14
Bu nd
es str aß e
Integrating Bottom-up Adaptation approaches within the German city climate adaptation framework: Case studying the Urban Heat Island effect (UHI) adaptation in Stuttgart. Leonhardsviertel ZüblinParkhaus
CONCEPTUAL FRAME The urban heat island effect (UHI) is the occurrence when the temperature in the city is higher than the surrounding rural area. (Founda and Santamouris 2017) The main factors of the UHI are the surfaces of the built-up environment that accumulate solar radiation and the waste heat generated from human activities. Besides, the trend of climate change has intensified the UHI effect and is increasing the frequency of extreme weather. In Stuttgart, the UHI effect intensified due to the geographic location and air pollution. The risk of UHI impacts all sectors and at all levels, especially for human health. The heatwaves in Chicago and Europe in 1995 and 2013 have respectively led to 739 and 2000 heat-related deaths. The majority of the victims were elderly that are socioeconomically vulnerable.
Density of the city
Human activities
Density of the city
Land use surface of the city
Human activities
Land use surface of the city
Human activities
Heatwave Direct
• Hospitalization
Direct Climate Heatwave • Heat illness • Accelerated death change • Hospitalization
38°C
Direct • Heat illness • Accelerated death • Hospitalization
Vulnerability
38°C
38°C
Vulnerability Elderly, infants and children, people with Vulnerability chronic diseases, people taking certain medications.
Urban Heat Island Indirect
Human health
Heat • Health service •Urban Disruption of Island infrastructure • Risk of accidents • Transmission disease
‘‘The heatwave in Chicago and Europe in 1995 and Human healthled 2003 have respectively to 739 and 20000 heat-related deaths.’’(Brücker et ‘‘The heatwave in Chicago al. 2005)
and Europe health in 1995 and Human 2003 have respectively led to 739 and 20000 heat-related heatwave deaths.’’(Brücker et ‘‘The in Chicago al. 2005) and Europe in 1995 and
Open space
Urban planning
Building design
Elderly, infants and children, people with chronic diseases, people taking certain medications.
Single elderly Single elderly
Department of Environmental Protection, Sector of Climatolgy (EPCD)
Indirect
Urban planning & housing Department (UPHD)
Department of Garden, Cemetery & forest (GCFD)
Stuttgarter Straßenbahnen AG (SSB)
Civil Engineerin Department (CED)
Mobil department (MD)
Housing depart- Building construcment(HD) tion department (BCD)
Stutgart-Mitte Stuttgart
Mitte
Stuttgart city has significant UHI effect due to its geography setting and built environment; Although the municipal demonstrate strong will in environment protection, social and health aspects, as well as VUL groups, are not in the centre of the city‘s action yet. Additionally, according to the interview feedback, the city has the difficulty in localising its adaptation policy, only scarce progress has been made in the past five years. A
Indirect
Blue-green infrastructure
• Health service • Disruption of infrastructure • Risk of accidents • Transmission disease
Susceptibility
Open space
Urban planning
Building design
City‘s current down-scale heat adapting measure including street trees, climate protection in public transport station, air conditioning(AC) at public transport, green roof and green façade, unseal impermeable pavement and subsidy for private greenery. For soft adaptation, only the behavioural adaptation information system, a heatwave warning system been implemented. The key actors behind the hard adaptation measures are the EPCD, GCFD, UPHD with the support from CED, MD, HD, BCD and additional support from the public transportation company. (Abbreviation explanation see the left side chart). For the soft measure, is carried out by the GCFD and PHD with the additional support from CD, SD, DOL , and external actors like school and medical sectors. No participatory process and local actors involved.
Susceptibility Water availability, Mobility, Cooling indoor and Susceptibility outdoor space, Spot for social gathering, Medical facility, Social service for VUL group
EPCD
UPHD
GCFD
SSB
Housing depart- Building construcment(HD) tion department (BCD)
MD
CED
(Climate adaptation concept Stuttgart)
Water availability, Mobility, Cooling indoor and outdoor space, Spot for social gathering, Medical facility, Social service for VUL group
Soft adaptation policy
Private Green
Risk Building identification operation
Adaptation Info
Following with the implementation of the measure, barriers for hard measures such as limited space, private land ownership, resource threshold and the demand for maintenance for the increasing urban green were identified. As well as the deficient promotion of the City‘ subsidy program hinders the optimisation of private green. Meanwhile, lacking priority, awareness and motivation for heat-risk, and resource thresholds such as workforce, elderly accommodation shortage, and insufficient advocacy, public facility as well as data protection law are challenging the city‘s soft adaptation.
Soft adaptation Risk managment
Human activities
Risk responding
• Air purify program
Shade
Urban planning Urban density • Land use • Urban greenery project
GCFD
Public Health department(PHD)
Communication department(CD)
PHD
Heatwave warning
Evaporation/green
Awarness
Urban surface
Education/info flow
• Building code • Incentives for private green
Building operation&risk management
• Climatic optimization plan • Green-Blue roof • Urban Tree concept • Green façade* • Shading bus stops • Building insulation • Subsidy for private green
• AC in PT Vehicles • Monitoring heat • Climate protection in related infection workrooms & critical infrastructure
Environmental Protection, Sector of Climatolgy (EPCD)
Urban planning & housing Department (UPHD)
Public Health department (PHD)
Open punblic&private greenery Spatial condition
Land ownership
Integrated bottom-up Adaptation Private green program(KOMMUproposal NALES GRÜNPRO-
• Tree, greenery • Lawn • Open water source
Resource threshold
Open public space
Private space
Urban upgrading
GRAMM)
Neighbourhood development by private initiative (GQP program)
2
City GOV Department of labour office (DOL)
Social city program (Soziale Stadt )
• Street • Park • Parking lot • Cemetery • PT station • Forest
• Garden • Courtyard • Parking lot
Social service
Outdoor thermal Comfort
Social department(SD)
Community work (GWA program )
School
Public infrastructure
Hospital
Religion Community Elderly centre centre home
Clinic
Network
Building performance Prioritizing adaptation
Awareness campaign
Enablers
Resident discomfort
Cooperation & networking
Temporary authority
Education program
Lower-threshold meaure
Knowledge input generating
Awareness
HEAT EXPOSURE
Behavior responses
INDV
Case study Leonhardsvorstadt community Local vulnerability and susceptibility a
B
A
b a
The case study community Leonhardsvorstadt is inside the inner-city climatop zone which has high density, significentUHI effect and dense vulnerable population. The heat-exposure from vehicle waste-heat along the main-road B14, as well as its building typology and facade albedo increasing the heat storage of the indoor and outdoor environment. While the building morphology help creating shading alley and the new development projects provided an opportunity for altering the microclimate. In which the CBO, SI, business owner and individual household play a role to embed UHI adapting in the urban upgrading process. The result of susceptibility mapping indicates the community‘s level of heat sensibility are moderate; as public infrastructure and service are well located. Still, there‘s a need to improve some of the PT stations, public open spaces and community gathering spots‘ climate condition as well as the availability of the drinking water.
Building operation
• Orientation • External sun protection • Insulation • External sun protection • Building opening • Roof/ façade design
HUMAN HEALTH
Young adult: High acclimatisation
Contact with local resident
CBO:contact with VUL group
Can assistance VUL groups.eg.Kids
Ownership of the land permission for hard measure
External network with the city
Keep all resident be informed and engaged
Influence on different stakeholders
Higher capacity for adaptation
• Moveable green • Moveable shading structure
b
Knowledge
Building design
BLD
Building & open space greenery
Social department (SD)
Communication department (CD)
Social service & adapt Info No priorities
Inefficientpromotion
Lack of collaboration
B
Urban green-blue infrastructure
COMM / INST
• Adaptation info sys. •HW warning optimisation
A
• Fresh air corridor
Abedo
b a
3
Reducing heat generating
Ventilation
• Outline plan • Monitoring "UHI“ • Building& land management • Protection for • Private greenery subsidy outdoors workers
B
Hard adaptation
• Sustainable motility
b a
A
Environmental policy
• Green infrastructure • Grass tracks • Air corridors
B
A
Water availability, Mobility, Cooling indoor and outdoor space, Spot for social gathering, Medical facility, Social service for VUL group
Soft adap policy& Info
BG infra&Urban planning
B
Adaptation governance
CITY
Msc Integrated Urbanism & Sustainable Design (IUSD)
City-level analysis: city‘s adapting capacity
KLIMAKS
Elderly, infants and children, people with chronic diseases, people taking certain medications.
1 Germany
(Global climate change – adaptation and mitigation: the new challenge facing urban climatology)
• Health service Urban • Disruption infrastructure HeatofIsland • Risk of accidents • Transmission disease
2003 have respectively led to 739 and 20000 heat-related deaths.’’(Brücker et al. 2005)
Single elderly
Blue-green infrastructure AVHS
Climate change
Climate change Heatwave • Heat illness • Accelerated death
Stuttgart is one of the pioneer cities to incorporate climate factors into urban planning. Since 1938, the Stuttgart city established a climate department and gradually incorporated responding climate factors into zoning code, building regulations. These top-down strategies are not cost-efficient for timely reacting to the local impacts and are challenging to scaleup which indicates a need for local and effortless measures in addressing the local vulnerability from the bottom-up. However, without the cooperation with the top-down process, this local knowledge and strength can not be put into greater use for long term UHI adaption.
CITY‘S ADAPTATION GOVERNANCE
Land use surface of the city
Density of the city
Yilin Lai Prof. Jan Dieterle,University of Stuttgart Prof. Dieter Spath, Fraunhofer IAO und IAT University of Stuttgart Leonhardsvorstadt Mitte Stuttgart (Adviser) SophieGermany Mok, Fraunhofer IAO University of Stuttgart
Individual
Neighbourhood group
CBO,SI Privaet sectors
The result of vulnerability analysis from interview feedback and observation shows the elderly are the most vulnerable group, attribute to their physical, mental, social and financial conditions. For the children and people with addiction, their level of vulnerability remain moderate; owing to the kids been support by the adults and addicts have better mobility and access to information. Young adult‘s physical, social and financial conditions are superior among all social groups, in which they are considered to be the key actors for implementing adaptation measure and reducing the vulnerability of the others.
Community-level analysis: communities adapting capacity
• Green-Blue roof • Rooftop garden • Green façade
25 0
Residents& Neighbourhood groups (NBH)
lack of knowledge
• Adaptation knowl • Awarness raining • Comm network • Gathering spot
Building&behavioural adapt Risk management
Building design
• Overhanging • Blinds,curtain • Umbrella
• Diverse SI&CBO • Community event • Home visit service • Pickup service for ELD
Local business owner
Authority& Resource Ownership threshold Leonhardsvorstadt
• Building opening • Using fan • Stay in cooler room • Apply wet towel
Religion centre
No priority Mitte
• Hydrated • Visit cooling spots • Reducing activities • Inform elder during HW
Social institution (SI)
Attitude, motivation Stuttgart & awarness
Community based organisation (CBO)
Lack of collaboration Germany
B
1
How to adapt to UHI through bottom-up and in an integrated manner in the city of Stuttgart
2
3
A
b a
How to adapt to UHI through bottom-up and in a integrated manners in the city of Stuttgart
Community‘s bottom-up hard adaptation measure such as greenery, ground-based green facade, lawn, green roof, rooftop garden, temporary shading structure for the open private and public space was observed. For the soft adaptation measures, the local community centre, elderly home and kindergartens are offering social event, home visit service or pickup service for the elders; some social agent also checks and informs the single elderly during the heatwave. Meanwhile, advocate behavioural adapting info to the vulnerability groups through above mention occasion to enhance their overall capacity. The residents, NBH, local business, religion centre, SI and CBO with the potential support from its umbrella-organisation or directing municipal department; also they have the advantage of land ownership, using and maintaining the space, knowing the spatial condition as well as the local resource; moreover, have the motivation in improving the quality of the space. Which makes them the key actors of the community‘s hard adaptation measures. For the soft measure are mainly carried out by the SI and kindergarten, who work closely with the VUL groups; have insightful knowledge and awareness about their fragility, also the direct connection with them. Moreover, the NBH serves as the eye of the community that discovers the elderly in need. (Abbreviation explanation see the left side chart).
Open punblic&private greenery
Social service & adapt Info
• Tree, greenery • Lawn • Open water source
• Diverse SI&CBO • Community event • Home visit service • Pickup service for ELD
B
A
COMM
INDV
b
SUB QUEST
a
Data&Tool
This research explores the challenges and possibility of integrating the bottom-up UHI approaches withing the municipality adaptation policy. In doing so, the study divides into three parts; it starts by conducting a UHI risk and capacity assessment at the community and city level. In this case, the Leonhardsviertel community has been chosen. By examining the current local adapting practices and the susceptibility of the vulnerable group, the study can propose further vital measures for the community. Secondly, the constraints on the current municipality adaptation plan will be understood. Last, the barriers and enablers of both levels will discuss towards creating a dialogue between the city and the community, defining the roles of different sectors in bottom-up adaption. The study concludes what potential of these local lead actions holds in building local capacity and reinforcing the overall resilience of the city toward UHI.
CITY
How to integrated bottom-up and top-down adaptation in Stuttgart city City’s adaptation capacity Grey literature Expert interview
Outcome
RESEARCH QUESTION AND METHOD
• Moveable green • Moveable shading structure
What bottom-up adaptation strategies andstrength Stuttgart's community have?
Interpreted bottom-upUHI adaptation proposal
COMM risk and capacity assessment.
Adaptation option selecting and proposing
Spatial Mapping Observation In-depth interview Content analysis
Literature review Measure chart Barriers category Mapping barriers Integrated UHI adapting measure
City’s challenges for UHI adaptation
Vulnerability and Susceptibility
City’s bottom-up measure
COMM’s challenges and capacity for bottom-up adaptation. COMM’s bottom-up measure.
Integrated adaptation measure proposal
Cooling calm space in Cooling POOS and playground in NBH and Kindergarten walking distance
Campaign for public green.
Form NBH group Building NBH and CBO cohesion
Enhancing building cooling capacity
NBH-base Intergeneration activities Intergeneration COMM development
Community watch program for VUL groups
Community heat-reduction facility network.
Cooling street space
Embed heat-adaptation in routine
VULNERABLE INDIVIDUALS Less outdoor activity
Key enablaer for bottom-up adaptation Comm VUL based UHI adaptation proposa
B
Live alone
Behavioural adapte accordingly
Mobility: Heat exposure at PT
Mobility: Heat exposure at PT
Low capacity
Being isolated
Physical & mental condition decreasing
Less adaptation capacity
Less mobility Less social contact
Hard to be inform
Kids' are still in infancy.
Drug user: weak social tie
Low acclimatisation
Personal attitude low priority on adaptation
A
b a
However, the lack of proper knowledge for UHI, adaptation principle, the authority of the space, heritage protection, and resource threshold hinders the practice of adaptation hard measures. Similar to the community‘s soft adaptation, low awareness about heat-risk, deficient communication of adaptation info results in the citizens to see heat as new normal, no priority for heat adaptation, vulnerable elderly remain isolated and the absent of heat-risk management.
Building&behavioural adapt Risk management
Building design
• Green-Blue roof • Rooftop garden • Green façade
• Overhanging • Blinds,curtain • Umbrella
Residents& Neighbourhood groups (NBH)
lack of knowledge
• Adaptation knowl • Awarness raining • Comm network • Gathering spot
Local business owner
Authority& Ownership
Resource threshold
• Building opening • Using fan • Stay in cooler room • Apply wet towel
Religion centre
No priority
• Hydrated • Visit cooling spots • Reducing activities • Inform elder during HW
Social institution (SI)
Attitude, motivation & awarness
Community based organisation (CBO)
Lack of collaboration