Yunxiang liu portfolio(yr 5) by 刘云祥

Yunxiang Liu March Portfolio Year 5

Studio 4.2

Venture-Business Resilience in East Manchester

Studio 4.3

Urban Open Space, Future Spatial Layout

Workshop

Material Application

Table of Contents 01 Studio 4.2

01-34

Venture-Business Resilience in East Manchester

02 Studio 4.3

35-76

Urban Open Space, Future Spatial Layout

03 Workshop Material Application

77-93

01 Studio 4.2

Venture-Business Resilience in East Manchester

INTRODUCTION Based on the research, this project focuses on the business resilience in East Manchester, an industrial area undergoing urban regeneration. Economically, this project is expected to make the local business prosperous and then to assist to regenerate the East Manchester. In this project, a digital tool is chosen as a main approach to help effectively solve the business problems. Venture is the name of the digital tool developed to assist with the urban regeneration of East Manchester. It focuses on creating business resilience in the area through a network system. In the short term, the digital tool is expected to assist start-up businesses in East Manchester to find the most suitable location for their venture. In the mid term, the digital tool will provide existing businesses with a platform for potentially sharing resources and creating commercial clusters. In the long term, by integrating data collected from start-ups and existing businesses, the digital tool will assist the Manchester City Council and the East Manchester Neighbourhood Regeneration team with pin-pointing areas which may need further seed investment. In the long-term this will drive visible urban regeneration in the area.

Location of East Manchester

The United Kingdom

Great Manchester

Manchester

East Manchester, as a regeneration site, is located in the east but relatively north part of Manchester. Geographically, it has a closed link to the Manchester city centre, which may be an important and natural condition for its rapid and healthy regeneration.

East Manchester

Brief History of East Manchester

19th - early 20th C Manufacturing Industries thrive and rapid urban development

1951

Population fell from 164,000 in 1951

1970 and 1985

60% of its economic base was lost, loss of over 33,000 jobs

Economic recessions, unemployment and urban deprivation Late 20th C

Currently

City Council and Private investment urban regeneration schemes

East Manchester Strategic Regeneration Framework 2000

Population fell from to 62,000 in 2001 2001

Sportcity opens to host Commonwealth Games 2002

Over 3,300 new homes had been completed 2007

Neighbourhoods of East Manchester

City Centre

East Manchester is some 2,000 hectares and it encompasses nine neighbourhoods , which are Ancoats, Miles Platting, New Islington, Beswick,Openshaw, Clayton, Newton Heath, Gorton and Holt Town.

Road Network Analysis

Bus Lines

Traffic Analysis

Bus Lines

Railway

Metrolink Lines

Building Typology Study

Employment Analysis

30.96%

Ancoats and Clayton

8.54%

69.04% 61.7%

Ancoats and Clayton

73.5%

the UK

Manchester

69.04% Economically Active [% of population 16-74]

38.3%

Manchester

10.4% 61.7% Economically Active

30.96%

Ancoats and Clayton

38.3%

Manchester

26.5%

the UK

Economically Inactive [% of population 16-74]

26.5%

The UK

5.5%

8.54% Ancoats and Clayton 10.4%

73.5%

5.5% Economically Active [% of population 16-74]

Historical Buildings

Commercial Buildings

Residential Buildings

Green Space

Economically Inactive [% of population 16-74]

Economically Active Unemployment [% of Ec.Active]

Manchester the UK

Economically Active Unemployment [% of Ec.Active]

Sports Buildings

Government Achievements and Visions

Business Growth and Development

197,000m of

new commercial floor space built

5,000

new homes built

Vibrant and Cohesive Communities

Greening

6,700

properties renovated

Raise Skills, Employment and Incomes

Supporting Vulnerable People

Better Transport

Education

High Quality Housing

Improved

Retail and Offer

Services

new shopping centres

2 new health centres

Initial Investigation Route

Areas with high business activity

Investigating Route

Investigation Findings Hair/Beauty 7.7% Drink 5% Design 24.4% Office/Admin

7.7%

Ancoats Business Typologies Tech 1.3% Car Repair

3.8%

Supermarket

3.8%

Healthcare

1.3%

Restuarant

19.2%

Retail/Wholesale

23.1%

Commercial Distribution

Corner Shop

Not in use

Corner Shop

Factory

Office

Car repair

Design

Supermarket

Retail

Pub/bar Total

Cafe/Restaurant

Shelter

20 15

3 Hair/Beauty

2 Cafe/Restaurant

10 6

Sector

Hair/Beauty

Years active

3 Corner Shop

1 Car repair

2 Retail

5 Office

3 Design

3 year start-up success mark

1 Pub/bar

Investigation Findings

Lack of affordable parking

Lack of public transport variety

Competition from city centre Lack of police presence

Infrastructure Facilities Lack of online presence

Lack of street furniture maintenance

Lack of street cleaning waste collection

Finance

Management

Lack of business signage -visibility

Ancoats Direct competition from newer/larger companies

Precedent Study to city centre

Curry Mile Cluster---Management The Rusholme Business Association manages a website called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;visitrusholmeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and features its main commercial district, the Curry Mile. visitrusholme.org.uk

business search bar business category

Rushholme

Retail (Jewellery, music, south Asian clothing) concentrated in two main pockets.

http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/ Food and drink establishments scattered throughout the mile.

58 22

Title

Developing Strategies of Digital Tool

Clustering

map location

use of Economic Base Analysis to identify suitable location for business in neighbourhood selected

Start-Up

geolocated map

time scale maps

Identify existing clusters of business sectors using Cluster Theory

Locate

Network

Cluster Profile

geolocated map

Join Association

Financial updates

neighbourhood businesses clusters develop.

website links

individual website

Cluster Profile

website links

individual website

Current Trends infrastructure map location

Retail Leisure/ Sport

list of businesses

Online Business Platform

identify areas which are economically stable and other which are in need of further investment

Business Services

Cluster Profile

website links

individual website

infrastructure

social media based

map location EMNR

Business Clusters

list of businesses

Design/ Creative

Shared resources/ service Joint marketing

Manchester City Council

list of businesses infrastructure

Exisiting Business

Online Business Platform

facilities

news feed

data analysis pinpoints vacant units within business sector in neighbourhood

facilities

Manchester City Council

Cluster Profile

facilities

website links individual website

list of businesses

infrastructure map location

facilities

User Matrix

About Us/Contact us

Networks

Pages Users

Sector Maps

user statistics

Neighbourhood search

member profile

Delete

news feed

Edit

location of current businesses

Create

Digital Output

User login/sign out

Digital Input

Public User Start-Up Portal

Resgstration

commercial trends

member login

Social Media feed

planning

Marketing fourm

registration

Resource sharing fourm

social media feed

fincial news feed

Processing location for start-up

My profile

Administration Sign-In User Management Business Portal

Investment maps

Interface Portals

Access business statistics

Mechanics of Digital Tool

Administrator City Council EMNR Members Non-members

Developing Goals

Interface of Digital Tool

informs start-ups of existing networks in the area - searchable

encourages or discourages economic activity

SHORT TERM

VENTURE

HOME |

NEIGHBOURS |

ABOUT |

HELP |

CITY COUNCIL |

helps new business make decisions about locations

starts creating resilient clusters of businesses - aiding with connection and competition between owners

MID TERM

connects existing businesses for potentially shared resources and services ÂŠ Manchester City FC

BUSINESS FEED

helps city council and regeneration team decide where to seed business or encourage investment

News updates for start-ups and existing businesses. See here

LONG TERM

Business Resilience in East Manchester

FEEDBACK

Your ideas and comments are important to us. Add here

RESOURCE CENTRE

We provide businesses with a platform to share resources and skills. Learn more

ÂŠ 2015 Venture | Contact

visible urban regeneration of area

Interface of Digital Tool

HOME |

VENTURE Ancoats |

Beswick |

Clayton |

Gorton |

Holt Town |

NEIGHBOURS |

Miles Platting |

ABOUT |

HELP |

New Islington |

Newton Heath |

CITY COUNCIL |

Openshaw |

VENTURE Ancoats |

Beswick |

HOME |

Clayton |

Gorton |

Holt Town |

NEIGHBOURS |

Miles Platting |

ABOUT |

HELP |

New Islington |

Newton Heath |

CITY COUNCIL |

Openshaw |

Business Finder Active

Creative / Design Engineering

Ancoats

Gorton

New Islington

Food / Drink Manufacture Retail Sport / Leisure

Available spaces

Beswick

Holt Town

Newton Health

BUSINESS FEED

Clayton Business Resilience in East Manchester

Openshaw

News updates for start-ups and existing businesses. See here

Business Resilience in East Manchester

FEEDBACK

Your ideas and comments are important to us. Add here

RESOURCE CENTRE

We provide businesses with a platform to share resources and skills. Learn more

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

From the beginning of the project, I focused on the site analysis, which is a quite important aspect to prepare for my next step. Based on the above step, I also further knew more things through the investigations and interviews in East Manchester. As an architecture student, this is a critical perspective to know the site where what is the current situation, what is happening and what is going to happen through stepping into the site in person. It may be difficult to judge correctly the real situation about the site only by the online resources or the government documents. This point is what I have gained through this project.

Holling.C.S. 1996. Engineering Resilience versus Ecological Resilience.

After the deep understanding of the site, finally, I chose the business as a starting point to further dig the site, because of the scarcity of the business, especially in the areas which are far from the city centre. Through the research on theories, I found some theories could be used in this project such as the engineering resilience and ecological resilience. This theory pushed me to think more about what is resilience and how to build the resilience, so I concentrated on the business resilience in East Manchester. When it comes to the business, it is popular to start business through the online platform, and importantly the digitalization is a predominant tendency in the future. So in this project, I also hope to use the digital tool as a strategy to construct the business resilience in East Manchester. Hopefully, the digital tool can have an effective effect on the business resilience in East Manchester.

HOLLAND, J. H. 1992. Complex adaptive systems. Daedalus, 17-30.

Another Point I have learnt in the project is that data collecting is considerably important for deep research on a site. Even though I gained the data through many angles, I felt the amount of data is not enough and I also not satisfied with my ability of analysing and processing data, which will be my next aspect which needs to improve.

Manchester City Council Executive. (2012). Manchester City Council Report for Information . Available: http://www.manchester.gov.uk/egov_downloads/DigitalManchester.pdf. Last accessed 10th Dec 14.

Sengupta.U and Hyde.R. Convergent City: Imagining planning in a digitised future. Peter B. Meyer (The E.P. Systems Group, Inc.). Chapter 3. Urban Economics. About Regeneration in Manchester, http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/200079/ regeneration/1492/about_regeneration_in_mancheester

Tufte, E. R. (2006) Beautiful evidence. United Kingdom: Graphics Press. Zimmer, Anna., forthcoming, Landscapes of Power: Urban Political Ecology. In Defining the Urban: Interdisciplinary and professional perspectives, edited by D. Ioss fova, C. Doll and A. Gasparatos. Farnham: Ashgate. HARVEY, D. 2003. The right to the city. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 27, 939-941.HOLLAND, J. H. 1992. Complex adaptive systems. Daedalus, 17-30.

Manchester City Council. Sports, leisure & the Arts. Available: http://www.manchester.gov.uk/sportleisureculture. Last accessed 05th Feb 15. Manchester Sport & Leisure Trust. Available: http://www.manchestersportandleisure.org/. Last accessed 05th Feb 15.

02 Studio 4.3 Urban Open Space, Future Spatial Layout

INTRODUCTION The study area for this project is used in the Beswick, a neighbourhood of East Manchester. This site was of particular interest, as it is bounded by three main roads and a railway, making the area isolated from its surroundings. With this area there are three issues that are the main points of focus. These are passive interaction, low quality spaces and population increase. Resolving these issues takes form by creating spaces where active interaction can happen, which will be aided by improving the quality, visibility and accessibility of open space. Surrounding these will be a new typology that will accommodate the future expansion of the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population, but not neglecting the need for open space implementation for residents to interact. The process of master planning to incorporate the above aspects is usually a static and onerous process. Improving on this we have designed and created a generative soviet model to automate the process of positioning and placement of the spaces and typologies with specific rules. In doing so multiple scenarios can be generated and tested in a much shorter time frame. This project is in collaboration with the Architectural Association [EmTech] Emergent Technologies and Design Studio.

Title

Beswick- Site Analysis

A6010

RA ILW AY

A662

ASHTON OL

D ROAD

Infrastructure bounding the site

Block Plan

Buildings

Street networks

Different Building Typologies and uses

A6010

Beswick

RA ILW AY

A662

ASHTON OL

D ROAD

:10 000

Green Spaces

Issues- Population

Regeneration Planner, (2015), “East Manchester: History and Vision”, Manchester City Council

East Manchester during its thriving periods in the early 1900s

Regeneration Planner, (2015), “East Manchester: History and Vision”, Manchester City Council

East Manchester after the period of house clearing

Issues- Population

15000

14950

14434

14400

13813

13800

13184

13200 12779

12600

12428 12268

12228

12152

12088

12000 2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Population of Bradford from 2001 to 2010 From the 1985 to 2002, the population of Bradford slowly tapered down from 14,000 to near 12000. However after this period the population started to rise: over the 10 year time frame the population increased from 12,228 to 14,950, which is an increase of 22.3%. Using this data we can then use it to forecast what the potential population increase would be in Bradford in 2050.

Beswick Area= 1 km2 Population in 2010 = 2990 Population Density = 29.9

Bradford Area = 5 km2 Population in 2010 = 14950 Population Density = 29.9

The total area of Bradford is around 5km2, so using the assumption that the population is evenly distributed in Bradford, a size ratio can be used to calculate the population size of Beswick. As the area of Beswick is around 1/5th the size of Bradford, this mean the population of Beswick would be 20% the amount of Bradford.

Issues- Open Space

Open space is a valuable and integral part of the environment in which we all live and plays an important part in our daily lives. Accessibility, visibility, quality and quantity of open space are important for people’ interaction in the urban surroundings. High quality, accessible and functional spaces can have a positive and beneficial impact on the environment and peoples’ health and well-being; create opportunities for social and economic investment; and encourage people to be more physically active and promote participation in sport and recreation. Social activities are all activities that depend on the presence of others in public spaces. Social activities include children at play, greetings and conversations, communal activities of various kinds, and finally – as the most widespread social activity – passive contacts, that is, simply seeing and hearing other people. 45

Overview Diagram of Theories

Ecosystem Services Green Corridors Domestic Gardens

Ecosystem Services

Public Parks and Formal Gardens

Ecosystems Within the Urban Matrix Outdoor Sports,Recreational Areas,Amenity Green space

Natural/Semi-natural Greenspace

Definition

Allotments, Community Gardens & Urban Farms

Ecosystem Services Within the City

Urban Trees

Ecosystem Features with Urban Function

Open Space

Cemeteries,Churchyards & Burial Grounds

Previously Development Land (Brownfield) Visibility

Space Syntax

Accessibility Quantity

Recommended Local Standards

Urban Environmental Conditions

Urban Water & Water Quality

Outdoor Activities & Quality of Open Space

Urban Biodiversity Urban Air Quality

Types of Open Space

http://www.1zoom.net/Nature/wallpaper/295677/z2573.9/%26original=1

Parks and Gardens

http://eastriding.limehouse.co.uk/portal/forward_planning/ coredraftstrategy?pointId=129605582159

Amenity Greenspace

http://www.american.edu/uploads/hero/jumbo/outdoorfacilities1.jpg

https://growingnewsome.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/allotment-morning.jpg

Natural and Semi-natural Greenspace

Outdoor Sports Facilities

Allotments

https://santaclaritacitybriefs.files.wordpress.com/2013/07/img_8240.jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Newport_Cemetery.JPG

Provision for Children and Young People

Cemeteries and Churchyard

Green Corridors

Space Syntax

Open Space Distribution in East Manchester City Parks

Local Parks

Amenity Green Spaces

People

Spaces

Axial Space (Line) This is the straightest possible line that can be followed on foot (Klarqvist 1993) - Connectivity - Segregation & Integration - Local and Global Connections

Isovist Space - The total area that can be viewed from a particular vantage point (Batty 2000)

Convex Spaces - A space where no line between any two or more points crosses the edges (Peponis 1997)

- Level of visibility - How morphology affects visibility

- Open Space

Natural & Semi-natural Open Space

Outdoor Sports Facilities

Allotments

Provision for young people

Provision for children

Boundary Line of Beswick

East Manchester Open Space Distribution in East Manchester 51

Recommended Local Standards

15 Mins (4 km)

0.2 ha per 1000 population City Parks

10 Mins (480 M)

0.027 ha per 1000 population Provision for Children 53

10 Mins (480 M)

15 Mins (720 M)

10 Mins (480 M)

0.49 ha per 1000 population

1.94 ha per 1000 population

0.42 ha per 1000 population

Local Parks

15 Mins (720 M)

0.035 ha per 1000 population Provision for Young people

Natural & Seminatural Open Space

15 Mins (720 M)

Amenity Green Space

15 Mins (720 M)

0.98 ha per 1000 population Outdoor Sports Space

Allotment 54

Program Distribution in Different Scenarios

Scenario 1 Density:15 000 /km2

Scenario 2 Density:25 000 /km2

Scenario 3 Density:50 000 /km2

Scenario 1 Density:15 000 /km2

Scenario 2 Density:25 000 /km2

Scenario 3 Density:50 000 /km2

3 225 000 m2

2 250 000 m2

1 925 000 m2

70%

FAR: 1.3

FAR: 3.5

FAR: 7

1 125 000 m2 60%

37.5% Open Space

1 155 000 m2 60% 30% 10%

675 000 m2 375 000 m2 105 000 m2

Residential

Open Space

30%

625 000 m2

10%

175 000 m2

20%

625 000 m2

10%

350 000 m2

FAR: 1.3

62.5% Open Space

FAR: 3.5

62.5% Open Space

FAR: 7

Commercial

Program Split by Building Typology

2 600 000 m2 Terraced

Terraced

Semi-detached Semi-detached

Housing

1 300 000 m

2 250 000 m2

Tower Block

Terraced Courtyard

780 000 m2

Low-rise High-density

675 000 m2

105 000 m2

Low-rise High-Density Retail Scenario 1

Tower Block Low-rise High-density

Courtyard

Semi-detached Tower Block

Low-rise High-density

Courtyard Convenience/Market

175 000 m2

Retail

350 000 m

Scenario 2

Density:15 000 /km

1 125 000 m2

Terraced

Tesco/ IKEA Retail

Courtyard

Semi-detached

Density:25 000 /km

Scenario 3 2

Density:50 000 /km2 58

Existing Open Space

sports

400m 400m

City Parks

Outdoor Sports Facilities

Site

Image capture: Oct 2010

Street View - Oct 2010

City Parks Palmerston St

Local Parks

Elysian St

Google Maps

amenity green space

Amenity Green Spaces

seminatural

Natural & Semi-natural Open Space Outdoor Sports Facilities Allotments Provision for young people Provision for children

Amenity Green Spaces

Image capture: Jul 2014

Manchester, England

Natural & Semi-natural Open Space Image capture: May 2014

Street View - Jul 2014

Manchester, England Street View - May 2014

The Amount of Open Space

Density:15 000 /km2

Density:30 000 /km2

Density:50 000 /km2

City Park

Open Space within Beswick

Open Space According to Recommended Local Standards (Manchester City Council)

Surronding Existing Open Space Site

Local Park

51,450 m2

85,750 m2

Amenity Green Space

44,100 m2

73,500 m2

Outdoor Sports Space

68,600 m2

114,000 m2

Provision For Children

4,050 m2

6,750 m2

Provision For Young People

5,250 m2

8,750 m2

Total Area

173,450 m2

288,750 m2

Natural and Semi Natural Open Space

Parametric Manipulation East Manchester

Beswick

Access Points Access Points 63

Simulation Overview

Placement of Open Space

Setting Road Network

Parcellation

Extruding Urban Block

Scenario 01 15 000 /km2

Output

Scenario 02 25 000 /km2 Scenario 03 50 000 /km2

Density Experiment 65

Isovist Analysis 66

Design Development

Master Plan

Title

Isovist Analysis

Potential Masterplans of Other Scenario

# = Counting the number of open spaces used in the simulation

CONCLUSION Open space in urbanized areas should be given importance. The number, quality, accessibility and visibility of open space have a great effect on people interaction. If the visibility and accessibility of open space are taken into consideration, urban open space will be increasingly engaged by residents and pedestrians. From the social dimension, passive contact happens partly due to the privatization open space, so this new kind of open space layout allows people to have stronger visual contact and then socialize in surrounding open space, which can reduce the passive contact and increase the neighbourhood interaction. The increasing population is unstoppable, so the good solution is to make a preparation for its rise. From the perspective of urban design, an effective way to address this is to propose more housing, commercial and other programmes to accommodate the increasing population. In this project, we tried to simulate three different scenarios of population density to generate different potential spatial layout and building typology. By this project, urban issues, such as passive interaction, need to be addressed from the perspective of social dimension, and new urban spatial layout, especially open space.

REFERENCE Anon, Benedikt-Isovist-1979.pdf. Bafna, S., 1993. Dr John Peponis, Dr Jean Wineman, Mahbub Rashid, S Kim and Sonit Bafna Georgia Institute of Technology, United States of America 41. Batty, M., 2001. Exploring isovist fields: Space and shape in architectural and urban morphology. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 28(1), pp.123–150. Batty, M. & Longley, P., 1994. The Shape of Cities: Geometry, Morphology, Complexity and Form. Fractal Cities: A Geometry of Form and Function, pp.7–57. Carmona, M. & Tiesdell, S., 2007. Urban Design Reader, Available at: http://discovery.ucl. ac.uk/92844/. Hillier, B., 2014. Space syntax as a theory as well as a method. 21st International Seminar on Urban Form. Available at: http://isuf2014.fe.up.pt/. Klarqvist, B., 1993. A space syntax glossary. Nordisk Arkitekturforskning, pp.11–12. Available at: https:// fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/3779573909551/glossarySS.pdf. Manchester, E., 2001. 14. East Manchester. , pp.301–324. Pereira, R.H.M. et al., 2012. THE USE OF SPACE SYNTAX IN URBAN TRANSPORT ANALYSIS: limits and potentials. Sss8, pp.1–25. Stanley, B.W. et al., 2012. Urban Open Spaces in Historical Perspective: A Transdisciplinary Typology and Analysis. Urban Geography, 33(8), pp.1089–1117. Summary, M., 2012. Beswick Project. , (September), pp.1–18. Trova, V., 2007. Designing for Human Encounter: urban design and the politics of visibility. Proceedings of the 6th International Space Syntax Symposium, pp.1–14. Williams, K., 2009. Space per person in the UK: A review of densities, trends, experiences and optimum levels. Land Use Policy, 26(SUPPL. 1), pp.83–92.

03 Workshop Material Application

INTRODUCTION This workshop is all about understanding the character of materials when they are used in modelmaking. It involved such questions as : what are the physical properties? What are its strengths and weaknesses? What uses do materials have in the exploration of architectural form? What are the most approporiate materials? How much do they cost? In this workshop, I had a chance to experiment with making, to investigate the character of particular materials, to try-out different techniques, to observe and evaluate teh appropriateness of specific techniques, to understand why certain material act in a particular manner, to learn how to join one material to another, to make some beautiful models, to conduct research through making. In this workshop, I was first encouraged to do a white board model with a purely traditional manual method without depending on the laser cutting or other machines. After that, I was asked to choose any building on the campus of the University of Manchester and then to express any part or details of chosen particular building.

White Card Model

Carys Bannister Building

Facade Section Model

Conclusion First of all, through the model making workshop, I becomes familiar with the new model-making tool, such as laser cut and 3D printer. I did my undergraduate course in China, and I have never used the laser cut and have never seen the 3D printer even though I have ever heard about these stuff. So this workshop makes me eye-opening. At the moment I know how to use the laser cutter, a very important machine for most models. I am really grateful for Jim to teach me how to use the laser cutter, and for Scott to show me how to use the sander. Even though we had the workshop induction at the beginning of the first year, I do not know how to use it, if I do not use these tools in person. The second aspect Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve learned is that a new perspective is formed to treat the white card model. In my undergraduate course, we normally did the model with white card because of the cheap cost. However, I did not realise the influence of over-use of glue. Now I understand a beautiful and neat model should control the amount of glue and even know how to effectively use the glue. The use of glue should also be assisted under the help of other tools such as clamps. Another important point should be that before starting the model making, everything should be broken down into different part and be organised logically. Take this facade model as an example, I almost spent a whole day to analyse the whole model, including the structure, material and texture. And then I chose a small unit and split it up into three pieces. Last point which should be kept in mind for every model maker is that every act should be treated as an attempt. we should not be very serious to what we are doing but we need to be patient and careful. For example, I did two white card models and two different scalesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; wall model. Before I stepped into the next model, I treat the previous one as my attempt, and take it as the model of a model. Even though I made a dirty model, Jim still kept to encourage me to do it again. In the end, I have to say thank you to Jim and Scott. Both of them are really enthusiastic and patient to everyone. 93