Applied Anatomy and Physiology DR LEELA VELUSAMY
Aesthetic Anatomy
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Osteology
Cranium:
composed of 22 bones classified into paired and unpaired.
The entire cranium itself is divided into viscero-cranium (bones of the face) and neuro cranium (bones protecting CNS)
Cervical vertebrae:
7 cervical vertebrae
Transverse processes have foramen transversarium(enable vertebral arteries to run)
Spinous processes are short and bifid
Topmost C1(atlas) and C2(axis) are important for movement of head and neck
C1, C2 and C7 are atypical
C3-6 are typical
Note how some of these bones are part of both viscero and neurocranium eg. Frontal bone functions as both as it forms the face and protects the frontal lobes
Muscles NECK Muscles of neck movement
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid
Pharyngeal strap muscles
Trapezius Attachments: External occipital protuberance and spinous processes to clavicle and scapula Actions: extend neck and elevate scapula Innervation: Accessory nerve (CN XI)
SCM Attachments: Actions: rotate head Innervation: Accessory nerve (CN XI)
Facial muscles
Facial muscles
Muscles of facial expression
Develop from 2nd pharyngeal arch
Supplied by CN VII- Facial nerve
Attached to bone and skin, enabling us to move the our face.
Major muscles
Frontalis
Orbicularis oculi
Buccinator
Orbicularis oris
Platysma
Muscles of mastication
Primarily the temporalis and masseter are involved in elevation of the jaw.
Other muscles that assist them in mastication are:
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Blood Supply
The blood supply of the head and neck is generally derived from the subclavian and common carotid arteries
The common carotid bifurcates at the level of C4 to form the internal and external carotids which supply the structures of the face/upper neck and the brain respectively(there is much overlap)
The small bulging of the artery before this division is called the carotid sinus.
Branches of the Subclavian artery
1st part
Vertebral artery- supplies spinal chord and enters Circle of Willis
Internal thoracic artery- runs in the chest wall, gives off intercostal vessels and supplies breast
Thyrocervical trunk- branches into thyroid artery, suprascapular artery and transverse cervical artery
2nd part
Costocervical trunk- Splits into superior intercostal artery and deep cervical artery
3rd part
Dorsal scapular artery- supplies muscles of the back
http://accweb.itr.maryville.edu/myu/image/Subclavian.gif
Mnemonic vit c d
Mnemonic: VIT C D
Lymphatic drainage Two major sets of lymph nodes
Horizontal
Submental
Submandibular
Posterior auricular
Lesser occipital
Supraclavicular
Vertical
Deep anterior chain
Superficial anterior chain
Posterior chain
picture
Anatomy of the Scalp
Skin
Connective tissue(dense)
Aponeurosis of fronto-occipitalis
Loose areolar tissue
Pericranium
Loose areolar tissue
Anatomy of the eye
Aqueou s humor
The paranasal sinuses
CRANIAL NERVES Cranial nerve, origin, general function, nature, foramina associated with it, target organ
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Olfactory, Optic, Occulomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharengeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal
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CN I
Olfactory nerve
Originates in the olfactory bulbs
Detection of chemical stimuli in the air
Purely sensory
Gives off multiple branches at cribiform plate to olfactory mucosa’s bipolar neurons(target organ).
CN II
Optic nerve
Originates in the optic chiasma
Important for visual acuity and visual fields
Purely sensory.
CN III
Occulomotor nerve
Originates in the Edinger-Westphal Nucleus
Involved mainly in eye movements
Mixed function; parasymphathetic and motor
Travels in the superior orbital fissure along with CNs IV and VI.
Innervates inferior oblique, medial rectus, superior rectus and inferior rectus. (extraocular muscles)
CN IV
Trochlear nerve
Originates in the caudal mesencephalon beneath the nucleus of CN III
Moves the eye down and out
Purely motor
It goes through the superior orbital fissure with CN III AND VI
CN V
Trigeminal nerve
Origin is
Mainly general sensation of face and motor innervation of the muscles of mastication.
Motor and sensory
CN VI
Abducens nerve
Nucleus is anterior to the facial coliculus and the fibres of CN V wrap themselves around this nucleus.
Abducts the eye; innervates lateral rectus
Purely motor
CN VII
Facial nerve
Origin
Motor- pons
Sensory(special)- tractus solitarus
Parasymphathetic- Sup. Salivatory nucleus
Mainly motor to the muscles of facial expression. This nerve branches into 5 in the substance of the parotid gland. Parasympathtic innervation to the submandibular an sublingual glands Special sensation to anterior 2/3rds of tongue General sensation to ear.
Motor, sensory and parasympathetic
Motor branches of CN VII
CN VIII
Vestibulocochlear nerve
Involved in detection of sound and maintaining balance
Purely sensory
CN IX
Glossopharengeal nerve
Nuclei the pons(inferior salivatory nucleus), medulla oblongata, nucleus ambiguus(motor), tractus solitarius(special sensation).
Special sensation(taste) from post. 1/3rd of tongue, motor to muscles of pharynx and parasymphathetic to parotid gland
Goes through jugular foramen
CN X
Vagus nerve
Dorsal motor nucleus- parasymphathetic; Nucleus ambiguus –motor; Solitary nucleus- sensory
Mixed function; parasymphathetic to viscera of abdomen and thorax, sensory at skin at back of ear and gag reflex(afferent pathway) and motorto smooth muscle of GIT.
Goes through jugular foramen
CN XI
Accessory nerve
Nucleus ambiguus of medulla obllongata
Purely motor
Innervates trapezius and SCM
Goes through jugular foramen
CN XII
Hypoglossal nerve
Hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla oblongata
Purely motor
Movement of the tongue-enables speech
Goes through hypoglossal canal
Bone composition •
Bone are composed of tissue that may take one or two forms
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Compact or dense bone
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Spongy and cancellous bone
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Compact bone are dense, hard and forms the protective exterior portion of all bones.
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Spongy bone is inside the compact bone and is very porous. Spongy bones occurs in most bones.
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The bone tissue is composed of several types of bone cells embedded in a web of inorganic salts ( Calcium & Phosphorous) to give the bone strength, and collagenous fibers and ground substance to give the bone flexibility
Bone composition •
The bone is formed by osteoblasts
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The bone matrix consist of ossein protein (30%-35%) and calcium phosphate salts (65%-70%)
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Osteoblasts secrete collagen fibers and matrix of bone and are responsible for calcification of matrix.
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Bone is surrounded by collagen fibers called periostenm Matrix possesses Harvesian system which helps in transportation of nutrients and O2 through the blood
Muscular System
Muscular system • •
Tissue system or organ system of the human body Characterized by the ability to contract. Muscles are attached to internal organs, bones or blood vessels.
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Responsible for movement.
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Composed of specialized cells called fibers.
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Muscle is made of long, thin muscles held together by the connective tissue
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Each fiber has a number of nuclei. The System responses to a stimulus from the nervous system.
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Almost all movement are due to the contractions of muscles. The contractions of a muscle cell is set on motion by the release of calcium inside the cell
Muscular system • •
Muscles are attached to bones by stretchy tissue called tendons. When the muscles contract, they pull on the tendons which pull on the bones and cause the limbs to move.
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More than 640 muscles, and they hardly work alone
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They band together to form muscles group which work together.
Types of muscle Three basic types of muscles:
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- Smooth muscles - Skeletal muscles - Cardiac muscles
Classification of muscles
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Found in limbs
Found in heart
Found in viscera
Striated, multi-nucleated
Striated, 1 nucleus
Not striated, 1 nucleus
Voluntary
Involuntary
Involuntary
How are Muscles Attached to Bone? •
Origin-attachment to a movable bone
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Insertion- attachment to an immovable bone
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Muscles are always attached to at least 2 points
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Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone
Muscle attachments
Insertion
Origin