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Supervisor: Prof. Kristof Crrolla
thesis project /Computer-Aided Tiled Roof Structures //Research //Design demonstrator
36 c o n t e n t
Tutor: Prof. Kristof Crrolla
m1 studio ii /Bending-active Structures //Tectonic Exploration //Conceptual Design
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Tutor: Prof. Zhu Jingxiang
m1 studio i /From Unit to Product //Unit Study and Various Organization //Conceptual Design
82 Tutor: Various
highlights of other design works /Undergraduate Studio Works /Extracurricular Works
THESIS PROJECT COMPUTER-AIDED TILED ROOF STRUCTURES Supervisor: Prof. CROLLA, Kristof
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September, 2018 -May, 2019 • Thesis Research (tiles pattern+structural optimization) • A Design Demonstrator
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ABSTRACT This thesis expands the design solution space for traditional tiled roof structures without necessarily increasing constructing complexity. Planar and cylindrical roof surfaces are the most common roof geometries in traditional historic Chinese and Japanese architecture and are found in e.g. temple roof structures or vernacular architecture. In these architectures, wooden structures are clad with identical tiles which are configured parallel to one another, thus reducing construction complexity while increasing the flexibility of roof structure design. Digital technologies nowadays allow for the easy design of geometrically complex surfaces, which are challenging to construct. This thesis aims to expand the construction solution space for tiled roofs to include geometrically complex and doubly curved roof surfaces. Following analysis of existing roof structures, this thesis focuses on two roof aspects: 1) the roof tiling and 2) the wooden substructure. For the roof tiling, the thesis starts by looking into “Reaction-Diffusion” simulation algorithms to allow the population of non-developable, doubly curved roof surfaces with identical, equidistantly placed tiles. “Reaction-Diffusion” simulations are used to explain how a system of chemicals can react and diffuse. In nature, this principle e.g. results in the natural striping that resemble a zebra stripes. Here, Reaction-Diffusion algorithms are employed as they allow for the controlled generation of equidistant patterns on any geometrical surfaces. These are then further developed into a construction system that allows for the equidistant placement of standardized tiles. In translating non-developable geometry into equidistant patterns, certain “singularities” appear at bifurcation points within the pattern. In a chemical reaction-diffusion setup, “pattern singularity” appears where the chemical concentration becomes large enough to result in a new strip. Similarly, this thesis develops “singularity tiles” on the positions of singularities. These tiles are specifically designed according to the size of common tiles to prevent drainage failure. For the wooden substructure, this thesis develops digital methods, including parametric structural engineering setups combined with genetic algorithms, to optimize the supporting structure for any roof surface. Within 3D modeling software Rhinoceros and its procedural modeler Grasshopper, Galapagos is used for evolutionary optimization and Karamba 3D for parametric structural analysis. In search of most “efficient” structures, the system will automatically adjust geometries in order to minimize bending moments of each column, optimize the thickness of each beam according to the applied forces and minimize the displacement of the roof shell. This thesis enriches the currently practically available tiled roof structure design solution space by expanding the available geometries without substantially increasing construction complexity. Thus, a wider design pallet is made available that offers architects a more flexible spatial design response which is still rooted in local craft, tradition, culture and symbolism. As a demonstrator for this gained opportunity space, the design of a modern interpretation of a traditional temple structure is proposed on an ancient kiln ruin of Xi’an. Keywords: Constructing Complexity, Computational Design, Tiled Roof Structures, Reaction-Diffusion, Structural optimization
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The Tiling Pattern Of A Traditional Pitched Roof
The Substructure Of A Traditional Pitched Roof 3
Reaction-Diusion Algorithm Reaction-Diusion Algorithm is used to explain how natural patterns are generated. In the thesis, the algorithm is translated into scripts in grasshopper and then employed to develop a new tiling pattern with an equidistant spacing on any geometrically complex surfaces.
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Progressive Simulation of The Pattern on A Complex Surface
9.35 mm
9.60 mm
9.90 mm
10.20 mm
10.50 mm
10.80 mm
11.10 mm
11.40 mm
11.70 mm
12.00 mm
12.30 mm
12.60 mm
Patterns of Various Equidistant Spacings 5
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Structural Optimization Traditional tiled roofs employ timber as the main structural material. Those structures are still widely used in conservation of historic buildings, vernacular dwellings in some remote areas and pavilions. However, at present, digital tools allow for more options in spatial design. A wider range of design solutions for structures will give architects more feasibilities in spatial design. So this thesis also explores how to support the wooden structure eďŹƒciently and beautifully with the aid of computation.
Galapagos
Displacement=13.5 cm
Displacement=12.9 cm
Displacement=12.3 cm
Displacement=11.5 cm
Computational Optimization For The Supporting Structure Taking a inclined supporting structure for example, the thesis employs Galapago as the evolutionary optimization tool and Karamba 3D as the structural optimization tool. Through scripting in grasshopper, they will find the most eďŹƒcient solutions for the structure which follow the pretested standards, such as mass, displacement, intersection, size and so on.
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Utilization of Stress
Multiple Examples Of Structural Solutions
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Design Opportunities Based On The Gained Tools I. A WIDER RANGE OF ROOF GEOMETRIES
II. AN OPPORTUNITY FOR A NEW EXPRESSION OF SYMBOLISM
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The Design Demonstrator A museum design for an ancient kiln of tiles and bricks This is a design aiming to explore the possibilities of a tiled roof structure based on the gained tools and some extra symbolic meanings.
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Massing and Programs •
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Roof Geometry
Supporting Structure •
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Color of Tiles
SITE
Master Plan Sangyuan Kiln, a kiln built for the emperor’s tomb Gonglizhen, Fuping, Xi’an, China 0
100M
N
500M 13
The Existing Kiln
The Destroyed Kiln (now nothing left)
The Existing Kiln
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0 1M 14
5M
Project: The Museum Of Ceramic Tiles And Bricks Programs: Exhibition Zones Presentation Zone Staff Office Front Reception Outdoor Event Space Toilet (including toilet for the disabled) Site Area: 1296 m2 The study starts by looking into programs and the rough space they occupy. Then the form of roof, structural system and the spatial quality continuously give feedback to the programmatic organization and also influence each other. For a clear view of the original site and the largest protection to the kiln, all the functional spaces are finally moved to the underground, leaving the pure space generated by structures.
Massing and Programs Roof Geometry
Massing Study
Roof Geometry Study
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Massing Study With Dimensional Volumes
1st Attempt Of Form-Finding With A Vacuum Former
The Improved Support for Vacuum Forming
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2st Attempt Of Form-Finding With A Vacuum Former 17
Physical Model Photos
3D Scanning (Autodesk ReCap Photo)
A sharp roof ridge is more eďŹƒcient for drainage and tiling. And at the same time, a large roof surface will be subdivided into several which makes a more flexible roof design strategy.
3D Model Rebuilding and Modification (Rhinoceros)
Selecting from Multiple Results
The Work-Flow Of Form-Making 18
Supporting Structures
The structural optimization aims to search for the most eďŹƒcient option of inclined columns, which means the total mass, distribution and intersection will be optimized to be as smaller as possible. All of the structural solutions must make zero bending moment on the column.
Utilization of Stress
Samples Of The Progressive Optimization
Charts Of Data Changes In Galapagos 19
Tiles’ Substructure
Ridge Beams (Planar)
Secondary Beams (Planar)
Main Beams (Planar)
Ring Beams (Metal)
Optimized Inclined Columns
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1. Ridge Beams & Main Columns
2. Optimized Main structures
3. Ring Beams & Inclined Columns
4. Main Beams
5. Secondary Beams to Support Tiling Structure
6. Tiling Structure and Tiles
Construction Diagram
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Color and Symbolism The color research aims to explore a new possibility that how the meaning and culture of ancient tiles get interpreted through computational design. In the design, singularity tiles are highlighted in red, the color which would only be used in royal architectures. Then according to the distance between common tiles and the closest singularity tile, the color gradually changes from red to blue.
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17.8m
21.6m 13.4m
N
19.4m
Roof Plan
A
N
A
Ground Floor Plan
A
N
A
Underground Floor Plan
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North Elevation
East Elevation
Section A-A
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BENDING-ACTIVE STRUCTURE
ROOFTOP BAMBOO PAVILION Tutor: Prof. CROLLA, Kristof
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September, 2018 -May, 2019 • Tectonic Exploration (Teamwork) • Conceptual Design (Individual)
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Tectonic Exploration Before a project was considered, four weeks were taken to study computational tools of bending-active structures and the basic work flow.
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Phase I: Conceptual proposal 1 Big opening
Prototype
Interference
Kangaroo Solution
Plan
Interference
Kangaroo Solver
Plan
Conceptual proposal 2 Double columns
Prototype
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Conceptual proposal 3 Orthogonal grids
Prototype
Interference
Kangaroo Solver
Plan
Interference
Kangaroo Solver
Plan
Conceptual proposal 4
Single column
Prototype
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Phase II: Conceptual proposal 1+2
Prototype
Interference
Kangaroo Solver
Plan
Interference
Kangaroo Solver
Plan
Conceptual proposal 3+4
Prototype
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Phase III: Final Design
Prototype
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Interference
Kangaroo Solver
Trim
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Physical Connection Between Two PVC Pipes
Physical Connection Attaching A Pipe To The Base
Physical Connection Extending A Pipe 45
Conceptual Design
ROOFTOP BAMBOO PAVILION An Addition Of Serenity In The Heart Of Causeway Bay
THIS project is a PUBLIC LEARNING CENTRE on the ROOFTOP of an old walk-up building located near Hysan Place in Causeway Bay. Its architecture consists of two individual components: a bending-active grid shell structure that covers all functional spaces, and a separate set of floor slabs and walls that house the main programmatic elements. The structure utilises the bending properties of its structural members. Together, these create a fluid, 9m-high, doubly curved roof shape that is clad with a translucent membrane. Three window openings are strategically incorporated at the edge of the rooftop. These were designed to provide a visual connection to the busy surrounding streets. The project introduces a large public knowledge exchanging and presentation space in the heart of Causeway Bay that is especially targeted at younger user groups. Spanning 921.6m2, the program covers 100% of the site’s rectangular rooftop area of which the geometric irregularities have been straightened out to provide one single continuous open slab. The interior arrangement consists of two floors: the lower level is used as presentation space, reading area and storage, whereas the upper multifunctional level allows for a wider range of activities. The project critically positions itself within a typically Hong Kong urban area, characterised by high-density and limited programmatic variation, in which most floor space is designated to commerce or office only. In this area, rooftop spaces provide a latent opportunity to build light-weight architecture that provides the functions Causeway bay lacks, such as a freely accessible Learning Centre. The project research investigates how computational design tools can be strategically inserted into existing construction methods to allow for a more engaging and innovative architectural outcome. When building onto rooftops of existing buildings, the load-bearing edges are essential for the overall geometry. In this project, the doubly curved surface is strategically designed to match the straight edges of the building. This decision grounds the project’s geometry and identity into the properties of the surroundings. Several structural design iterations were tested through digital physics simulation engines. The final solution successfully achieves a desired balance between complexity and simplicity. In doing so, the project aims to achieve a level of SERENITY in the heart of one of the most intense neighbourhoods of Hong Kong. Computational technology and structural material systems have been used to research unexplored opportunities for the design of urban architectural additions that can be realised within an economically, ecologically and practically viable framework. By bringing design SIMPLICITY into this intense area, this project achieves a BALANCED program and offers a moment of calm and pause in the heart of one of the world’s busiest cities.
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Master Plan 48
0
15M 5M
30M
Remove Extra Staircases and Parapets
Rebuild a wide and flat slab
staircases as core structure
main frame of structure Ring Beam
shear wall
Prototype
The Existing Staircase Core As The New Entrance
Diagonal Grids
Trim For Proper Views To The City
Kangaroo Solver
Spring and Anchor Points
Edge Anchor
Membrane As Isolation
Conceptual Diagrams For The Design Process
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Process And Details 52
Structure Plan
19.80 19.20
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DN
16.80
DN
DN
1/F Plan B
C
DN
DN 3
DN
4
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16.80 1
A
UP 5
2
UP
A
6 5
UP
B
C
Roof Floor Plan
N Function Legend 1
Lecture Space
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Forum
2
Discussion Zone
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Reading Space
3
Storage
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Rest Space
4
Service Area
8 Activity Space
0
5M
10M
1M
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South Elevation
West Elevation
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East Elevation
Section A-A
Section B-B
Section C-C
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FROM UNIT TO PRODUCT
HOSTEL UNDER THE CANOPY Tutor: Prof. Zhu JIngxiang
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December, 2017 • Unit Study And Various Organization • Conceptual Design
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Unit Study And Various Organization The phase I study focuses on the progressive study about how to use limited types of units to organize a structure.
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Corner Study Corner-Bonding Principle Corner study aims to explore the bonding principles at the corner of a brick wall. scaled bricked and segments are employed to study dierent organizations of units.
Furniture scale
Wall scale
Common brick 120x60x30mm
Common brick 120x60x30mm Additional corner brick 30x30x30mm
Additional corner brick 90x30x30mm
Plan view
Architectural scale
Common brick 120x60x30mm
Additional corner brick 30x30x30mm
Additional corner brick 30x30x30mm
Additional corner brick 90x30x30mm
Additional corner brick 90x30x30mm
Perspective view of two layers
Perspective view of multiple layers
Pattern Study Colors Pattern This study researches an additional element that advances the brick wall.
Furniture scale
Views of Brick Wall
Wall scale
Architectural scale
Left Elevation
Right Elevation
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Organization Rules This study focuses on the rules of organization by using repeatable units. Firstly several basic units are prepared with numbers. Then use the units to generate a brick wall. Following are two examples showing how to use “1C1E” and “3C1E” to build a wall.
Type “C” Type “E”
1C1E Shift 3/4 Strecher
1C1E Shift 1/4 Strecher
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3C1E Shift 1/2 Header
3C1E 16 Layers With Bonding Corners
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Conceptual Design A Student Hostel Under The Canopy Phase II is a progressive design aiming to use the gained design method to accomplish conceptual design work.
Trees on the cli of 12-meter high
Trees on the edge of the site
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Massing Study
Bedroom for 2 10.6 m2
Courtyard 7.2 m2
Bedroom for 1 7.2 m2
5940
1.14 m
Living Room 10.1 m2
Toilet 5.4 m2
Bedroom for 1 7.2 m2
9300
Plan Of A Living Unit For Students
Unit Organizations Of A Single Layer 63
Unit Organizations Of Double Layers
Further Organization Study Based On The Selected Units 64
Spatial Quality Study
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Type 3 Type 2
Type 1
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Type 1
0
2M
5M
1M
0
2M
5M
0
1M
2M
5M
1M
Ground Floor Plan
First Floor Plan
Type 2
0
2M
5M
1M
0
2M
5M
0
1M
Ground Floor Plan 68
2M 1M
First Floor Plan
5M
Type 3
0
2M
5M
1M
0
2M
5M
0
1M
Ground Floor Plan
2M
5M
1M
First Floor Plan
Partition wall Steel Beam Diagonal Support Wood
Concrete Slab
Aerated Concrete Block
Basement
General Section of A Typical Unit
0
1M
2M
3M
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Ground Floor Plan 1:750
N
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Roof Plan 1:750
N
First Floor Plan 1:750
N
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South Elevation 1:600
North Elevation 1:600
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OTHER DESIGN WORKS
SELECTED HIGHLIGHTS
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//Undergraduate Studio Works //Extracurricular Works
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April 2017
Youth Center 84
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87
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January 2016
Whisper Tower 89
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May 2015
Spatial RedeďŹ nition In The Historic Urban Community 93
DAUGHTER' ROOM THE SITTING ROOM
SENIOR'S ROOM
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Through the skylight, sunlight from the south can get inside the house and lighten rooms in the north.
Cement Mortar Water proof Layer Screed-Coat Linoleum Isolation Layer Insulating Layer Screed-Coat Structure Sheaf Screed-Coat Cement Mortar
STUDY
CHILDREN'S ROOM
KITCHEN& DINING ROOM
STORAGE
November 2014
M i n i-Ho u s e I n s id e A n Old D es tr ic t 95
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December 2013
Curved Brick Wall
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Thesis Book
Tel/ 6765 0815 E-mail/ fantianpeng1992@gmail.com
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