl. w111?

?) )

Onpe,qen111 c noMO~bKJ TeKcTa, '-i8M MneKonV1TaKJ~V1e OTflV1'-iaKJTcs:i OT ,qpyrV1X n03BOHO'-iHblX >KV1BOTHblX.

M11eKom11Ta10~~e -

>K~BOTHble Ten110KpoeHb1e

06MeII nemeCTB B TeJie 3Bepeii 11JleT c BbIJlCJieHHeM 3IICpnur. I1x KpoBb Bee BpeMJI no.n;orpcnaeTCR 3a cqeT ncpepa6oTKH IIMIUM M .ll;OBO.ll;MTC5I

JBO-

5IHHOH TCMnepaTypbI OKOJIO

Te C

IIO, eCJIM KpyroM TCIIJIO.

+40째.

.n;o IIOCT0-

3To He TaK Tpy.n;-

eCJIM XOJIO.ll;HO?

q T06bI

Jiyqme y~ep)KMBaTb TeIIJIO, TCJIO 3Bepeif ITOKpbITO wepCThIO. Hanp11Mep, co601uo rycTaJI mepcTb noMo-

Co6on_~b_ ____.

raeT nepe)KHBaTb cypOBbie CM6MpCKMC M0p03bl.

PaaHaR n~~a -

q T06bI

pa3Hble ay6b1

no.u.n:ep)KHBaTh TCilJIO TeJia, 3BepH .ll;OJI)KHbI

1apa

eCTb MHoro 11 qacTo. I1x 3y6h1 oqeub xopomo np11-

no-

cnoco6Jicnh1 K o6pa6oTKe n11m11: pa3Hbie 3y6b1 BbInoJIHJIIOT pa3Jnrqnhie 3a.n;aq11.

mew,

XMIUHHK KJib1KaM11 cXBaThrnaeT 11 pa3pbrnaeT Jl06b1qy. MJICO

BbICOKOIIMTaTeJibHaJI nHma,

'il'Ba-

r JIOTaTb

pa3)KCBbIBa5I.

Xl1IIUI11KOB

BaCT

CJia6o pa3Bl1ThI )KCBaTeJibHbIC 3y6bI.

no-

Ilo3TOMY

MQ)KHO

1aIIbI

I111TaTeJibHOCTb paCTMTeJibIIOfO KOpMa HeBbJCOKa.

'aIOT

Ero tty)KIIO OTpbIBaTh (TpaBa) MJIM rpbI3Tb, a JaTeM

)'lla-

TIUaTeJihIIO nepe)KeDbIBaTh.

lbI.

pacTeHMJI, xopomo pa3BMThI pe3UhI 11 )KeBaTCJihHbie

naeT

3y6h1, a IOibIKM OTCyTCTBYIOT MJIM CJia6o pa3BJITbI.

3Bepci1, noejlaIOIUMX

qe11oseKa KJibIKM cna6o pa3BMThI, noToMy qyo

BMecTo HHx 11cnoJib3YIOTC51 pyKM M 11ncTpyMeHTbI.

111

CoeepweHHbte opraHbl YyecTe 111 c110>1<Hoe noeeAeH111e 11yecTB

Xopomo pa3BMThie opraHhI

]

rroMoraroT MJieKorr11Ta-

rom11M Haxo.u11Tb .uo6b1qy. MJieKorr11Tarom11e ocTpo omymaroT 3arrax11 11 CJibIIDaT e.n:Ba pa3JI11q11Mbie 3BYKM. 3To rroMoraeT MM Ha paccTOJIHMM y3HaBaTh .upyr o .upyre, Haxo.u11Th rr11my, qyBCTBOBaTh rrp116JIJ1)KeH11e Bpara.

OTJIJ1q11e OT .upyr11x )KJ1BOT-

HhIX, 3Bep11 MMeIOT Hapy)KHhie ymHbie paKOBMHhI. 01111 .uaroT B03M0)KH0CTb He TOJibKO yCJibilliaTb 3ByK, HO 11 orrpe.ueJIMTb,

x o-

JIO• Jie _

6bJ

.up: )KH

3J1r

]

OTKy,Ua OH MCXO,UMT.

CKC (

He€ ra1-

CTJ:

.n:af ITH"

OK€ Yw1t1 neTy'-IV1X Mb1we111 ynasn1t1sat0T 3XO V1X co6CTB8HHOro nV1CK8, OTpa>KElHHOro OT Apyrnx npeAMBTOB.

KaK111e

opraHbl YYBCTB 111306pa~~HHb~ Ha p111cyHK8X

0683bflH8

YyscTBV1T8nbHble sonocKV1 - BV16p1t1cCb1 A810T B03MO>KHOCTb 0Cfl38Tb, OL11ynblB8Tb np8AM8Tbl B T8MHOT8.

oco6eHHO

xopowo

pa3Bll1Tbl

Ilp

Jie1

3Bepe~?

Co6aKa

1. 2. 3.

HOC

Boe rno~

na~

4. 5.

112

3eMnepoll1Ka

3afll\

MJieKorrttTa1011.u1e H3,l(a10T c11rttaJI1>1 B BH,l(e 3ByKoB 11 3arra-

ITa-

xoB H TaKHM o6pa30M o6maIOTC51. ,l{JI51 3T0f0 y

aIOT

JIOCOBbie CB513KM B ropJie H naxyY:He )KeJieJhI tta KO)KC. OcTaB-

IyB30TaIOT

JieHHbie MJieKOill1Ta1oruHMl1 3arraxH KaK 6bI 6b1JI R

(,l(aTa,

,l(py)KMTb»

rrOJJJTHCb )».

HJIH

Huor,l(a on11

rrpenyrrpe)K,na10T:

« EnlC

HMX CCTb ro-

fOBOp.RT:

«3,n:ecb

IIpcnJiara10T:

«,[{aBai1

pa3

ysinKy

,n:ep-

)KMCh! ». 3ByKOBOe 06mett11e Il03BOJI51eT MJICKOITMTaIOIIll1M Bbipa3HTb CBOM Y:YBCTBa ITOJIHee. B1>1cmero ypoBHH ,l(OCTHracT 06ru:eH11e c noMOIUhIO Y:CJioseqeCKOH peq11.

pa3Bl1THeM opraHOB Y:YBCTB 11 crroco6oa OXOThI CTa.TI CJIQ)K-

Hee M03r MJieK01111Taromttx. OH yrrpaBJIHCT pa6oToi1 ncero opraHl13Ma

ITOBe,l(eHl1eM

)KJ1BOTH0f0.

fiw·1aro,l(ap5I

CJIO)KHOMY

CTpoe1uno M03ra 3Bep11 JierKo 06yqa10Tc5I 11 .npecc11pyroTc5I. He,l(apoM B pOJIH ~11pKOBhIX apTMCTOB Mhl o6bIY:HO BM,l(MM MJieKOIlHTaIOIIlHX. B

6Hoc¢epe 3Bep11 BCTpeY:aIOTC5I ITOBCIO,l(y: 11 Ha cyrnc, 11 B

OKeaHe. JleTyY:HC MbIIIll1 OCBOllJill ,n:a)KC B03,l(Yll1HYIO CTHXl1IO.

IIpaB,l(a, copeBHOBaTbC51 c IlTIHlaMH ,l(HeM OIIH He MoryT H BbIJieTaIOT na OXOTY B cyMepKax, KOf,l(a 60Jibll.Il1HCTBO ITTMll CITHT.

CPABHVlBAEM CBOVI BblBO,Q C ABTOPCKVlM

MneKon111Tat01,1'111e, 11111111 3eep111, Haw111 caMbte 6111113Kllle POACTBeHHlllKlll. noA06HO "ieJ10BeKy, OHlll TennoKpOBHbl, npOflBJ1fllOT 3a6oTy 0 noTOMCTBe (BblH8WlllB8IOT, BblK8pMJ1111B8IOT Ill 06y"iat0T). 3eep111 o6J18A810T pa3BlllTblMlll opraH8Mlll "iYBCTB, lllM CBO~CTBeHHO CJ10>KHOe noeeAeH111e. MneKon111Tat01,1'111e, wepcTb, opraHbl '-iYBCTB

nPVlMEHs:lEM HOBblE 3HAHV1Si

KaKVle opraHbl '-iYBCTB pa3BVITbl y MfleKonV1TaHJ~V1x? 2. KaK MneKonVITaHJ~Vle o6~aHJTCf1 Apyr c ApyroM? 3. MHorVle >KVIBOTHble cTpaAaHJT OT xo3f11i1CTBeHHoli1 A8f1T8flbHOCTVI '-i8fl088Ka, HanpVIMep, TVlrp VlflVI neonapA Ha ,QaflbH8M BocToKe. 111M HY>KHbl 06wV1pHb1e nno~aAVI AVIKOli1 Tali1rVI. MHorVle flHJAVI rosopf1T: «A 38'-i8M OHVI HaM? HaM VI 683 TVlrpos VI neonapAOB XOpOWO». npaBbl flVI OHVI? 4. • no'-ieMy npecMb1KaHJ~V1ecf1 He noKpblTbl wepcTbHJ? 5. • KaKOBbl nnHJCbl VI MVIHYCbl TennoKpOBHOCTVI?

113

no,qyMallt, '-!TO 06b8,QV1Hs:t8T .>KV'IBOTHblX, V1306pa.>KeHHblX H8 K8.>K,QOM p111cyHK8. Hal.71,QV'I o6~ee Afls:I Hll1X H8388Hll18. no,qrOTOBb paccKa3 o np111cnoco6neH111s:tx O,QHOl.71 1113 rpynn K ycnos111s:tM 06111TaH111s:t.

KpoT

CnenywoHKa

neTy'-185=1 MblWb

Cycn111K

BonK Kpom1K

114

I~ H8 TOBb

J61t1-

6enb1C1 M8AB8Ab

Mop>t<

MypaBb8A

CesepHb1C1 oneHb nece~

OpaHryraH

Ko an a TIOfl8Hb

115

§ 26. OCTOPO>KHO - >KVIBOTHblE! 6)~

onPE.QEn~EM

Muwa:

rpy rrep

nP06nEMY YPOKA

1\-

JleHa, 6y,n:h ocTopO:>KHa c

:>KHBOTHhIMH B

Jiecy! 0HH MOryT 6bITb orraCHbI.

Jle1-la: 5I

Iller

.n.y r ·

3HaIO, lJTO 3MeH MOryT 6hITb 51.lJ:OBHTbI. llx

BO.U

MO:>KHo 6paTh B pyKH, TOJihKo ec11H yBH.lJ:Hlllh :>Ke11-

YKY

Thre IIJITHa Ha ro110Be. IIo HMM MO:>KHo Y3HaTb y:>Ka.

o6p

v YeM OTJlVl'-lalOTCH MH8HVIH neHbl VI Mviwvi?

TOP Hl15J

it) 0TB8T Ha KaKOll1 sonpoc Mbl ypoKe? (CpaBHVI co CTp. 136.)

6y,qeM

VICKaTb

rrpe

BCn OMl/lHAEM TO, LJTO 3 HAEM rpynnb1 >KVIBOTHblX Tbl 3Haewb? (§ 20-25)

l/m

KaKvie KaKVl8 >K111BOTHbl8 BCTpeYalOTCH B sawel/1 M8CTHOCTll1? ()f(1113H8HHblll1 onblT) ..> KaK111x >Kll1BOTHblX cne,qyeT onacaTbCH? (>K1113H8HHblll1 onb1T)

PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE

MHpe cyll(eCTByeT MHo:>KecTBo ,n:HKHX :>KHBOTHhIX. 0,n:HaKo

111111

3aTJ

Toi=

Be,n:h :>KHBOTHhre orracaIOTCJI qe110BeKa H H36era-

IIpH Terr.

IOT BCTpeq c HMM. TOJibKO OIIbITHbie HaTypaJIHCTbI 3aMetJaIOT

OHH

rrp11cyTCTBHe .lJ:HKHX 3Bepeif H IITHU. I1CKJIIOlJeH11e COCTaBJIJIIOT

60JibllilfHCTBO H3 HHX JIIO,n:H BH.lJ:51T TOJibKO B

(llo ~ :> a;?

300IIapKe.

Te .n:11K11e :>KHBOTHbre, KOTOpbre :>KHBYT p51,n:OM c qe110BeKOM. OH

nay

B H

rro,n:KapMJIHBaeT,

Eo .. 1

Jl/e)ty

II03TOMY

OHM

qeJIOBeKa He

,,uodu pedKo euiJRm iJuKux

6oJITC51.

« po

JICUtJO.nW.,1L"-·/

06pa114aTbc11 c A11Kl1Ml1 >Kl1BOTHblMl1 HY>KHO- ocTopo>KHO. Henbas:i noAXOA~Tb K H~M 611~3KO ~ TporaTb ~x.

]

)K11BOTHbie B rrpHpo.n:e 6opIOTC51 3a CBOIO :>KH3Hb. Ha HHX, KpOMe Xlfll(HHKOB,

«Harra.n:aeT~ MHO:>KeCTBO MHKpo6oB

If .n:pyr11x

rrapa3HTOB-B036y,n:HTeJieM 6oJie3HeM. ,llHKHe :>KHBOTHbie yMeIOT c HHMH crrpaBJIJITI>CJI.

BOT opraHH3M qe110BeKa MO:>KeT oKa3aTI>-

CJI 6e33all(HTHbIM rrepe.n: MHKpo6aMH. EoJibHhre ro11y611 MoryT 3apa3HTb qe110BeKa orracHbIM 3a6011eBaHHeM -

116

H36

3HAH l/l~

Ka K HY>KHO ce6H secT111 c ,q111K111M 111 >KVIB OTHblM VI ? H all1,q111 OTBeT B T8KCT8. B

11erK11x: y

opHHT030 M. 3Ta 6011e3Hb HaIIOMHHaeT BOCIIaJieH11e 6011hHoro BhrcoKaJI TeMrrepaTypa, KallleJih , 6011h B

n KY rrep 8Url:

rpy,l.(H. Jlcq11Tb cc MOJKHO TOJibKO B 60.TJbHMI~e, TI03TOMY rrp11 rrepBbIX rrpH3HaKax 6oJie3Hl1 IIa,l(O Bbl3BaTb Bpaqa. Mttorwe ,l.(HKMC JKHBOTHbIC, uarrp11Mcp C)KM, rrepcHOC5IT 6elf B

meHCTBO. qeJIOBeK TOJKe MO)l(CT 3a60JICTb :JTUM CTpallIIlbIM He-

,l.(yroM, np11 KOTOpOM nopa)l(aCTC.R M03f, B03IIl1KaIOT cyLI.oporM 11 BO,l.(o6o.R3IIb. (111no JtCe o( wrr Iloc1rc

:eJI-

ca.

yKyca /ll1KOro JKMBOTHOfO CJIC,l.(yeT HeMe)J,JJCHHO o6paTttThC.R K Bpaqy. On naJnaqwT yKOJihI, KoTOpbIC BbIJieqaT qeJIOBeKa OT ~>Toro 3a60JJCBa-

HM5I.

-r1r.

Oco6enno orracHbI 51,l(OBHTbI C JKMBOTIIhIC npeJK,ne

'13-

Bcero

u ?

3MeM.

l • IlpaB.na, OHM HJIKOr.na He ttarra,naIOT rrepBbIMM H Bcerna cTpeM5ITC5I H36cJKaTb BCTpeY.11. 3Me5I MOJKeT yKyc11Tb

Y'>K He R.Qos~T. Ho nyYwe K HeMy TO'>Ke He no.QXOA~Tb

JIHIIIb B TOM cJiyt.t:ac, ecJIH na Hee narra,n:a10T HJIH cnyqa.Htto HacTyrraroT.

Tio3TOMY ue cJienyeT xo,uHTh no

Jiecy B OTKpbITOH o6yBH. q TO )Ke ,ueJiaTb, ecJIH Te6H 38T

'"'

)Ke yKyCHJia 3Me51?

Ilpe)K,n:e BCero Ha,l(O pa3bICKaTb B3pOCJiblX, paCCKa-

3aTb MM 0 lKO

Bee

CJiyqJtIBIIICMC5I l1 cpoqHo BbI3BaTb Bpaqa.

ToJibKO OH MOJKeT ,naTb rrpOTl1B05I,l(He OT yKyca.

,l{o

rrpHC3l(a ,l(OKTOpa CJie,n:yeT Jieqb B IIOCTeJib H BhlIIHTb

aIOT IOT

TerrJioro qa5J. EcJI11 3MeR yKyc11Jia B pyKy HJIH ttory , OHM l(OJJ)l(Hbl 6hITb HCITO,l(BHJKIIbl. nayKOB, H HaceKOMhIX. B Hallll1X

0 !IX,

·c

Dea

Hap5I,ny co 3Me.RMI1 orracaTbC5I CJienyeT 11 HCKOTOpblX Kpa5IX HCT.

K A

ctJaCTbIO, 51,l(OBl1Tbrx rrayKoB BOT YKYCbI OC,

IIY.eJI l1

11X

~p0,l(CTBCHHl1KOB» MoryT 6bITb oqeHb orraCHbl, oco6eHHO CCj ll1 OHl1 rrpHXO,l.(.RTC51 Ha o6JJaCTb JIMI~a 11 IIIeH. Ilp11 yKyce naCCKOMOfO ua.no y,naJIHTb )KaJIO, a pa11KY rrpOMhITh cJia6b1M pacTBopoM MapraHUOBKH MJIM rrepeKMCbIO BO,l.(Opo.n:a. -- .•.. __ , - - . ·- • Rao-

~·

_ JL · -

06b~CHlt1,

3T~x HaceK0Mb1x CJle,QyeT onaC8TbC71

1J7n0 OeJlG7llb npu yKyce.)

Ha KaKlt1X p1t1cyHKax pe6~Ta 88.Qyr ce6~ npaBlt1flbHO.

rb)Q-

ue B

117

1{~(1

onPE.QEn~EM

nP06nEMY YPOKA

>Kl,llBOTHble

Muwa: 3aqeM Thi rJia,Z:U1Illh co6aKy? Be,nb Thr ee

COBCeM He 311aelllb. JleHa: Ho OHa )KC He pbPHfT. I1 ITOTOM, 5I JII06JIIO co6aK. ;.; '-ho 6b1 Tbl OTBeT111n Ha MecTe M111w111? CT0111T n111 rna,Qlt1Tb H83HaKOMYIO co6aKy?

PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE

3HAHl!1~

npoYTlt1 T8KCT 111 06bflCHlt1, KaK HY>KHO ce6~ 88CTlt1 c .QOMaWHlt1Mlt1 >Klt1BOTHblMlt1.

Co6aKa - ,n:oMallJHee )J(HBOTHoe, c KOTOpbrM Mhr o6maeMC5I B )J(H3HH qame Bcero. Jho.n11 crreu:11aJibHO BbIBeJIH pa3Hoo6pa3Hhre rropo,n:hr co6aK, rr0Moraronu1e qeJIOBeKy B ero saH5ITH5IX. Co6aKa - .n:pyr qeJioBeKa. Otta rrpe.n:atta CBOCMY X035IHHy.

(

lf)

Ho Ta )Ke co6aKa-.n:pyr MO)l(eT BeCTH ce65I coBeplllCIIHO no-HHOMY c He3HaKoMI>IM qeJioBeKOM. He rroHHMa5I era HaMepeHMM, )l(HBOTHOC MO)l(eT rro,n:yMaTb, qTQ eMy yrpO)l(aIOT, H HarraCTh nepBbIM. Oco6eHHO ecJIM OHO rrp11 3TOM rroqyBCTByeT, t.JTO t.JCJIOBeK era 6011TC5I. L, 1 e no /

)!(ff

JIOE rye

q1u

CITO

HY KOJ= 6hn

(

nyAenb

H1,11KorAa He cneAyeT nb1TaTbCs:t nor11aA1,11Tb He3HaK0Myt0 co6aKy, Aa>Ke ec111,11 oHa APY>KecK1,11 e1,1111s:1eT xeocTOM. He Maw1,11 pyKaM1,11 1,11 He nOAH1,11M8171 l,llX, ec111,11 ~ Te6e nOAOW118 co6aKa.

HayY1t1Cb noH1t1MaTb HacTpoeH111e co6aK. PaccM0Tp111 p111cyHKlt1. 06b~CHll1, KaKlt18 YYBCTBa 0Hlt1 npo~Bfl~IOT, KaKlt1X co 6aK HY>KHO 11136eraTb Ha yn1111..1e. Cnosa Ha Bb16op: .n:py)l(eJI10611e,

3JIOCTh, CTpax.

1. 2.

Hlt1V

3. 4. 118

I Ecru., co6aKa Te6H ece- TaK"1 yKyc"111a, TO npoMo'71 paHy BOA0'71 "111"1 nepeK"1CblO BOAOPOAa, CM8>Kb no KpaHM ae11eHK0'7! ,,., aa6"1HTy~. noc11e aToro cpoYHo o6paT"1Cb K epaYy, oco6eHHO eC11"1 >K"1BOTHOe Te6e He3H8KOMO.

,1 ee

no6r Jllll

111

c H errpeMeHHhIM ycJIOBHeM BbIBe,n:eHH5I Bcex rropo,n: ,n:oMalllHMX )KMBOTHblX 6hI JIO ,n:py)KeJII06Hoe OTHOllleHMe )KMBOTHOfO K qe-

06-

JIOBeKy -

CBOeMy X035I:MHy. Jlollla,ZJ;b, KOpOBa, CBMHb5I:, rreTyx,

r ych M y TKa He Harra,n:aIOT Ha qeJioBeKa, KaK 3TO MO)KeT cJiy0,lJ:bl

)6ai£Hy.

)

iep-

KaK

qMThC5I c ,n:MKMMM )KMBOTHhI MM. Ho Bee ,n:oMalllHMe )KMBOTHhie CllOKOMHO Be,n:yT ce65I TOJibKO no OTHOllleHMIO K CBOeMy X035I:MHY -

qeJIOBeKy, KOTOporo OHM xop orno 3HaIOT, KOTOpbI M MX

KOp MMT. I lo OTHOllleHMIO K He3HaKOMUY MX llOBe,n:enHe MO)KeT 6bITb MHbIM.

JOTlCTb

yeT,

no'b ,-

H"1KOrAa He nOAXOA"1 K AOMawHeMy >K"1BOTHOMY 6ea paapeweH"1ff X03ff"1Ha. 6yAb OCTopo>KeH c He3H8KOMblM >K"1BOTHblM.

r plll ~o'

me,

nPl!lMEH~EM

HOBblE

3HAHl/1~

n o Ye M y H8Jlb3 fl 6pa Tb AV1KV1X >KlllBOTHblX B PYKVI? 2. no KBKOMY npV13H aKy Tbl MO>K8Wb AOf8 A8TbCfl O COCTOflHllllll KOW KVI V1Jlll1 co6aKV1? 3. K o rAa MO>KHO nornaAVITb co6a Ky? 4 . • K a K HY>KHO secTVl ce6fl c A OM a WHV1MV1 >KV1BOTHblMV1 ?

119

§ 27. nPVIPO>K.QEHHblE PA3PYWlllTEI1111 A~ lEPJ

onPE.QEns=JEM nP05nEMY YPOKA

JleHa:

fp116b1 pacTyT, KaK pacTeIIHH. OH11 He 6era10T, KaK )KHBOTHbIC!

Muwa:

fp116b1 :>1u1ByT, KaK )KJ1BOTHbie: y HHx se,nh

.., KaKoe Tbl 3aMeTVln npoTV1sopeYV1e? (YeM 0TnV1Yat0Tcs:i MH8HVls:l neHbl VI MVIWVI?) ~ KaKot/1 B03HVIKaeT sonpoc? npeAnO>KVI csot/1 sapV1cpasHV1 c MH8HVl8M asTopos. (CTp. 1 36.) scnOMl/lHAEM TO. YTO 3HAEM

KTo sb1nonHs:ieT pa6ory pa3pywV1Tenet11, VlnVI «Mycop~VIKOB», s 3KOCVICTeMe? (§ 7) J KaKVIMVI npV13HaKaMVI 06naAat0T see >KV1Bb1e opraHV13Mb1? (§ 20) no K8KVIM npV13HaKaM pa3nVIY8tOT paCT8HVls:l VI >KVIBOTHblX? (§ 20) ;J

PEWAEM nP06nEMY. OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHl/1s=l

f p~fi

~ ~x

ponb B

)Kt

61:

neT XJIOpOcpHJIJia!

11c:

np~nOAA

nc HJ

II~

CT o(

CK Ka

11<:

H 0

Hall1AVI s TeKcTax VI pVICYHKax naparpacpa oTnVIYVls:J rpV16os OT paCT8HVl1'1 VI >KVIBOTHb~. Mb1 1103naKoM11JI11ch c uapcTBOM pacTcHHH BOTHhIX. OH11 -

fpH6hI

He OTHOC5ITC5I

HM K

TOMy,

uapcTBOM :>KM-

HJ1

K ,npyroMy.

upe,ncTaBMTeJIH uapcTBa rp116os. KJieTKM rpM6a pac-

TYT H l(CJIHTCH TOJihKO B o,n:HOM nanpaBJICHMM, o6pa3yH ,n;JIMH-

Hbre pa3BeTBJieHHbie HMTM -

rpH6Hu:u;y.

3TO 11 eCTb TCJIO, op-

raIIH3M rpH6a. Ott noceJIHeTcH B rr11TaTCJihHOH cpe,n:e, 6oraToiI paCTBopaMH opraHHl.JeCKHX BCUlCCTB, H

BCaCbIBaeT MX qepe3

KJICTOY.IlblC CTeHKM.

CKonbKO rpV16os Vl3o6pa>KeHo Ha pVICYHKe? EcJIM Thi cKa3aJI «Tp11» , TO oUI116cH: 3,n:ech HapMCOBaH ncero o,n:11H opraHH3M. Ho 011 o6pa30BaJI Tp11 nJio,n:oBhIX

TeJia (no,no6Ho TpeM H6JIOKaM Ha H6JIOHe), COCTOHm11x

113 Tyro cKpyqeHHhIX HHTCH rpH6HH:UhI, KaK H3 BaTbI. Co

31-

BpCMCHeM Ha IlJIO.UOBbIX TeJiax C03peIOT MeJIKMe crropbI,

KOTOpbIMM rpH6 pa3MHO:>KaCTC5I. 3aTCM crropbI pa3JieT5IT-

C5I. BcJie,n 3a 3THM nJIO.UOBhie TeJia OTOMpyT, a rpM6H11-

na rrpo,n;OJI:>KMT CBOIO ne3aMCT1lYIO IIO,ZJ;3CMHYIO )KJ13Hb.

CrropbI rpM6oB

HacTOJibKO MaJihI M HeBeCOMhI, qyo Bcer,l{a

rrpMcyTCTBYIOT B B03.n;yxe. CTOMT HaM 3a6bITb y6paTb OCTaTKM e.n;bI, KaK qepe3 HeCKOJibKO .n;HeM Ha HMX M3 3TMX crrop Haq11-

~era-

HaeT pa3BMBaTbC51 rrJieceHh: )l(eJITaJC ... Bee 3TO -

cepa51, cirnaJC, roJiy6aJC, 3eJieHaJC,

pa3Hb1e BM.D:hI rpM6oB. OHM cJie.D:JCT, qTo-

6b1 HMqTo He rrporra,naJio 3p51, He 3aJie)l(MBaJioch B BM,ne Mycopa.

1Ya-

pvt-

Be,nb rpM6h1

~Mycopll(MKM~. 0,nHM 113 HMX rrMTaIOTCJC

rroqBeHHbIM paCTBOpOM, .n:pyrMe )l(MBYT B OTMeplllMX pacTeHM51X MJIM )l(MBOTHhIX. I1Hor.n:a OHM rroceJI51IOTC51 Ha em,e )l(MBhIX, HO 6oJihHbIX opraHM3Max M Me,zvieHHO rrepepa6aTbIBaIOT MX. OHM rrpeBpam,aIOT CJIO)l(Hhie opraHMqecKMe Bell(eCTBa B 6oJiee rrpoCThie. ,l(aJibHei1111ee pa3py111eHMe .no MMIIepaJibHbIX Bem,eCTB, neo6xo,nMMhIX CKOJibKO

pacTeHMJCM,

,n0Bep111a10T

6aKTepMM.

ITpe.n:cTaBb,

orraBillMX JIMCTbeB .D:OJI)l(HbI rrepepa6aTbIBaTb

rpM6hI

Ka)l(,l{blM ro.n:, qTo6bI OHM He HaKallJIMBaJIMCb B Jiecy!

20) 20)

0,nHM M3 caM:o1x MeJIKMX rpM6oB -

,npO)l()l(M. OHM o,nHOKJie-

TOqH:o1e M He o6pa3yIOT HMTeM rpM6HMI(bl. B

rrpMpo.n:e 6eJiblM

HaJieT .n:pO)l()l(eM MO)l(HO o6Hapy)l(MTb Ha CJIMBax M BMHOrpa.n:e. HeK0Top:o1e BM.D:bI ,npO)l()l(eM ,naBHO o.n:oMa111HeH:o1 qeJioBeKOM. OHM rrpMMeHJCIOTCJC .D:JIJC M3rOTOBJieHM51 TecTa, BMHa M rrMBa.

CnopblHbfl nocenfleTcfl B 38pH8X 3fl8KOB Cbe.Qo6Hble HaKOHeu,

1,.1

3Mny3a nopa)l(aeT )l(lllBb~ H8C8KOMb~

TpyToBlllK npoH111K88T B nosp8)1(A8Hlllfl CTBOI18

,QpmtOKlll nOA MlllKpOCKOnOM

S1AOB"1Tb1e rp"16b1

60Jib111y10

pa.n:ocT:o

.n:ocTaBJIJCIOT HaM

cne.n:o6H:o1e

rpM6:01. KoHeqHo, ecJIM He rryTaTh MX c 51.D:OBMTbIMM. I1oJie3Ho 3HaTh, qTO cpe.n:M Tpy6qaTblX rpM60B, y

KOTOpbIX 111JI5.IITKa CHM-

3Y HaITOMMHaeT ry6Ky, K orraCHbIM OTHOCMTC5.I JIMillh caTaHMHCKMM rpM6 (CM. pMc. Ha CTp. H-

122). A

BOT c

rrJiaCTMHqaTbIMM

rpM6aMM Ha.no 6bITb llOOCTOpO)l(Hee. 5.l,noBMThie M He3HaKOMbie rpM6:01 Jiyq111e _na)l(e He TporaT:o pyKaMM.

121

Ha3os111 s:JAOBll1Tb1e 111 HecbeA06Hb1e rp1116b1.

M HHM Cblp08)f(K8

WaMm1HbOH

rpH( KOpE

JlO.>KHbli.i! oneHOK

IOT

0 pe3C

Jl1,4u 6neAH8fl noraHKa

rpy3Ab

MyxoMop

OneHoK

c BO.UC

nnaCH1H'-18Tbl8 rpV16bl

TeJII:

Hl1KI

3,n:an

qync

CTaX

' 6e11b1i.i1 rpvi6

noAOCVIHOBVIK

MacneHoK

noA6epe30BVIK

CaraHviHcKvii.1 rpvi6

MoXOBVIK

Tpy6Yarb1e rpvi6b1

CPABHVlBAEM CBOl/1 BblBO.Q C ABTOPCKl/lM

p~6b1

rp~6H~Ka rp~6b1.

ea>1<Hei.:1w~e paapyw~Ten~. -

30110Toe npae~no co6~p8Tb TOilbKO ~3BeCTHble CbeA06Hble

.Qpo

)Ken

Bpar

rp~6b1: nnaCTll1H'-laTble, Tpy6YaTble, APO>IOKl/1. rp1116H111~a

6Mpi

MY : nPVlMEHs:IEM HOBblE 3HAHl/1s:I

1. 2.

122

YTo npo1113ow110 6b1 Ha 3eMJ1e, ec11111 6b1 111cye311111 see rp1116b1? .J C Aes:JTellbHOCTblO KaKll1X rp11160B Tbl 3HaKOM? np111BeAll1 np111Mepb1. 3 . .., rAe HaXOA111TCs:l Ta YaCTb rp1116a, KOTopyta He 6epYT rp1116Hll1Kll1?

0 no11: MM

I_ .QOnOJlHlllTEJlbHblVt MATEPlllAJl .Q.ns:I I1Kl503HATE.nbHblX 3a ~To noA6epe3oBMK nony~Mn ceoe Ha3eaHMe MHonre necHhIC rpH6hr o6paayroT c11neTeH11c c )KHBhIMM KOpH51MH HCKOTOpbIX pacTeHHH -

MHKOpuay.

qepe3 3TO CIIJieTeHHe

rp116 MO)KCT 11onyqaTh HY)KIIbre eMy opraH11qecK11e semecTBa, a KopeHb pacTeHH51 -

MHHepanbHhre scm;ecTBa. TaK OHM 110Mora-

IOT .n:pyr .npyry. Tbr M caM 3Haelllb MIIOrHe H3 3THX rp1160B. 06bf!CHVI, c K8KVIMVI A8P8Bbf!MVI o6pa3ytOT MVIKOpV13Y nOA6epe30BVIK, nOAOCVIHOBVIK, 6opOBVIK.

IlMWaMHMK: CO>KMTenbCTBO rpM6a M BOAOpocnM K

CB513h BIIYTPH JIHmaiiHHKa HaCTOJibKO Kpc11Ka, qTo rpM6 11 BO.ZJ;OpOCJib y)Ke He MOryT )KHTb 110 OT,ZJ;eJibHOCTH. TaKoe CO)KMTeJibCTBO BbffJI51.ZJ;HT KaK caMOCT051TCJibHbIH opraHH3M. JlMlllaMHHKM MOryT rroceJI51TbC51 ua CKaJiax, CTBOJiax .n:epeBhCB, CTeHax 3,naHMH. OHM HeTpe6oBaTeJibIIbr K MecTaM 0611TaHH5I, HO oqetth qyBCTBMTeJibHhI K q11cT0Te B03,nyxa. TioaToMy B ropo.n:ax 11 Me-

cTax c 3arp513HeHHbIM B03,nyxoM JIHlllaMHHKOB HeT.

nvtwali'IHV1KV1 nOA MV1KpOCKOnOM

.Qpo>K>KM, TecTo M nneceHb 0

qTo )Ke .n:po)K)KH .n:ena10T c TecToM? OHM 110.n:sepraIOT 6po-

JKeHHIO caxap, KOTOphrH KJia.n.yT B TecTo.

1--1

spamaeTC5l B crr11pT 11 yrncKHCJihIM ra3 . YrneKMCJibIH ra3, co-

TI pH

3TOM caxap 11pe-

611pMch B 11y3hipbKH, .n:enaeT TecTo IIhillIHhIM. Enaro.nap51 3TOMY xne6 11p11 BhrrrcqKe rronyqaeTc51 nopHCTbIM. OqeHb Ba)KHbJ )],JI51 qeJIOBeKa M 11JICCeHeBbie rpH6br. 113 HHX IIOJiyqaJOT JieKapCTBa -

aIITM6HOTHKH .ZJ;J151 6opb6bI c T51)KeJibI-

MH 3a6oJieBaHH51MH.

123

.QOnOflHlllTEflbHblVw MATEPlllAil .Qils:I I1Kl503HATEflbHblX

o.nm

)KeH

«KlHble X"1M"1K"1» onPE):tEJl~EM

MaMa:

TMJI

nP06JlEMY YPOKA

rpeE

JleHa, ThI He 3a6b1Jia IIOMhITh pyK11 rrepe,n:

CTe{

o6e,n:oM?

Jleua:

HeT, MaMoqKa, eero,n:H51 pyK11 MO)KHO He MhITh! Mb1 e M11111eli Beex 6aKTepMli y)Ke y6paJIM: MM111a - IIbIJieeoeoM, 51 - Tp51IIKOH ... MaMa: MMJibie Bbl MOM! EaKTepMM TaKMe MaJieHhKMe, qTo OT HMX Tpy,n:HO eoBeeM M36aBMThe51. L{a M He Beer,n:a HY)KHO: Be,n:b 6aKTepMM MOryT rrepepa6aTbIBaTb eaMhIH Heeoe,n:o6HhIH Myeop. Ho pyKM rrepe,n: e,n:oli Bee paBHO HY)KHO MhITh. CornacHa Jlll1 MaMa c MH8Hll18M neHbl? KaKo~ y Te6H B03Hll1KaeT sonpoc? CpasH111 era c MHeH111eM asTopa. (CTp. 136.)

scnOMV1HAEM TO, LJTO 3HAEM KaK111e npeAM8Tbl co Bp8M8H8M nopTHTCH, a K8Kll18 OCTSIOTCH H81113M8HHblMll1? LfTO 06U.\8f0 y npeAM8TOB KS)f(AO~ rpynnbl? (>K1113H8HHbl~ onblT) KaK111M111 cnoco6aM111 pa3nw-1Hb1e opraHll13Mbl A06b1sat0T 3Hepr111t0 AJlH csoe~ )f(ll13H8A8HT8JlbHOCTll1? (§ 7-8) KaKll1M cnoco6oM MO)f(HO AOJlbW8 y6epel.fb npOAYKTbl OT nopl.!111? (>K1113H8HHbl~ onblT)

PEWAEM nP06JlEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE

3HAHV1~

Ha~A111 s TeKcTe OTB8Tbl Ha sonpocb1: KaKosa ponb 6aKTep111~ s 3Koc111cTeMax? Lf eM 6aKT8p111111 noMoratOT HaM B )f(ll13Hll1 111 l.f 8M M8W8IOT? LfeM 38M8l.f8T8JlbH8 pOllb 6aKT8p111~ KSK pa3pyw111Tene~?

ny111 nacTep (1822-1895)

124

EaKTepM11 6h1eTpo Haxo,n:HT BKyeHhie BemM. EeJIM TOPT MJIM 6aHaHbl, eyrr MJIM M51eO, MOJIOKO MJIM MaeJIO HaqaJIM rropTMThe51 - M3MeHMJIM BKye, 3arrax MJIM U:BeT, 3Hail: 3TO rrpo,n:eJIKM 6aKTepMJi. Bee, qTo He eoeJIM ,n:pyrMe, OHM rroeTerreHHO rrpeBpamaIOT B yrJieKMeJiblH ra3, Bo,n:y 11 MMHepaJihHhie BemeeTBa. q T06bI o6'h51CHMTb rrpMqMHY rropqM rrpo,n:yKTOB, ¢paHn:y3eKMH yqeHbIH JlyM Ilaen~p rrpo,n:eJiaJI TaKOH OIIblT.

[

. .

6. ocoe

o,n:H•

IOTC KOTI eTBC pac1 6h1e

9HeI

I_ Ott BCKHIHITHJI MHCHOM 6yJihOH B ,nByx cocy.nax, IlOCJie qero o,nHH H3 HRX 3arrMJI.

3arrMHHOM cocy.ne 6aKTep1111, ytt11qTo-

)KeHHb1e KHrrHqettHeM, ne rroHBHJIHCh. KaK cJie,ncTBHe OTKpbITHH IIacTepa B03HHK HOBbIM crroco6 o6pa6oTKH rrpo,nyKTOB HarpeBaHHeM c ueJihJO Hx coxpaneHHH. 3TOT crroco6 Ha3BaJIH epe.n

aJIR:

06b~CHll1, LJTO npo1113owno s He3ana~HHOM cocy,qe.

na-

CTepHaan;HeH. '

eHh-

a6aBce

V18M

ITCH lbl?

A. B DTKpblTOM cocyAe Ha Tpen11it A8Hb 6ynbDH cosceM vicnopnmcR 6. B 3aKpb1TOM cocyAe 6ynboH TaK vi ocTasancR npo3paYHblM. B. 6aKTepvivi noA MV1KpocKonoM.

fiaKTepHH -

3TO o,nHOKJieToqHbie opraHH3Mbl, o6pa3yl0ll.(Re

oco6oe uapCTBO )KHBOM rrpHpO,nbI. MHOrHe H3 HHX ITOXO)KH Ha o,nHOKJieToqHbie pacTeHHH, rpH6bI HJIH )KHBOTHbIX, HO OTJIHqa-

ep-

IOTCH MaJihIMH pa3MepaMH H oqenh rrpoCThIM CTpoeHHeM. HeKOTOpbre 6aKrepHH IlHTalOTCH fOTOBbIM opraHHqeCKHM Bell.(eCTBOM, KaK rpH6hI HJIH )KHBOTHbie. EcTb H TaKHe, KOTOpbie, KaK pacTeHHH, caMH Bh1pa6arh1Ba10T opranHqecKoe Bell.(ecrBo. Oco6hle 6aKTepHH

rrpOH3BO,nHT opraHHqecKoe Bell.(eCTBO 3a cqer

3HeprHH XHMHqeCKHX peaKUHM.

or? ~~? :JIM ~JIO

B KPY)f(K8 IOHblX XVIMVIKOB H8M 06bRCHRnV1, K8K MQ)f(HQ nonyYBTb 3H8prV110 V13 pa3nV1YHblX 88LJ..\8CTB.

HasepHoe, 6aKTepvivi TO)f(8 IOHbl8 XV1MV1KV1.

:er,

rn>IT.

125

I EaKTep1u1 pa3JiararoT CJIO:>KHhie BemecTBa Ha 6oJiee rrpocTbie

IIp

M IIOJiyqaroT rrpM 3TOM 3HeprMIO ,[(JI5I CBOeM :>KM3He,[(e5ITeJibHO-

.n:pyn

CTM. ,l{JIH 3TOfO y

llHTe)

HMX, M306peTaTeJibHbIX XMMMKOB, eCTb MHOKaK c MCIIOJih30BaHMeM KMCJIOpo,n:a,

B ,[(OJ

TaK M 6e3 Hero. EaKTepMM MOryT pa3JIO:>KMTh JII06bie opraHMqe-

JIO ,ZJ;:

CKMe M

IlOTC

:>KeCTBO pa3HbIX crroco6oB -

MHOrMe HeopraHMqecKMe aemecTBa.

Ilo3TOMY OHM

yHHeepcaJihHbie paapynrnTeJIH.

0,[(HO

IIepepa6aTbIBaH opraHMqecKMe OTXO,[(hI, 6aKTepMM rrpeBpamaIOT MX B Bem;eCTBa, ,[(OCTYIIHhie pacTeHM5IM. 3HaqMT, 6e3 6aKTepMM Bee paeTeHMH Ha 3eMJie yMepJIM 6b1 OT roJio,n:a.

BeJie,n:

Hbie.

rpyn_

Hll3M

3a HMMM BhIMepJIM 6br I1 :>KMBOTHbie, M JIIO,[(M.

pMH

MOr)'T n111 6aKT8p111111 caM111 o6xOA"1TbCH 683 pacT8H"1111 111 >t<111soTHb1x? noY8MY Tbl T8K AYM88Wb?

:>KI13E

OrpoMttoe KOJIMqeeTBo 6aKTepMi1: :>KMBeT B rroqae. I1MeHHO

eIIOC•

OHM, 3aHMMa5ICb rrpeBpam;eHMeM Bem;eCTB, OTBeqaroT 3a ee IIJIO-

BbI6p

JI5IJIK

.nopo,n:Me. HeKOTOpb1e rroqaeHHhie 6aKTepMM rroceJIHIOTCH rrpHMO Ha KOpH5IX paeTeHMM M eHa6:>KaIOT MX HY:>KHbIMM BemeeTBaMM.

Cno•

113 6aKTepMi1: ,n:eJiaIOT crreu;MaJibHbie y.n:o6peHMH.

VlCKi )1(1118

CymecTByeT MHoro 6aKTepMi1:, BhI3hIBarom;Mx 6oJie3HM qeJioBeKa.

q T06hr

yMeHhllIMTb Mx KOJIMqecTBO BOKpyr Hae, HY:>KHO

rroqam;e BbITMpaTb IlbIJib M rrpOBeTpMBaTb KOMHaTy,

rrepe.n:

e.n:oH: He 3a6h1BaTb MhITh pyKM. IIpaB,n:a, rroJIHOCTbIO M36aBMTbCH OT 6aKTepMM He y,naeTe5I. IIo3TOMy Ha,[(O 6opOTbC5I e HMMM M rro-.npyroMy -

)1(1111

nonr

CaM 3anc:

3aHMMaTbCH crropToM, 3aKaJI51TheH. Be,n:h 3,n:o-

pOBbIM M KperrKMM opraHM3M eaM 3am11maeT ce6H OT Harra.n:eHM51 6oJie3HeTBOpHbIX 6aKTepHM. B

rrMmeaapMTeJibHOM CMCTeMe :>KMBOTHhIX M qeJioBeKa :>KMBYT

6aKTepMM, KOTOpbie IIOMOfaIOT rrepeBapMBaTb IIMm;y. Ee3 3TMX

6a 6b 6~

6aKTepMM MbI, HarrpMMep, He MOfJIM 6bI eeTb OBOIIJ;M M ¢pyKTbI. ,l{pyrMe 6aKTepMM eoeTOHT Ha eJiy:>K6e y

qeJioBeKa. MoJioq-

HOKMeJibie 6aKTepMI1 ,[(eJiaIOT M3 MOJIOKa rrpoeTOKBallly, pH:>KeHKy,

H:orypT.

Ha 3aBo,n:ax

rroMom;hro

pa3JIMqHbIX

6aKTepMM

rrpOM3B0,[(51T ebip, 6yMary, TKaHM, JieKapCTBa, BMTaMMHbI.

881.Lt pa3r..

..J

6aKT

126

:r1re

IlpOCTOe CTpOeHMe M CXOJI,CTBO 6aKTepMH c

)HO-

.n:pyrMMM

rno-

MHTepecHyro MhICJib. OHM rrpe.n:rroJIO)KMJIM, qTo

o.n:a,

B .l(OMCTOpMqecKMe BpeMeHa Ha 3eMJie He 6bI-

;.rqe-

JIO .n;pyrMX )KMBbIX cymeCTB, KpOMe 6aKTepttM:.

iI -

IloTOM OT pa3Jilft{HbIX 6aKTepMH rrpOM30IllJIM

rqa-

Hble.

<re-

rpyrrrre

JieJI.

HM3Mbl.

opraHM3MaMM

HaBeJIO

yqeHbIX

>f<lllBOTHbl8

PacTeH111~

0.l(HOKJieTO'C{Hbie pacTeHM.sI, rp116b1 M )KMBOT-

rro3.n;Hee OT o.n;HoKJieToqHbIX B Ka)K.l(OH rrpOM30IllJIM

MHOfOKJieTO'C{Hbie

opra-

KaK BM.l(Mlllh, JleHa yra.n;aJia, Ha3BaB 6aKTeKl!1-

p11n «IOHbIMM XMMMKaMM>-'>. Ha 3ape pa3BMTM.sr )KM3HM «IOHa.sI>,'> rrpttpo.n;a, KOTOpyro rrpe.n;cTaBJI.sIJIM Tor.n;a 0.l(HM JIMillb 6aKTepMM, MCrrpo6oBaJia BCeB03M0)1(Hbie

iHO

crroco6h1 rroJiyqeHM.sr 3Heprn11 .n;JI.sr )KM3HM.

JIO-

BbI6paJia M OCTaBMJia TOJibKO TpM crroco6a.

«3peJIOCTM>-'> OHa

IMO MH.

JIO-

rno )eJI. Tb-

Cnoco6

ltapCTBO

nony~eH~~ 3Hepr~~

lllcKaTb 111 A06blB8Tb cno>t<Hble opraH111YecK111e Bel.1..\eCTBa >Kll1BblX opr8Hll13MOB

>f<1t1BOTHbl8

>KlllTb B cpeAe 1113 6onee npOCTblX opraHll1l..f8CKll1X B8L.1..\8CTB norn6w111x opraHll13MOB

rp1116b1

CaMOCTO~TenbHO C03A8B8Tb opraH111YecK111e B8L.1..\8CTB8, 3anaca~ 3Hepr111~ cseTa

PacTeH111~

11,0-

CPABHV1BAEM CBOl/1 BblBO.Q C ABTOPCKV1M

ue-

6aKTep1.11.1 - yH1.1sepca11bHb1e pa3pyw1.1Te111.1. 6e3 Hl.1X 6bl11 6bl HeB03MO>KeH Hl.1 OAl.1H KpyrosopoT se~eCTB B 61.1occpepe.

3yr 'HX

yK)lJ~H

nPV1MEH~EM

HOBblE

3HAHV1~

KaK MO>KHO 3a~111T111Tb npOAYKTbl OT nopY111? CKa>1<111, KBKllle se~eCTBa 111Jlll1 ycnos111s:t y6111sat0T 6aKTepll1'1 111Jlll1 MeWaKJT l/IM pa3MHO>KBTbcs:t? Ecnlll B03Hll1KHYT 3BTPYAHeHllls:t, cnpoc111 y MaMbl. 2. noYeMy spaYlll He Ha3HaYataT neKapcTsa, y6111sat0~llle see 6aKTepll1111 s opraHll13Me 6onbHoro?

127

§ 28. KAK HAM >KlllTb B APY>K6E C nPlllPOAOlil

onPE.QEn~EM

nP06nEMY YPOKA

JfeHa: Minna, rroqeMy )Ke JIIO.ZU1 He coxpaHJIIOT rrpHpo.uy? Be.uh JICHO, lITO 6e3 Hee qeJioBeK He Mo)KeT )KMTb. Muwa: Bee He TaK rrpocTo. HMKTO He xoqeT pa3pymaTh rrpMpo.uy. Ho Ka)K.l(hIM qeJioBeK xoqeT xopomo IIMTaTheJI, rrpHo6peTaTh HOBbie Bem;M. K CO)KaJieHMIO, rrpHpo.ue TPY.UHO crrpaBMTheJI e 3arrpoeaMM JIIO.ue:H:.

KaKoe Tbl 3aMeT111n npoT111sopeY111e? (CosnaAatoT n111 >KenaHlllfl Ill A8111CTBlllfl ntoAelll?) ~ KaKolll y Te6fl so3HlllKaeT sonpoc? npeAJlO>Klll csolll sap111aHT Ill cpaBHlll c MH8Hlll8M aBTOpOB. (CTp. 1 36.)

BCnOMl!lHAEM TO, LfTO 3HAEM KaK YenoseK CBf!3aH c np111p0Aolll? (§ 6, 10) YTo Heo6xoA111Mo AJlfl ycTolllY111solll >Klll3Hlll 3Koc111cTeMb1? (§ 10)

128

PEWAEM nP06nEMY, OTKPblBAEM HOBblE 3HAHl!1~

Mb1

aa6~paeM ~3 np~pOAbl

~To

oHa He ycneeaeT

6epe:: 6pac1: XBaT.E 6MTb MO.IKJJierqE Heii f

TaK MHoro,

eoccTaHaen~eaTb

aanacb1

HalllAlll s TeKcTe np111Y111Hbl HapyweHlllfl np111pOAbl 11enoseKOM.

• To

- Hy, JI-To JIMlIHO o rrpMpo.ue 3a6oqych, - eKa3aJia JleHa. B Jiecy 3a eo6o:H: Myeop y6Hparo, Bcer.ua 3aKphrnaIO KpaH B BaHHOM. ,lla M eBeT CTapaIOCh BhIKJIIOliaTh, BhIXO.l(51 M3 KOMHaTbI. - TbI, KOHelIHO, MOJio.ueu, - OTBeTMJI MMma. - ToJihKO 3TOro MaJio .UJIH coxpaHeHMJI rrpHpO.ll:hI. ThI BOT Bee BpeMH xoqemb TO HOBOe IIJiaTbe, TO KYKJiy, XOTJI IIJiaTheB M KYKOJI y Te6H M TaK y)Ke .uocTaTOlIHO. A Be.Uh .UJIH Ka)K.l(OM HOBOM Bem;M MhI CHOBa M eHOBa 6epeM y rrpHpO,UbI Cbipbe, a OT,UaeM e:H: Myeop. TyT B pa3roBop .ueTeM BMemaJieH rrarra: - MMma rrpaB. Ha Bee HaIIIM 3arrpochI y rrpHpO.UhI He xBaTMT CbipbH. K rrpHMepy, B03hMeM Ramy HOBYIO Me6eJih. ,llepeBhH, M3 KOTOpbIX OHa C.l(eJiaHa, 6hIJIM rroea)KeHhl eme TOf.l(a, Kor.ua BaIIIM .ue.uymKM M 6a6ymKM 6bIJIM ,UeThMM. Jlee paeTeT Me,UJieHHO. EcJIM JIIO.l(M MeHHIOT Me6eJib qame, qeM O.UMH pa3 B )IG13HM, TO OHM 6epyT B .l(OJir y rrpMpO,Ubl. - KottelIHO, JleHa, KaK M Bee .ueBOlIKM, xoqeT KpaCMBO o.ueBaTbeJI, - rrpO.l(OJI)KMJI nana. - Ho K BemaM Ha.l(O OTHOeMTbC51

yron1: OY8H K8K I

H8~LL

HUOT MOl3py iomo HJHO,

neHa: «A y Hae HOB8fl Me6enb!»

~aHT

10)

6epe)KHO. EcJilf nJiaTbe JlcHe cTaJio Marro, cro MO)KHO He Bhr6pacbrnaTb, a OT.UaTb KOMY-HM6y,n:b. Mo)KHO CIIIlfTh lf3 uero npMxBaTKlf na KYXHIO, nJiaTbe .UJI.H KYKJihI HJilf, HaKoneu, ynoTpe6HTh Ha Tp.HTIKH .UJIH y6opKH. Ka)K.uyro cTapyro Belllh Bcer.ua MO)KHO HcnOJih30BaTb B xosHHCTBe. Tor.ua H npHpo.ue CTaneT Jierqe y.n:oBJieTBOp.HTb HamH noTpe6ttocTH, H Ham ,n:oJir nepc.n: HeH 6y.n:cT MeHhIIIe. I1 c ncpepa60TKOH OTXOJ.(OB OHa cnpaBHTC.H.

l lM.

a. Ball!.

3TOlCIIIb

Me6enbto 1113 sToro neca AeT111 neHbl 06CT8BflT CBOIO KB8pT111py

Haw A011r nepeA

np~pOAOli'I

pacTeT c Ka>KAblM _ AHeM.

• Topcp o6pasyeTC~ B T8Lf8HV18 MHOrV1X COT8H neT, H8cpTb V1 yronb - s T8Y8HV18 MV1nnV1oHos neT. 3TV1 sanacb1 6V1occpepb1 Mbl OY8Hb 6blCTpO paCXOAY8M, 8 3H8YV1T, 6epeM B AOnr. n oAyMai.:1, KaK Mbl MO>KeM yMeHbWV1Tb pocT csoero AOnra. KaK s A8nb H8111W8M ((38HV1 M8Tb)) y npV1pOAbl M8HbW8, Lf8M np8>KA8?

)JI If

Mbl

:op. XBa-

1epelr,na, CTeT

one-

ThCH

ConHe"IHble 6aTape111

129

>Kr,

M-

Hen

06bf1CHll1 c nOMOLl..\btO T8KCTa 111 p111cyHKOB, no~eMy np111pOA8 H8 MO>K8T cnpaBV1TbCf1 c MycopoM, KOTOpbllll OCT8Bfif18T ~enoseK.

•

He Th

Il(J

Kor.n.a nana JleHbI H MHnrH 6bIJI MaJieHbKHH, noKynKH B Mara3HIIe 3aBopaqHBaJIH B 6yMary. Tenepb HCITOJib3YIOT pa3HOo6pa3IIbie JierKHe 11 npoqHbie ynaKOBOqHbie MaTep11aJihI H3 nJiaCTHKa. OHM no3BOJI5IIOT coxpanHTb npo.n,yKTbI cBe)KHMH 11 qHCTblMH. Ho 3TM HOBbie MaTepMaJihI np11po,n:a He yMeeT ncpepa6aTbIBaTb. JI10,n:H ,n:OJI)KHbI HX nepepa6aTbIBaTh caMH.

D )K Kt

C6op, copTHpOBKa 11 nepepa6oTKa Mycopa CT05IT He,n:enreBo. 0,n:HaKO B.Zl:OJlb )KeJie3IIOH ,n:oporH ero BCe-TaKl1 co6HpaIOT. A KTO co6epeT cro B Jiccy? Ilo3TOMY Ka)K.Zl:bIH qcJioBeK Bcer,n:a H Be3.n.e ,n:oJI)KeH caM y6HpaTb 3a co6oiI Mycop.

130

l_ )O,Qa

•• •• •• •• •• ••

188K.

CBaJIKa 3TO Harn HeorrJialJeHHbIH .n.011r npHpo.ue. Mycop 11aKarr1111BaeTCJI 6bICTpee, qeM rrp11po,na ycneBaeT era rrepepa6aTbIBaTh. llaCTHqHo Harn Mycop Boo6mc OCTaneTC51 neTpOHYTbIM, Il03TOMy cro BCe paBHO rrpH,neTCJI rrcpcpa6aTbIBaTb JIIO.l(JIM.

H B

moH3 H H ~pe-

[

Mycoponepepa6aTblBSIOL1\~~

3880A

1Toaa-pb1, Koropb1e CAenaHbl nyriiM ~ nepepa6oTK~

Mycopa

MbI CTapaeMCJI BepHYTb Harn .l(OJif rrp11po.nc. Ho eme He MO)KeM BblIIOJIHHTb 3TY 3a)laqy IlOJIHOCTbIO. 3aBO.l( no nepepa6oTKC Mycopa, K CO)KaJieHHIO, .l(blMHT 11 3arp513H51CT aTMOCQ:>epy. ~BO.

JOT. !r.l(a

.Qonr nepeA np1.1pOAOlil - 3TO AOJlr nepeA 6YAY~lr1Mlr1 nOKOJ1eHl.1s:IMl.1. 111M np1.1AeTCs:I «y61.1paTb» 3eMJ1tO 38 HaMl.1.

131

Mb1

>1u1eeM He no cpeAcTeaM

ye xc B

Cox

q pa3J:

TOPI

<Pa6

Hble

eM.

13y5~

B TaK

I-

M YI

132

KaK111M t..tBeToM noKa3aH np111poAHblli1 KpyrosopoT, a K8Kll1M A8s::tTenbHOCTb YenoseKa? K YeMy np111BOA1t1T BMewaTenbCTBO YenoseKa? B YeM np111Y111Ha HapyweH111s::t np111poAHOro KpyrosopoTa? noYeMy X03s::tli1CTBO Y8nOB8K8 A8naeT KpyrOBOpOT H838MKHyTblM? YeM onaceH He3aMKHYTblli1 KpyrosopoT? KaKOBbl nocneACT8111s::t COKpa~eHll1s::t np111pOAHOrO Kpyroo6opoTa?

1. 2. KYC

3. 4.

Mbl 3a6~paeM y np~pOAbl TaK MHOro, YTO OHa He ycneeaeT eoccTaHaen~eaTb yTpaTbl, ~ eo3epa~aeM OTXOAbl, KOTOpb1e oHa He ycneeaeT nepepa6aTblBaTb. B pe3y11bTaTe 3aMKHYTbllil KpyroeopoT cTaHoe~Tc~ He38MKHYTblM, nop~AOK B np~pOAe HapywaeTC~. CoxpaH~M KpacoTy M~pa

q T06bI

y6epeqb ecTeCTBeHHbie rrp11pO,Z]JlblC 3KOCl1CTeMbl OT

pa3pyrnen11H, JIIO.UH CTaJIH C03,UaBaTb

aanoee,z:J;HHKH.

3To TeppH-

TOpHH, Ha KOTOphIX HeJih3H Bhipy6aTh JICC, CTpOHTb 3aBO,UbI, ¢a6p11KH, )KHJihie .noMa, .uaqH.

3anoBC.UHHKax pa6oTaIOT yqe-

nh1e: OHM 3aHHMaIOTCH H3Yl:JeHHeM, coxpaneHHeM H pa3Be,neHHeM .UHKHX pacTeHHM H )KHBOTHbIX.

Ha~~oHanbHbl'1

B uaQuouanbHhlX napKax TaKoi1 cTporHM.

napK (CWA)

rropH.UOK oxpaHw 9KOCHCTeM He

TeppHTOpHH .nocTynHhI .UJIH nocem:eHHH.

Hal(HOHaJibHOM rrapKe rroceTHTeJIH 3naKOMHTCH c naMHTHHKa-

MH rrpHpOJlbl, OT,UbIXaIOT, yi:iaTCH JII06HTb H o6eperaTb rrpwpo.ny.

3anoeeAH~K, Ha'-'~oHallbHbllil napK nPVlMEH~EM

HOBblE

3HAHV1~

-1ya?

YeM YenoseK 0Tn111YaeTcs:i OT Apyr111x 06111TaTenell1 6111occpepb1? 2. KaK111e 1113 0Kpy)f(at0~111x Te6s:i npeAMeTos CAenaHbl 1113 111cKyccTseHHblX MaTep111anos? 3. l/13 Yero np01113BOAs:JT 111CKYCCTB8HHbl8 MaTep111anb1? 4. KaK YenoseK AOn)f(eH secT111 ce6s:i s 6111occpepe?

133

np1,1no>1<eHMe 1

_, Yl.f lllMCs:I PEWATb >Klll3HEHHblE 3AAA '-1"1 38A8Y8 1. LfMCTbllil ropOA. C1,1Tya41,1R: 3aBOAbl VI cpa6pV1KV1 s ropoAe 3arpH3HS:HOT B03Ayx. Teoff ponb: KaHAVIAaT 8 M3pb1 ropoAa. 0n"1C8H"1e C"1Tya41,11,1: saw ropOA - npOMblWfleHHblVl 4eHTp.

HeM MHO>KeCTBO 3aBOAOB VI cpa6pVIK. OHVI ABIOT fltOAHM pa 6oTy, HO 3arpH3HHtOT B03Ayx. Ha oKpaVIHe ropoAa pa36VIT napK, 8 4eHTpe ropOA8 pacnono>t<eHO HeCKOflbKO CKBepos VI 6ynbB8pos. 8 ropOAe eCTb My3eVI, HeCKOflbKO KVIHOTeaTpos, TeaTp VI CTBAVIOH.

PeaynbTaT: HY>KHO pa3pa6oTaTb npeABb16opHyt0 nporpaMMY AeHTeflbHOCTVI M3pa ropOAB, KOTOpaH CAenaeT ropOA l.fVICTblM, a era HaceneHVle - 3AOPOBblM.

Ho,

M CC l(Bet

HMX

JIIO.ll

II OJI(

1. E Coc-

Y3Hc

2. 8

HO Cl

3. (

BHVI~

3aAaYa 2. MyaelilHaR B"1Tp"1Ha. C1,1Tya41,1R: C03AaHVle ropoACKoro KpaeseAYecKoro My3eR TeoR ponb: pa6oTHVIK KpaeseAl.fecKoro My3eR 0n"1C8H"1e C"1Tya41,11,1: 8 saweM ropoAe C03A88TCH KpaeseAl.fe-

n03E oxpc:

pe>K. Kp81

CKVIVl My3eVI. DAVIH Vl3 3anos s HeM nnaHVlpyeTcH nocsHTVITb npVlpOAe KpaR 3AeCb 6YAYT pa3Me~eHbl HaVl6onee VIHTepeCHble pacTeHVIH VI >KVIBOTHble saweVI MeCTHOCTVI, nOK838H8 >KVl3Hb 3KOCVICTeMbl, csH3VI sHyTp111 Hee. Ba>t<Ho, YT06b1 noce~at0~V1e My3eVI WKOflbHVIKVI MOrflVI no3H8KOMVITbCH c pa3H006pa3VleM paCTeHVIVl VI >KVIBOTHblX.

PeaynbTaT:

HY>KHO pa3pa6oTaTb 3CKVl3 BVITpVIHbl, Ha KOTopoVI l-1306pa>t<eHa npltlpOAHBH 3KOCl-1CTeMa, nOK838Hbl pa3H006pa3Hble pacTeHl-1H, >KltlBOTHble l-1 rp1116bl, l-1X 838l-1MOCBH3l-1.

c 134

np111110>1<eH111e

nPOEKT «COXPAH"1M KPACOTY nPlllPO.Qbl» Kpac11Bo U:BeTym11e pacTCIIH5I -

yKparneHHe 11a1IleM: 3eMJIH.

Ho, K co:>KaJien1110, 11MeHHO 3TH pacTeH115I nroii.11 nro6HT pBaTh

'X.

H co611paTb B 6yKeThl.

HTore B6JIH3H HaceJICHHbIX nyHKTOB

U:BeTym11e pacTeHH5I BCTpeqaIOTC5I BCe MeHbllIC, a MHOrHe 113

HTp.

pa-

ap K, 188 -

lllMY t'I, a

~e-

HHX CTaHOB5ITC5I pe.l(KHMH. ,llaBaHTe nonyMaeM, KaK y6eL(HTb JIIOL(eH 6epeqb KpacoTy rrpMpOL(bI H He HCTpe6JI5ITb JieCHbie H IIOJieBbie U:BeTbI. 1. Bbls:ICH~Te, K8K~e pacTeH~s:l IHO,Q~ co6~patoT B 6yKeTbl. CocTaBbTe cn~coK 3T~x pacTeH~~. Ha3saH~s:i 3T~x pacTeH~~ Y3Ha~Te y yY~Tens:i, s3pocnb1x ~ ~3 KH~r. 2. Bb16ep~Te ~3 H~X Te, KOTOpb18 BCTpeYatoTCs:l B sawe~ M8CTHOCT~ pe,QKO ~ no3TOMY Hy>K,QatoTCs:l B oxpaHe. 3. CocTaBbTe KpaTK~e on~caH~s:i 3T~x pacTeH~~. 06paT~Te BH~M8H~e Ha cpoK~ ~x '-'88T8H~s:l ~ M8CT8, r,Qe OH~ pacryT. 3TO no3son~T saM y3H8Tb, KaK~e 3Koc~cTeMbl HY)f(.Q8toTcs:i s oco6o~ oxpaHe. 4. Hap~cy~Te nfl8K8Tbl, KOTOpb18 MOrfl~ 6bl y6e,Q~Tb flto,Qe~ 6epe>KHO OTHOC~TbCs:l K 3T~M p8CT8H~s:!M. np~.QYM8~Te K H~M Kp8TK~e T8KCTbl 0 88)f(HQCT~ oxpaHbl 3T~X pacTeH~~.

1t1Tb ~b1e

SiTpblWH~K

3Hb

naHAblW

~111e

18M JO~

33-

BeHep~H

68WM8YOK PeAK~e pacreH~~ Pace~~

135

I nP06JlEMbl (OCHOBHblE BOnPOCbl) YPOKOB rnaea I. BELUECTBO 111 3HEPrll1~ § 1. KaK cnoso «Teno» ynoTpe6nfleTcf1 s 6blTY 111 s HayKe? § 2 . YeM pa3n111Ya10TCf1 pa3Hb1e se~ecTsa? § 3. YTO TSKOe 3Hepr111f1 Ill noYeMy ee HY>KHO 6epeYb? § 4. KaK ConH~e noMoraeT AeTflM nonyYaTb 3Hepr11110 Aflfl 111rpb1? rnaea II. 060110'-IKA nJlAHETbl, OXBA'-IEHHA~ >Kll13HbKl § 5. r Ae 06111TSIOT )f(lllBble opraHlll3Mbl? § 6. KaK nOAAep>K111saeTcf1 nopflAOK s 6111occpepe? § 7. noYeMy 3KOClllCTeMa He MO>KeT >KlllTb 6e3 opraHlll3MOB KS>KAOll1 1113 «npocpecc111!11»? § 8. KaK BCfl CbeAeHHSfl n111~a BMe~aeTCfl B YenoseKa 111 Ha YTO TpSTlllTCfl se~eCTBO n111~111 B opraHll13Me? § 9. KaK neHa 111cnonb3yeT 3Hepr11110 ConH~a Aflfl csoero pocTa? rnaea Ill. 3KOJ10rll1'-IECKA~ ClllCTEMA § 10. YTo Heo6XOA111MO Aflfl nOAAep>KaHlllfl nopflAKa s 3Koc111cTeMe? § 11. YTO TSKOe noysa? KaKll1Mll1 CBOll1CTBSMlll OHS o6naAaeT? § 12. noYeMy 03epo 3apacTaeT 111 npespa~aeTCfl B 60flOTO? § 13. KaK o3epo npespa~aeTCfl s 6onoTo? § 14. KTo y6111paeT HecKoweHHYIO Tpasy s A111KOll1 np111p0Ae? § 15. KaK111e npo1113BOA111Tenll1 HacenfllOT 3KOClt1CTeMy neca? § 16. Ba>KHbl n111 >KlllBOTHble Aflfl 3Koc111cTeMb1 neca? § 17. YeM 0Tn111YaeTcf1 3KOCll1CTeMa nonft? § 18. KaK111e >KlllBb1e opraHll13Mbl HacenfllOT aKsap111yM? rnaea IV. >KlllBblE Y'-IACTHll1Kll1 KPYrOBOPOTA BELUECTB § 19. V13 KSKlllX YSCTell1 COCTOll1T pacTeH111e? § 20. KaK111e 6b1sa10T >KlllBOTHb1e? § 21. KaK ycTpoeH M111p MenK1t1X Ha3eMHblX >K1t1BOTHb1x? § 22. B YeM npe1t1My~ecTsa BHYTpeHHero cKeneTa? KaK pb16b1 np1-1cnoco6neHbl K >Kll13Hlt1 s BOAe? KaK 3eMHOBOAHble ocso111n111 cywy? § 23. OT Yero 3as111c111T TeMneparypa Tena npecMb1Ka10~lt1Xcf1? YeM OHi/i OTfllllYSIOTCfl OT 3eMHOBOAHblX? § 24. KaK111e np111cnoco6neHl/lf1 HY>KHbl AflH noneTa? § 25. KaK MneKonlt1Ta10~111e 3a60THTCH o csoeM noToMcTse? § 26. CT0111T n111 6paTb AlllKlllX >KlllBOTHblX s pyKlll? § 27. rp1116bl - 3TO pacTeHlllH 111flll1 >KlllBOTHble? KJHble x111M111K111. YeM none3Hbl lt1 YeM onacHbl 6aKTep111111? § 28. KaK Mbl Mo>KeM coxpaHll1Tb np111pOAY AflH fll0Aell1?

1as II

AKBe

flf1M"1

ATMC

COCTI I

ATOil,;

8KT

canb

s~or

Mlt1 C npll!B

s~o•

8TMC Kpyr

38MJ

6omi npov

~ec

cTeK I

BOA•

pblX Hll!TE I

ra3l:

nerK >KYTC 8031"-

r~AI I

ropl IO~Lo

MOP rp~t

rp111e

.Qpc pblX

.QbU utec 6on )1(1112

>K~ 80,(IJ

TonKOBblr.71 cnoeap111K I

AKeap111yM -

cocy.Q c so.Qolll, HaceneHHbllll so.QHblMVI 06V1TaTe-

nflM111.

ATMOCcpepa - 803.QYWHas:l o6onOYK8 Hawelll nnaHeTbl. 803.QYX COCTOVIT Vl3 830Ta, KVICnopo.Qa VI .QpyrVIX ra30B. I ATOMbl -

YaCTVl[4bl , 1113 KOTOpblX COCTOs:lT Bel1.4eCTBa. Cyl1.4eCTByeT scero OKOno 90 pa3HOBVl.QHOCTelll 8TOMOB.

6aKTep111111 - MenbYalllwVle o.QHoKJleToYHb1e opraHV13Mb1, YHV1sepcanbHb1e pa3pywV1Ten111 Bel1.4eCTB, C03.QasaeMblX npVlpo.Qolll. I

MOB 1 Ha

6111onor111YecKas:1 6opb6a -

6opb6a YenoseKa c .QpyrVIMVI >KVIBblMVI opr8Hll13M8MVI (HanpVIMep, c spe.QVITenflMVI pacTeHVllll) nyTeM np111sneYeH111s:l VIX ecTeCTBeHHb~ sparos.

6111occpepa -

~Ta?

06V1TaeMafl YaCTb o6onoYeK Hawelll nnaHeTbl 8TMOCcpepb1, rVl.Qpoccpepbl VI nVIToccpepbl, B KOTOpolll np0111CXO.QVIT KpyrosopOT Bell4eCTB. 6111occpepa 06be.Q111HfleT see 3KOCll1CTeMbl 3eMnVI.

:V1C-

6oncho -

n? ?

3KOCll1CTeMa c Vl36blTOYHblM ysna>KHeHVleM , B KOTOpolll npo111CXO.Qll1T H8KOnneH111e Hepa3nO>Kll1BWVIXCs:l opr8HVIYeCKll1X seLl4eCTB. 6onOTO 06pa3yeTCs:l H8 YY8CTKe cywVI, c KOTOporo nnoxo CTeKaeT .QO>K.QeBafl BO.Q8, VlnVI Ha MeCTe 3apaCT8tOL1.4ero 03epa. I

8 0AOpocn111 -

npOCTO ycrpoeHHble 80.QHble pacTeHVIH, y KOTOpblX Teno He pacYneHeHo Ha opraHbl (nnaHKTOHHble BO.QopocnVI, H111Tenna, cpyKyc 111 .Qpyr111e). I

83bl -

:re

Bell4eCTB8 B COCTOHHVIVI, KOr.Qa OHll1 noXO>Kll1 Ha 803.Qyx: nerK111e, npo3paYHb1e, neryY111e, ynpyrV1e. MoneKynb1 ra3os .QB111>KYTCH c 6onbWOlll CKOpOCTblO, pa3neTatOTCH VI 3anonHHIOT secb 803MO>t<Hbllll 06beM.

r111ApOccpepa - 80.QHaH 060nOYK8 Hawelll nnaHeTbl. ropHble nopOAbl - npVlpO.QHble COYeTaHll1H Bel1.4eCTB, I

o6pa3yIOL1.4111eCH B KaMeHHOlll o6onOYKe 3eMnll1, HanpVIMep rp8Hll1T, MpaMOp, necoK, rnVIHa . I

rp1116Hllll.48 -

HVITVI Vl3 KJleTOK, COCTaBnHIOL1.4Vle OCHOBHYIO YaCTb

rpV16a . :~?

.Qpo>K>Klll -

MVIKpOCKOnVIYeCKll1e rpV16bl, Hll1Tll1 rpV16Hll1[4bl KOTOpblX pacna.Q8IOTCH Ha OT.QenbHble KJleTKll1 .

.Qb1xaH111e -

cnoco6 nonyYeH111H 3HeprV1111 1113 opraH111YecK111x seLl4ecrs c noMOL1.4btO KV1cnopo.Qa. 3ro Ha1116onee Bb1ro.QHb1lll 111 AflH 6onbWll1HCTBa opr8Hll13MOB e.Q111HCTBeHHbllll cnoco6 no,QAep>t<8HVI~ >KVl3He.QeHTenbHOCTVI. I

>KlllAKOCTlll -

Bell4eCTB8 B COCTOHHll1111, KOr.Qa OHVI nOXO>Kll1 Ha BO.Qy: TeKyYVle, HeC>Kll1MaeMble, coxpaH~IOL1.4Vle CBOlll 06beM, HO

137

I np111Hll1M8IO~ll1e tjJopMy cocyAa. B KOTOpblVl H8flll1Tbl. YaCTll1~bl (MOfleKyflbl), 1113 KOTOpblX COCTOHT :>K111AKOCTll1 , CBfl38Hbl B38111M HblM np111TH:>KeH111eM, HO nerKO nepeMe~alOTCfl OAH8 OTHOCll1TeflbHO ApyroVI . I

8KOH coxpaHeHMff 3HeprMM: 3Hepr111fl He nOf!Bflf!eTCs:I Hll10TKYA8 111 He 111CYe3aeT 6eccneAHO. I

3eepM, MJlM MJleKOnMTafO~Me, -

TennoKpOBHble n03BOHOYHble :>Kll1BOTHble, noKpblTble wepCTblO (co6aKa, Kll1T, neryYas:I MblWb 111 Apyr111e). 0Hll1 pO:>KA810T AeTeHblWeVI, KOTOpblX BblK8pMI1lt188IOT MOflOKOM. I

3eMHOBOAHble -

XOflOAHOKpOBHble no3BOHOYHble :>K111BOTHble c YeTblpbMs:I KOHeYHOCTflMll1 111 ronoVI Bfl8:>KHOVI KO:>KeVI (ns:irywKa, Tp111TOH 111 Apyr111e). 0HV1 cnoco6Hbl :>KV1Tb Ha cywe, HO OTKfl8AblsatOT V1Kpy V1 pa3BV1BalOTCs:I B BOAe.

311aKM -

TpasHH111cTb1e pacTeH111s:1 c ToHKlt1Mlt1 Y3Kll1Mlt1 nlt1cTbf!Mlt1, HeB3paYHblMll1 ~BeTK8Mll1 lt1 nOflblM CTe6neM - COflOMll1HOVI.

I McnopoA -

ra3, 111cnonb3yeMblVI opraHV13MaMV1 Afls:I AblXaH111R noAAep:>t<111saeT ropeHlt1e V1 paCTBOps:!eTCs:I B BOAe. I

MHoroKfleTOYHble :>KV1BOTHb1e, cocTOH~111e 1113 AByxcnoVIHoro MewKa c K111weYHOVI nonocTbtO BHYTPll1 (MeAy3bl, Kopannb1 111 Apyr111e).

KMwe1.tHono11ocTHb1e -

K11eTKa -

MeflbYaVlwas:i YaCTb nt06oro opraHV13Ma, B KOTopoVI npOV1CXOA111T ycsoeHlt1e nlt1TaTeflbHblX se~eCTB 111 111CnOflb30BaHV1e 3Hepr111lt1. CaMble ManeHbKt.-18 opraHll13Mbl COCTOs:IT scero 1113 OAHOVI Kfl8TKll1. opraH pacTeH111VI, cny:>t<a~111VI AflH yKpenneHV1H s noYse V1 BCaCblBaHll1fl BOAbl V1 paCTBOpeHHblX B HeVI MV1HepaflbHblX

KopeHb Be~eCTB.

KpyroeopoT ee~ecTe -

TaKoe V13MeHeH111e se~ecTs np111 nocneAOBaTenbHOM 111cnOflb30BaHll1111 111X :>K111BblMll1 opraHll13MaMll1, KOTOpoe paHO 111flll1 n03AHO npV1BOAlt1T K BOCCTaHOBfleHll1IO 111CXOAHOro se~eCTBa - 3aMblKaHll1IO KpyrosopoTa . 3aMblK8Hll18 KpyrosopOTOB B np111pOA8 803MO:>KHO 6narOA8Ps:I TOMy, YTO see OTXOAbl :>Kll13HeAeHTeflbHOCTll1 OAHll1X opraHll13MOB paHO 111flll1 n03AHO 111CnOflb3YIOTCfl KaK111Mll1-Hll16YAb Apyrlt1M111 opraHlt13M8Mll1. no3TOMY KOflll1YeCTBO pa3flll1YHblX B8~8CTB B 6111octjJepe nOAA8p:>t<111BaeTCfl Ha nocTOHHHOM yposHe. I

Ky11bTypHb1e

pacTeHMR -

BBbtBeAeHHbte YenoseKoM copTa pacTeHll1Vl, KOTOpble 111MelOT ~eHHble AflH Hero oco6eHHOCTll1. 3Tll1 pacTeHll1s:I 111CnOflb3YIOTCfl B n111~y 111fllt1 B KaYeCTBe Cblpbs:! AJlfl np01113BOACTBa se~eVI.

138 - - - - -- - - - -

Jlec -

111rpa1t

Jl1t1CT

Ye CK~

JlMTO

Jlyr -

111rpat-

Jl1t1Wi :>Kll1T8

M 1t1H•

He op np111p COCTC

Mne MHO

Kfl8TI raHbl

Mon ero Y8T8

Mon

111M81APYr

Hae•

60Ytc KpblJ Wlt1H BO.Qr

06~ :>Klt18 IO~~

8Kf11 ,

Opn HYIO

Opr Hbl8

B ru

:>Klt1E

sell KOTI T8TE

[ _______ ' :n1~b1

8"1M renbrKy.Qa ~Hb18

'.J..Jb (,1 88tOT :ire c WK8, 3,Qblf!Mll1, HHH.

flee -

3KOClllCTeMa, 8 KOTOpor.11 ponb rna8HblX npOlll380,QlllT8neri1 lllrpat0r .Qepe8bR

Illf1CT -

opraH pacTeHlllr.11, cny>K8Ll.4ll1ri1 AJlH QJOTOClllHTe3a opraHlllYeCKlllX 8ell.4eCT8 lll AJlH lllCnapeHlllH 80,Qbl.

I1111Toccpepa - KaMeHHaH o6onoYKa Hawer.11 nnaHeTbr. Ilyr - 3KOClllCTeMa, 8 KOTopor.11 ponb rll88HblX npOlll380,QlllT8Il8ri1 HrpatOT Tp88HHlllCTble pacreHlllR

I1111waVIHlf1K -

CJlO>KHblr.11 opraHlll3M, npe,QCT88nHtOU4lllri1 co6oVI co>KlllTenbCT80 Hll!Ter.11 rplll68 (,1 KneTOK 80.QOpocnlll.

M 111HepanbHb1e ee~ecTea -

so.Qa, con111 lll .Qpyrllle npocrbre HeopraH111YeCKllle Bell.4eCTB8 , l/13 KOTOpblX COCTOlllT BCH He>Kll188H nplllp0.Q8. HapHAY c opraH111YeCKll1Mlll 8ell.4eCT88Mlll OHlll BXO,QSH 8 COCT88 >KlllBblX opr8Hll13MOB.

MneKon111Ta io~111e I MHoroKneTOYHble -

cM . 3seplll.

>Kll18bre opraHll13Mbl, cocros:tll.4111e lll3 MHOrlllx KneTOK, KOTOpbre MOryT ,QeJllllTb CBOlll o6H38HHOCTlll, o6pa3yH opraHbl.

MenbYaVlwllle Yacr111~b1 sell.4ecr8a, coxpaHHt0Ll.4llle era csoV!crsa. MoneKyna Bell.4ecrsa 3To onpe.QeneHHoe co'-leTaHllle 8TOMOB.

MoneKynb1 I

1poVI IHHe 0,Q-

MonniocK111 -

MHrKorenbre 111MetOT Hapy>t<HblVl CKeneT .Qpyr111e).

>Klll80THbre, MHor111e 1113 Koropbrx paKOBlllHY (ynlllTKll1 , K8nbM8pb1 (,1

HaceKOMble -

IOYHblX

MenKL-18 '-llleH111croHorV1e >Kt.1BOTHbre (>t<yK111 , 6a6o'-lKll1 111 .Qpyr111e). y H8CeKOMblX weCTb Hor, MHOrllle lllMetOT KpblnbH. 3ro C8M8H pa3H~.o6pa3H8H rpynna >KlllBOTHblX. 60Jlb WlllHCT80 HaceKOM b lX >Kll188T Ha cy w e, H8KOTOpb18 nepewn111 K 80,QHOMY 06pa3y >Klll3Hll1.

noMH,

0 6MeH ee~e CTB -

~c 足

;He

see ~nll1

Mt.1.

JAJT8 3TH J,JlH

nOCTOflHHblr.11 06M8H Bell.48CT88Mlll M8>KAY >K111BblM opraHlll3MOM t.1 0Kpy>t<at0Ll.4eri1 era cpeAor.11, 06ecne'-lV1Ba10ll.4lll ri1 >Klll3H8A8flT8JlbHOCTb, pocr 111 p83MHO>K8Hlll8 opr8Hlll3M8 . 8KntO'-l8eT B ce6H nll1T8Hllle, Ab1X8Hllle , BblAelleHllle. I

OpraH -

'-l8CTb >Klll8oro opraHlll3Ma, 8brnonHHtOLl.48fl onpe.QeneHHyta CJlO>KHYtO 38,QaYy. I

OpraH111YecK111e

ee~ecTea

KpaxMan, >Klllpbr lll APYrllle - cno>KHbre 88Ll.48CT88, 1113 KOTOpblX COCTOHT see >Klll8bl8 opraHll13Mbl. B nplllpOAe OHlll o6pa3yt0rcs:1 s KneTKax >Kll1Bbrx opraHlll3Mos: lll >Klll80THble, lll paCT8Hll1H MOryT npe8p8Ll.48Tb OAHll1 opr8Hlll'-l8CKll18 B8Ll.48CT8a 8 APYrllle. Ho ronbKO pacreHt.'lfl Moryr C03AasaTb HeKoropbre opr8Hll1'-leCKll1e Bell.4eCTB8 l/13 MlllHep8I1bHblX B pe3ynbT8Te QJOTOClllHTe3a.

139

Oce,qnbte nT"14bl -

Te , KOTOpble OCT8IOTCH 3l-1MOB8Tb B TOM MeCTe, rAe rHe3Al-1nl-1Cb. I

-meHl-1CTOHOrl-1e >Kl-180THble, lt1Mel01.14lt1e BOCeMb Hor. 6onbWlt1HCTBO nayKOB >Klt1BeT Ha cywe l-1 w111pOKO 111cnonb3yeT B csoee1 >Kl-13Hlt1 BbtAenHeMylO 111M111 naYTl-1Hy.

npot,.

neperHOlil,

npoc

ayK"1 -

1.14ecr

' nTlill noKp >Ka10-

nepeneTHbte nTM4bl -

'-1111Cfl

nepd -

sa>KHeC1wee np111cnoco6neHl-1e nTl-114. Cny>Kl-1T rnasHblM o6pa30M AnH noneTa l-1 TenflOl-130nH14111111. I

Pa3r.

Pa3~ (rnaE

n111ra

nnaHKTOH -

MenKl-1e BOAHble >Kl-1BOTHbte 111 p8CTeHlt1H, « nOABeWeHHble» B Ton1.14e BOAbl l-1 nepeHOClt1Mble TeYeHlt1HMl-1 .

IOT C opra

nno,q -

Poc1

opraH 14seTKOBb1x pacTeH111C1, cny>Ka1.14lt1C1 AnH xpaHeH1t1H lt1 pacceneHlt1H CeMHH. nnOAbl 6bl88IOT COlf HblMll1 l-1 CYXll1Mll1. I

nno,QOBOe Teno -

lf8CTb rpl-168, 06pa3yeM8H lt13 Hl-1Tee1 rp1t16Hl-1(4bl AflH pa3MHO>KeHlt1H 111 pacceneH111H cnop, KOTopylO IllOAl-1 o6bllfHO npl-1Hlt1MalOT 38 rpl-16 . I

no3BOHOYH"1K -

BHYTpeHHl-1111 CKeneT y pb16, 3eMHOBOAHblX, npeCMblK8IOU4l-1XCH, nTl-114 l-1 3sepell1. OH cocT0111T l-13 OTAenbHbtX, noABl-1>KHO COeAlt1HeHHb~ KOCTeC1 - no3BOHKOB. I

no3BOHOYHble -

Hbl8

Pbl6

>Ka61 nnas

ceM

>K8LL

B8Ll.4

>Kl-1BOTHble, 1t1Me101.14lt1e BHyTpeHHlt1C1 CKeneT 1113 n03BOHOYHll1Ka l-1 KOCTeC1 (pb16bl, 3eMHOBOAHbl8, npeCMblKa101.141t1eCH, nTlt114bl 111 388p111). TaKoe CTpoeH111e n03BOnlt1JlO lt1M AOCTlt1lfb KpynHblX pa3Mepos lt1 JlOBKOCTlt1 ABlt1>KeH1t1C1, 1t1rpaTb sa>KHYIO ponb s Mope 111 Ha cywe.

CMe

none -

C03AaHHaH lf 8Jl088KOM 3KOCl-1CTeMa AnH Bblpa1.14lt188Hll1H Kynb TYPHblX pacTeHl-1C1. I

n0Tpe61,1Ten1,1,

l-1Jllt1 «e,QOK"1» , - >Klt1Bbte opraH1113Mbl (rJ188HblM o6pa30M, >Kl-1BOTHbte), lt1CnOJlb3YIOl.14111e B KaYeCTBe n1111.14lt1 roTOBble opraH1t1YeCK1t1e se1.14ecTsa.

noYBa -

sepXHlt1C1 nflOAOPOAHbtC1 CJlOC1 3eMnlt1. 3TO nosepXHOCTHblC1 cnoe1 Jllt1T0Ccpepb1, pa3pyweHHbtC1 npl-1 B3al-1MOAeC1CTBll1lt1 c rl-1APOCcpepoll1 l-1 aTMOCcpepoC1 l-1 npeo6pa30BaHHblC1 >K111BblMll1 opraHlt13M8Mlt1. I

npeCMblK8tOU4"1eCff -

140

(rnae

l-1nlt1 P/MyC, - CMeCb opraHW-feCKll1X l-1 Mll1HepaI1bHblX se1.14eCTB , o6pa3088HH8H pa3pywl-1TeJlHMl-1 B pe3ynbTaTe nepepa60TKll1 OCT8TKOB nor1116Wl-1X opraHl-13MOB. neperHOC1 CKnel-1saeT noYBY B KOMOYKll1, Me>KAY KOT0pb1Mlt1 H8XOAHTCH B03AYX l-1 BOAa. l-1 nOBblW8eT nnOAOPOAlt1e nOYBbl.

Te, .. KOTOpble 3111MOC1 nOKl-1A8IOT MeCT8 rHe3AOB8Hlt1H lt1 yneT8IOT B Tenflble Kp8R

np111~ pyKar

XOJlOAHOKpOBHble n03BOHOYHble >Kl-1BOTHble, Teno KOTOpblX noKpblTO Yewyee1, 3a1.141111.14a101.14ee1 OT BblCblxaHl-1H (H1.14ep1t114b1, Yepenaxl-1 l-1 Apyr111e). Pa3MHO>K8IOTCH Ha cywe, OTKnaAblBaH HC114a.

Han~

ClilM Han1

CKeJ

A8HI. HOn· I

Cno 3H8' I

CTe 3blB nae·

K KC

Tee Ha

111

' TOM

np1,1p0Aa -

see, YTO OKpy>KaeT l.f8Jl088Ka Ill He C03A8HO era

pyKaMlll. Hor.

er s bHblX

epesaer 30.Qa,

npolf13BOAL1Telllf1,

11111111 «KOpMLilllb4bl», >KlllBbl8 opraHlll3Mbl (rnaBHblM o6pa30M, paCT8HlllR), C03A8t0Ll..11118 opraHllll.f8CKlll8 88Ll..18CTBa Vl3 HeopraHVll.f8CKVIX, MVIHepanbHblX B8Ll..18CTB.

npocTe~Wlf1 e - OAHOKJ18TOYHbl8 >KVIBOTHbl8, HanpVIM8p aMe6a. I nTlf14bl - Jl8T8t0Ll..IVl8 T8nJlOKp08Hbl8 n03BOHOYHbl8 >KVIBOTHbl8, noKpblTbre nepbRMlll (yTKa, open, sopo6eVI VI APYrVle). Pa3MHO>KataTCR, OTKJlaAbl88R ml!~a VI yxa>KVIB8R 3a nTeH~8MVI. I

PaaMHO>KeHlf1e ecra

CBOVICTBO >Kvrsoro opraHlll3Ma yse11V1YVIB8Tb l.fVICJlO ce6e nOA06HblX.

1..u1V1 « M ycop~lf1Klf1», >KVIBbre opraHVl3Mbt (rnaBHblM o6pa30M, 6a KTep111V1 VI rp1116b1), 111cnOJlb3YtOLl..11118 An A nVITaHlllR OCT8TKVI yMepWVIX opraHVl3MOB. OHVI nepepa6aTblBa K)T opraHVll.f8CKlll8 Bell..leCTBa, pa3naraR VIX Ha 6onee npOCTble opraHVll.f8CKlll8 VI MlllH8p811bHbl8 88Ll..18CTBa.

PaapywL1Te111,1 ,

HblM ~Be -

PocT -

CBOVICTBO >KlllBOro opraHVl3Ma VICnOnb3088Tb nornoL1..18HHbl8 B8Ll..18CTBa AflR ysen111YeH111H pa3Mepos csoero Tena.

)V16IO,Qlll

1peno1113 tV1e'V1Yb )QJlb

Pb16b1 -

xonoAHOKposHbre BOAHb1e no3BOHOYHbte, 111Met0L1..1111e >Ka6pb1 B Kal.f eCTBe opraHOB AblX8HVIR, noKpOB 1113 Yewy111 Ill nnaBHlllKVI (aKyna, cenbAb, Kapacb 111 P.pyr111e).

CeMff - opraH pa3MHO>KeHVIR 111 pacce11eH111H pacTeH111VI, coP.ep>KaL1..1111 VI 38POAblW 6YAYL1..18ro paCT8HlllR Ill 3anac nlllT8T8JlbHblX 88Ll..leCTB. I

pe3y11bTaT cMeweH111R YaCTl-1~ pa311111YHbtX B8Ll..18CTB, Hanplt1M8p nOYBa, Y8pH11111a.

CMec1,1 -

C1,1M61,103 -

s3a111MHO none3Hoe co>K111Te1lbCTBO opraHlll3MOB . Hanplt1Mep, 11111wali1Hlt1K - c111M6lt103 rplt16a lt1 BOP.opoc11V1.

CKe11eT -

iblM

TsepP.brli1 VI npoYHblVI opraH >Klt1BOTHbrx, Aat0L1..1lt1VI onoPY era Teny lt1 MblW~aM lt1 38Ll..llt1Ll..lat0L1..1lt1VI opraHlll3M OT nospe>KA8Hlt1VI. Pa311V1Yat0T cKeneT Hapy>KHblli1 (y MonntacKos, YneH111cToHorV1x) lt1 BHyrpeHHlt1Vl (y n03BOHOYHblX).

ITO-

Cnopb1 -

ICT-

opraH pacTeHlllVl, HeCyll..IVIVl Jllt1CTbR lt1 ~88TKVI Ill CBR3blBa tO Ll..llt1Vl Me>KAY co6oli1 Apyrlt1e opraHbl. Bsepx no cTe611t0 nocrynaeT BOAS K Jllt1CTbRM, a BHlll3 nlt1TaT8JlbHble B8Ll..18CTB8 K KOpHtO.

IHlllR

opOT::brcy-

cne~lt1anbHb1e

KneTKl-1 rplt16os lt1 pacTeHlt11i1, npeP.Ha 3HaYeHHbre AflR pa3MHO>K8Hlt1R lt1 pacceneHlt1R I

CTe6e11b -

TeepAble Tena -

B8Ll..18CTBa B COCTORHlt1lt1, KOrAa OHl-1 noXO>Kl-1 Ha K8MHVI; o6pa3ytaT OTA8nbHble npeP.MeTbl nocTORHHOl71 cpopMbl lt1 pa3Mepa. YaCTlt1~bl, l-13 KOTOpblX COCTORT TB8pAbl8 Tena ,

141

npoYHO CBH3aHbl APYr c ApyroM s onpeAeneHHOM nopHAKe lt1 He Moryi- nepeMe~aTbCH, a TOnbKO Kone6mOTCH Ha MeCTe.

Tena Topcp -

OTAenbHble npeAMeTbl,

OKpy>t<aHJ~Vle

Hae.

nonypa3nO>KV1BWV1ecH ocTaTKV1 pacTeHltl~. o6pa3yHJ~lt1e CH Ha 6onoTax. 8b1cyweHHbl~ TOpcp MO>KHO V1CnOnb30BaTb KaK ropHJYee.

KaK F Map L

BHOCV1Mble YenoseKOM 8 n~'-IBY Mlt1HepanbHble lt1 opraHlt1'-leCKlt1e se~eCTBa, nOBblWaHJ~ltle ee nnOAOPOAltle.

Y A06peHMSI -

npo4ecc C03AaHV1H opraHlt1'-leCKV1X se~eCTB lt13 HeopraHV1'-leCKV1X npltl nOMO~ltl 3Heprlt1lt1 CBeTa. npolt1CXOAV1T B 3eneHblX KneTKax, COAep>t<a~VlX xnopocpltlnn. Conposo>KAaeTcH BblAeneHltleM Klt1CnopOAa.

<l>oTOCMHTe3 -

se~ecTso, c noMo~bHJ KoToporo pacTeHV1H ynasnlt1BaHJT CBeTOBYHJ 3Heprlt1HJ. npV1AaeT pacTeHV1HM 3eneHbl~ 4BeT.

X nopocpMnn -

XeoVIHb1e -

pacTeHV1H c nV1cTbHMV1 s cpopMe VlronoK - xsoltl (cocHa, enb V1 APYrltle). KaK npasltlno, OHV1 He c6pacb1saHJT nltlcTbH Ha 3V1My.

U eeTKOBble -

pacTeHV1H, y KOTopblX 06pa3yeTcH 4seTOK, npespa~aHJ~Vl~CH no Mepe C03pesaHV1H 8 nnOA c ceMeHaMV1 (OAYsaH'-lltlK, AY6 lt1 APYrltle). B 4seTKe 06pa3yeTCH nbtnb4a, nepeHoClt1MaH seTpOM lt1 HaceKOMblMV1 c OAHOro pacTeHltlH Ha Apyroe. I

Uenb nMTaHMst -

nocneAOBaTenbHOCTb Blt1AOB opraHV13MOB, K8>KAbl~ nocneAyHJ~ltl~ lt13 KOTOpblX ecT npeAblAY~ero .

>KltlBOTHble, V1MeHJ~lt1e BblTHHYTOe Teno c xopowo pa3BV1Tb1Mlt1 Mb1w4aMV1. Pa3nlt1'-18HJT nnocKltlX, Kpyrnb1x V1 KOnb'-laTblX yepse~.

LlepBM -

non38HJ~lt1e

ee~eCTBa - se~eCTBa, COCTOH~lt18 lt13 OAV1HaKOBblX '-18CTV14, Hanplt1Mep BOAa. conb, caxap.

l.IMCTble

LlneHMCTOHOrMe -

>Klt1BOTHbl8 c Yn8Hlt1CTblM Hapy>t<HblM CKeneTOM lt1 xopowo pa3BV1TblMV1 KOH8'-IHOCTHMV1. K YneHlt1CTOHOrlt1M OTHOCHTCH p8Klt1, nayKV1, KJle~ltl lt1 H8C8K0Mble.

W epCTb - 3a~V1THbl~ noKpOB 3Bepe~. COCTOH~ltl~ I 3 KOCMCTeMa - eAV1HCTBO >Klt1BblX opraHV13MOB V1 V1X

V13 sonoc.

cpeAbl o6V1TaHV1H, B KOTOpOM >Klt1Bbl8 opraHV13Mbl pa3HblX «npocpeccltl~}) cnoco6Hbl COBMeCTHblMV1 yclt1nlt1HMV1 nOAAep>KV1BaTb KpyrosopoT

rnas § 1. § 2. § 3. § 4.

rnas § 5. § 6. § 7. § 8. § 9.

rnae § 1( § 1· §

§ 1:

§ 1·

§ 1! § 11

88~8CTB.

3HeprMSI -

lt1CTO'-IHV1K Cltlnbl, cnoco6HOCTb npOV13BOAV1Tb pa6ory V1 Bbt3blB8Tb ABV1>K8Hlt1e Ten.

142

§ 1

CO.QEP>KAHlllE

1118-

KaK pa6orarb c yYe6H1t1KOM

) K8K

Mapwpyi- s crpaHy 3HaH1t1Li1

bl8 l-1

fnasa I. BELUECTBO 111 SHEPfllls:I se~ecrsa

·9 l-13

§ 1 . Tena 111

111T B 8TCR

§ 2. 1113 Yero COCTOlt1T

8H111R ~Hbli.11

§ 3. Yro raKoe § 4.

. . . . . . . . . se~eCTBO

3Hepr111~

npespa~8Hlt18

10 12

. . .

3Hepr1t11t1

fnasa II. 060flO'"fKA nnAHETbl. OXBA'"fEHHAs:I >Kll13Hbl-O XBOL-1

n111c-

§ 5. r,Qe 061t1T8IOT >Klt1Bbl8 opraHlt13Mbl § 6. 6onbwoLi1 Kpyrosopor

1pe-

DAY-

se~ecrs

26 se~ecrs

. 30

B opraHlt13M8 . . . . . . .

. 34

§ 7. >K111sb1e yyacTH1t1K1t1 Kpyrosopora se~eCTB

~HO

§ 8. 06MeH

J8.

§ 9. KaK >t<1t1Bb1e opraH1t13Mbl aanacalOT 3Hepr1t110

ConH~a

. 38

MOB,

10 c 1IX l-1

IBblX

mer111M

fnasa Ill. SKOJlOflll'"fECKAs:I ClllCTEMA

§ 10. >K1t13Hb 3KOClt1CT8Mbl § 11 . noYBa -

B8>KH8Li1Wa~

. . . . . . . . .

. 40

Y8CTb 3KOClt1CT8Mbl

. 44

§ 12. 3Koc111creMa oaepa

. 46

§ 13. 3KOClt1CTeMa 6onoTa

§ 14. 3KOClt1CTeMa nyra

§ 1 5. necHbl8 np01t1380,Qlt1T8nlt1 . . . . .

16111-

§ 16. norpe61t1Ten1t1 lt1 paapyW1t1Ten1t1 3KOClt1CT8Mbl neca

1 111~))

lpOT

.QononH1t1TenbHb1Li1 Marep111an .Qn~ n1a6oaHaTenbHblX «KaK np111po.Qa aaneY111saeT paHbl» . . . . . . . 66

§ 17. 3KOClt1CTeMa § 1 8. AKsap111yM -

non~

. . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . 70

ManeHbKa~

lt1CKYCCTB8HHa~

3KOClt1CTeMa . . . . .

. 74

143

I f naea IV. >KlllBblE Yl.IACTHlllKlll KPYfOBOPOTA BELUECTB

§ 19. PacTeH1t1H-npm'13BO.QL-1Ten111

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.QononHlt1T8flbHblll1 MaTep111an ,QnH rno603HaTenbHblX «KneTKlt1 - ManeHbK1t1e na6opaTop111111»

. . 78 . 84

§ 20. >K1t1BOTHbl8 ManeHbKlt18 lt1 6onbWlt18

. 86

§ 21 . ManeHbK1t1e pb11.4ap111 . . . . . . . .

. 90

§ 22. nepsb1ll1 war 1113 MopH Ha cywy

. 96

§ 23. Ha cywe - KaK .QOMa . . . . . . . . . . . .

100

§ 24. nepHaTbl8 lt1306peTaT8fllt1 . . . . .

104

§ 25. Haw111 6paTbH . . . . . . . . . . . .

110

§ 26. OcTopo>t<HO - >1<1t1BOTHb1e! .... . . . . . . . . ..... . . 1 16

§ 27. np1t1pO>K,QeHHbl8 pa3pyW1t1T8fllt1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.QononH1t1TenbHblll1 MaTep111an .QnH rno6o3HaTenbHblX «KJHbie Xlt1Mlt1Klt1» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

§ 28. KaK HaM >Klt1Tb a .Qpy>t<6e c np111po.Qoll1 . . . . . . . . . . np111no>KeH111e 1. Y'-llt1MCH pewaTb >Klt13H8HHbl8 3a,Qa'-llt1

144

120 124 128

. . . . . 1 34

np111nO>K0Hlll0 2. npoeKT «CoxpaHlt1M KpaCOT'f np1t1pO,Qbl» .

1 35

nP06nEMbl (OCHOBHblE BOnPOCbl) YPOKOB . . .

136

TonKOBbl'1 cnoeap111K

137

.............. . .... .

I B

78 84 86 90

100 104 . 110 116 120

l o o h c s ka-

l a h nac

124 128 Baxpywea AneKCBHAP AneKCBHAPOBWi AaHMnoa .Qp..11np1-11-1 .Qa1-1Moewi,

134

6ypcKMM Oner BnaA1-1cnaeoewi PayrMaH AneKCBHAP Cepreeewi OKPY>KAIO~ll1VI Mll1P. 3 Knacc

135

(«061-1raren1-1 3eMn1-1») Y'le6H"1K a 2 'l8CTRx. '-facrb 1

136 137

noAn"1CBHO B ne'iaTb 03.0512. <PopMaT 84x108 1/16 ne'iaTb ocpceTH8R. 6yMara ocpcerHaR. 06beM 9 n. n. T1-1paJK 90 000 3K3. 3aKa3 N« 315851!!:-!i!!lJ. 06u.iepocc1-11-1cK1-11-1 Knacc1-1¢1-1Karop

npoAyK~1-11-1

OK 005-93. TOM 2: 953005 - n1-1reparypa Y'le6HaR

1113A8TBflbCTBO «6anaccll. 109147. MocKea. MapKc1-1crcKaR yn., A 5, crp. 1 no'iTOBbllil BAPec· 111123. MocKea. a/R 2. «6anacc» TenecpoHbt AflR cnpaeoK: (495) 672 23 12. 672-23-34, 368-70-54 http:/ /www.school2100 ru E mail balass 1zd !!lmtu-net.ru «1113A8TenbCTBO WKOnbHbt"1 AOM». 129344. MOCKBa, yn J1eT'i"1K8 6a6ywK"1H8, A. 1. Kopn 3, ocp1-1c 7. no'iTOBbllil BAPeC: 127254, MocKea, OropOAHb1"1 np. A 5. crp t 0Ql"1C 203 Ten /Q>aKC' (495) 632-00-54 http://wwwschool-1zd.ru E-ma11Jntooschool 1zd.ru Ome'laTaHo e DAO «CMoneHCK"1lil non1-1rpa¢1-1'ieCK"1lil KOM6"1Han 214020, r. CMoneHcK, yn. CMonbRH"1Hoea. 1

cI>EAEPAJlbHbllll rDCYAAPCTBEHHbllll 06PA30BATEJlbHbllll CTAHAAPT PA38111BAIOLl.lAfl 06PA30BATEJlbHAfl Clt1CTEMA «WKOJlA 2100» Ka>K.QOMY Heo6xo.Q"1MO Hay•-mrbc11:

0 0 0

Pew1n. nio6i.te 10JH11uio11111e I IKllJHll JiAl'lll. CaMocro11reni.Ho onpi.11an. Ho1oe. Bi.161pari. rnaaHoe II llHTepeCHOe.

Lt Lt Lt

rnHHOe He J HiHH, a yMeH11e llMll noni.J OUTbCll! He HIAO J y6p11ri. II llCHTb roTOBble OTllTbl ! i.aneKo He ace, 'ITO ecn. 1 y'le6H11Ke, HVIKHO JanOMHllTlo llnll BltlnOAHllTb!

y HAWV1X KHV1r O,QHV1 V1 TE >KE ABTOPbl- OT HAYAnbHOLil ,QO CTAPWELil W KOnbl! HEnPEPblBHbllll KYPC «0KPY>KAIOL1.lll1111 Mll1P» Allfl HAYAJlbHOlll WKOJlbl

(A.A Baxpywea, A.A. AaH1111oa 11 AP.l PeKoMeHAOBBHO M 111H111crepcrnoM 06paaoeaH11111 111 HayK111 PcI>

,51 " "'"P 80kpyr• s 2·x '·· 1 Kil.

ii •Hawa nnaHera 3eMnR• e 2·x' 2 Kil

•06•raren>1 3eMn•• ·Moe Ore,ecrno•. 3 Kil.

•'-lenoeex • np~pOJIB• •'-lenoeex M'enoee,ecreo., 4 Kil

2 Kil.

CaMOCTORTenbHb1e H

M-roroeb1e pa6oTt>A

1Kll.

npoeepOYHbl0 14 KOHTp On bHble pa60Tbl

2 Kil

3 Kil.

4 Kil

3aRBKlll np111H111Mat0TCR no aApecy: 111123 Moc Kea, a/ R 2. «6anacc» TenecjlOHbl A/lR cnpaeoK: (495] 672 23 12, 672 23 34, 368 70 54;www.school2100.ru 3aRBKM Ha ornpaeKy no no'iTB: (495] 735 53- 98, bal.postltilmtu- net.ru 3am1cb Ha KYPCbr nosbrweH111R Kaa11111cjl111Ka~111111 no renecjloHy: (495] 778 16 74; www.school2100.ru E>KeMBCRYHblM >KypHan «H8Y8/1bH8R WK0/18 nntOC Ao Ill nocne» B lKYPHane - Marep111anb1 o pa6ore no y'ie6H111KaM «WKO/lbl 2100» no'lTOBbllll lllHABKC A/lR 110Am1C'll/IKOB pep - 48990