M A r c h
S u s t a i n a b l e
P r o j e c t s _ 2 0 1 5
E n v i r o n m e n t a l
D e s i g n
MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2013-2015 MArch 2013-15 Camilla El-Dash Mahmoud Ezzeldin Francisco Godoy Guevara Anahí González Han Chen Madhulika Kumar Ayelet Lanel Rhiannon Laurie Gabriela Nuñez Molinari Artem Polomannyy Adriana Comi Pretelín Hyosik Pyo Jorge Ramirez Andrea Rossi Praew Sirichanchuen Ganesh Sivakumar Pierluigi Turco Mariyam Zakiah MArch Phase II Tutors Klaus Bode Paula Cadima Herman Calleja Mariam Kapsali Jorge Rodriguez Simos Yannas Reviewers Gustavo Brunelli Brian Ford Joana Gonçalves Catherine Harrington Joy-Anne Mowbray Harald Røstvik Produced by Paula Cadima and Mileni Pamfili © AA SED 2015
Architectural Association School of Architecture MArch Dissertations 2015 The conditions for a symbiotic relationship between buildings and the urban environments they form and occupy are the key concerns of the AA School’s masters programme in Sustainable Environmental Design (SED). The dynamic energy exchanges characterising this relationship foster distinct changes in the climates of cities, the environmental performance of buildings, and the resulting comfort and energy consumption of their inhabitants. Knowledge and understanding of the physical principles underlying these exchanges, along with the conceptual and computational tools to translate them into an ecological architecture and urbanism, form the core of the taught programme in sustainable environmental design. Design research within the programme engages with real-life problems aiming to provide alternatives to the global architecture and brute force engineering that are still the norm in most large cities. Key objectives of all SED projects are to improve environmental conditions in cities, achieve independence from non-renewable energy sources and develop an environmentally-sustainable architecture able to respond to diverse occupant requirements inside and the variable natural cycles and mundane activities outside.
This publication marks the conclusion of the ninth cycle of the MArch in Sustainable Environmental Design. It features snapshots of 18 MArch dissertation projects that started in the summer term 2014, with work initially organised in teams and focused thematically on predesign research, followed by individual field studies on location abroad and design development in the MArch studio from October 2014 with submission due 6 February 2015. With project sites in 16 cities and 11 different countries, this year’s schemes are spread between Monterrey, Mexico, in the West and Daegu, South Korea, in the East, and from Belfast in the North to ChiloÊ, Chile, in the South, encompassing a wide range of climates and urban contexts to address fundamental questions about the where and the how of living, working and learning in cities in the immediate future. The projects are introduced here in a thematic sequence. This starts with a migrant centre and a school aiming at redefining the future of locals and migrants in the Island of Lampedusa. It follows with three additional schools challenging new approaches to existing models in Israel, India and Mexico, respectively. Subsequently, two libraries, one in New York and another in Staines-uponThames in the UK, address current changes in social, environmental and technological trends. An unconventional and flexible office in Belarus is presented next. This is followed by an ecohotel in Chile. The other eight residential schemes deal with issues of high density, low income communities or fuel poverty in Mexico City, China, Bangkok, Southern India, Northern Chile, UK, Northern Ireland and Northern India, respectively.
16 7 15 6
1 2
5 10
14 9
1 2 3
Andrea Rossi Rethinking Migration Primary School Lampedusa, Italy: 35º30’N 13º36’ E
Pierluigi Turco Rethinking Migration Migrant Centre Lampedusa, Italy: 35º30’N 13º36’ E
Madhulika Kumar School for Indian Dance and Music Trichy, India: 10º48’N 78º41’E
4 5 6
Ayelet Lanel Educational Spaces Learning from Nature Tel-Aviv, Israel: 32º04’N 34º48’E
Anahi González Under One Roof Monterrey, Mexico: 25ºN 100ºW
Mahmoud Ezzeldin The Future of Library Design New York, U.S.A.: 40º47’N 73º58’W
7 8 9
Rhiannon Laurie Future Library London, UK: 51º30’N 0º3’W
Artem Polomannyy Unconventionally Generic Office Minsk, Belarus: 53º55’N 27º37’E
Francisco Godoy Ecotourism in Chile Chiloé, Chile: 42º36’S 73º55’W
8
18
4
11 17 3 13
10 11 12
Adriana Comi Pretelín Social Housing Mexico City, Mexico: 19º26’N 99º08’W
Han Chen Designing high density community for social and environmental stability Wuhan, China: 30ºN 114ºE
Praew Sirichanchuen Co-Production of Low Income Community Bangkok, Thailand: 13º45’N 100ºE
12
13 14 15
Ganesh Sivakumar Affordable Housing Design Tanjore, India: 10º46’SN 79º7’E
Jorge Ramirez Local Identity for Rural Social Housing Pisco Elqui Chile: 30º7’S 70º31’W
Gabriela Nuñez Molinari Restoring Life A new typology of Homeless People
London, UK: 51º30’N 0º3’W
16 17 18
Camilla El’Dash Fuel Poverty Going beyond efficiency Belfast, N. Ireland: 54º34’N 5º57’W
Mariyam Zakiah Self-Build Houses in the Mountains Sikkim, India: 27º33’N 88º40’E
Hyosik Pyo Design of Tall Residential Building Daegu, S. Korea: 35º52’N 128º36’ E
R e t h i n k i n g
M i g r a t i o n
Primary School and Migrant Centre in Lampedusa (IT) Andrea Rossi, Pierluigi Turco
Lampedusa, Italy : 35o 30’N 13o36’E
The island of Lampedusa represents the main gateway towards Europe for thousands of African and Middle-East migrants seeking for asylum. Current national and international policies tend to hide the phenomenon financing the reclusion of the refugees in the first aid
centers without investing in the local community. This results in increased social contrasts. A time based strategy inspired by the seasonality and the climate of the island is proposed to redefine the future of Lampedusa starting from its human resources and encouraging the expression of its social, environmental and economic potential. Two design projects, a primary school for both locals and migrants and a migrant centre, exploit the use of outdoor spaces to create a geography of proximity, shaping places for user’s encounters, dialogue and participation, generating integration by the exchange of knowledge.
S c h o o l Madhulika Kumar
o f
I n d i a n
D a n c e
a n d
M u s i c
Trichy, India : 10o 48’N 78o41’E
This project is to find effective ways of improving Indian dance and music, preserving and enhancing the art form which is becoming extinct, while providing an example for educational project in the future and for the integration of communal area in the city. The major economy is Tourism, which lures people around the globe, Indian dance and music is a guise of its living culture and rich heritage.The project attempts to create a spatial and temporal dynamics of the environmental processes. Through exploring adaptive and performance strategies, the aim is to achieve autonomy from conventional energy sources addressing climate change and environmental quality in cities and at the same time showcasing the traditional art forms.
Educational Spaces / Learning from Nature P r i m a r y Ayelet Lanel
S c h o o l
D e s i g n
i n
Te l - A v i v, I s r a e l
Tel-Avin, Israel : 32o 04’N 34o48’E
Schools in Tel Aviv are suffering from claustrophobic, enclosed conditions which derive from excessive use of HVAC systems. Despite mild climatic conditions, learning spaces are enclosed, uniform and not able to accommodate the changing needs of education in the 21st century. The benefits of connecting to nature are widely known, yet outdoor spaces, previously an opportunity to learn from nature, have become sterile and synthetic. Creating symbiosis with an algae colony (generating micro-eco-system) offers exceptional opportunities for learning with innovative environmental performance. With the purpose of re-introducing sensory variety and adaptive opportunities currently limited in schools as well as introducing ‘environmental literacy’ to pupils, staff and community members, this design takes advantage of the climatic conditions and proposes a hands-on experimental approach, while offering various open and semi-open flexible environments.
U
n
d
e
r
O
n
e
R
o
o
f
:
Primary school design for semi arid climates in Mexico AnahĂ GonzĂĄlez
Monterey, Mexico : 25o N 100o W
Current public elementary schools in Mexico come from the functionalist tradition in the middle of XX century. These basic models that overlooked pedagogical and environmental demands, became the norm, remaining unchanged for more than 50 years. This project explores the idea of reshaping educational environments in the semi arid areas in Mexico where, due to intense solar radiation, solar control for both outdoor and indoor areas is the main design driver. The roof thus becomes the main element for creating comfortable spaces and is adjustable to different seasons and weather conditions. The moveable canopy can be operated by the young students, allowing them to interact with their own environments. In this way the school does not become a solution, but rather a setting involving students and inviting them to modify and play with changing their own environmental conditions. 1
Rammed earth walls
1
2 Concrete floor & ceiling
2
6
3
5
4
Pivot door: Metallic frame recicled pallets openable window
4 3
Pivot window: Metallic frame openable window
2
5 Sound absorbant cork board
T h e
F u t u r e
Mahmoud Ezzeldin
o f
L i b r a r y
D e s i g n
New York, USA : 40o 47’N 73o58‘W
Technology is changing the way people store and access information. The library typology has been changing and evolving since its conception and has to adapt to the current time. Social, cultural, and technological advancements have challenged the way libraries are used, operated and built. This project addresses these changes and explores the design for the future library. Aiming at providing a sustainable environment, a heavily occupied new building typology which can accommodate the quiet research oriented readers and the non-readers while integrating social spaces is proposed in the climatic and cultural context of New York.
F u t u re Rhiannon Laurie
L i b ra r y / C o - wo r k i n g
D e s i g n
Staines-upon-Thames, UK : 51o 30’N 0o3’ E
This symbiotic library and co-working design responds to changes in social, environmental and technological trends, to provide optimal occupant working and learning conditions, conducive to both collaborative and independent work needs. The proposed future ‘Coworking Information Centre’ will function as an energy efficient, 24-hour, “local” office, providing knowledge-workers with an alternative to either working from home or commuting in to London, thereby reducing transportation energy consumption. The elevated, three floor building, incorporates desktop computer clusters, co-working and concentration spaces, and facilities for other community services. The programmatic layout, spatial design and environmental strategies aim to promote movement, optimise daylighting and create good visual connections to the outdoors.
U n c o n v e n t i o n a l l y Artem Polomannyy
G e n e r i c
O f f i c e
Minsk, Belarus : 53o 55’N 27o37’E
Can we imagine a better office environment than a featureless shell and core type, which would still be modest, competitive and flexible? The proposed design challenges this question by exploiting peculiarities of the local users who possess both rural background and technical literacy. In the Belarussian climate, uncommon combination prompted to connect low and light tech strategies in one architectural entity. The key concept element is an adaptive envelope of a passive nature with a wide range of environmental features to create comfort, while engaging the users to become responsible for their own working environments. The concept is applied in real conditions and attempts to deliver accommodation capacity and emotional value.
E
c
o
t
o
u
r
i
s
m
i
n
C
h
i
l
e
Redefining sustainable design in hotel buildings Francisco Godoy
Chiloé, Chile : 42o 36’S 73o55’W
Chile’s unique geography and natural environment make it a particular place in the world. With the prospects of economic growth in the next years, it is fundamental to identify and protect this natural diversity as an important resource of progress and a key point in the future vision of the country. An Eco touristic project is here proposed as a symbiotic relation with a city or village improving their economy and at the same time protecting its natural and cultural heritage. The Eco Hotel will be a benefit for the local communities in respect to their resources and economy, but also an opportunity for developers due to reduced maintenance costs while improving the touristic arrivals to their operations. The scheme attempts to become an exemplary model of development for regions where tourism is the main economic resource without destroying the surrounding natural and cultural environment.
S o c i a l
H o u s i n g
i n
M e x i c o
C i t y
Tra n s g r e s s i n g t h e s o c i a l s c h e m e o f i n d u s t r i a l i ze d h o u s i n g Adriana Comi Pretelín
Mexico City, Mexico: 19o 26’N 99o08’W
In Mexico City, the uncontrollable urban sprawl together with the government’s inability to provide qualitative housing solutions resulted on simplistic residential developments that deprived users from the minimum habitable conditions. This project proposes a transgressive answer to this challenging urban, social and political context, providing a place where users, schools and private enterprises can work jointly. Located at the Benito Juárez International Airport, which will be in disuse by 2018, the design scheme focuses on sustainable principles and Mexican tradition, whilst taking maximum advantage of the weather characteristics. The master plan invites the user to walk and interact with their neighbours at different levels, regenerating the lost social life; and a flooding-friendly composition retakes the chinampas water-based agricultural methods for harvesting vegetables and flowers at a low cost. The project offers the possibility for inhabitants to acquire different skills to produce housing components, construction materials and food for own consumption or to be sold at the local market, thus promoting social dialogue and enabling a Mexican society to create better low income living scenarios.
MERCADO AYOTZINA AYOTZINAPA MARKE
Designing High Density Community for Social and Environmental Sustainability Han Chen
Wuhan, China : 30o35’ N 114o17’ E
Over the past ten years, massive construction of residential buildings has taken place in every Chinese city, among which high density community is the prevailing form of development.These residential designs are mostly profit-oriented, often lacking environmental or architectural qualities. The design research focuses on the development of good living environments in the high density urban settings in China. The need for adaptive living spaces and buffer zones in addition to simple passive design strategies were integrated to achieve thermal comfort inside the apartments and its vicinity. The final design combines environmental design strategies with flexible communal spaces that can be further transformed by the occupants.
“Co-Production” of Low Income Community in Bangkok Design of an affordable and sustainable house for squatter life Praew Sirichanchuen
Bangkok, Thailand : 13o 45’N 100o31’E
This research establishes comfort standards for Thai people aiming at providing indoor comfort and enhancing the quality of life of low-income residents in Thailand. An affordable and sustainable neighborhood for squatter life is proposed to house Sapanmai Community in Bangkok. The design scheme explored permeable and movable facades and ventilated roofs which promote air flow and prevent solar gain. Understanding the inhabitant’s daily activities and requirements led to the design of day and night spaces as well as transitional and communal spaces based on their occupancy pattern, comfort requirements and needs. The project also investigated the economical and environmental benefits of the use of bamboo, available locally, to replace existing corrugated roof panels and concrete structures, while providing the same thermal inertia which helps mitigating temperature fluctuations inside the dwellings improving the community dwellers’ quality of life indoors and surrounding spaces.
“Affordable Housing Design”with Adaptive Vernacular Options Ganesh Sivakumar
Tanjore, India : 10o 46’N 79o7’E
Old towns in India are felt more humane than new vertical cities. Traditional attributes, such as the street as extended home, security and the senses of neighborhood and of belonging are getting lost due to commercialisation. This project deals with the design for an artisan family who wants to divide and upgrade their traditional property located in the old fort area of Thanjavur, an ancient city and important hub of architecture, art and culture, located in Tamil Nadu, Southern India. The design challenges the integration of natural resources with the old lost traditional attributes and environmental passive techniques in order to maintain comfort levels during all seasons while providing a sense of neighborhood and belonging as an alternative to the modern lonely urban inhabitant.
Local Identity for Rural Social Housing Jorge Ramirez
Pisco Elqui, Central Valley of northern Chile : 30o 7’S 70o 31’W
Rural communities in Chile are being replaced by the government social housing model. Although there were major improvements in building legislation in the last years, the quality of life in these housing solutions is still rather poor. Appropriate building regulations according to climatic zones are inexistent a housing program addressing local culture, lifestyle and economic constrains is lacking. While dealing with these issues, a new energy efficient model for social housing is proposed for the town of Pisco Elqui, in the Central Valley of northern Chile. Facing the advantages and constrains of a Mediterranean climate at 1.300m above sea level, and including rainwater collection means, the design makes use of locally available materials and consists of an earth construction solution with passive solar storage strategies aiming at reducing energy consumption.
Restoring Life : a new typology of homeless living Gabriela Nuñez-Melgar
London, U.K. : 51o30’ N 0o 3’W
Today the UK faces an increase of the homeless population never seen in the past 4 years. London is the second city in the UK to face this problem. A proposed scheme, near Hackney Wick in East London, attempts to use London’s culture and its inhabitant’s openness to help creating a community for reintegrating homeless into the city life. The design scheme proposes a sustainable community where homeless can choose from a variety of spaces depending on their slow adaptations from life outdoors to life indoors, addressing the many stages of mental rehabilitation to reintegrating into community life. Sleeping spaces are offered in modular units combined with communal areas and workshops with the aim at providing homes with a sense of belonging and a place of emotional wellbeing. Concrete Foundation slab +Insulation + Timber Floring
TIMBER Roof Structure
DIVISION timber insulated panels
Black tiles to absorve heat in winter
Rigid FABRIC for each room *privacy
Roof Paneling allows flexibility of openings
How is the Sleeping Module for the Homeless?
The
role
of the
Camilla El-Dash
occupant
and
the
architect
Belfast, Northern Ireland: 54o 35’N 5o57’W
In the UK the domestic sector accounts for 30% of total CO2emissions. Furthermore, space heating is responsible for 60% of dwellings fuel consumption. Through improvements in the efficiency of the dwellings fabric, combined with installation of mechanical equipment there has been a significant reduction in consumption, which not only helps reducing CO2 levels but also helps mitigate fuel poverty. This project challenges this strategy and goes beyond improving the building’s fabric performance. The proposed strategy consists of understanding how the occupants live and interact with their homes, as well as acknowledging the architects role in this process. Through the use of environmental design strategies, the fuel consumption of the proposed dwellings scheme has been reduced from 40kWh/m2 to 10kWh/m2 per year, significantly reducing emissions as well as decreasing the cost of fuel for those most in need in Belfast. Living room Average daily resultant temperature Comparison Living room Average daily resultant temperature Comparison 1920's4xxCfSH 4 x Passive Design) (1920's x (CfSH Passive Design)
35.0
35.0
1000.0
1000.0
900.0
30.0
30.0
800.0
900.0
25.0
20.0
20.0
600.0
15.0
500.0 400.0
10.0
15.0
300.0
5.0 200.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
700.0 600.0 500.0 400.0
100.0
5.0
0.0
300.0 200.0
0.0
Daily Av of global horizontal radiaon [Wh/m2] Daily Av of 1920 S LivDin Resultant Temp (C)
Daily Av of diffuse horizontal radiaon [Wh/m2] Daily Av Design Living Resultant Temp (C)
Comfort Band (C)
Average of External Temperature (C)
Daily Av of Improved NB Living Resultant Temp (C)
Daily average radiaon (Wh/m²)
25.0
800.0 Daily average radiaon (Wh/m²)
700.0
Temperature (°C)
Temperature (°C)
Fuel poverty:Going beyond efficiency
Self-built Mariyam Zakiah
Houses
in the
Mountains
Sikkim, India : 27o 33’N 88o 40’E
Sikkim, one of the hilly states, lies in a very strategic location on the north-eastern frontiers, bordering China, Nepal and Bhutan. Although it is the least populous and the smallest state of India, people have migrated to the rural parts of Sikkim for employment opportunities with the defence organizations. With minimum available resources, the people are dependent on excessive use of fuel-wood to deal with the harsh climatic conditions, thus leading to environmental degradation. Fieldwork has shown an average household heating energy consumption of 500 kWh/m2, primarily due to high heat loss from the building envelope. Taking into account future climate scenarios, the proposed scheme explores the use of locally available materials, compact spaces, thermal buffers and potential use of solar energy which can lead to massive reduction in energy consumption.
Design of Tall Residential Building in Daegu, South Korea Hyosik Pyo
Daegu, South Korea : 35o 52’N 128o36 ‘E
With strong influence by modernism, South Korea has chosen to provide a quantitative supply of dwellings with apartment buildings as countermeasures for the war devastation in 1960s. Linear and flat shaped blocks rapidly filled the city in matchbox layouts, identical blocks spread around urban areas and continued to increase in number as economy and population grow. Nowadays, apartment building consists almost 60% of overall dwellings in South Korea. Entering into 90s, apartment buildings got taller with higher glazing ratio and the image of apartment buildings became the symbol of wealth. However, tower typology consumes way more energy than linear typology due to high glazing ratio with openings that don’t allow cross ventilation. People started preferring to move back to linear typology to save bills in heating and cooling. This research looks at different ways to improve the current linear type apartment building with the application of various environmental design concepts, focusing on the form, layouts, orientations, occupancy patterns and the glazed balcony. The proposed design provides more flexible space inside with better living facilities by offering various communal spaces outside.
MERCADO AYOTZINAPA AYOTZINAPA MARKET
S
E
D
M
A
r
c
h
S
h
o
w
c
AA SED MSc & MArch Sustainable Environmental Design Architectural Association School of Architecture s
e
d
.
a
a
s
c
h
o
h t t p s : / / w w w. f a c e b o o k . c o m / A A E E S E D
o
l
.
a
c
.
u
k
https://twitter.com/AASchool_SED
a
s
e