term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
U R B A N . C A S E . S T U D I E S . : . R E F U R B I S H I N G . T H E . C I T Y AA Msc & MArch Sustainable Environmental Design / Phase I Design Research Studio /
term 1
http://sed.aaschool.ac.uk
AA / MSc & MArch SED PHASE I : Design Research Studio term 1
URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city Sustainable environmental design engages with real-life problems affecting buildings and cities throughout the world. Providing alternatives to the global architecture and brute force engineering that are still the norm in most countries requires new knowledge on what makes a good environment for inhabitants and how architecture can contribute to this. Over the past five years the AA School’s SED Programme has pursued a research agenda on “Refurbishing the City”, initiating projects in some 70 cities across 40 countries and encompassing a wide range of building types and climates with proposals for both new and existing buildings and urban spaces. The 12-month MSc and 16-month MArch are structured in two consecutive phases. Phase I is organised around studio projects that are run in teams combining MSc and MArch students. Phase II is devoted to Dissertation Projects focusing on areas of design research that address the programme’s areas of concern as well as students own backgrounds, professional interests and special skills. Key objectives of all projects are to improve outdoor environmental conditions in cities, achieve independence from non-renewable energy sources in buildings and promote the development of an environmentally-sustainable architecture. The excerpts included in this compilation are from a selection of Term 1 projects illustrating the research methods introduced by the taught programme which combine on-site observations and measurements with advanced computational simulation of environmental processes. Simos Yannas, Director MSc & MArch Sustainable Environmental Design
1.
5.
evelyn grace academy
2. central
saint giles
3. fullbrook
mews
4.grosnevor
waterside
January 2013
January 2013
January 2013
January 2013
Sarah Arboleda Javier Guzman Jonathan Natanian Shravan Pradeep
Byron Mardas Megha Nanaiah Mileni Pamfili Rashmei Sangtani
Marina Breves Anastasia Gravani Juan Montoliu Danielle Severino
Amedeo Scofone Juan Vallejo Wei Gong Yiping Zhu
7. keeling
angel waterside
6.robinhood
January 2012
January 2011
January 2010
January 2010
Patricia Gallardo Mariam Kapsali Pulane Mpotokwane Christina Poulmenti
Herman Calleja Noah Czech Alexandre Hepner Anna Tziastoudi
Aaron Budd Amy Leedham Rodrigo Rodriguez Marco Vitali
Mina Hasman Keunjoo Lee Jenna Mikus Juliane Wolf
gardens
house
8.the gallerias of
Caldeireria and Toural
AA / MSc & MArch SED PHASE I : Design Research Studio term 1
URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city table of contents
AA / MSc & MArch SED PHASE I : Design Research Studio term 1
URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city evelyn grace academy January 2013 Sarah Arboleda Javier Guzman Dominguez Jonathan Natanian Shravan Pradeep
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1
URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city central saint giles January 2013 Byron Mardas Megha Nanaiah Mileni Pamfili Rashmei Sangtani
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5.
Office space - Specific Media
5.1. Introduction The team got permission to study the 10th floor office space at the Central Saint Giles development. This floor is occupied by an advertising firm called Specific Media and is accessed through a secured, common office lobby. At present this floor of 2936 m2 has an occupancy of 80 people with 500 m2 being allocated for a gym and its services thereby resulting in the net usable area for the office to be 1900 m2. Considering this, the floor has been designed, as per guidelines, to accommodate 110 more people (1 person per 10 m2). The existing layout of the 10th floor is seen in Figure 5.1.3. It is an open, deep plan office space. The main workspaces are located in the northern and western parts of the floor. The eastern narrow space of the office consists of a corridor and the conference rooms that have been lined up along the eastern façade. The southern part consists of an audio visual room, a winter garden, cafeteria and a roof terrace. Figure 5.1.3 indicates the spots where interviews were conducted with the occupants. It also shows the unoccupied desks that the team identified and confirmed. These interviews were conducted throughout the whole office space. The age bracket of the employees is between 20 and 30 years of age. Through the interviews a general satisfaction and comfort could be assessed with some minor complaints. These were mostly regarding glare issues in parts of the space, mainly the western wing. From a discussion with the maintenance manager of Specific Media the team confirmed that there had been various complains from the western wing about the temperature being too cool in some occasions. But that is an issue driven by the cooling system itself. The main issue that was observed on the 10th floor is, as in most office buildings, the lack of adaptive opportunities from the occupiers. Artificial lighting, cooling fans and blinds are all automatic and operated through the BMS that monitors the whole building and is fed by the weather station that sits on the roof of the office building. Also all the glazing is fixed. The only operable part is the outer skin of the western facade which is for the maintenance of the blinds.
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term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
Beginning with the field work, the team realised quite early that the space is under used. As mentioned before, this floor is occupied to its half potential and even less. What was also observed, and later confirmed by the interviews, was that some parts of the office space suffer from glare. The west wing more specifically, has a full glazed façade overlooking the courtyard, which leads to large amounts of light to penetrate into the office from early in the afternoon until sunset, a timing that affects many hours of the office schedule throughout the year. Since the work in this company is computer-based, they cannot afford glare. That is the reason why some people have changed places away from the windows to minimize this problem. But this is a solution available only now that the office is under-occupied. Additional to the aforementioned problems is the deep plan of this wing. It is 14 meters deep between the core and the glazed facade leading to dark regions in the back of the room. Combined with the immense light near the glazing it leads to a bad distribution of light and high contrasts which enhance the problem of glare. What drew the team’s attention during the visits was the prodigal use of artificial lighting. Even on a sunny day, as the second day of visit, the lights were fully operating starting from less than half a meter from the glazed façade. Although the electrical engineer interviewed from Arup suggested that the lights are dimmable near the windows and that they shouldn’t be on during sunny days, it was realised that all lights are on when people are present since they work on sensors. For all the reasons mentioned above and because this space is the largest and main workspace in the office the team decided to analyze it and find a way to deal with the problems of glare, lighting and even find the energy saving by cutting down the artificial lighting.
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Since the deep plan of 14 to 16 meters from window to core is the main problem. The team was really interested in this study because it is a case in most office buildings. Exploiting as much space as possible leads to very deep plans creating spaces that are almost blind to natural light. The case though of this study is not of that extend. The team decided to study the impact of a light well. What would be the difference if a comparison is made to a case where there was a atrium in the middle of the building subdividing the existing 35 meters from facade to facade? As can be seen in figure 5.3.15, the number of the elevators and the layout of the rest common spaces is intact,in the atrium case, because the main purpose of the study was to see if such an architectural form can be used without sacrificing space and quality. Therefore, a comparison was made to a case where instead of the opaque elevator core, there would be an atrium in the centre providing natural lighting into the building figure 5.3.16.
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22.1oC 13.1 C
8.2oC
Heat loss of the wintergarden to the outdoors
Occupancy and internal gains
Heat loss to the wintergarden
thermal exchanges with adjacent rooms
Room Temperature and heating controls
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
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Thermal capacity and heat storage
Figure 5.4.34 : Illuminance studies for various spaces in the office shwoing the lighting conditions in three differend periods. The plans show an average daily study for the same three periods showing the difference in intensity and in depth of penetration. (source: Ecotect)
Figures 5.4.34 and 5.4.35 are illustrations of how the extended winter garden works as a buffer zone for the adjacent workspace. A typical winter day is illustrated showing how the winter garden having higher temperature than outdoors, is reducing the heat losses of the office space through the external façade. The first figure illustrates the thermal conditions in daytime during occupied hours. Internal gains from occupancy, artificial lighting and equipment as well as solar radiation falling on windows and surfaces help reduce the heating load from the mechanical heating. But in a typical winter week were outdoor temperature is significantly lower than the indoor, which is heated to reach comfort zone, there would be immense losses from the building envelope. Surfaces directly exposed to the outdoor conditions are the most crucial to control. Therefore using a space as the winter garden, which although is exposed to the outdoors, it retains temperatures higher than outside, will reduce the heat loss from the windows of the office. Other heat losses and heat transfers between spaces are illustrated in the figure. The use of the winter garden is also helpful for the lighting conditions of the adjacent workspace. Because of the recess of the winter garden, an overhang is created on the ceiling which shades the space, removing any intense direct solar radiation and solar access into the workspace and improving the lighting conditions by reducing the glare problems discussed previously. Figure 5.4.35 shows the thermal conditions during night hours. Internal gains in typical offices if not present are significantly lower than daytime’s gains. Also the lower outdoor temperature and the lack of solar radiation, will hasten the heat loss procedure. Therefore techniques as night shutters and shutting the louvers are necessary to try and retain some of the indoor temperature.
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Heat loss through roof
19.2 1 oC 8.2oC
Occupancy and internal gains
6.6oC 6 R Room Temperature and heating controls
Heat loss of the wintergarden to the outdoors is reduced by closing the louvers
Heat loss to the wintergarden is reduced using night shuters Thermal capacity and heat storage
Figure 5.4.35 : Illuminance studies for various spaces in the office shwoing the lighting conditions in three differend periods. The plans show an average daily study for the same three periods showing the difference in intensity and in depth of penetration. (source: Ecotect)
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
Heat loss through roof
thermal exchanges with adjacent rooms
AA / MSc & MArch SED PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1
URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city fullbrook mews January 2013 Marina Breves Anastasia Gravani Juan Montoliu Danielle Severino
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
AA / MSc & MArch SED PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1
URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city grosnevor waterside January 2013 Amedeo Scofone Juan Vallejo Wei Gong Yiping Zhu
Grosvenor Waterside
overview
outdoor
indoor
2.1. Location & Current Situation.
Figure 2.1.1 Site location
The Project
Project infos
“Grosvenor waterside” is a new estate in Chelsea built in 2009 composed by 7 buildings mainly residential although it hosts different functions. It is situated close to the Thames in between Train’s tracks going to Victoria Station and “Chelsea bridge”. The project is a refurbishment of a 25,000 m2 area wich was a big basin used to build and repair ships.
Position:
lat: 51.51825 long: -0.110979
Postcode:
SW1 W
Buildings:
Bramah house Woods house Caro point Cubbit Hepworth court Hirst court Moore House Pavillion court Wenworth house
Amenities:
24h security Concierge Gym Pool Nursery Bar Resturant Art Gallery Car parking Comm. space
Position:
25,000 m2
Residential:
971 units
commercial:
7un-2,500 m2 60% are empty
Leaving the ground floors to public activities, this new higly exlusive complex it should provide to all the main needs of their occupants, but so far only 60% of commercial units are occupied.
Pictures 2.1.1-5 Site pictures
Term 1 - 07/01/2013
MSc + March Sustainable Environmental Design 2012-13
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overview
outdoor
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
Grosvenor Waterside
indoor
2.1. Location & Current Situation.
B A
OUTER BASIN GROSVENOR DOCK
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
INNER GROSVENOR DOCK
RIVER THAMES
C ARO P OINT
Figure 2.1.2 site plan
Accessibility
Variety
The site is characterized by a massive pedestrian area with many access points. Cars are not allowed to go inside, and the entrance of the underground parking is located in the beginning of “Gatliff road”; just vehicle for maintenance can get in the area. The complex is well protected from the traffic of the main surrounding roads. With this layout buildings don’t suggest to the casual pedestrian to go through them, so this space is mainly used from the people that live there, due also to a lack of places of interest around it.
One planner, Seven Architects and two lanscapers were involved in this project in order to give as much variety as possible. The one we focused on is the one designed by “Make Architects”, a big new firm based in London.
Bramah House and Woods House The Building we studied is composed by two towers: “Bramah House” (Pict. 2.1.6) consists in private housing facing the inner basin while “Woods house” (P2.1.7)is a bigger block with just affordable housing.
Pictures 2.1.7 (B) Woods House
Pictures 2.1.6 (A) Bramah House
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Grosvenor Waterside
overview
outdoor
indoor
3.1. Architectural Analysis.
Water -Good views but reduced play ground -Evaporative cooling -Clear the obstacles of sunlight (better lacated to the south) Figure3.1.2 The location of Water
Figure3.1.1 The location
Vegetation -Roof garden increased the green area -Children love to play with trees -Deciduous trees provide shades in summer and won’t shelter too much sun in winter Figure3.1.3 The location of Vegetation 1
Equipment -Boats and seats available by the bank. but seldom used -Colonnade by the water:Just a passage, no facilities provided to seat or relax Figure3.1.4 The location of Equipment
Yellow sand Solar Absorptance: 0.58 Psychologically feel warmer
Matte Aluminium Sheet Solar Absorptance: 0.20 Reduced glare+artistic expression
Slates(polished) Slates(rough) Solar Absorptance: 0.75 Solar Absorptance: 0.80 Transition between indoor and outdoor Store heat
Water Sometimes causes glare Psychologically feel cooler
Figure3.1.5 The Pathway
Figure3.1.6 The Roof Graden
Figure3.1.7 The Colonnade
Figure3.1.9 The Water Area at night
Figure3.1.8 The Plaza
Figure3.1.10 The Section of the Site
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outdoor
indoor
3.2. A Walk in the Outdoor. Fieldwork Air Temperature (oC)
Relative Humidity (%)
16.8 16.2 15.6 15 14.4 13.8 13.2 12.6 12 11.4 10.8 10.2 9.6
Air Flow and Wind Velocity (m/s)
60 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40
Surface Temperature (oC)
4 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.4 2 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4
16.8 16.2 15.6 15 14.4 13.8 13.2 12.6 12 11.4 10.8 10.2 9.6
Figure3.2.2.6 The Air Temperature
Figure3.2.2.7 The Humidity
Figure3.2.2.8 The Wind Velocity
Figure3.2.2.9 The Surface Temperature
- Warmer areas were detected in the south side of the building and also in the colonnade
- As air temperature fell, the relative humidity rose - Relative Humidity remained within the comfort zone
- Wind velocity changed all the time, but is stronger in open areas
- In green areas with trees, the surface temperature is much lower than the air temperature.
Illuminance (lux) 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000
Relative Humidity (%)
Air Temperature (oC) 16.8 16.2 15.6 15 14.4 13.8 13.2 12.6 12 11.4
Figure3.2.2.10 The Illuminance
Figure3.2.2.11 The Air Temperature
Figure3.2.2.12 The Humidity
- Illuminance fell quickly as the sun went down. - Despite the changes caused by solar position, the illuminance was much lower in the colonnade than on the outside.
- there is no notable differences in air temperatures measured. But we feel much colder in the north of the garden. So there must be other factors that affected human sensations. Perhaps incident solar radiation.
- As the temperature falls, the relative humidity increased accordingly. - The relative humidity is higher on the roof-garden due to lower air temperature.
Term 1 - 07/01/2013
Air Flow and Wind Velocity (m/s) 4 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.4 2 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.4
60 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42
MSc + March Sustainable Environmental Design 2012-13
Figure3.2.2.13 The Air Flow and Wind Velocity - The speed of the wind on roof garden also changes all the time. - We can feel the wind is from the south.
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overview
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
Grosvenor Waterside
Grosvenor Waterside
overview
outdoor
indoor
3.3. Analytic Work. Overshadow and Solar Radiation Shadow range 10th December
Figure3.3.1 The Shadow 10th Dec from Ecotect
Incident solar radiation 2400+ 2180 1960 1740 1520 1300 1080 860 640 420 200
Shadow Range 21st March
Figure3.3.2 The Shadow 21st Mar from Ecotect WH
2400+ 2180 1960 1740 1520 1300 1080 860 640 420 200
Shadow Range 21st June
Figure3.3.3 The Shadow 21st Jun from Ecotect
entrance
Figure3.3.5 The ISR on the Roof Garden without trees
entrance
Figure3.3.6 The ISR on the Roof Garden with trees
-The South-East side close to the railway is the part which receives more solar radiation during the year. The north bank of the pool also receives more incident raditaion since there is little obstacles to the south due to water. -Incident solar radiation simulation also shows the north area of roof garden receives less incident solar radiation. This is partially due to the layout of buildings and partially because of the tall trees in the garden. -Since the entrances of the roof is located in the north, people’s first sensation of the outside is colder than if they are in the south. -This may cause greater thermal discomfort and prevent people from staying there Figure3.3.4 The Incident Solar Radiation on the Site
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overview
outdoor
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
Grosvenor Waterside
indoor
3.3. Analytic Work. Air movement 6.00 5.40 4.80 4.20 3.60 3.00 2.40 1.80 1.20 0.60 0.00
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
N
air velocity m/s
Figure3.3.9 The Section B without trees on roofgarden
N
Figure3.3.7 The Wind Speed and Direction from Ecotect
Figure3.3.10 The Section B with trees on roofgarden
N
Figure3.3.8 The Wind Speed from Ecotect
Figure3.3.11 The Section A across the basin
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Grosvenor Waterside
overview
outdoor
indoor
3.3. Analytic Work. PET and PMV 4 Met 3 people 0.9 Clo
PET: 5.5 PMV: 1
1.8 Met 3 people 1.2 Clo
PET: 8.2 PMV: -0.9
1.2 Met 4 people 1 Clo
PET: 9 PMV: -2.2
2 Met 15 people 1.4 Clo
PET: 6.8 PMV: -0.6
1 Met 2 people 1.4 Clo 1.5 Met 1 people 1.2 Clo
PET: 8.6 PMV: -1.7
PET: 7.6 PMV: -1.5
PMV
%
1
10.6
-0.6
53.60
-0.9
10.70
-1.5
3.60
-1.7
7.20
-2.2
14.30
-The area where children played presents higher pet since it receives more solar radiation and is protected from strong wind by surrounding buildings and fences.
-The only seats in the outdoor are located by the water, suffered from cold wind. Few people rest on these seats.
-3
Hot
-2
Warm
-1
Slightly Warm
0
Neutral
1
Slightly Cool
2
Cool
3
Cold
Figure3.3.12 The Activities of the Occupancies on the Site to illustrate the PET AND PMV
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2
-PET is much lower by the water maily due to the strong wind caused by this open area with little obstruction. pet
PET
pmv
Figure3.3.14 The Section of the Site to illustrate the PET
Figure3.3.13 The Section of the Site to illustrate the PET AND PMV
Term 1 - 07/01/2013
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overview
outdoor
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
Grosvenor Waterside
indoor
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
3.4. Improving the Outdoor.
Figure 3.4.2 interventions locations
figure 3.4.1 bench+ protection idea
Bench + Protection The analysis shows a lack of seats around the basin which is the main feature of the outdoors, and a discomfort due to high wind speed in some spots. One single element can be a solution to these problems by providing new seats and protecting pedestrians from the wind.
Figure 3.4.3 Wind solution
Playground As showed before (figure 2.2.4), People felt the need to have a safe place for their children to play, and it should be placed where children usually play now.
Figure 3.4.4 Seats placed on both sides
figure 3.4.5 playground idea
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Grosvenor Waterside
overview
indoor
outdoor
4.1. Architectural Analysis. Overview Building Distribution & Services 3+1 Bedroom 3 Bedroom 2 Bedroom 1 Bedroom Studio
Roof Garden St. James sales office Nursery Resturant Gym / Sauna
Figure 4.1.1 Ground Floor Services
Figure 4.1.2 Building Services Logos Picture 4.1.1 West façade of Bramah House
Typologies Bramah House
Picture 4.1.2 North-West side of Woods House
Woods House
3 BED
3 BED 1 BED
1BED
Figure 4.1.4 Make Architects, Desing + Acces Statement 2 BED
N of Flats 3-bed 2-bed 1-bed Studio Cooling Heating Parking Balcony Ren. Energy
2 BED
103 28 36 32 7 2-3 bed Y Y Y N
N of Flats 3-bed 2-bed 1-bed Studio Cooling Heating Parking Balcony Ren. Energy
196 58 52 86 0 N Y Y N Y
- “Bramah House” is ten storeys height and is aligned with the Inner Basin edge. Private accomodations is contained from first floor to the ninth floor. Public services like restaurant or a nursery are located in the ground floor. It is characterized by an interesting West façade with an appealing layout of balconies and a colonnade crossing the building. - “Wood House” is twelve storeys in height and follows the boundary wall to the east, adjacent to the railway. The affordable residential accomodation is located in this building. - The Floor distribution present the same layout, with 3-bed flats in the corners, 2-bed flats facing East and 1-bed flats facing West.
Figure 4.1.3 Flat Typologies in Bramah and Woods House
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overview
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Grosvenor Waterside
indoor
4.1. Architectural Analysis. Case Studies - Three flats in different conditios were chosen to obtain a goblal idea of the indoor behaviour of the building. The first one is on the West faรงade with balcony and facing the basin; the second one is on the South-West faรงade facing the roof garden and the third one is on the railway side, in the North-Esat faรงade. - Each flat was simulated with a typical occupancy and activities according to the flat typology.
S
N
W
Figure 4.1.4. 2-bed W Orientation
E
S
N
E
W
Figure 4.1.6. 1-bed SW Orientation
Figure 4.1.8. 3-bed NE Orientation
S
3-BED NE IN WOODS HOUSE
1-BED SW IN WOODS HOUSE
2-BED W IN BRAMAH HOUSE
W
E
Figure 4.1.5. 2-bed W Distribution
Figure 4.1.7. 1-bed SW Distribution
Pictures 4.1.3. - 4.1.4 Indoor View of Bramah House
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
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Pictures 4.1.5. - 4.1.6. Indoor View of Woods House
Term 1 - 07/01/2013
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Figure 4.1.9. 3-bed NE Distribution
Pictures 4.1.7. - 4.1.8. Indoor View of Woods House
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Grosvenor Waterside
overview
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4.1. Architectural Analysis. Shadow Range
Figure 4.1.10. West Façade 3d Model
March 22 WEST
Figure 4.1.12. East Façade 3d Model
March 22 EAST
Figure 4.1.14. South-West Façade 3d Model
March 22 SOUTH-WEST
Figure 4.1.16. North-East Façade 3d Model
March 22 NORTH-EAST Hours in shadow 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
July 23 WEST
July 23 EAST
July 23 SOUTH-WEST
July 23 NORTH-EAST Hours in shadow 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
December 10 WEST
December 10 EAST
December 10 SOUTH-WEST
December 10 NORTH-EAST Hours in shadow 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure 4.1.11 Ecotec W Façade Shadow Range
Figure 4.1.13 Ecotec E Façade Shadow Range
Term 1 - 07/01/2013
Figure 4.1.15 Ecotec SW Façade Shadow Range
Figure 4.1.17 Ecotec NE Façade Shadow Range
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4.1. Architectural Analysis. Windows Window Overshadowing percentage
Figure 4.1.20 2-bed W Façade
Bedroom
Bedroom
Livingroom
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
2-bed W
Figure 4.1.21 Ecotec calculation of the Overshadowing percentage
Figure 4.1.18 Windows Designs in Grosvenor Waterside
1-bed SW
- The fenestration of the apartments has been designed to reflect the functions of the rooms. - The living room, the focus of the dwelling, embraces the exterior maximising views out and daylight in. - Bedrooms in contrast, are intimate spaces requiring greater privacy and softer lighting Make Architects, Desing + Acces Statement
Figure 4.1.22 1-bed SW Façade
Inciden Solar Radiation on the Livingroom Windows
Incident Solar Radiation (Wh/m²)
2500
Figure 4.1.23 Ecotec calculation of the Overshadowing percentage
2000 1500 1000
3-bed NE
2-bed W 1-bed SW 3-bed NE 2-bed W (No Balcony)
500 0
Figure 4.1.24 3-bed NE Façade Figure 4.1.19 Ecotec calculation of Icident Solar Radiation on the Livingroom Windows
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Figure 4.1.25 Ecotec calculation of the Overshadowing percentage
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4.2. Daylight. Three Bedroom Flat NE
+2.85
+2.82
+2.89
+2.84
+3.03
+2.98
+3.00
+3.51
+3.60
+3.63
+3.60
+3.43
+6.57
+10.80
+10.72
+12.35
+5.60
+10.32
+2.71
+3.67
+4.18
+2.89
+2.93
+4.16
+19.58
+2.76
+2.47
+4.08
+6.67
+3.09
+2.72 +2.70
+3.15
+4.50
+3.33
+2.78 +2.82
+3.50
+15.75
+2.89
+2.78 +2.98
+6.73
Figure 4.2.14-15 illustrates the vertical glazing light distribution in the room. The horizontal one performs better on working height level near the windows around 99%.
+4.46
Figure 4.2.11 Location of 2BF
Figure 4.2.13 illustrates the fraction of annual daylight (diffuse only) sufficiency of working hours (sun rise to sunset) for the One Bedroom Flat, based on the daylight availability curve for London mentioned in ‘Daylight Design of Buildings’(Baker and Steemers 2002, Page 61). Three points of interest are chosen to evaluate. The result clarifies that in the central area of the living room, the daylight factor achieves a high value of satisfaction from 78% to 99%, which is sufficient for occupancy. However, the daylight satisfaction of the kitchen is decreasing up to 45% (figure 4.2.8). Hence, there is a need of improving daylight in the kitchen area.
Daylight Factor In overcast sky of 3000 Lux
+3.50
Conclusions +2.77 +2.98
Location
Figure 4.2.12 Daylight Factor Two Bedroom Flat
+1.92
+2.53
+3.52
+4.92
+6.26
+2.33
+2.58
+3.28
+1.81
+2.63 +2.85 +3.19 +3.02
+1.95
+2.59
+3.64
+5.41
+12.38
+2.47
+2.74
+6.85
+1.84
+2.71 +3.01 +3.68 +9.89
+1.92
+2.87
+3.94
+6.96
+17.89
+2.54
+3.26
+9.67
+1.85
+2.79 +3.11 +3.91 +2.89
Room functions and sections 1
1
1
2
2
2
1-DF sufficienc 2-Required in Lux
Figure 4.2.13 Daylight Factor in the living room of Three Bedroom Flat
Figure 4.2.14 Daylight Factor in the Bedroom
Term 1 - 07/01/2013
Figure 4.2.15 Daylight Factor in the Bedroom2
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4.2. Daylight. 3-bed NE
Figure 4.2.16 The location of Three Bedroom Flat
Figure 4.2.17 The Sunpath diagram
Overcast Sky
Sky Illuminance:3000 lux
Conclusions
Figure 4.2.18 Illuminance in the Three Bedroom Flat in Overcast Sky
-Through the illuminance analysis diagram with overcasted sky (Figure 4.2.18) a window with same height but wider, has higher level illuminance inside of the living room. -Having the same window size with the same orientation, the horizontal one allows less sunlight penetration than the vertical one, but it is better distributed. -The vertical window, if positioned closer to the wall, distributes light more efficiently due to internal reflections.
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4.3. Thermal Analysis. Indoor Conditions Corridors
19.9oC
Bramah House Corridor
Woods House Corridor
Picture 4.3.1. Interior view of Woods House Corridor
19.5oC
21.2oC
20.4oC
22oC
19.6oC
21.6oC
Picture 4.3.2. Interior view of Bramah House Corridor
Woods House
Corridor Stairs/Lifts
Outdoor Temperature: 10oC
Sauna 20.5oC
21oC
21oC
20.4oC
Bramah House Figure 4.3.2. Air temperature in corridors. Spot Measurements taken on 12th of October 2012 at 6pm. (Overcast Sky)
Bramah House Lenght: 45.2 m Width: 1.4 m
- A big difference in the temperature between outdoors and indoors was detected on a cloudy day in October with 10o C dry bulb temperature.
Woods House
- Corridors do not have any natural ventilation system and the performance of the mechanical ventilation is very poor. Also, there is no heating system installed into the corridors.
Lenght: 63.5 m Width: 1.3 m
- The are two main Heat Gains in the corridors; the one from the dwellings, and the heat gains from to the Sauna, which is located in the ground floor and is responsible for higher humidity in the lower levels. - This situation will be considered and the some solutions can be proposed to improve the indoor air quality and temperature. Figure 4.3.1. Corridor Plan and 3d View
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4.3. Thermal Analysis. Materials Façade
Glazing
- Double Glazing on all windows
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- Aluminium frame to each aperture - Total U value: 2.8 W/m2K
Figure 4.3.6. Make Architects. Full Design. Access Statement.
Heat transfer
Figure 4.3.3. Make Architects. Full Design. Access Statement.
Layer Rsout Anodised Aluminium Airspace (framing System) Stone Mineral Wool Cement Board Glass Mineral Wool PlasterBoard Rsin
Figure 4.3.4. Marley Eternit. Pure Cladding 2011design Considerations Section.
12 W/K 3.6 W/K 4.3 W/K
e (m)
λ (W/mK)
0.008 0.04 0.11 0.01 0.04 0.025
0.6 0.038 0.19 0.042 0.21
R (m²K/W) 0.05 0.01 0.18 2.89 0.05 0.95 0.12 0.13
ΣR (m²K/W)
4.39
U (W/m²K)
0.23
3.6 W/K
Figure 4.3.7. 3-bed Heat transfer in façade.
3.6 W/K
- The building is highly insulated with a U-Value of 0.23 W/m2K and double glazing on all windows. - Therefore, the heat transfer by the exposed surfaces are minimized. - Note that as a new building, the infiltration losses are minimum, so the highest value of heat losses will be due to the ventilation requirement.
Figure 4.3.5. U-Value calculation of the main façade.
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4.3. Thermal Analysis. Base cases 1-bed SW
3-bed NE
N
E
N
E
N
E
W
S
W
S
W
S
Figure 4.3.32. 1-bed SW Location & Distribution
Glazing Cond. 18%
LOSSES
8 KWH/M²
Occupancy 13% Inf. Vent. 20%
Figure 4.3.30. Annual Heat Gain and Losses (%)
KWH/M² Glazing Con.
Opaque Con.
Inf. Vent.
Lights
0
2-bedTAS W Calculation. Figure 4.3.31. Annual Heat Load.
GAINS
4.1 KWH/M²
Occupancy 16%
Annual Heat Load
Solar 15% Lights 6%
Opaque Cond. 10%
Occupancy 17%
5.5 KWH/M²
Inf. Vent. 26% Appliances 12%
Appliances 9%
Figure 4.3.34. Annual Heat Gain and Losses (%)
LOSSES
Annual Gains & Losses Glazing Cond. 14%
Lights 5%
3.61
6.33
Figure 4.3.37. Heat Gain and Losses during Winter Period
Solar 20%
Opaque Cond. 11%
Inf. Vent. 21%
Appliances 10%
Annual Heat Load
4.21
2
LOSSES
Annual Gains & Losses
8.36 6.91
8 4
LOSSES
Annual Heat Load
Lights 4%
Opaque Cond. 9%
GAINS
10.26
10 6
Figure 4.3.33. Heat Gain and Losses during Winter Period
GAINS
LOSSES
Glazing Cond. 21%
Appliances
Glazing Con.
0
Figure 4.3.29. Heat Gain and Losses during Winter Period
Solar 23%
4.40
4 2
8.23
7.55
6
LOSSES
Annual Gains & Losses
8.10
GAINS
GAINS
Opaque Con.
Appliances
0
Solar
2
Occupancy
3.30
4
Inf. Vent.
6
8
12
Occupancy
6.55
10
Solar
7.26
8
14
12
9.19
8.17
KWH/M²
10
12.97
12.50
Glazing Con.
14
16.38
16
Opaque Con.
12
18
16.00
Inf. Vent.
14
16
Appliances
18
Lights
15.13
14.51
Lights
KWH/M²
16
Heat Load Period Gains & Losses
Heat Load Period Gains & Losses
Solar
Heat Load Period Gains & Losses
Figure 4.3.36. 3-bed NE Location & Distribution
GAINS
Figure 4.3.28. 2-bed W Location & Distribution
Occupancy
2-bed W
1-bedTAS SW Calculation. Figure 4.3.35. Annual Heat Load.
Figure 4.3.38. Annual Heat Gain and Losses (%)
3-bed TAS NE Calculation. Figure 4.3.39. Annual Heat Load.
- Generally, all dwellings perform good in terms of heating loads in Winter Season due to the high insulated exposed surfaces. Nevertheless, lower temperatures were were detected in the 2-bed West flat due to higher Window To Floor Ratio in Bedrooms. This could be improved by installing shutters or similar elements, which does not affect to the general design of the façade. Other architectural changes like closing the balcony, are not considered because it does not deal with the design of the façade by Make Architects. - In the Summer Season, extra ventilation is an essential requirement to prevent overheating. This is not a problem in flats with balconies facing the basin (W), but there might be a problem in flats facing the railway or even the roof garden due to noise and privacy issues.
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4.3. Thermal Analysis. Improving the Summer - Natural Ventilation
N
Summer Time 19-15 July
E
S Figure 4.3.40. 2-bed W Location & Distribution
Base Case Simulation - Natulal Ventilation Simulation: - Windows totally open in peak times - Windows partially open during daytime - Windows closed during the night - Infiltration: 0.1ach - Free Running Mode
Natural Ventilation Squedule
TEMPERATURE (째C)
W
ach Livingroom
ach Main Bedroom
External temperature
OT Bedroom Small
OT Bedroom Main
OT Livingroom
50
50
45
45
40
40
35
35
30
30
25
25
20
20
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
01:00
06:00
11:00
16:00
21:00
02:00
07:00
12:00
17:00
22:00
03:00
08:00
13:00
18:00
23:00
04:00
09:00
14:00
19:00
00:00
05:00
10:00
15:00
20:00
01:00
06:00
11:00
16:00
21:00
02:00
07:00
12:00
17:00
22:00
AIR FLOW (ACH)
2-bed W
0
Figure 4.3.43. 2-bed W Flat TAS Simulation (Natural Ventilation)
Bedroom Small Bedroom Main Livingroom
Figure 4.3.41. 2-bed W Flat Natural Veltilation Schedule
Livingroom
Bedroom Main
Bedroom Small
Weekdays Schedule
Figure 4.3.42. 2-bed W Flat Lighting, Appliances & Occupancy Schedule
- In order to confirm that it is possible to get an appropiate indoor temperature in Summer by using the natural ventilation, it was designed an specific schedule to define the hours when the windows are opened according to the occupacy and the appliance gains. Windows will be partially opened during the daytime, and fully opened during cooking times. - By the results in figure 4.3.43, we can conclude that a fixed schedule for opening the windows brings an indoor resultant temperature inside the comfort band. - Applied to the rest of the flats, it would have bought in a good use of natural ventilation solves the problem of overheating. - Nevertheless, there were a high number of overheating complains from Wood House residents, which can be a consequence of the noise pollution caused by the railway tracks, so alternative solutions will be proposed to deal with these two issues.
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4.3. Thermal Analysis. Improving the Summer - Other Solutions 3-bed NE N
E
W
S
Ventilation opening with acoustic protection
Figure 4.3.51. 3-bed NE Location & Distribution
Figure 4.3.52. 3d Views and details of opening with acoustic protection
Figure 4.3.53. Natural ventilation in non-domestic buildings. CIBSE Applications Manual AM10
Tortuous Path Double Skin Window
Indoors
Outdoors
Figure 4.3.54. 3d Views and details of opening with acoustic protection (Tortous Path)
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Figure 4.3.55. Hilson Moran Acoustics. Design Issues for Natural Ventilation Sys Serving urban Environments Nicholas Jones
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4.3. Thermal Analysis. Improving the Summer - Overall Indoor Temperature in a typical Summer Day
Diffuse Radiation
ach Livingroom
ach Main Bedroom
ach Corridor
External temperature
ach Corridor
External temperature
External temperature
OT Bedroom Small
External temperature
OT Bedroom Small
OT Bedroom Small
OT Bedroom Main
OT Bedroom Small
OT Bedroom Main
OT Bedroom Main
OT Livingroom
OT Bedroom Main
OT Livingroom
OT Livingroom
OT Corridor
OT Livingroom
OT Corridor
20
600
15
400
10
50
50
50
45
45
45
45
45
45
40
40
40
40
40
40
35
35
35
35
35
35
30
30
30
30
30
30
25
25
25
25
25
25
20
20
20
20
20
20
15
15
15
15
15
15
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
5
0
0
0
0
200
5
01:00 03:00 05:00 07:00 09:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00
0
Figure 4.3.56. 2-bed W TAS Simulation (Base Case) in a typical Summer day.
0
01:00 03:00 05:00 07:00 09:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00
Figure 4.3.57. 2-bed W TAS Simulation (Natural Ventilation) in a typical Summer day.
01:00 03:00 05:00 07:00 09:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00
Figure 4.3.58. 3-bed NE TAS Simulation (Open Corridor) in a typical Summer day.
TEMPERATURE (째C)
800
25
TEMPERATURE (째C)
30
RADIATION (W)
1000
50
AIR FLOW (ACH)
35
50
TEMPERATURE (째C)
1200
40
50
AIR FLOW (ACH)
1400
45
TEMPERATURE (째C)
OPEN CORRIDOR & BLINDS(WINDOWS CLOSED)
Global Radiation
50
0
OPEN CORRIDOR (WINDOWS CLOSED)
01:00 03:00 05:00 07:00 09:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
NATURAL VENTILATION (WINDOWS OPEN)
AIR FLOW (ACH)
FREE RUNNING (WINDOWS CLOSED)
0
Figure 4.3.59. 3-bed NE TAS Simulation (Open Corridor & Blinds) in a typical Summer day.
Summer Time Overall
SOLUTION
IMPROVEMENT
OVERHEATING COMPLAINTS (2010)
NATURAL VENTILATION
- Minimum required ventilation is not enough to keep a comfort temperature inside the flats and it is necesary to keep windows opened and make use of natural ventilation to deal with overheating problems.
CORRIDOR OPENING
- Noise or even privacy problems in Woods House may prevent people to open the windows. There were overheating complaints in 2010 and after the intervention of the National Rail Service in the railway, the situation improved. Nonetheless this is not a permanet solution and other improvements in the building are still necessary.
CORRIDOR OPENING & BLINDS
- By combining additional improvements like opening the corridor, usig blings and alternative systems, it is possible to deal with noise polution and obtain a comfort indoor temperature.
CORRIDOR OPENING & BLINDS + OTHERS
Figure 4.3.60. Summer Time Overal Description
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4.3. Thermal Analysis. Improving the Winter Winter Time Base Case 17-23 Dec
2-bed W N
E
Global Radiation
Diffuse Radiation
External temperature
OT Bedroom Small
OT Bedroom Main
OT Livingroom
25 1400
W
20
S
1200
TEMPERATURE (째C)
Figure 4.3.61. 2-bed W Location & Distribution
Base Case Simulation - Shutters on windows during the night - Infiltration: 0.1ach - Free Running Mode - New U-Value Window + Shutter: 1.2 W/m2C
15 800
10
600
RADIATION (W)
1000
400 5 200
0
01:00
06:00
11:00
16:00
21:00
02:00
07:00
12:00
17:00
22:00
03:00
08:00
13:00
18:00
23:00
04:00
09:00
14:00
19:00
00:00
05:00
10:00
15:00
20:00
01:00
06:00
11:00
16:00
21:00
02:00
07:00
12:00
17:00
22:00
0
Figure 4.3.62. 2-bed W Flat TAS Simulation (Base Case)
Winter Time - Shutters 17-23 Dec Global Radiation
Diffuse Radiation
External temperature
OT Bedroom Small
OT Bedroom Main
OT Livingroom
25
- As it was said before, most of the dwellings perform good in Winter Season due to the high insulated exposed surfaces. Is in this flat facing the basin were lower temperatures were were detected in the 2-bed W flat due to higher Window To Floor Ratio in Bedrooms.
- This is an efficient solution and easy to apply to other dwellings.
20
1200
15 800
10
600
RADIATION (W)
1000 TEMPERATURE (째C)
- The use of shutters during the night increase the indoor temperature between 1-2 degrees depending on the window size. Thus, this solution is more effective in the flats with the balcony than in the rest of the building due to the bigger window sizes.
1400
400 5 200
0
01:00
06:00
11:00
16:00
21:00
02:00
07:00
12:00
17:00
22:00
03:00
08:00
13:00
18:00
23:00
04:00
09:00
14:00
19:00
00:00
05:00
10:00
15:00
20:00
01:00
06:00
11:00
16:00
21:00
02:00
07:00
12:00
17:00
22:00
0
Figure 4.3.63. 2-bed W Flat TAS Simulation (Shutters)
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4.3. Thermal Analysis. Improving the Winter - Overall Annual Heat Demand
Indoor Temperature in a typical Winter Day FREE RUNNING
FREE RUNNING + SHUTTERS
HEATING ON
Base Case (14h at 20°C)
Shutters (14h at 20°C)
10 Global Radiation
Diffuse Radiation
Global Radiation
Diffuse Radiation
OT Bedroom Small
External temperature
OT Bedroom Small
External temperature
OT Bedroom Small
OT Bedroom Main
OT Livingroom
OT Bedroom Main
OT Livingroom
OT Bedroom Main
OT Livingroom
25 1400
1400
1200
20
1200
600
15 800
10
600
400 5
5
01:00 03:00 05:00 07:00 09:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00
0
Figure 4.3.64. 2-bed W TAS Simulation (Base Case) in a typical Winter day.
15 800
10
600
400
400
200
0
01:00 03:00 05:00 07:00 09:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00
0
Figure 4.3.64. 2-bed W TAS Simulation (Shutters) in a typical Winter day.
200
0
01:00 03:00 05:00 07:00 09:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00 23:00
0
8
7 6
6
5.5
5
4.5
4.1
4
2.9
3 2 1 0
5
200
0
1200
1000 TEMPERATURE (°C)
10
TEMPERATURE (°C)
800
20
1000 RADIATION (W)
TEMPERATURE (°C)
1000 15
1400
RADIATION (W)
20
8
25
RADIATION (W)
25
9 AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
Diffuse Radiation
External temperature
TOTAL HEAT LOAD (KWH/M²)
Global Radiation
2-bed W
1-bed SW
3-bed NE
Figure 4.3.66. Annual Heat Demand Comparation between the Base Case and after applying Shutters.
Figure 4.3.65. 2-bed W TAS Simulation (Heating On) in a typical Winter day.
Winter Time overall BASE CASE
IMPROVEMENT
- By setting the thermostat at 20oC during the night, the indoor temperature of the dwelling remains inside the comfort band. This meas 8 KWh/m2 of annual heat load in the 2-bed W flat, 4.1 KWh/m2 in the 1-bed SW flat and 5.5 KWh/m2 in the 3-bed NE flat of our base cases. - Night Shutters improve the performance of the building by reducing the annual heating demand between 1 and 2 kWh/m2, depending on the window sizes.
-1o C SHUTTERS GAZED BALCONY
-2o C
- Therefore, shutters are more efficient on the 2-bed W dwelling due to the higher Window to Floor Ration in the bedrooms. - A closed balcony was tested, and it can increase the indoor temperature in Winter by two degrees. Nevertheless, this solutions was not considered because it does not deal with the design of the façade.
Figure 4.3.67. Winter Time Overal Description
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URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city angel waterside January 2012 Patricia Gallardo Mariam Kapsali Pulane Mpotokwane Christina Poulmenti
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5.1.3 SPOT MEASUREMENTS. FLAT B3 | 21-10-2001 | 14:00 sky condition: mostly cloudy, partly sunny TEMPERATURE The flat that was studied further (flat B3) has a long and deep plan and large glazing areas that significantly affect the temperature fluctuations, as well as the daylight levels in the interior. By observation and spot measurements taken on a cloudy day a difference of 6K was measured in the flat, since the occupants had not turned on the heating yet.
The occupants revealed during a second interview in November that the temperatures in the apartment were still in the comfort band and that the heating had not been turned on. This could be explained by the fact that the building is well insulated and the flat is protected from other units so it is only partly exposed.
The lowest temperatures were observed in the living room (minimum 20.6 oC) were the large glazing areas caused a temperature drop of almost 3 degrees from the one side of the room to the other. In the core of the apartment a steady temperature of 24 oC was measured, while the highest temperature was found in the bathroom, which is the most protected space of the flat. The main bedroom, orientated SW, was measured 25 oC since it was exposed directly to the sun when the measurements were contacted. However a drop of 2 degrees was noted near the window.
Figure 5.1.3.1 Flat B3 | elevation 38
Figure 5.1.3.2 Flat B3 | plan
sky condition: mostly cloudy, partly sunny DAYLIGHT The spot measurements for the daylight levels in the flat were measured on the same day at the same time and a large range of illuminance levels were noted with an uneven distribution along the flat. The living room facing NE, near the glazing surfaces measured 900 lux with a high probability of occasional glare, while near the hallway the illuminance dropped down to 50 lux. The core of the apartment, which includes the kitchen, two bathrooms and the hallway, was relatively dark, with an average of 20 lux, and used artificial light during daytime. The bedroom orientated SW, had adequate illuminance levels near the window area (400 lux) even with the white colored blinds closed. Due to its elongated shape and the low window to floor ratio (10.86%) the daylight was not well distributed in the middle and the back area of the room which was measured 20 lux.
The results from the daylight factor analysis for the flat using Ecotect (Figure 5.1.3.5), were consistent with the findings of the spot measurements and showed 9.4% in the living room near the glazing surfaces, 0.5% in the hallway and down to 0% in the kitchen and the bathrooms, when according to BS standards a 2.0% daylight factor is required for kitchen areas. This analysis pointed out the probability of glare in the living room, mostly in the early morning hours and the significant daylight problem in the core of the flat and especially the kitchen.
Figure 5.1.3.5 Flat B3 | daylight factor analysis sky conditions: overcast sky (5000 lux) source: Ecotect
Figure 5.1.3.3 Flat B3 | plan
Figure 5.1.3.4 Flat B3 | elevation 39
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FLAT B3 | 21-10-2001 | 14:00
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5.1.3 SPOT MEASUREMENTS.
THERMAL AND DAYLIGHT STUDIES. DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS The plan configuration of the flat, as mentioned, has a significant impact to the distribution of daylight in the interior. From the spot measurements analysis [chapter 5.1.3] was observed that the illuminance levels in the core of the apartment were significantly low and the daylight factor was lower than 0.5%.
STUDY METHDOOLOGY The objective of this analysis was to investigate whether the different plan configurations that proved to have a positive impact on the thermal performance of the building would also affect positively the daylight levels in the core of the flat.
LUX
The daylight analysis was conducted using Ecotect and Radiance.
BASE CASE. CASES In the first case of the open kitchen configuration a more even distribution of daylight was noted. However due to the deep plan and the low height ceilings (2.3m) the daylight factor level in the kitchen (0.26%) remained lower than the typical recommended minimum for kitchens with side lighting only (2%), making still necessary the use of artificial light during daytime. In the second case the kitchen was moved towards the external wall where the daylight factor reaches the level of 9.2 % near the glazing surfaces, and 1.1% in the middle of the room. Thus this could be a better plan configuration for the kitchen and at the back of the room a space that it is less used and has less need in daylight (dining room) could be placed.
LUX
CASE 1.
LUX
CASE 2. Figure 5.3.4 Different plan configurations
Figure 5.3.5 Mood with an overcast sky (5000 lux) source: Radiance
Figure 5.3.6 Illuminance distibution with an overcast sky (5000 lux) source: Radiance
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Figure 5.3.7 Distribution of daylight factor source: Radiance
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Figure 5.3.8 Mood with sun (21 June, 07:30) source: Radiance
Figure 5.3.9 Illuminance distibution with sun (21 June, 07:30) source: Radiance
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LUX
9.2%
5.4 TERRACE STUDIES 5.4.1 TERRACE / BALCONY TYPOLOGIES BALCONY AND TERRACE TYPOLOGIES
The balconies and terraces are divided into four typologies: corner balconies, “diving board” balconies, terraces and luxury terraces. (Figure 5.4.1.1). Corner balconies are exclusively on the South Western facade while “diving board” balconies are only on the North Eastern facade. The terraces and larger luxury terraces are on both sides of the building. Each apartment in Angel Waterside has at least one balcony or terrace while the penthouse suites have two or more. Terraces and balconies contribute significantly to the architectural expression of the building and respond directly to their orientation as well as the two distinct microclimates on either side of the building. The “diving board” balconies - only on the North East - were named (and designed) for their resemblance to diving boards, a formal device used by the architects to signal the connection between the building and the water beside it. The corner balconies - only on the South West - protrude toward the south-west exposing themselves to increased solar access in the winter months and less solar radiation during summer.
Figure 5.4.1.1 Balcony and Terrace Typologies
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A survey of all the balconies and terraces at Angel Waterside was taken to ascertain occupancy. All the balconies and terraces which were furnished with tables and chairs were assumed to be regularly occupied while the unfurnished ones were taken not to be regularly occupied. This method has its limitations. Some occupants may only use their balconies to smoke and may not perceive a need for furniture, or the small dimensions of some of the balconies - particularly the corner balconies - could serve to limit furnishings. In either case, however, these factors would most likely result in occupants spending less time on their balconies than people whose occupancy patterns and available space drove them to furnish their balconies or terraces and the team took this analysis method to determine occupancy patterns. Analysis results showed that 42% of the corner balconies were regularly occupied, 100% of “diving board� balconies were regularly occupied, 27% of terraces were regularly occupied and 100% of luxury terraces were regularly occupied. Moreover, 80% of balconies on the North-Eastern facade were regularly occupied compared with only 39% on the South-Western facade.
Figure 5.4.1.2 Balcony and Terrace Occupancy
FURNISHED UNFURNISHED
The analysis results suggest the following: - Balcony / terrace occupation is twice as high on the North-Eastern facade because it has views to the canal and landscaped areas as well as an increased sense of privacy - The terraces are the least occupied type and solutions should be found to increase their occupancy
80% OF BALCONIES ON NORTH EAST FACADE ARE FURNISHED / REGULARLY OCCUPIED 39% OF BALCONIES ON SOUTH WEST FACADE ARE FURNISHED / REGULARLY OCCUPIED
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OCCUPANCY
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5.4.2 TERRACE / BALCONY OCCUPANCY
5.4.5 PARAMETRIC STUDIES
NEW ELEMENT
1. BASE CASE
C1
INTERIOR VIEWS
The existing terrace in flat B3 is an approximately 6m² (1.35 x 4.45m) rectangular space with a concrete overhang and glass balustrade. It is on the first floor and faces City Road Basin. Access to the terrace is through a floor to ceiling glazed door which is flanked by floor to ceiling windows. The terrace has concrete walls on two sides, one of which protrudes for a short distance in front of the glass wall. 2. BASE CASE + REMOVE OVERHANG The balcony analysis conducted showed that only 27% of terraces were regularly occupied or used by residents of Angel Waterside, compared to 42-100% of other typologies. One reason for this could be that the majority of terraces have concrete overhangs which block the solar access available to most of the other types. The first step to increase terrace occupancy was therefore to remove the concrete overhang. Moving the slab above the terrace back by 1.29m exposed the entire area of the terrace to the potential of useful solar access. 3. BASE CASE + REMOVE OVERHANG + SLIDING GLASS WALL / CEILING The next step to increasing terrace occupancy throughout the year was the addition of a sliding glass door and ceiling to enclose the space. When closed, these double-glazed elements would allow solar gains into the enclosed terrace. When open, the terrace would be a semi-outdoor space allowing for cross ventilation into and heat dissipation from the flat. The terrace would become an adaptive space which would presumably perform similarly to a conservatory during cold months and to a balcony during warm months. The sliding glass wall would provide occupants with more control of the semi-outdoor environment which could potentially increase terrace use throughout the year. 4. + + +
BASE CASE REMOVE OVERHANG SLIDING GLASS WALL / CEILING MASONRY ELEMENTS
C2
REMOVE OVERHANG
C3
SLIDING GLASS WALL
C4
The final change to the existing terrace would be to erect an exposed masonry element to the interior glass wall to increase heat storage potential. The masonry would only be added at a maximum height of 40cm for most of the length of the terrace to avoid obstructing views to the canal. The only exception would be behind the existing wall on the southern end of the terrace where a full height masonry element would be added since the views there are currently obstructed by the existing wall. MASONRY ELEMENTS 70
Figure 5.4.5.1 Parametric Studies Diagram
C1 : The base case follows the external temperaC1 : The base case follows the external temperature closely, occasionally increasing 1-2˚C above it. ture closely, occasionally increasing 1-2˚C above it. This temperature difference shows that the terrace This temperature difference shows that the terrace is a semi-protected environment with temperatures is a semi-protected environment with temperatures slightly above the outdoors. slightly above the outdoors.
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Figure 5.4.5.2 Summer Terrace Temperatures
PHYSIOLOGICAL EQUIVALENT TEMPERATURES
“PET is currently the most universal scale available for measuring thermal sensation, but is not a direct measure of comfort, with its various psychological factors. It is proposed that a subjective layer needs to be superimposed onto PET results, devised for the specific application of interest.” Taylor, B and P. Guthrie, Proceedings of Conference: Air Conditioning and the Low Carbon Cooling Challenge, Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK, 27-29 July 2008, London: Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings “’PET [Physiological Equivalent Temperature] is defined as the air temperature at which, in a typical indoor setting (without wind and solar radiation), the heat budget of the human body is balanced with the same core and skin temperature as the complex outdoor conditions to be assessed. This way PET enables a layperson to compare the integral effects of the complex thermal conditions outside with his or her own experience indoors.’” Höppe, P., (1999)The physiological equivalent temperature - a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. Int. J. Biometeor 43, 71-75.)
Figure 5.4.5.3 PET Results for winter solstice and summer solstice
C2 : Follows C1 closely, suggesting that for summer C2 : Follows C1 closely, suggesting that for sumthermal conditions, removing the overhang makes mer thermal conditions, removing the overhang little difference. makes little difference. C3 : The addition of the glazing elements is almost C3 : The addition of the glazing elements is almost completely negated by the fact that the element is completely negated by the fact that the element kept open during the summer months to allow heat is kept open during the summer months to allow dissipation from the terrace and indoors. The purple heat dissipation from the terrace and indoors. The line shows this case with the interior glazing element purple line shows this case with the interior glazing (attached to the living room) opened for ventilation. element (attached to the living room) opened for It shows variable results and no clear conclusion on ventilation. It shows variable results and no clear the effect of opening the windows to the living room conclusion on the effect of opening the windows to on terrace temperature. the living room on terrace temperature. C4 : There is very little difference (less than .03K) C4 : There is very little difference (less than .03K) suggesting that the addition of a masonry element suggesting that the addition of a masonry element has little effect on moderating terrace temperatures has little effect on moderating terrace temperatures during the summer months. during the summer months. One would expect C1 (the base case that is the most One would expect C1 (the base case that is the open to the elements) to have the lowest summer most open to the elements) to have the lowest temperatures. However, there is no clear ‘best case’ summer temperatures. However, there is no clear for summer. All of the cases, however, stay below ‘best case’ for summer. All of the cases, however, the PET calculated for the summer solstice (32.2˚C) stay below the PET calculated for the summer solsuggesting that for a typical summer week, terrace stice (32.2˚C) suggesting that for a typical summer comfort conditions would be better than those expeweek, terrace comfort conditions would be better rienced outside. than those experienced outside. C1. BASE CASE C1. BASE CASE C2. BASE CASE C2. BASE CASE + REMOVE OVERHANG + REMOVE OVERHANG C3. BASE CASE C3. BASE CASE + REMOVE OVERHANG + REMOVE OVERHANG + SLIDING GLASS WALL / CEILING + SLIDING GLASS WALL / CEILING C4. BASE CASE C4. BASE CASE + REMOVE OVERHANG + REMOVE OVERHANG + SLIDING GLASS WALL / CEILING + SLIDING GLASS WALL / CEILING + MASONRY ELEMENTS + MASONRY ELEMENTS The comfort band for this analysis was calculated The comfort band for this analysis was calculated according to the CIBSE guide and adjusted to the according to the CIBSE guide and adjusted to the user’s preference: 22 - 27˚C for summer and 18 user’s preference: 22 - 27˚C for summer and 18 23˚C for winter. 23˚C for winter. PET was calculated using RayMan and Meteonorm PET was calculated using RayMan and Meteonorm files for 21 March, 21 June 21 September, 16 Octofiles for 21 March, 21 June 21 September, 16 October and December 2011 at 4 pm. ber and December 2011 at 4 pm. 71
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SUMMER TERRACE PERFORMANCE SUMMER TERRACE PERFORMANCE (OPEN GLAZING ELEMENTS) (OPEN GLAZING ELEMENTS)
Summer Temperature
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term 1
URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city robinhood gardens January 2011 Herman Calleja Noah Czech Alexandre Hepner Anna
Tziastoudi
1.1 INTROCUCTION ROBIN HOOD GARDENS
LOCATION: POPLAR, EAST LONDON TYPOLOGY: SOCIAL HOUSING, COUNCIL FLATS ARCHITECTS: ALISON & PETER SMITHSON (TEAM 10) TIMELINE: Wikimedia commons
1968: CONSTRUCTION STARTS 1971: OPENING 1972: COMPLETION 1973: The lifts were vandalized and defaced (Pangaro) Architecture plus, June 1973, pp. 37,41 2008: Discussions on demolishing the building start/ Listing denied for a minimum of 5 years DISCRIPTION OF ROBIN HOOD GARDENS
Google Earth
The housing estate project of Alison and Peter Smithson in Poplar, East London, was designed originally with a reinforced‐concrete box‐frame construction, thought during its working‐drawing stage, casting construction systems were investigated and finally chosen
BUILDING B
Wikimedia commons
BUILDING A
1
LONGITUDINAL SECTION
BUILDING B
BUILDING A ‐ SECTION AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
BUILDING A
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CHAPTER 01
1.2. Building organization and structure
Despite its monolithic architectural appearance, Robin Hood Gardens actually is a very complex building in regards to its functional organization. There are eight different main unit typologies. Six of them are distributed along the largest part of the building (typologies 01 to 06), and the last two are located in the building extremities. All of these unit types have two floors, but some of them are accessed by their lower level and the others are accessed by the upper level. On the ground floor there are three additional 1‐level typologies designed for elderly residents, which can be directly accessed from outside the building as they were common townhouses. These, however, were not included in this study as they present major architectural configuration differences in relation to the others. Although at first glance the units might seem to be randomly distributed, actually they follow a repetitive modular distribution comprised of groups of six units (typologies 01 to 06). These groups are repeatedly stacked and juxtaposed, with only minor variations when they meet the extremities of the building or the vertical circulation cores.
Unit Typologies
TYPOLOGY 01
TYPOLOGY 03
TYPOLOGY 02
TYPOLOGY 04
TYPOLOGY 05 TYPOLOGY 06
TYPOLOGY 07 TYPOLOGY 08
Module of 6 repeating units
5
Modular assembly scheme
Circulation scheme
Alternating sections
Although it is seven stories high, horizontal circulation in Robin Hood gardens only occurs in three levels: in the ground level, and in the third and the sixth floors, where the ‘streets in the sky’ are located. From these levels, residents can access all the units; however, some of them ‘go up’ from the street in the sky while the other ‘go down’.
As a result of the complex juxtaposing system of units, Robin Hood Gardens presents an extremely varied number of transversal sections, which show that different units share walls, the floor and ceiling with many different neighbours. How this reflects on the thermal performance of the individual units is discussed in Chapter 5.
7th Floor
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6th Floor (Street in the sky) 5th Floor
4th Floor 3rd Floor (Street in the sky) 2nd Floor
4
Level overlapping
5
6
Because all of the units have to be accessed through the ‘street in the sky’, all of them have an ‘access level’ comprised of an entrance hall, a kitchen, and, in the case of typologies 01 and 06, an additional bedroom. Unit types 01, 02 and 03 ‘go down’ from the access level, while types 04, 05 and 06 ‘go up. On the second floor (either upper or lower), Types 01 and 06 have a living room and two bedrooms, while Types 02, 03, 04 and 05 have a living room and three bedrooms.
Upper level
Access level 4
1
Lower level
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CHAPTER 01
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1.3 Location of the analysed flats
Two units were selected for analysis in this study: Flats 99 and 100. They both are accessed through the 6th floor, and correspond respectively to Typologies 03 and 06. In Flat 99, bedrooms and living room are located in the lower level, whereas in Flat 100 these rooms are located in the upper level. Flat 100 also differs from the others because its roof is exposed to the sky, as it is located on the last floor of the building.
Flat 100
Flat 99
Flat 99
Flat 97
Flat 96
Flat 100
Flat 99 Flat 95
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Flat 100
1.4. ANALYSIS OF FLATS 99 AND 100
FLAT 100
Flat 99
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FLAT 99
Flat 100
Access level Lower level
1 – Entrance hall 2 – Kitchen 3 – Living room 4 – Corridor 5 – Bedroom 01 6 – Bedroom 02 7 ‐ Bathroom
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CHAPTER 01
5 1
8
CHAPTER 02
1.4.2 DAYLIGHT SPOT MEASURMENTS RHG 100_16 OCT 2010_12:00 SKY CONDITION: OVERCAST SKY In apartment 100, all the rooms have one of their sides almost completely glazed. As a result, the illuminance levels were rather satisfactory in the kitchen and the living room, taking into concideration that there were light coloured curtains on their windows, even if the the kitchen has a deeper plan compared to the living room, which is shallower and has double number of windows. On the other hand, in both bedrooms of the unit, the illuminance levels were significantly lower and that is due to dark coloured blinds and large furniture that were placed in front of the windows, to block sun penetration, as even during the day members of the family were sleeping inside.
SECOND FLOOR
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FIRST FLOOR
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CHAPTER 02
1.4.3 TEMPERATURE SPOT MEASURMENTS RHG 100_16 OCT 2010_12:00
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The temperature readings of the spot measurements, taken from apartment 100, indicated a 5°C of deference from one room to another, even in the same level. The lowest temperature was observed in the living room of the unit, the room which happens to have the largest amount of glazing area, compared with all the other rooms. Another reason for that would be the fact that above is the roof, so the cold ceiling contributes to drop the temperature of the space underneath. The highest temperatures of the apartment were found in the bathroom and bedrooms, spaces which are more protected and have less glazing surface, even though they are orientated towards NE.
SECOND FLOOR
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FIRST FLOOR
CHAPTER 03
COMPERATIVE CHART RHG 100
RHG 99 ‐ 100 17 OCT – 22 OCT
RHG 99
FLAT 100 – 99 _ LIVING ROOM
TEMPERATURES_17 OCT – 22 OCT
In this comparative chart of temperatures, of the living rooms from the two flats we can observe the huge deference between the values that were recorded during the same period of time, in the same kind of spaces, in terms of volume and dimension. The extreme occupancy of the unit 100, with 9 people living in it, cannot increase the temperature and compensate the heat losses of the roof and the large glazing areas, whereas in the unit 99, that is more protected in terms of exposure to external conditions and the excessive use of heating, we are dealing with overheating problem even during fall.
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The residents of the two apartments have a very different family structure. The family living in apartment 99 is a young couple with a baby. The both adults work and during the day the apartment is mostly empty, save for weekends. Apartment 100 consists of a ninemember family; six children, two adults and a sick elderly person. The apartment is mostly occupied even during the day with most of the activity focusing in the living room and the kitchen. Two of the children stay home during the day with the mother and the ailing elderly. There is a large amount of heat gain in the apartment due to the high amount of people in apartment 100. On the contrary the internal gains due to human activity are much smaller in apartment 99, which is a bigger apartment being 76m2 as opposed to 65m2 thus requiring more auxiliary heat during the evening. APARTMENT 99 WEEKDAY PERFORMANCE RHG 099 19th 35
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1.5.1 Occupancy Patterns
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1.5 INTERNAL HEAT GAIN AND LOSSES
1.5.3 Heat Loss
The building skin has a very poor U-Value. A mean U-Value of 2.2 W/m²K. This expalins the large Heat loss coefficient of the two apartments. Furthermore ventilation is alos a major heat drain especially in apartment 100.
Figure 3. Entrance Halls and Kitchens. Open Street in the Sky, scenarios [1] and [2] Figure 1. Living Room 100. Open Street in the Sky, scenarios [1] and [2]
Apartment 100 Heat Loss Coefficient
U-Value Calculation
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Apartment 99 Heat Loss Coefficient
Figure 1.5 Flat 99 Cold walls and direction of diabatic process
Figure 1.8 Flat 100 Cold walls and direction of diabatic process
Figure 1.9 Optimal Ventilation Based on existing windows and operability
Figure 1.6 Flat 99 Temperature and humidity difference through the flat
Figure 1.7 Flat 100 Temperature and humidity difference through the flat
Figure 1.10 Actual Ventilation Single sided ventilation based on the noise pollution and crime in the Streets in the Sky
Figure 1.12 Unit Scale Flat depth 9.10m / Streets in the Sky depth 3.19m Ceiling height 2.40m
The sectional studies of flat 99 and flat 100 began with understanding the existing scale of the flats (Fig 1.12) and then moved on to cold walls at the exterior and the direction of the diabatic process. The overhangs and exposed decks with living space below proved to be interesting points of study (Fig 1.5, Fig 1.8) especially the large amount of heat loss to the streets in the sky and the roof. Next, the temperature and humidity was studied across each flat. The temperature changes were as expected with the exception of the temperature difference between the exposed exterior and the streets in the sky (Fig 1.6). Natural ventilation was investigated based on existing flat layout and central pivot windows. In an ideal case each flat has the ability for cross ventilation and ventilation through the stack effect (Fig 1.9). However, because of noise pollution from the busy street below and the vandalism that occurs in the streets in the sky one side of the building is closed off from any sort of ventilation. The summation of the parametric analysis shows the roof and streets in the sky as the main points of heat loss. The heat lost to the street in the sky is ventilated out which makes the space very inefficient. A small space above the kitchen, forming a deck off both bedrooms has a similar heat loss pattern of the streets in the sky at a smaller scale.
Figure 1.11 Performance composition Temperature change in the Streets in the Sky Diabatic process / Unwanted ventilation
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1.7 Ventilation and Thermal Transmission
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
CHAPTER 01
2.5 Ventilative Cooling Studies
Flat 100
1
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In case all the architectural modifications analysed in the previous section (150mm polystyrene interior insulation, triple glazing and tight construction with an infiltration rate of 0,4) are adopted in order to reduce heat loads during winter, in the other hand this might result in severe overheating during summer. In order to deal with this problem, it is important to assess if it is possible to reduce internal temperatures back to the summer comfort band of 22‐27ᵒC by means of ventilative cooling. It is important to note that the best conditions for ventilative cooling in Robin Hood Gardens can sometimes not be achieved because of other problems such as noise coming form the streets or violence and marginality in public common spaces, both of which can discourage people to open their windows when needed. Usually, residents only open the bedroom and kitchen windows, which face the inner courtyard, avoiding opening the living room windows which face the street. For this reason, four situations were simulated in a typical summer week (07/07 – 13/07)1: 1) Opening only the windows on the back side of the building (kitchen and bedrooms), with a maximum aperture of 0,2 (which is their current maximum aperture); 2) Opening only the windows on the front side of the building (living room), with a maximum aperture of 0,2; 3) Opening all the windows in both sides of the flat with a maximum aperture of 0,2, allowing it to be cross‐ventilated; 4) Opening all the windows in both sides of the flat with a maximum aperture of 0,5 (noting that the windows would have to be retrofitted to allow this amount of aperture). continues next page 1
In the simulations, the windows start to open when the temperature inside the room elevates beyond 24,5ᵒC, which represents the “mean” temperature in the comfort band. When the temperature reaches 27ᵒC, the windows are fully open to the maximum aperture. This represents occupants starting to open windows slightly when the temperature goes to the “warm side” of their comfort band, and opening it to the maximum when they consider it is definitely too hot.
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1) One‐side ventilation (back façade), max. aperture = 0,2
2) One‐side ventilation (front façade), max. aperture = 0,2
3) Crossed ventilation, max. aperture = 0,2
4) Crossed ventilation, max. aperture = 0,5
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
CHAPTER 02
40
3.6 INCIDENT SOLAR RADIATION ANALYSIS WITH SHADING LIVING ROOM 100 & 99 AVERAGE DAILY RADIATION ON WINDOW PANES SOURCE: ECOTECT
21 DECEMBER
HORIZONTAL SHADING
VERTICAL SHADING
VERTICAL SHADING 30° ANGLED
51
21 MARCH
21 JUNE
RHG 100 ‐ 99 21 JUNE, 15:00 SOURCE: ECOTECT
3.8 CONCLUSIONS ON TYPES OF SHADINg
HORIZONTAL SHADING
By summing up the findings from the solar analysis and the effectiveness of the three typologies of shading devices concerning their results on the Daylight factor, the Illuminance, the Incident solar radiation that takes into account the useful solar heat gains but controls solar penetration when it is most probable that it will cause overheating, we can conclude that the vertical shading devices are the most suitable for the units of Robin Hood Gardens.
VERTICAL SHADING VERTICAL SHADING
VERTICAL SHADING 30° ANGLED
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term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
3.7 SOLAR PENETRATION WITH SHADING
BASE CASE
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
CHAPTER 03
4.1 Introduction The study looks into whether the Street in the Sky could: 1. Perform as a thermal buffer to the cantilevering living rooms of apartment 99 and apartment 100, and to the entrance halls that are situated on the same level 2. Provide preheated air to the living rooms and the kitchens which are situated adjacent to the hall way. The building skin has a very poor mean U-value of 2,2 W/m²K for both apartments partially due to the non-insulated exposed concrete building elements in the Street in the Sky. Retrofitting the exposed concrete fabric with external insulation would result in a loss of the historic characteristic of the building. Moreover the installation of insulation would still incur a wide possibility of thermal bridging due to the cross-wall1 construction system which allows the apartments to cantilever over the Street in the Sky. Therefore emerges the idea of creating a glazed second skin that allows the entry of solar gains and daylight while protecting the existing outer façade. This concept has been applied successfully on various other similar housing refurbishment projects2. The external facades in the Street in the Sky would therefore become internal elements. This will reduce the heat loss through the poor skin by creating a buffer of intermediated air possibly without the application of insulation. Such an intervention will also reduce also the amount of infiltration which tends to be very high in similar modernist precast concrete examples3.
1
'Hobhouse, H. Ed. (1994). Public Housing in Poplar: The 1940s to the early 1990s', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs, pp. 37-54. URL: http://www.britishhistory.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46468. Date accessed: 21-10-2010. 2 Dalenbäck, J. (1996). Solar Energy in Building Renovation. Energy and Buildings Vol. 24 pp30, Elsevier Science, Lausanne. 3
Baker, N.V. (2009). A Handbook of Sustainable Refurbishment:: Non-Domestic Buildings. pp. 93, Earthscan. London.
55
Figure 4.1 Simulation [01] Current Scenario: 0.8 AC/H and 1.6AC/H Infiltration on the SW and NE facade respectively
Figure 4.2 Simulation [02] Airtight Scenario: 0.4 AC/H infiltration on both facades. Base Case
Figure 4.3 Simulation [03] Glazed Street in the Sky with No ventilation between the Street and the interior of the building.
Figure 4.4 Simulation [04] [03] + Replacing the Hall windows to allow air exchange between the glazed street and the interior
Figure 4.5 Simulation [05] [04] + Insulation applied to the building skin; roof, façade, glazing. Glazed street not insulated
Figure 4.6 Simulation [06] [05] + Insulation applied on the elements facing the glazed street.
Figure 4.7 Simulation [07] [06] + No street glazed buffer
Figure 4.8 Simulation [08] The principles applied on [05] are adopted at a larger scale creating a double skin façade.
Figure 4.9 Simulation [09] [08] + Insulation applied on the elements facing the glazed street.
Figure 4.55 illustrates the annual heating load for apartment 100 for all the studied nine cases. Cases [8] and [9] demonstrate the best performance. However these two interventions may result to be costly and furthermore might compromise the character of the building. Figure 4.49 - 4.55 illustrate the importance of the preheated air intake into the apartments. Cases [3] and [4] in Figure 4.55 demonstrate that the intake of preheated may be an even more influential element in the heat loss equation than the actual buffering effect of the Street in the Sky in the case of apartments with a high population density. Similarly Case [7] exhibits a poor performance due to the intake of unheated air. Cases [05] and [06] interestingly depict a very similar performance. The Street in the Sky in case [05] performs as a heat recovery system where the heat lost through the un-insulated fabric is utilised to preheat the fresh air prior to intake. This mechanism results as the equivalent of improving the building skin on the Street in the Sky. [5 = 6 as illustrated in Figure 4.55]. Case 05 is therefore the preferred refurbishment intervention to the Street in the Sky. Glazing the Street in the Sky and providing preheated air reduces the current heat load from 148 and 109KWH/m² [case 1] to 108 and 80 KWH/m² [case 4]. Doing this intervention while adding 150mm roof insulation, replacing the weathered openings on the NE side and insulate the opaque parts of the wall with 50mm insulation reduces the current head load by half [cases 1 and 5].
Figure 4.55 Annual Heating Load. Apartment 100.
The intervention would reduce the Carbon dioxide emission9 for the two apartments from 3184 Kg of CO2 (1834 + 1348) as shown in Figures 4.57 and 4.59 to 1508 Kg. Furthermore glazing the Street in the Sky would render the space warmer and more welcoming and with the addition of street furniture the space can become a better interaction space and enhances the communal feeling between the residents. Figure 4.56 Annual Heating Load. Apartment 100. Cases [1] – [9]
Figure 4.57 Annual CO2 generated to provide heat for Apartment 100. Cases [1] – [9]
9
Figure 4.58 Annual Heating Load. Apartment 99. Cases [1] – [9]
Figure 4.59 Annual CO2 generated to provide heat for Apartment 100. Cases [1] – [9]
Apartments use Gas supply for the communal heating system.- Private communication with Terry Churchill, December 2010.Towers Hamlet Council, London. Therefore a 0.19kg of CO2 per KWH was used as a conversion rate. Source: National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (2002)
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term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
4.14 Conclusions
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
CHAPTER 04
5.1 Adjoining Flats and the Performance of a Single Unit A typical flat was selected to test the importance of the adjoining flats in heat transfer, and, therefore, heating load. A typical partly cloudy, partly sunny week in winter was selected. The first simulation focused on a centrally located model with all potential sides of the flat joined to neighboring flats (Fig 1.2). The unit was simulated with its base case parameters and performed as expected. Results can be seen in (Fig 1.1). The second simulation was with the original base case flat 100 which was located on the top floor of the housing complex and had its roof exposed to the sky (Fig 1.3). Results were as expected. The third simulation was with a theoretical unit that had no adjoining flats on any sides (Fig 1.4). With the highest heat load, the results were as expected. As a final comparison between the importance of adjoining flats in large building complexes the above three simulations were done again but with units that had been thermally optimized in TAS. Surprisingly the optimised flat with no adjoining flats performed almost identically to the base case flat with all sides joined to neighboring flats
External Temp.
Interior Temp.
Base Case Heat Load
All Adjoining Flats (Base Case) Heat Load
No Adjoining Flats (Base Case) Heat Load
Location:
25 ºC
6000 Wh
20 ºC
5000 Wh
London, Poplar
Construction:
Concrete
Exterior temperature: Measured flat temperature: Adjoining flat temperature:
6C - 10C 19C - 27C 19C - 27C
15 ºC
4000 Wh
10 ºC
3000 Wh
Base Case U-value external wall: U-value external floor + roof: U-value single glazing: U-value double glazing: U-value adjoining walls: U-value adjoining ceiling:
1.29 W/m2K 1.20 W/m2K 5.73 W/m2K 2.84 W/m2K 1.29 W/m2K 1.02 W/m2K
5 ºC
2000 Wh
ºC
1000 Wh
Optimised U-value external wall: U-value external floor + roof: U-value single glazing:
0.49 W/m K 0.43 W/m2K 2.84 W/m2K
Air changes Kitchen: Air changes Living Room: Air changes Bedroom 01 + 02
2
0 Wh
-5 ºC
20, 1
21, 1
22, 1
23, 1
24, 1
25, 1
26, 1
Figure 1.1 Heating Loads: Base Case Comparison Heating loads during a typical winter week for one unit at different degrees of dependence on adjoining flats. [data produced by TAS]
2.5 ACH 1.6 ACH 1.5 ACH
Figure 1.2 All Adjoining Flats
Figure 1.3 Base Case
Figure 1.4 No Adjoining Flats
External Temp. Base Case Heat Load
Interior Temp. All Adjoining Flats (Optimised) Heat Load
No Adjoining Flats (Optimised) Heat Load 25 ºC
6000 Wh
20 ºC
5000 Wh
15 ºC
4000 Wh
10 ºC
3000 Wh
5 ºC
2000 Wh
ºC
1000 Wh
0 Wh
-5 ºC
20, 1
Figure 1.0 Typical Volume Layout and adjoining pattern of various flat types in the building complex.
73
21, 1
22, 1
Figure 1.5 Heating Loads: Optimised Comparison Heating loads during a typical winter week for one unit at different degrees of dependence on adjoining flats. [data produced by TAS]
23, 1
24, 1
25, 1
26, 1
adjoining surface area
exterior surface area
5.2 Comparison of Volume, Adjoining Surface Area, Exterior Surface Area, and Floor Area
floor area
180 160 140 120 100 80 60
[81%] 56
40 13
20
19
[52%] 30 27 15
[81%] 26
[73%] 16 6
10
6
10
0 kitchen
living room
bedroom 01
Figure 1.8 Kitchen Volume Location within the overall volume of a typical flat
bedroom 02
Figure 1.9 Living Room Volume Location within the overall volume of a typical flat
Figure 1.10 Bedroom 01 + Bedroom 02 Volumes Locations within the overall volume of a typical flat
Typical Program Within a Unit
Figure 1.6 Typical Program: Base Case Comparison Comparison of surface area to adjoining flats, surface area to exterior, and floor area.
The next step, as instructed by Professor Simos Yannas was to investigate the flats more closely paying special attention to the unique unit forms and their interlocking nature throughout the building complex (Fig 1.0). Four unit types were chosen out of the eight possibilities because of redundancy in mirror images of the same unit. Each part of a typical unit program was split up into adjoining surface area, exterior surface area and floor area. The kitchen has the most adjoining surface area, and the living
adjoining surface area [72%] 166
180
exterior surface area
Adjoining Surface
Exterior Surface
Floor Area
Figure 1.11 Unit 01 1 kitchen volume 1 living room volume 2 bedroom volumes
Figure 1.12
floor area
[68%] 156
160
Figure 1.13
[67%] 137
[71%] 128
120 100 80 60
Unit Volume
Unit 02 2 kitchen volume 1 living room volume 2 bedroom volumes
Area [m2]
140
room had the most equal numbers across the board (Fig 1.6). As for the different unit types selected unit 02 had the largest adjoining surface area and units 02, 03, 04 all had similar exterior surface areas and floor areas (Fig 1.7). The general layout of a program in a typical unit is the kitchen volume at the entry level (Fig 1.8), living room upstairs and above the street in the sky (Fig 1.9), and bedrooms 01 above the kitchen and bedroom 02 next to bedroom 01 (Fig 1.10).
66 53
73
73
71
66
73
54
Unit 03 1 kitchen volume 1.5 living room volume 3 bedroom volumes
40 20
Figure 1.14
0 unit 01
unit 02
unit 03
unit 04 Typical Units Within the Building Complex
Figure 1.7 Typical Units: Base Case Comparison Comparison of surface area to adjoining flats, surface area to exterior, and floor area.
Unit 04 2 kitchen volume 1 living room volume 2 bedroom volumes
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term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
Area [m2]
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
CHAPTER 05
AA / MSc & MArch SED PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1
URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city keeling house January 2010 Aaron Budd Amy Leedham Rodrigo Rodriguez Marco Vitali
LOCATION & CLIMATE KEELING HOUSE Location 83 Claredale Street, Bethnal Green, London E2 6PG Coordinates 51.316O N / 0.032O W CLIMATE Weather Station London Weather Central Data Source Meteonorm 6 - Statistical Data Weather Underground - Recorded Data Coordinates 51.52O N / 0.117O W Elevation 77M Time Zone from Greenwich 0 Mean Annual Temperature 12.2OC Mean Monthly Temperature JAN 6OC AUG 19OC Keeling House is located in the east of London, north of the river Thames within the Council of Hackney. It is centrally located within the Greater London Area and is surrounded by an urban context as shown in Figure 2.1. The Keeling House is located in a residential neighbourhood as illustrated in Figure 2.2. The weather station used to supply the data for this case study is called London Weather Central Station and is located 4.17 KM away from the Keeling House as shown in Figure 2.4. The proximity to the Keeling House is important because when compared to Gatwick Airport Weather Station, the mean annual temperature is 2.2O warmer at the London Central Station which can have a large effect on annual energy consumption.
Figure 2.1: Location of Keeling House within Greater London
Figure 2.3 provides a summary of the
OAD NEY R HACK
Figure 2.3: London Weather Data KEELING HOUSE
REET
ST ALE ARED
CL
PLE
TEM m
EET STR
k 4.17
WEATHER STATION
Figure 2.2: Aerial View of Keeling House on Claredale Street
Figure 2.4: Distance From Weather Station to Keeling House, 4,17km Arch itectu ral Associat ion Sch ool of Arch itectu re
15
N 18o
Some of the Victorian layout is still intact to the south of Keeling House while the accompanying bar buildings were torn down and replaced with various manifestations of housing typologies from the past 30-40 years, resulting in a confused neighborhood aesthetic as shown in Figure 2.10. W
E
S
Figure 2.7: Survey of Keeling House and Adjacent Buildings
Although the styles of housing around Keeling House are varied, the type of housing is all either townhouses or maisonette blocks, no taller than 6 stories. At 16 stories Keeling House is at least 10 stories taller than anything in the surrounding context and shown in Figure 2.9. This prominence gives Keeling House the advantage of views for the majority of the residents, but gives everything above the 4th floor the same exposure as a house in the country: Despite being in an urban environment, Keeling House does not get the benefit of protection from the elements usually provided by the surrounding urban fabric.
Figure 2.8: Keeling House Site Plan
50m
Figure 2.9: Longitudinal Site Section Showing Heights of Adjacent Buildings to Keeling House
Figure 2.10: Photos of the Adjacent Context to the Keeling House Arch itectu ral Associat ion Sch ool of Arch itectu re
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term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
SITING AND ORIENTATION Keeling House was built on the northeast corner of a Victorian housing development. The tower occupies a smaller percentage of its’ site than the surrounding housing typologies as shown in figure 2.7. The building was originally oriented on a north-south axis, but was finally shifted to align with the block pattern as shown in Figure 2.8.
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
SITE LAYOUT & CONTEXT
BUILDING FORM FORM Keeling House is composed of a 16 story tower cluster which is a combination of 4 identical towers arranged asymmetrically on an axis as shown in Figure 2.13. Each tower has two units per floor: One floor of single story units, one floor of penthouse units and six floors of double story units as illustrated in figure 2.11. The renovation added 2 single story units to the ground floor totalling 66 units. The location of the different unit typologies within the tower is illustrated in figure 2.14. The circulation and spatial organization of the units were designed to encourage interaction between neighbours while providing necessary privacy. The walkways were design to be semipublic spaces with more public laundry drying areas located on every other floor as illustrated in Figure 2.12.
89o NE WALKWAY
COMMON SPACE
51o NW Figure 2.12: Public Space Diagram: Sectional Axonometric by Denys Lasdun (Architectural Design, 1956)
LAYOUT The floor plate of each tower accommodates two units; and is connected to the core by bridges which extend along the back side of the flats to provide access. The towers are oriented to allow maximum daylight to all habitable rooms for at least some part of the day. The desire to provide daylight access and privacy resulted in the living spaces of the units being located on the outer side of the units, with the stairs and toilets located to face the core and other units. The fragmented building form increases the number of exposed walls and the relationship of the towers tunnels wind around the internal faces. The flats, although part of an attached system, behave more like semi-detached houses and are potentially more vulnerable to heat loss through the exposed walls.
WALKWAY FLAT
39o SE
FLAT
3o SW Figure 2.11: Typical Floor Plan - Ground Floor of Duplex Units
Core
N
3 story Penthouses 14th Floor
Alternating Floor Common spaces Walkway
2 story Maisonettes 6th, 8th, 10th & 12th Floor Tower Block: Identical to other 3
1 story Bedsit 5th Floor 2 story Maisonettes 1st & 3rd Floor
18
Figure 2.13: Building Form Diagram A A E +E E nv i ro n m e nta l & Energy Studies Pro gramme
Figure 2.14: Unit Type Diagram
1 story bedsit or mechanical rooms Ground Floor
BEDROOM
Figure 2.19 shows the location of the different unit sizes within a tower. The duplex units fill 12 of the 16 stories an the penthouse units on top are the same design but with a mezzanine added above the first floor.
5.8m
As illustrated in Figure 2.20, Figure 2.21 and Figure 2.22 the internal spaces are organized so that the living spaces are all facing away from the core. The inner facing programmes do not need much visual access and can therefor work with minimal window areas, increasing privacy.
2.8m LIVING ROOM
The compact volume and shallow plan results in living spaces that are within in the passive zone as indicated in Figure 2.21 and Figure 2.22, which means that the units should be able to be naturally ventilated and rely little on artificial lighting. Every unit has an open plan living space on the ground floor that includes the living room and kitchen and an outward facing private balcony. The balcony provides every occupant with access to outdoor area, an occurrence that is rare in urban housing schemes. While aesthetically successful, the materiality and form create a high glazing to floor area ratio and large exposure area in each of the units, which could have thermal implications.
Figure 2.19: Two Story Unit Location Diagram
Figure 2.20: Two Story Unit: Sectional Axonometric
ACCESS BALCONY
END OF PASSIVE ZONE 5.6m
WC
BEDROOM 6.5m KITCHEN
LIVING ROOM 4.4m
BEDROOM
BALCONY
20
7.1m Figure 2.21: Two Story Unit: Typical Ground Floor Plan A A E +E E nv i ro n m e nta l & E n ergy Studies Pro gramme
Figure 2.22: Two Story Unit: Typical First Floor Plan
4.4m
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
TYPICAL TWO-STORY UNIT MEASUREMENTS Floor to Ceiling Height 2.8m Ground Floor Area 42.5m2 Upper Floor Area 42 m2 Net Floor Area 84.5 m2 Volume 242 m3 Glazing/Floor Area Ratio 27% Exposed Wall Area 127.5 M2
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
UNIT TYPOLOGY DUPLEX
FLAT 9 - SOUTH OCCUPANT DATA / INTERNAL LAYOUT UNIT AND OCCUPANT DATA Occupants 2 Age 31-39 Gender Male Renter Electric Heating Annual Internal Gains 3295 kwh Mean Internal Temperature 16oc Living Room Average Daylight Factor 3.25% Living Room Average Hour of Sun 7
17o
POE Measurements Saturday 17 Oct 2009, 11:00 Outside Temperature 13o C Sky Illuminance 7300 Lux
KITCHEN
MATERIALS The render materials in the flat include white plaster on the walls, light wood on the living room floor, light coloured tiles in the kitchen, carpet on the stairs in the bedrooms, and light colored tiled in the bathroom as shown in Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.3. It is important to note the wall separating the living room and kitchen. In all the other flats, this was removed in the renovation.
17.3o
-2
TOO DARK
-3 COOL
.1 SHORTS
26
-1
0
1
2
LIVING ROOM BALCONY
Figure 3.2: Section and Temperature Spot Measurements
Figure 3.1: Lower Floor Plan
-2
-1
0
1
PERCEIVED TEMPERATURE
1 CLOTHING (Clo)
3 TOO LIGHT
PERCEIVED DAYLIGHT LEVEL
2
3
BEDROOM
BEDROOM
TOO WARM
2.5 WINTER
Figure 3.3: Upper Floor Plan A A E +E E nv i ro n m e nta l & Energy Studies Pro gramme
16.5
17.5o 17.8o
TEMPERATURE Figure 3.2 shows the measured temperature levels in the flat were all within 1oC so it was concluded that the flat behaves thermally as a single volume, with no area of extreme fluctuation. The temperatures were below standard comfort levels and the occupant survey confirms that the perceived temperature is too low for their comfort, even though they were dressed in warm clothes, which is a clear attempt at adaptive comfort.
-3
17o
BEDROOM
LIVING ROOM
OCCUPANCY Flat 9 is on the first floor in the south facing tower of Keeling House (Figure 3.4). There are two occupants, male professionals between 31 and 39 years old, who rent the flat. Their occupancy schedules are very similar and both mainly use the flat for evening activities, see Figure 3.5.
16.9o
Figure 3.4: Key Map Plan and Section
The average solar radiation values given by Satel-light and the numeric values given by the ecotect tests are within an acceptable range of each other which proves that the model is correctly calibrated. The data shows that the highest levels of solar radiation (values around 300 W/m2) are during the middle hours of the day, between 1200 and 1500, when no one is home as seen in figure 3.5. Figure 3.6 is a table from satel0lite showing the monthly mean of hourly values for solar radiation on a south facing vertical plane which were used to understand the available solar radiation. During summer months (may-august) the incident solar radiation reaches monthly values of almost 2.5 Kw/m2. This value is lower than the one for apartments 12 and 42, even though the sun path demonstrates that there is longer exposure to the sun. This is the result of the difference of the angle of the rays and the orientation. occupancy
Figure 3.5: Solar Access and Occupancy Schedule
Figure 3.6: Global Radiation on South Facing Horizontal Plane - Monthly Mean of Hourly Values (Satel-Light)
Stereographic Diagram Location: 51.5°, -0.1° Obj 2330 Orientation: 0.0°, 0.0° Sun Position: 137.1°, 30.9° HSA: 137.1° VSA: 140.8°
Wh/m2
Figure 3.7 and 3.8 demonstrates the solar access and radiation on the surfaces of the south facing windows. Recessing the window (window 2) has high influence on the intensity of the solar radiation on the window. There is a drastic reduction of wh from the top to the bottom part of window 2. * = Available annual mean daily solar radiation on a vertical surface 183° (Satel-Light) in Wh/m2
N 345°
15°
>1500
330°
30° 10°
315°
1400
45° 20°
1st Jul
4
30°
20 300° 1st Aug
1st Jun
1300
60° 40° 1st May
5
50°
19
60°
285° 1st Sep
1200
75° 6
70°
18
1100
1st Apr
80° 7
17 270°
90° 8
16
1st Oct
1000
9
15 14
10 13
12
11
1st Mar
255°
105°
900
1st Nov 1st Feb 240°
120°
800
1st Dec 1st Jan
225°
135°
700
Stereographic Diagram Location: 51.5°, -0.1° Obj 2329 Orientation: 0.0°, 0.0° Sun Position: 137.1°, 30.9° HSA: 137.1° VSA: 140.8°
210°
150° 195°
600
165° 180° N
345° 330°
Time: 09:30 Date: 22nd Sep (265) Dotted lines: July-December.
500
15°
2126*
30° 10°
315°
600 W/m2
45° 20°
1st Jul
4
30°
20 300° 1st Aug
1st Jun 60°
40° 1st May
5
50°
19
60°
285° 1st Sep
6
70°
18
1st Apr
80° 7
17 270°
90°
1200 W/m2
8
16
1st Oct
1500 W/m2
75°
9
15 14
10 13
12
11
1st Mar
255°
105°
1st Nov 1st Feb 240°
120°
1st Dec 1st Jan
225°
135°
210°
150° 195°
165° 180°
Figure 3.7: Solar Access Time: 09:30 Date: 22nd Sep (265) Dotted lines: July-December.
Figure 3.8: Solar Radiation - Mean Daily Values (Annual) Arch itectu ral Associat ion Sch ool of Arch itectu re
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term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
Given the high glazing ratio of the units, 27%, and the southern exposure of flat 9 solar access is a key element of the thermal performance. Analysis of the solar access through eco-tect and satel-lite shows that there is direct solar access for most of the year between 0900 and 1600.
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
FLAT 9 - SOUTH SOLAR ACCESS
FLAT 9 - SOUTH DAYLIGHTING SIMULATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS The daylight levels were reported to be satisfactory by the occupants with some minor glare problems, but the blinds allow for occupant control. The measured light levels inside the flat demonstrated adequate light levels from daylight only on an overcast day: The lowest measurement at the back of the living room was 432 lux as shown in Figure 3.13.
263 205
The simulation was designed to predict the worst case scenario for daylighting levels in the living room. The results shown in Figure 3.9 demonstrates that 85% of the room is over 100 lux, which is still adequate for residential standards because of the adaptability of the occupant. Figure 3.10 and Figure 3.11 show the simulated results for illuminance and daylight factor in the three dimensional space of the living room and confirm that the daylight factor is above 4.5% for most of the room. Figure 3.12 shows that by using the cumulatic illuminance frequency curve we can see that daylighting is sufficient for 80% of the year, however it is important to note than most occupants are not home during the day, thus artificial light will be used at night.
223 550
Lux
312
>1500
247 Figure 3.10: Illuminance Simulations Results*
1353 1206
**
1059
1.5
912 765
4.5
618
The other factor to consider is the contrast between the brightest room (the living room) and the entrance hallway, which does not get much natural light. The levels were measured at 57 Lux at the same time the living room was all over 356 Lux, which shows that percived glare due to contrast should not be a problem. Light levels can be controlled by blinds which allows for the occupant to create a comfortable environment, as shown in Figure 3.14.
Percentage of the year for which a given diffuse illuminance is exceeded
100
4.5
471 324 177
4.5
30
2.5 Figure 3.9: Simulation of Illuminance Levels in Living Room*
* Radiance simulation with 6552 Lux overcast sky conditions ** Point of interest
Figure 3.11: Daylight Factor Simulations Results*
required illuminance 150 Lux DF at point of interest 2,5 % threshold level -> 150/0,025= 6000 Daylight sufficient for 79% of the
90
80
70
60
3500 lux
452
50
3000 2500 2000
40
1500 1000
179
30
500 0 3500 lux
20
3226 10
3000 2500 2000 1500
0 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
431
Diffuse illuminance 1000's lux Standard Year 09.00 - 17.30 h BST Apr - Oct Inc.
28
Figure 3.12: Cumulatic Illuminance Frequency Curve A A E +E E nv i ro n m e nta l & Energy Studies Pro gramme
217
1000 500 0
Figure 3.13: Lighting Level Spot Measurements (Lux)
Figure 3.14: Living Room windows: Blinds Open
Sleeping Sleeping
The living room/kitchen is the largest space in the house and the most used during waking hours so it was chosen as the most logical place to install a data logger for the week of October 23rd to 31st. Figure 3.15 shows the data logger results for the entire week while Figure 3.16 provides a more specific analysis of two days of the week. By analyzing the data collected, it has been concluded that indoor temperature levels have minor fluctuations responding to outdoor temperatures, but the temperature in the flat is fairly constant. Good solar access provides opportunities for passive heating during the day but is very dependent on sufficient radiation levels. Mechanical heating is necessary to maintain comfort levels. 1
Rise in temp can possibly be attributed to solar gains due to direct solar access and high solar radiation at this time 2 Figure 3.15: Data Logger Temperature Monitoring Chart for Week of 23/10/09 - 31/20-09 1
Solar Access
2
3
4
Slower rate of temperature drop might be caused by thermal mass
5
3
Solar Access
Occupancy
Szokolay Extended Comfort 19-24 C o
Rise in temperature is most likely due to internal occupant gains from activities such as cooking 4
Internal temperature does not fall below 19O most likely because the heaters maintain the comfort level 5 Less rise in temperature during the day due to lower levels of solar radiation
Figure 3.16: Zoomed-in Data Logger Temperature Monitoring Chart Arch itectu ral Associat ion Sch ool of Arch itectu re
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term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
OBSERVATIONS The monitoring of internal temperatures is a useful way to observe and understand how the flat responds to internal and external influences and how the occupants use the space.
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
FLAT 9 - SOUTH DATA LOGGERS
MATERIALITY POTENTIAL STRATEGIES Based on the building form and unit materiality, four potential strategies for improving the thermal performance of the unit through materiality were identified. Refer to Figure 4.7: 1 RESISTIVE INSULATION As shown in the Materiality section of this report, the existing mean wall U-value is 1.9 W/m2K+/- .2, but according to Building Regulations L1, the recommended mean wall U-value for renovations is between .7 and .35 W/m2K. Initial Energy Index calculations show the effect of insulation on the annual energy demand, but to be more thorough and precise, the recommendations will be applied to the different opaque wall systems to gauge the effect on heat loss due to exposure and the annual energy demand. 2 THERMAL MASS The heavy concrete construction gives Keeling House thermal mass which has the potential to absorb heat from the sun and release it back into the flat. The experiment exposed the concrete floor and walls to the inside of the flat, but simulation results from TAS show it is not an effective strategy due to the lack of sufficient solar radiation in winter when heating is needed (Figure 4.8).
2
4
3
Heating eating ing Loads ds (kWh) kWh) h)
3 PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS Phase change materials are much more efficient collectors and distributors of heat than just concrete or brick because their chemical composition gives them a much higher heat storage capacity and after a certain temperature, the chemical reaction releases the heat back into the space. There have not been many studies on the application of these materials in architectural renovations, but research does show it has good potential in Spain and similar climates (Castellon, et al., 2007). Unable to be simulated in TAS, internal application of phase change materials was ruled out as a successful strategy for the Keeling House because of the imbalance of solar radiation and heating demand during the proscribed heating period (October-April). The insufficient solar energy illustrated in Figure 4.8 would mean that the phase change materials would be absorbing heat inside the flat which is coming from the heaters, thus nullifying the point of installing them. However, it is an important lesson for climates with cold winters, but higher solar radiation.
1
3000
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4 TROMBE-MICHELE WALL The open plan on the living floor, and the high window area in this space create an opportunity for the collection and distribution of heat through the application of a Trombe-Michelle system. While theoretically, if properly designed and insulated, this strategy could help reduce the annual heating demand, it would require extensive work and would have a large effect on the aesthetics of the building. The potential benefits do not justify this intervention in London’s climate.
1500
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In conclusion, resistive insulation has the best energy saving potential and can be done at a building scale, or as an individual approach. 0 J
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Figure 4.7: Potential Strategies Diagram A A E +E E nv i ro n m e nta l & Energy Studies Pro gramme
Solar
Figure 4.8: Annual Heating Demand and Solar Gains Comparison Graph
2. BRICK-CLAD CONCRETE
3. CONCRETE WALL
1. SPANDREL SYSTEM
2. BRICK-CLAD CONCRETE
3. CONCRETE WALL
.7 W/m K
.2 W/m K +/- .05
.57 w/m K
.26 W/m K
.59 W/m K +/- .05
.24 w/m2 K
2
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300mm
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ANNUAL HEATING DEMAND & OVERHEATING The results of the TAS simulations (Figure 4.15) shows that 50mm of insulation reduced the annual heating demand by 31% while 150mm reduced it by 38%. However, the overheating hours in summer are significantly higher with 150mm of insulation than 50 mm, and as Figure 4.13 and Figure 4.14 demonstrate, some of the overheating hours do occur when occupants are home, so it is important to minimize them. As Figure 4.12 shows, the effectiveness of insulation drops off after 50mm for all orientations, which is also shown in the disproportionate savings achieved by adding another 100mm of insulation. Additionally, it was determined that adding 150 mm of internal insulation would reduce the floor area by approximately 5 square meters. While this figure is not extreme, the reduction in the bedrooms would be enough for the bed to not fit. CONCLUSIONS For all of these reasons, the application of 50mm of cellulose insulation is being chosen over 150mm.
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Mean U-value Building HLC
Mean U-value Building HLC
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135 Jan
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Figure 4.13: Overheating Hours for 50 mm External Insulation
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Feb Dec
.35 W/M2 k +/- .2 1.4 W/k M2
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.67 W/M2 k +/- .2 1.8 w/k M2
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FLAT 42
Figure 4.12: Influence of Thickness of Insulation and Orientation on Thermal Performance
Figure 4.11: Wall Systems Diagram
315
FLAT 12
150 mm Internal Insulation
50
50 mm Internal Insulation
0
Wall U-Value (kW/m2K)
150 mm External Insulation
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U-VALUES AND THICKNESS By analyzing the existing conditions (figure x.x, page x.x) and the Building Regulations for both existing (BREGS L1B) and new (BREGS L1A) dwellings a target mean wall U-value range of .7 W/m2K to .35 W/m2K was selected. As Figure 4.9 demonstrates, it was determined that 50mm of cellulose insulation in the spandrel system, concrete wall and brick clad concrete walls would create a mean wall U-value of .67 which meets the upper limit of the building regulations range. Figure 4.10 shows that 150mm of cellulose insulation in the same places would result in a mean wall U-value of .35, the lower limit of the required range.
50 mm External Insulation
1
Intermittent ntermittent mittent tent Heating (kWh/m2)
Figure 4.10: Sectional Details for 150mm External Insulation
Figure 4.9: Sectional Details for 50mm External Insulation
2
RESISTIVE INSULATION It has been established that the existing mean wall U-value falls short of building regulations, but the thermal mass of the concrete construction is beneficial to the internal temperature balance. Therefor it was decided the keep the floor and ceiling the way they are now, and test the influence of adding wall insulation, refer to appendix A for detailed calculation data.
Base Case
2
Continuos ntinuos Heating Load, kWh /m m2
2
180
Figure 4.14: Overheating Hours for 150 mm External Insulation
Figure 4.15: Annual Heating Demand Graph Arch itectu ral Associat ion Sch ool of Arch ite c ture
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term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
1. SPANDREL SYSTEM
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
MATERIALITY
MATERIALITy THERMAL MASS While the U-value of internal vs external insulation is the same, there are other factors that effect its’ thermal performance. The benefits of using external insulation in a building with a high thermal mass like the Keeling House are that the thermal mass remains exposed to the occupants and that it prevents thermal bridging. The thermal mass is what keeps the internal temperature stable, but if this is covered with insulation, there is a higher risk for overheating as illustrated in Figure 4.16 and Figure 4.17. THERMAL BRIDGING Additionally, the external application of insulation in renovation projects reduces the risk of thermal bridging which occurs if the insulation is not a complete barrier. Figure 4.18 is a diagrammatic representation of heat flow analysis for externally applied insulation and illustrates the more even heat flow through the wall. Figure 4.19 reveals the possible thermal bridging at the floor joints where the insulation barrier is not complete. The internal application of insulation is less desirable in a renovation than external insulation, but is still better than no insulation at all.
1. SpANDREL SySTEM
2. BRICk-CLAD CONCRETE
3. CONCRETE WALL
1. SpANDREL SySTEM
2. BRICk-CLAD CONCRETE
3. CONCRETE WALL
.7 W/m K
.2 W/m K +/- .05
.57 w/m K
.7 W/m K
.2 W/m K +/- .05
.57 w/m2 K
2
2
2
2
2
Figure 4.16: Sectional Details for 50mm External Insulation
Figure 4.17: Sectional Details for 50mm Internal Insulation
Figure 4.18: Diagrammatic Heat Flow Wall Section- 50mm External Insulation
Figure 4.19: Diagrammatic Heat Flow Wall Section -50mm Internal Insulation
OvERHEATING There is no significant different in overheating hours between internal and external insulation. Figure 4.21 and Figure 4.22 illustrate that the overheating hours occur mostly in the afternoon, and not included the 44 hours in the year when the temperature is over 27oC, the annual overheating hours are 114 for external insulation and 105 for internal insulation. Since the outdoor air temperature during these hours is below 27oC, it is assumed that the temperature can be regulated through appropriate ventilation (opening the windows)
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163 160 140
150 mm Internal Insulation
Base Case
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50 mm Internal Insulation
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150 mm External Insulation
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315
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50 mm External Insulation
Continuos ntinuos Heating Load, kWh /m m2
CONCLuSION While the external insulation would be a better thermal option for the Keeling House, it is not a probable solution. It would have to be installed at a building scale, and the building’s listed status makes this almost impossible. Internal insulation, on the other hand, is the best realistic solution for the residents of the Keeling House. It can be done within each unit independently of the other flats, and will provide significant energy savings as shown in Figure 4.20.
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Overheating 158 hrs (114 hrs)
Overheating 149 (105)
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Figure 4.20: Annual Heating Demand Graph AA E +E E nv i ro n m e nta l & E n ergy Studies Pro gramme
Figure 4.21: Overheating Hours for 50 mm External Insulation
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Figure 4.22 Overheating Hours for 50 mm Internal Insulation
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The element of investigation is the internal wall temperature of the exposed concrete wall and its effect on the internal temperature. Figure 4.23 and figure 4.24 compare the progression over a day of the external surface temperature and the internal surface temperature of the existing conditions and with 50 mm of cellulose insulation installed. In summer, as expected, the internal wall temperature was higher with the insulation than without. However Figure 4.25 analyzes the other factors that affect perceived temperature and at 7pm on July 31st the external air temperature is 27 OC which can be used to mitigate the higher internal temperature of 31O.
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Living Room Concrete Wall (Indoor Temp.)
Base Case Concrete Wall (Indoor Temp.)
Living Room Concrete Wall (Outdoor Temp.)
Living Room Concrete Wall (Outdoor Temp.)
C Concrete t Wall W ll with ith 50mm 50 Internal I t l Insulation I l ti (Indoor Temp Temp.))
Concrete Wall with 50mm Internal Insulation (Indoor Temp.)
Figure 4.23: Summer (July 31st) Wall Surface Temperature Graph
Temperature Legend
2
XoC Existing Resultant XoC Insulation Resultant
Figure 4.24: Winter (December 24th) Wall Surface Temperature Graph
XoC Dry Bulb XoC Existing Internal Surface
XoC Insulation Internal Surface XoC External Surface
In winter, The insulation also increases the internal wall temperature by 3O as shown in figure 4.26, but in this case that is beneficial. Figure 4.24 shows that over the course of the day, the internal surface temperature of the wall with insulation is consistently higher than the existing conditions. Figure 4.26 demonstrates that this temperature difference can raise the resultant temperature inside the flat by over a degree, but more importantly the radiant temperature of the wall and the resultant temperature of the living room are within a close enough range of the dry bulb temperature, that discomfort due to imbalanced temperatures is avoided. However, the existing conditions create a wall radiant temperature of 15OC, which at 4O lower than the dry bulb temperature, would create discomfort. CONCLuSIONS The energy index had predicted that reducing the wall U-value would have a large impact on the overall heating energy demand. The analysis of building regulations revealed that the Keeling House is non-compliant which was resulting in severe heat loss problems. Insulation was determined to be the most logical and most effective method of meeting building regulations.
XoC External Air
50 mm of internal insulation is the recommended method for the flats at the Keeling House because it is a plausible solution that alone would reduce the annual heating demand by 31%. It was proven that the effectiveness of insulation drops off after 50mm, even though 150mm would meet the lower end of the recommended range (.35 W/m2K). This was confirmed by the TAS simulations which showed only a further 8% reduction in heating demand by adding an additional 100mm of insulation.
31oC
29oC 31oC
27o C 27 C o
32 C
19oC
17.3oC 18.5o C
o
15o C
5o C
18o C
30o C
Figure 4.25: Summer Temperature Balance Diagram
3o C
Figure 4.26: Winter Temperature Balance Diagram Arch itectu ral Associat ion Sch ool of Arch itectu re
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term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
40
OCCupANT pERCEpTION An additional benefit of installing insulation in increased thermal comfort for the occupants. In order to understand some of the more subtle thermal effects of adding insulation (besides decreased heating energy demand) a winter day and a summer day with above or below average temperatures and conditions that occur frequently enough to be worth designing for were chosen. The TAS simulations were run with the minimum ventilation required (windows closed) in order to isolate the effects of the insulation)
45
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
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Mean Temperature (ยบC)
Mean Temperature (ยบC)
MATERIALITy
RESEARCH SOLAR GAINS : THE INFLuENCE OF GLAZING ON THERMAL COMFORT AS IT RELATES TO ENERGy HEATING DEMAND RESEARCH AGENDA To study the environmental influence of glazing on thermal comfort as it relates to reducing the energy heating demand. This section will look at access to solar radiation, glazing area, materiality and the affects of the various orientations at the Keeling House. SOLAR ACCESS The plan configuration of the Keeling House is laid out in a manner that if orientated south along the symmetrical axis each flat would have to some degree a southern aspect. However the siting of the building provided an almost due south and east orientation as shown in figure 4.27. The amount of solar radiation available varies with orientation. Statistical averages of the annual distribution of daily totals is given for various orientations of the Keeling house in figure 4.28. These values are taken from www.satel-light.com for the Latitude and Longitude of the Keeling House. The amount of solar radiation available on the south orientation is higher in the winter and lower in the summer confirming that is the optimal orientation to study for solar gains and prevention of over heating.
Heating Demand (kWh)
Solar gains contribute to approximately 12% of the annual Energy Heating Demand and without them the energy requirement would increase to 185 kWh/m2 from the base case of 163 kWh/m2.
Figure 4.27: Keeling House plan showing access of main facades to solar radiation Solar Radiation (kWh)
CONCLuSIONS The affects of solar radiation per TAS simulations contribute to approximately 1,848 kW.h (22 kW.h/m2) towards the heating demand when a temperature of 19oC is set for the entire year. Figure 4.29 shows that solar gains contribute to maintaining the set temperature of 19oC throughout the year with the exception for a few days in august. The simulations for comparison to base case only take into account solar gains during the heating period as outlined at the beginning of this section.
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10% Window Area
Continuos ontinuos Heating Load, kWh/m m2
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A A E +E E nv i ro n m e nta l & Energy Studies Pro gramme
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Flat 09 (S) Flat 42 (SW)
Figure 4.28: Annual distribution of daily totals for various flat orientations (Satel-Light)
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South Flat (no solar) South Flat (w// solar gains) Difference
Figure 4.29: Affects of solar gains on monthly mean heating demand to 19oC (TAS simulations for south facing flat 09)
FRONT - 45% GLAZING
BASE CASE - 45% GLAZED AREA
25% GLAZED AREA
10% GLAZED AREA
Mean Flat u-value 2.51 W/m2K
Mean Flat u-value 2.40 W/m2K
Mean Flat u-value 2.36 W/m2K
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Overheating 112 hrs (68 hrs)
315
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270
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Feb Dec
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Dec
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Figure 4.31: Base Case 45% Glazed Area
CONCLuSIONS Window area has only a small effect on the overall heating energy demand due to the poor thermal properties of both the opaque and glazed elements.
Mar
Feb
225
135
Feb
225
Jan
Dec
180
135 Jan
180
Figure 4.32: 25% Glazed Area
The simulations carried out using TAS software involved replacing portions of the glazed element with an opaque element with the same U-value as the mean for U-value for the opaque elements.
May
Apr Mar
135
45
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Overheating 59 hrs (15 hrs)
315
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Jun
May
Figure 4.30 shows the location of all glazed elements and notes the portions and distribution of windows The mean flat U-values are calculated using the following values: Opaque Elements 1.91 W/m2K Glazed Elements 5.70 W/m2K
0
Overheating 63 hrs (19 hrs)
315
45
Apr
BACk - 9.5% GLAZING
As the glazed area is reduced so is the mean flat U-value, however the reduction in very small (only 0.15 W/m2.K) resulting in only a small reduction in heating energy demand. Figure 4.32 & figure 4.33 illustrate the reduction in mean flat U-value as glazing area is reduced. Even with a fully opaque building the mean flat U-value will not fall below 1.91 W/m2K (fig 4.34).
Figure 4.33: 10% Glazed Area
Reducing the window area contribute to a savings of approximately 2.5% of the annual Energy Heating Demand, resulting in a decrease in energy demand to 159 kWh/m2 from the base case.
15%
WINDOW TO FLOOR RATIO 27%
ratio 10% window/floor i d /fl ti
10%
138
100 80
1,7
1,9
2,1
2,3
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Window Ratio
Figure 4.34: Mean flat U-Value as a function of glazing area (Manual Calculations)
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Base Case
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0%
Mean Flat U-Value (W/m2K)
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5%
LOWER LEvEL Figure 4.30: Base Case Window locations
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Low E Glazing + Night Insulation
20%
163 160
Low E Glazing
25% window/floor ratio
25%
180
Double Glazing
30%
185
10% Window Area
35%
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25% Window ARea
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No Solar Gains
uppER LEvEL
single glazing 45% window/floor ratio
45%
Continuos ontinuos Heating Load, kWh/m m2
Window to Floor Ration (%)
WINDOW DISTRIBuTION FROnT - 83% BACK - 17%
0
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term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
GLAZED AREA/ GEOMETRy The heat loss coefficient is calculated using the sum of all building elements. With glazing have the highest transmittance; the amount of glazing has a direct affect on heat losses. At the same the glazed area influences the amount of solar gains, which corresponds with the reduction in overheating hours as the glazed area is reduced.
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
SOLAR GAINS
RESEARCH vENTILATION WIND EXpOSuRE The importance of a good and controlled ventilation system is commonly known between architects and engineers as a key element to guarantee a healthy indoor environment. It is essential to control and remove the levels of pollutants and moisture indoors and also as a good intermediary for heat dissipation and cooling during the summer period or whenever indoor temperatures are high (Yannas, 1994).
+ 4
Providing natural ventilation in a residential unit does not constitute a problem itself as long as the design procedures are taken into account in order to bring in or to capture the available outdoor fresh air. The first step to take in order to assess the means and the quality of ventilation in the flats was to study the wind exposure of the building at a urban scale, followed by a detailed look at the effects of the wind flow and pressures on the different surfaces of the blocks. Wind data from the weather station described in the Location and Climate section (page 15) was analyzed and used to assume two different prevailing wind directions, one for the winter season and another one for the summer season. The frequency and direction of the wind is always varying but for these purpose only these two directions were assumed so that some general conclusions could be made and related to the further developments.
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Figure 4.47: Prevailing winds at ground floor level (Winter)
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+ Figure 4.48: Wind effect and pressure (Winter)
+ The conclusions from this quick investigation are illustrated on the figures 4.47 to 4.51 and described below: - All the blocks have a good wind exposure which is also enhanced by its high altitude (figure 4.51) - At the ground level the tower is protected by the surrounding buildings but some turbulence might occur due to the distance in between and the blocks height (figure 4.47 and 4.49). - During winter the west and south-west faรงades are submitted to a higher frequency of positive wind pressures (figure 4.48) while in summer they may occur from straight west (figure 4.50). - Due to their orientation Towers 1 and 4 reveal a high potential for cross ventilation through wind specially during summer (figure 4.48 and 4.50). - Towers 2 and 3 reveal a high potential for cross ventilation due to temperature difference in the main faรงades (figure 4.48 and 4.50).
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Figure 4.49: Prevailing winds at ground floor level (Summer)
Figure 4.50: Wind effect and pressure (Summer)
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AA E +E E nv i ro n m e nta l & E n ergy Studies Pro gramme
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Figure 4.51: Exposure to prevailing winds and wind pressures at a vertical section
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Figure 4.54: Living Room
Figure 4.52: Air flow at upper floor level
Figure 4.53: ventilation
Current
situation:
winter
Windows at the top direct air movement upwards providing a good strategy for winter ventilation.
6,3 m
uNIT LAyOuT AND DISTRIBuTION As per the figures 4.52 and 4.55 there is a good layout distribution and relationship with the operable glazing elements which will result in a good cross-ventilation that can be responsible for a good and effective cooling and heat dissipation during summer and whenever temperatures indoors are high (figures 4.53 and 4.56). There is a good window distribution and, as identified in the previous glazing section, there is also a good window to floor area ratio which provides a good air change and allows for good air flow through this space; removing pollutants and excess heat generated by any kitchen activities or other internal gains. EXISTING MEANS OF vENTILATION The window system is adequate and well proportioned to the different rooms providing a good ventilation rate when opened (figures 4.54 and 4.57). All of the rooms have a upper and lower operable area which increases the additivity of their occupants which they seemed to appreciate.
4,2 m
6,5 m
2m
Operable windows at body’s height provide a good means of ventilation for summer period and to remove excess heat efficiently when needed.
The system used allows for a certain amount of control in order to regulate the angle of the aperture.
summer
Figure 4.58: Current situation: cross ventilation scheme
The critical points are the materiality of the glazing elements, which are currently composed of a single glazed pane and steel framing, and the controllability of the aperture angles. When opened at the minimum allowed there is a big ventilation rate which, during the winter, causes discomfort as reported from one of the occupants.
Figure 4.57: Bedroom
3.9 m
+
situation:
Apart from the systems described above, there are no other means of ventilation that are able to control the amount of air that comes in the rooms. According to the questionnaires the air leakage is enough to not cause any discomfort regarding the air quality but too excessive to control and retain the heating during the winter.
1.5 m
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Figure 4.56: Current ventilation
3.0 m
Figure 4.55: Air flow at ground floor level
Figure 4.59: Current situation: stack effect
Arch itectu ral Associat ion Sch ool of Arch itectu re
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term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
The problems found were divided in two groups: unit layout and distribution and existing means of ventilation.
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
4,2 m
6,5 m
2m
INITIAL OBSERvATIONS According to initial site observations and questionnaires to five of the flats, several problems were identified; specially on the glazing elements and doors that are responsible for a greater percentage of the leakage of the building. The air infiltration is such a big issue among the occupants and reported as ‘not controllable and responsible for most of the heating losses’. The rest of the building’s envelope appeared not to have any construction defects or problems.
RESEARCH vENTILATION MINIMuM vENTILATION REQuIREMENT Due to a high air leakage observed on site a value of 1 ac/h was assumed. This value was considered as permanent air infiltration as reported by the occupants. The chart on page 70 is a summary of the Energy Index worksheet by Simos Yannas used to compare the results between the intermittent heating demand for the different simulation. When changing the ventilation variables it was confirmed that the reduction of the infiltration rate from 0,75 ac/h, 0,5 ac/h and 0,25 ac/h could be responsible for 7,5%, 15% and 22,4% of yearly intermittent heating savings respectively. This has indicated that profound changes on the construction and openings should be carried out in order to increase the air tightness of this unit envelope.
Wall remotion Figure 4.60: Min. Ventilation Rate per room (ac/h) Upper Floor Level
0.25 < 1
0,28 TOTAL FLAT 0,47
20,00 85,96 20,00 44,80 2,00 34,16 124,00 12,32 432 00 5,88 2,00 2,00 6,72 35,38 2,00 4,76 2,00
0,88 229,98 0,85 75,60
40, 2, 2, 4 4, 2, 2, 2, 2,
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5,58 10,71 14,05 38 96 38,96 81,63 71,43 13,57 100,84
20,00 2,00 2,00 4 00 4,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00
0,85 Total Flat (ac/h) 0,74 Average (ac/h)
Scenarioo 4 - No Occcupancy (l//s) 2,00 2,00 2,00 4 00 4,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00
1,68 3,21 4,22 11 69 11,69 24,49 21,43 4,07 30,25
Figure 4.65: Air Requirements Calculation Spreadsheet A A E +E E nv i ro n m e nta l & Energy Studies Pro gramme
2,00 10,00 2,00 10 00 10,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00
20,00 0,842,00 2,79 0,08 10,00 20,00 5,36 0,16 1,61 2,00 20,00 7,03 0,21 2,11 1 15,00 1,17 15 17 00 5,84 5 844,00 4 0019,48 19 48 1,22 2,00 12,242,0040,82 2,00 10,712,00 35,71 1,07 0,20 2,00 2,042,00 6,78 1,51 2,00 15,132,0050,42 0,86
Max, Oc
10,00 10,00 2,00 4 00 4,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00
ple LR (l/s) Scenarioo 1 - 2 peopl
40,00 30,70 2,00 16,00 2,00 12,20 44,40 4,00 400 40 2,00 2,10 2,00 2,40 2,00 6,10 2,00 1,70
Space C Cooling 4p p (ac/h)
Flat 09 - South 2,00 Living Room + Kit, 2,00 1 Bedroom 2,00 2 Bedroom Toilet 4 00 4,00 Hall 2,00 2,00 Hall Entrance Stairs 2,00 Storage 2,00Room
Min Ve ent. Req. pe er Room - 4 ants - 10 l/ss per person ocuppa n
20,00 2,00 2,00 4 00 4,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00
Current Occupancy (Simulations)
Cooling (acc/h) Space C
5,58 10,71 14,05 38 96 38,96 81,63 71,43 13,57 100,84
Scenarioo 4 - 2 BR + 2 BR (l/s)
0,50
1,68 3,21 4,22 11 69 11,69 24,49 21,43 4,07 30,25
(l/s) Min Ve ent. Req. pe er Room -2 ants (ac/h) - 10 l/s perr ocuppa person n
Scenarioo 2 - 1 BR + 1 BATH (l/ss)
0,53
2,79 5,36 7,03 19 48 19,48 40,82 35,71 6,78 50,42
Max, Occupancy (Simulations) Calculations per room Scenarioo 4 - No Occcupancy (l//s)
Scenarioo 2 - 1 LR + 1 BR (l/s)
0,56
ple LR (l/s) Scenarioo 1 - 2 peopl
2,00 10,00 2,00 10 00 10,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00
Space C Cooling 4p p (ac/h)
75,60 229,98
10,00 10,00 2,00 4 00 4,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00
Min Ve ent. Req. pe er Room - 4 ants - 10 l/ss per person ocuppa n
entilation Re equired - No N Min Ve ancy (ac/h)) 2 l/s per Occupa person n
TOTAL FLAT
0,84 1,61 2,11 5 84 5,84 12,24 10,71 2,04 15,13
Cooling (acc/h) Space C
Net Vo olume (m3)
0,08 0,16 0,21 1 17 1,17 1,22 1,07 0,20 1,51
Min Ve ent. Req. pe er Room -2 ants (ac/h) - 10 l/s perr ocuppa person n
Net Are ea (m2)
85,96 44,80 34,16 12 32 12,32 5,88 6,72 35,38 4,76
Current Occupancy (Simulations)
Figure 4.64: Proposed Ventilation Strategy
Figure 4.63: Effect on air flow
Scenarioo 2 - 1 BR + 1 BATH (l/ss)
Figure 4.62: Min. Ventilation Rate per room (ac/h) Lower Floor Level
Scenarioo 2 - 1 LR + 1 BR (l/s)
54
30,70 16,00 12,20 4 40 4,40 2,10 2,40 6,10 1,70
Figure 4.61: Proposed Change
0.25 < 1
Calculations per room
Flat 09 - South Living Room + Kit, Bedroom 1 Bedroom 2 Toilet Hall Entrance Hall Stairs Storage Room
0.25 < 1.3
Net Vo olume (m3) Scenarioo 2 - 2 LR + 2 BR (l/s)) entilation Re equired - No N Min Ve ancy (ac/h)) 2 l/s per Occupa person no 3 - 2 LR + 1 BR + 1 Ba ath Scenario
As a conclusion from the last two exercises the importance of a controllable system (figure 4.66) that could be able to ensure these air supply rates according to the different number of occupants and activities was identified. These ventilation rates shall be kept at their minimum during the winter season to minimise the energy losses through ventilation and ideally by operable means so that every occupant has their own adaptive opportunity. In figures 4.60 and 4.62 are represented the range of minimum ventilation requirements for fresh air supply for the different rooms of the flat resulting from the last step taken is illustrated.
0.25 < 1.7
Max. Occcupancy ((l/s) Scenario oea1 -(m2) Net Are
MINIMuM vENTILATION REQuIREMENT The following step was actually to found out what is the fresh air requirement for these buildings according to their occupancy and the way they use the space. The figure 4.65 shows the ventilation rate required for a non occupied building and an occupancy of 2 and 4 persons. For these calculations it was assumed an air supply rate of 10 l/s per occupant recommended from CIBSE and 2 l/s for an unoccupied room. The numbers vary from 0.28 ac/h in a non occupied building up to 0,77 ac/h at their maximum occupancy with a mean value of 0.47 ac/h for 2 occupants.
0.25 < 1
W05
W07
1.72 m
After these analysis the replacement of the existing single glazed windows be replaced by low-emissivity-coated double glazing and night insulation with a mean U-value of 1,26 W/m2K and with a better and airtight framing construction. As per the figure 4.66 the window types and organization seems to be ideal for winter and summer ventilation but trickle ventilators should be included on their construction as a means of operable and controllable background ventilation following the recommendation from the Building Regulations Document F for means of ventilation.
South Elevation
INT
W02
EXT 45º W05
W01
Glazing Area = 2.9 m2 Operable Area = 1.4 m2 Ratio = 48%
Trickle ventilators (figure 4.66) are a good means of ventilation assuring the minimum fresh air requirement for a room and, in combination with an airtight envelope, they significantly reduce the heat losses. The operable area should be kept in order to preserve the building’s identity but the opening system should be inverted in order to facilitate the users operability. The new system should also permit different apertures at different angles to increase the adaptive opportunity of the occupants and to control the air flow.
W03 W04
Total Flat Glazing Area = 20.9 m2 Operable Area = 9.6 m2 Ratio = 46% 3500
Heating Period
Heating Period
3000
Due to the small living room and kitchen area it is also recommended to change the layout by removing the back wall (figure 4.61 and 4.63). This change will improve the air flow inside the room and will enhance the heat dissipation and removal of pollutants around the kitchen area. This will also improve the living rooms’ visual perception and daylighting by increasing its area, and exposing the stair case element.
2500
EXT 1000
W05 (proposed) Glazing Area = 2.9 m2 Operable Area = 1.4 m2 Ratio = 48% Trickle vent. Area = 0.05 m2
500
Glazing Area = 20.9 m2 Operable Area = 9.6 m2 Ratio = 46% Trickle vent. Area = 0.3 m2 Ratio = 0.01 %
163 160
138
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
Month Optimized Ventilation (0,25 - 0,5 ac/h)
129
120 100 80
40 J
154
140
60
0
Total Flat
180
20 0
Optimized (0.25<0.5ac/h)
INT
1500
200
Mean 0.5 ac/h
45º
Continuos ontinuos Heating Load, kWh/m /m2
2000
CIBSE Recommendation
1.70 m
EXT INT
north Elevation
Base Case
Proposed window system
Annual Heating Demand (kWh) Wh)
Figure 4.67: Elevations
Base Case (1 ac/h mean)
Figure 4.68: Annual heating demand comparison
Arch itectu ral Associat ion Sch ool of Arch ite c ture
55
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
1.70 m
W06
CONCLuSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Parametric studies using TAS (graph below) was then used in order to access the building’s energy performance when running with a heating and an occupancy schedule and introducing the different air supply rates calculated previously in each room. The outcome of this study revealed that for the whole house and for a period of year the estimated mean ventilation rate is 0,48 ac/h and it can be responsible for up to 20 per cent of savings on intermittent heating (figure 4.68).
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
Figure 4.66: Current and proposed window systems
EXT INT
Current window system
RESEARCH CONSERvATORy INTRODuCTION The idea to develop the design of a conservatory was informed by the P.O.E. evaluations and site observations.
A
B
A
B
Every occupant declared that they were too cold in winter and had serious problems in heating the house due to the characteristic of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s glazed areas. The windows are still the original single glazed ones from 1957 and most of them have gaps in the frames with substantial heating dispersion. Another relevant observation was about the wind. The Keeling House is surrounded by low rise buildings and is considerably exposed to wind. A barrier to wind pressure would be positively received. As for materiality the glazing to floor ratio is considerable and the only opaque element is a non insulated brink wall on the second floor (details on page 19). Furthermore the plan of the Keeling House, originally designed to maximize the direct solar radiation, supports the idea of designing a conservatory. Referring to literature research, the design of a conservatory in the UK climate is a complex issue and can be easily misunderstood by the occupants. Most of the time the conservatory in the UK is thought to be an integral part of the house creating thermal discomfort instead of helping in heating load savings. The significant amount of glazing area that responds directly to outside temperature, can create important thermal discomfort in the conservatory area during winter time. The proposed concept is that the design should be considered as an outdoor or transitional space, with considerable buffer potentials for wind and temperature in winter.
section AA
section BB
Figure 4.69: Conservatory design proposal
As for visual comfort, the creation of a buffer space in such windy areas, allows the occupants to grow plants, taking advantage of the area of the outdoor space that cannot be used because of its different height than the 0.00 quote of the dwelling (Figure 4.69, Section BB). The structure of the conservatory aims to maintain two main characteristic of the Keeling House: the horizontality visually expressed by the concrete parapets and the recognizably of every dwelling from outside (figure 4.74).
LIvING ROOM
LIvING ROOM
The conservatory apertures (Figures 4.70, 4.71, 4.72 and 4.73) are designed to provide maximum flexibility due to the fact that the success of the conservatory is strictly related to the occupantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s behavior. The sun space is meant to be mostly closed in the winter and entirely open in the summer. The windows are designed as sliding windows which are controllable independently in the two levels. The sun space is single glazed and its double height is supported by the parapet on top and bottom. The vertical metal laminas are external and deal with the shading system.
Figure 4.70: Conservatory 100% closed
LIvING ROOM
56
Figure 4.72: Conservatory 80% open A A E +E E nv i ro n m e nta l & Energy Studies Pro gramme
Figure 4.71: Conservatory 50% open
LIvING ROOM
Figure 4.73: Conservatory 100% open
Figure 4.74: Front elevation without and with conservatory
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
SHADING A shading device is designed to protect from direct solar radiation and reduce the risk of overheating. An horizontal louver system is chosen and positioned outside because of its better performance. The external shadings are adjustable. On one hand, this allows the modulation of solar transmittance, on the other it will reflect adaptability on the outside, giving the new facade flexibility and an interesting design. A third consideration is that this choice reflects the intention to keep the recognizability of the different dwellings from the outside following occupantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s behavior. The outside system is supported by vertical metal laminas and the chosen material for the louvers is wood. It is composed by three equal elements, one on top that is fixed while the other two are adjustable. The position of the fixed element is chosen in relation to the solar incidence angle in winter when the shading system is supposed to be totally open, to allow the majority of light to enter in the dwelling (Figure 4.79). From occupantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s feedbacks and site observations in the Keeling House, daylight is positively perceived. nevertheless, during summer, it could become a problem.
22 December sun incidence
22 July sun incidence
22 July sun incidence
Figure 4.79: Conservatory External Louvers Positioning
Figure 4.80: Conservatory Closed Design Proposal - Louvers down - Summer
Figure 4.82 (Radiance, illuminance 10000 Lux Intermediate sky) demonstrates that in summer the influence of the designed shading system is also minimal in relation to Daylight Factor, if compared to the values given in section 2.
1.5
** Point of interest
4.5
**
4.5
2.0
Figure 4.81: Daylight Factor Louvers Up - Winter
1.5
1.5
10
Percentage rcentage ntage e off the e year ar for or which h a given n diffuse ffuse e illuminance is exceeded
Figure 4.81 (Radiance, illuminance 6552 Lux Overcast sky) demonstrates that in winter conditions the influence of the designed shading system is minimal in relation to Daylight Factor, if compared to the values given in the environmental assessment section.
100
required illuminance 150 Lux DF at point of interest 2.0 % threshold level -> 150/0,02= 7500 Daylight sufficient for 87% of the year
90
80
required illuminance 150 Lux DF at point of interest 4.5 % threshold level -> 150/0.045= 3333 Daylight sufficient for 73% of the year
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
7.5
58
Figure 4.81: Daylight Factor Louvers Down - Summer A A E +E E nv i ro n m e nta l & Energy Studies Pro gramme
** 4.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Diffuse illuminance 1000's lux 09 00 - 17 30 h BST Apr - Oct Inc. Inc Standard Year 09.00 17.30
Figure 4.83: Daylight Factor Chart
45
50
55
60
65
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
RESEARCH CONSERvATORy
AA / MSc & MArch SED PHASE I : Design Research Studio
term 1
URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city the gallerias of Caldeireria and Toural January 2010 Mina Hasman Keunjoo Lee Jenna Mikus Juliane Wolf
SANTIAGO - LOCATION, HISTORY AND CLIMATE
precipitation (mm)
temerature (°C)
daily solar radiation (W/m2)
Santiago de Compostela is located in Galicia, a region located in northwestern Spain. It is renowned for its historic centre which is a designated UNESCO world heritage site. The cityscape we see today has medieval roots with major additions from the 18th century. Santiago de Compostela has an oceanic climate with mild temperatures throughout the year and high precipitation especially during the winter months.
Location Galicia, Spain Latitude: +42.88 (42°52’48”N) Longitude: -8.54 (8°32’24”W) Time zone: UTC+1 hours Altitude = 367m Population (2009) Total: 95,092
8
The GALERÍAS OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA
Historic Centre UNESCO world heritage site with medieval roots and major additions from the 18th century
Climate Oceanic climate Solar Radiation: annual total horizontal radiation = 1372.5 kWh/m2 Temperature: average July temperature = 18.5°C avergage January temperature = 7.5°C Rainfall: average annual precipitation = 1895 mm
The two case study buildings represent two different typologies found within the historic center of Santiago de Compostela. Caldeireria is located mid-block and is set within an urban canyon, while Toural is sited at the end of a block and overlooks a plaza.
CASE STUDY I: CALDEIRERIA Address: Rúa de Caldeireria Total Floor Area 139.1 m2 Ground floor 34.0 m2 1st floor 33.4 m2 2nd floor 36.1 m2 3rd floor 35.6 m2
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
CANYON
PLAZA
CASE STUDY II: TOURAL Address: Praza de Toural 1 Floor Area 2nd floor
123.4 m2
INTRODUCTION
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
THE CASE STUDY BUILDINGS
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Mina Hasman . Keunjoo Lee . Jenna Mikus . Juliane Wolf
SITE AND BUILDING GLAZING AREA AND SKY VIEW ANALYSIS
DAYLIGHTING STUDY 22 JUNE
The compact site configuration of the urban canyon affords the building with limited sky views and solar access throughout the year. The second floor of the building, the focus of our study, receives most of its sunlight during the summer months . (Sky view simulations with Ecotect)
2ndFloor Front Facade Solar Mask [Ecotect]
2nd Floor Back Facade Solar Mask [Ecotect]
DAYLIGHTING STUDY 22 DECEMBER Site Plan
Obstruction Angles 3rd Floor Front Facade Solar Mask [Ecotect] 18
The GALERĂ?AS OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA
3rd Floor Back Facade Solar Mask [Ecotect]
The NW facade, facing the urban canyon receives less light because of the limited sky view and obstruction of the surrounding buildings compared to the SE facade that faces a courtyard area. In the SE facade, sunlight penetrates through the building mostly from the third floor level that has less obstruction, whereas the second floor is obstructed from the surrounding buildings. LUX GRID ANALYSIS - THIRD FLOOR LEVEL Ecotect Simulation
LUX GRID ANALYSIS - SECOND FLOOR LEVEL Ecotect Simulation
Summer Equinox 16.00 hrs [Ecotect]
Spring Equinox 09.00 hrs [Ecotect]
Summer Equinox 18.00 hrs [Ecotect]
Spring Equinox 10.00 hrs [Ecotect]
Summer Equinox 20.00 hrs [Ecotect]
Spring Equinox 11.00 hrs [Ecotect]
The Ecotect simulations indicate the maximum amount of sunlight penetration into the building through different times of the year (the SE facade receives the most sun in the morning of the Spring and Summer while the NW facade receives its maximum sun in the afternoon and evening of Summer). (Based on simulations using Ecotect)
Ecotect Simulations CALDEIRERĂ?A
19
Mina Hasman . Keunjoo Lee . Jenna Mikus . Juliane Wolf
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
Due to the urban canyoning effect, Caldeireria receives minimal sunlight into the adjacent rooms. The narrow and deep plan configuration is another contributing factor in the limited amount of daylight that can penetrate into the core of the building.
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
SITE AND BUILDING SOLAR ACCESS
BUILDING GALERIA MATERIALS
GALERIA CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS GALERIA SIDE PANEL Total: 18 m 2
GALERIA CEILING
The second floor of Caldeireria has two galerias; one on the NW and the other one on the SE side. The two galerias not only differ in terms of floor dimension, but also in terms of materiality: - The NW galeria is 85cm wide, has a wood floor structure and a 6cm wood mediator wall that separates it from the adjacent bedroom space. - The SE galeria is 75cm wide, has a granite floor structure and an 18cm exposed granite meditor wall that separates it from the adjacent storage space.
GALERIA TOTAL GLAZING SURFACE AREA: 77 m 2
GALERIA TOTAL FRAME SURFACE AREA: 62 m 2
GALERIA TOTAL SURFACE AREA: 139 m 2
Total: 3.2 m 2
GALERIA FRONT PANEL Total Surface Area: 104 m 2 WOOD FRAME WOOD FRAME
Total Surface Area: 16 m 2
Total Surface Area: 11 m 2
SINGLE GLAZING
SINGLE GLAZING
Photo of the NW Galeria
WOOD FLOOR/CEILING
GRANITE FLOOR Total Surface Area: 10 m 2
Total Surface Area: 7 m 2
Photo of the SE Galeria 22
The GALERĂ?AS OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA
Total Area: 3.2 m 2
Total Area: 2.7 m 2
Axon Drawing of Galeria Construction
GALERIA SHUTTER DOOR Total Surface Area: 10 m 2
SINGLE GLAZING
WOOD FRAME DOOR
SHUTTER DOORS TOTAL GLAZING SURFACE AREA: 44.8 m 2
SHUTTER DOORS TOTAL FRAME SURFACE AREA: 35.2 m 2
SHUTTER DOORS TOTAL SURFACE AREA: 40 m 2 Total Surface Area: 5.6 m 2 Total Surface Area: 4.4 m
WOOD FRAME SHUTTER
2
Caldeireria contains shutter doors that are embedded within the mediator walls that separate the adjacent rooms from the galeria spaces. The two sets of shutter doors on the NW side have frosted, single glazed panels that cover 75% of the door. The remaining construction consists of white, solid, wood panels. The single set of shutter doors on the SE side contains translucent, single glazed panels that cover 60% of the door. The remaining construction consists of white, solid, wood panels.
Total Surface Area: 5 m2
Two sets of door systems allow access to wood-floored galeria on the NW side
Axon Drawing of Shutter Door Construction
one single, off-center door system allows access to granite-floored galeria on the SE side CALDEIRERĂ?A
23
Mina Hasman . Keunjoo Lee . Jenna Mikus . Juliane Wolf
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
SHUTTER DOOR CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
BUILDING SHUTTER DOOR MATERIALS
Different Comfort Zone Analysis:
BUILDING COMFORT ZONE ANALYSIS The team compared the actual responses from the inhabitants against anticipated comfort range values. Using Auliciems and manually calculating comfort ranges for summer and winter using the psychrometric chart, we identified a comfort range that was a bit higher than the comfort level that the Caldeireria owner would find comfortable but that appeared to be a good gauge to use when designing for future inhabitants. This was the comfort band that was used for comparison pursposes during simulations.
Two comfort zones were calculated for the Santiago region--one zone corresponded to the warmest month and the other to the coldest one: T¬Avg(warmest) = 18.5°C (Average Temperature in August) Using Auliciem’s Equation (1981) where TN(warmest) = 17.6 + 0.31 (T¬Avg(warmest)) = 17.6 + 0.31 (18.5) = 23.335°C TL (90%) = TN - 2.5 = 20.835°C & TH (90%) = TN + 2.5 = 25.835°C TL (80%) = TN - 3.5 = 19.835°C & TH (80%) = TN + 3.5 = 26.835°C T¬Avg (coldest) = 7.5°C (Average Temperature in January) Using Auliciem’s Equation (1981) where TN(coldest) = 17.6 + 0.31 (T¬Avg(coldest)) TN = 17.6 + 0.31 (7.5) = 19.925°C TL (90%) = TN - 2.5 = 17.425°C & TH (90%) = TN + 2.5 = 22.425°C TL (80%) = TN - 3.5 = 16.425°C & TH (80%) = TN + 3.5 = 23.425°C
CALDEIRERÍA
25
Mina Hasman . Keunjoo Lee . Jenna Mikus . Juliane Wolf
The surface temperature measurements and thermal photographs taken indicate that the SE side of the building contains surfaces that are warmer than those on the NW side of the building. This is most likely because of this side’s better sun exposure.
INFRARED CAMERA MEASUREMENT Measurement Date: 05/11/2010 12.00am
The thermal camera image, which was taken at midnight on the 5th of November 2010, indicates the influence of the urban canyoning on the Case Study Building. Due to the narrow configuration of Rua de Caldeireria on the NW side, the heat is trapped around the lower levels of the building throughout the day before eventually being released towards the upper floors at night
Sectional Perspective
Infrared Camera Image
Exterior Photo of Caldeireria Facade
CALDEIRERÍA
27
Mina Hasman . Keunjoo Lee . Jenna Mikus . Juliane Wolf
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
SURFACE TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT Measurement Date: 05/11/2010 13.30-14.30 Measured Outdoor Temperature: 18.7°C Data Weather Station: 16.3°C, Humidity 81%
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
FIELD STUDIES SURFACE TEMPERATURE
ANALYTIC WORK - I INTERNAL HEAT GAINS
DOUBLE GLAZED WINDOWS
INSULATED WOOD MEDIATOR WALLS
0.5 ACH INFILTRATION
DAILY INTERNAL HEAT GAINS (Wh) Occupancy Night(8hrs) Morning(2hrs) Midday(5hrs) ALernoon(5hrs) Evening(4hrs) Total by source Total
23.00-‐07.00 07.00-‐09.00 09.00-‐14.00 14.00-‐19.00 19.00-‐23.00
Annual Internal Heat Gain
34
The GALERÍAS OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA
885 426 0 907.5 156 2374.5
8234.5*365=
Ligh/ng
Equipment 0 180 0 180 180 540
1040 855 650 1980 795 5320 8234.5
3005592.5
3005 kWh
Total by hours 1925 1461 650 3067.5 1131 8234.5
TAS SIMULATION GRAPH COLORING ACCORDING TO ZONES
The team utilized Tas software to assess the overall performance of Caldeireria. 1500
Global Radiation (W/m²) External Temperature (°C)
In order to simplify the analysis but keep focus on the galeria study objective, the team chose to isolate the top two floors, where the galerias of the house are located.
2nd Floor NW Galeria1 Dry Bulb (°C)
1000
2nd Floor NW Room1 Dry Bulb (°C) 2nd Floor SE Galeria1 Dry Bulb (°C) 2nd Floor SE Room1 Dry Bulb (°C) 3rd Floor NW Galeria1 Dry Bulb (°C) 3rd Floor NW Room1 Dry Bulb (°C)
500
3rd Floor SE Room1 Dry Bulb (°C)
SOLAR RADIATION DOUBLE GLAZED WINDOWS
TAS INPUT DATA: INSULATED WOOD MEDIATOR WALLS
0.5 ACH INFILTRATION
212, 13 212, 19 213, 1 213, 7 213, 13 213, 19 214, 1 214, 7 214, 13 214, 19 215, 1 215, 7 215, 13 215, 19 216, 1 216, 7 216, 13 216, 19 217, 1 217, 7 217, 13 217, 19 218, 1 218, 7 218, 13 218, 19
The TAS output values for solar radiation represent the global horizontal radiation. For a deeper understanding of the Case Study Building, the solar radiation values on a vertical NW oriented surface are given as representative values below (source: Satel-Light): 0 Parameter: Diffuse Tilted Illuminance Surface: 90 Degrees from Horizontal, 315 Degrees from North (for NW), 0.2 Ground Reflectivity Information: Monthly Mean of Hourly Values
6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23
Jan. 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 4.2 6.6 8.2 8.8 8.5 7.0 5.3 3.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. oct. Nov. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 1.1 1.8 1.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.7 2.1 4.3 5.2 4.6 3.0 1.1 0.3 0.5 3.2 6.1 5.7 7.9 8.6 8.2 6.8 4.7 2.7 3.0 6.3 8.9 9.1 11.0 12.1 11.9 10.6 8.2 6.0 5.8 8.9 11.5 12.2 13.6 14.7 14.5 13.5 11.1 9.0 7.8 10.6 12.8 14.2 15.7 16.4 16.7 15.8 13.6 11.0 9.0 11.3 13.2 14.9 16.6 18.3 18.2 17.1 14.9 12.0 8.9 11.3 13.3 16.3 16.9 18.4 19.2 18.0 15.5 12.1 8.3 9.8 12.4 15.8 16.3 17.9 18.4 17.5 14.7 11.5 6.9 8.2 11.5 15.0 16.7 18.2 18.1 16.8 13.4 9.9 5.0 6.3 10.6 14.7 16.2 18.2 18.4 16.7 13.0 8.3 2.6 2.9 8.3 12.7 14.1 17.3 17.4 15.5 11.3 5.9 0.1 0.1 2.9 9.3 10.9 15.0 15.2 12.9 8.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.4 4.6 7.4 10.4 11.1 8.0 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.5 5.6 5.2 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Dec. Total 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 2.0 1.5 5.0 4.2 8.2 6.4 10.8 7.5 12.6 7.9 13.5 7.5 13.8 6.3 12.9 4.3 11.9 1.6 10.8 0.0 8.9 0.0 6.4 0.0 3.7 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0
• Infiltration Galerias: 3.0 ac/h • Infiltration Adjacent Rooms: 2.0 ac/h • Total Annual Internal Heat Gain = 3005 kWh Lighting 540 kWh Occupancy (1.5 people) 2374.5 kWh Equipment 5320 kWh • Thermostat 19 °C
Although both the second and third level are contained in the model, special attention was given to the second floor as it contains two galerias--one on each side of the house, each with different construction elements. By focusing on this level and its these galerias, the team was able to assess how varying adaptive use, construction elements, etc. would affect the galeria space as well as each galeria’s adjacent room and the overall interior space between these two galerias year-round. Occupancy Note: While the owner currently resides in the northwestern bedroom on the first level, the team created a schedule that assumed that the woman would inhabit the northwestern bedroom on the second floor instead--something that seemed possible given the better visual access to the outdoors afforded by the presence of the galerias. Therefore, our study assumes that the owner inhabits the second level, instead of the first level, and that the young woman who currently inhabits the third floor part-time would remain.
CALDEIRERÍA
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Mina Hasman . Keunjoo Lee . Jenna Mikus . Juliane Wolf
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
ANALYTIC WORK - II TAS SIMULATIONS INPUT
2000
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
Base Case - Doors Closed Summer Dates: Day 212 - 218 (late July - early August)
ANALYTIC WORK - III PARAMETRIC STUDIES GALERIA GLAZING The Case Study Building has galerias with single glazed panes, which allow leakage of cold air into the galeria space, and when the doors open to adjacent rooms, this cold air flows into the adjacent rooms, lowering the room temperature. Therefore, we are suggesting to use double glazed panes in the galeria windows. This refurbishment strategy would have an impact in reduction of heat losses even more so with wood shutters that can be closed during night time to maintain the heat inside the building. However, with double glazed panes, there also will be reduction in solar gain of the galerias and adjacent rooms.
TAS Runs:
1
U-value: 4.7 W/m2 K
The GALERĂ?AS OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA
U-value: 2.8 W/m2 K
U-value: 1.6 W/m2 K
DOUBLE GLAZING + SHUTTER
U-value: 1.1 W/m2 K
TAS Simulation, Temperature:
7th-8th of Jan
46
BASE CASE
4
3
2
7th-8th of Jan
7th-8th of Jan
7th-8th of Jan
Notes: Per Satel-Light, the following values are the average daily incident solar radiation on an unobstructed NW and SE vertical surface. NW Facade = 489.3 W/m2 SE Facade = 710.8 W/m2 (source: Satel-Light)
Conclusions: - A galeria with double glazing reduces the heating loads of the adjacent rooms by ~1 kWh/m2. - However, when double glazing is paired with night shutters, heating loads are reduced by 49 kWh/m2. - A change in the glazing type from single to double glazing would be a recommended rehabilitation project. - And, while it may be somewhat expensive to install night shutters to the galeria windows, the cost savings of approximately 50% annually (~542 Euros) might balance out the difference.
To account for obstructions from other buildings, the actual average incident solar radiation values for the second floor were determined using Ecotect simulations. NW Facade = 218 W/m2 SE Facade = 434 W/m2 (source: Ecotect simulations)
Average daily solar gain during the winter month in the adjacent rooms:
To calculate Solar Gain, transmittance values of 0.8 for single glazing and 0.64 for double glazing are used. SG = [Inc Solar Radiation * Transmittance * w:w] * sawall
NW, SGSG=0.18 kWh NW, SGDG=0.15 kWh NW, SGSG & shuttter=0.18 kWh NW, SGDG & shutter=0.15 kWh SE, SGSG=0.32 kWh SE, SGDG=0.26 kWh SE, SGSG & shuttter=0.32 kWh SE, SGDG & shutter=0.26 kWh
NW Facade: SGSG=(218*0.8*0.5)(0.8*0.22)(12) (0.8*0.18)(13) SGDG=(218*0.64*0.5)(0.8*0.22)(12) (0.8*0.18)(13)
SE Facade: SGSG= (434*0.8*0.5)
Energy Balance:
SGDG= (434*0.64*0.5)
Heat Loss (Adjacent Room to
Average daily heat loss during the winter month from the adjacent rooms to galeria: NW, HL1= 3.5 kWh NW, HL2= 2.9 kWh NW, HL3= 1.6 kWh NW, HL4= 1.2 kWh SE, HL1 = 5.2 kWh SE, HL2 = 4.2 kWh SE, HL3= 2.9 kWh SE, HL4= 2.2 kWh
NW Side of Plan: Tliving room = 19°C Tgaleria - SG= 13.9°C / ΔT = 5.1°C Tliving room = 19°C Tgaleria - DG= 14.8°C / ΔT = 4.2°C (Average values for winter months according to TAS simulations)
SE Side of Plan: Tliving room = 19°C Tgaleria - SG= 13.7°C / ΔT = 5.3°C Tliving room = 19°C Tgaleria - DG= 14.9°C / ΔT = 4.1°C (Average values for winter months according to TAS simulations)
Area U-Value 9 1.23 = 11.07 4 4.4 = 17.6 HlC = 28.67 W/K (Assuming negligible CV value)
Area U-Value 9.5 3.14 = 29.83 2.6 4.4 = 11.44 HlC = 41.27 W/K (Assuming negligible CV value)
Hl=0.024*ΔT*HlC HLSG= 0.024*5.1*28.7 = 3.5 kWh HLDG= 0.024*4.2*28.7 = 2.9 kWh
Hl=0.024*ΔT*HlC HLSG= 0.024*5.3*41.27 = 5.2 kWh HLDG= 0.024*4.1*41.27 = 4.2 kWh
(kWh)
Calculations for daily heat loss were computed for both the NW and SE sides of the second floor. Therefore, the different construction materials of each wall could be assessed in greater details.
(kWh)
Galeria)
solar gain
heat loss
heat loss - solar gain
CALDEIRERÍA
47
Mina Hasman . Keunjoo Lee . Jenna Mikus . Juliane Wolf
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
Manual Calculations
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
Solar Gain (of the Adjacent Rooms)
ANALYTIC WORK - III PARAMETRIC STUDIES GALERIA GLAZING
ANALYTIC WORK - III PARAMETRIC STUDIES COMBINED RECOMMENDATIONS REDUCED MULLIONS BY 50%
DOUBLE GLAZED WINDOW WITH SHUTTER
DOUBLE GLAZED DOOR WITH SHUTTER
EXTERNAL INSULATION ON WOOD MEDIATOR WALL
OUT
62
The GALERÍAS OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA
IN
EXTERNAL INSULATION ON GRANITE MEDIATOR WALL
IN
OUT
4TH GALERIA ADDITION
REFURBISMENT SCENARIO: 68.7 kWh/sqm
120
Annual Heating Cost : 695 € (assuming energy cost of 0.14€/kWh for top two levels of 72.3sm) Annual CO2 Emissions: 2582 kg (assuming 0.53 * Heating Load)
80 71.3
68.7
76.1
76.2
60 40
53% Energy Savings
20
35% Solar Access Improvement BASE
+ Double Glazing
+ Night Shutters
+ DG Shutter Doors
+ Reduced Mullions
+ 10 cm Insulation on Mediator Walls (interior)
0
129.8
REFURBISMENT + NEW BUILD SCENARIO: 52.3 kWh/sqm
100 80 71.3
68.7
76.2
60
52.3
40
60% Energy Savings
20
56% Solar Access Improvement BASE
+ Double Glazing
+ Night Shutters
+ DG Shutter Doors
+ 10 cm Insulation on Mediator Walls (interior)
+ Reduced Mullions
+ 4th Galeria
0
Heat Energy Use (kWh/sqm)
120
76.1
Summary: This refurbishment recommendation offers the owner choices. Any one of the middle three insulation enhancements (e.g., night shutters, DG shutter doors, and mediator wall insulation) can be chosen and combined with double glazing and reduced mulions to produce results that would result in 53% Energy Savings and 35% Solar Access Improvement.
Focus: Enhancing solar access of the third floor interior space.
140
Annual Heating Cost : 529 € (assuming energy cost of 0.14€/kWh for top two levels of 72.3sm) Annual CO2 Emissions: 1966 kg (assuming 0.53 * Heating
Focus: Address infiltration problem through insulation alternatives while enhancing solar access with the elimination of excess mullions.
Refurbishment Scenario + 4th Galeria Addition:
Caldeireria 2nd floor Refurbishment & New Build Recommendations 129.7
Heat Energy Use (kWh/sqm)
Refurbishment Scenario: 100
Summary: This refurbishment recommendation would be more difficult to apply (and perhaps wasteful given that the space was only updated a few years ago). However, if ever given the opportunity, the owner should opt to add a 4th galeria to the third floor SE side to allow for an improvement in the building overall as well as the aesthetical feel of the space. By combining this scenario with the refurbishment scenario above, the owner could see as much as 60% energy savings and 56% solar access per year.
CALDEIRERÍA
63
Mina Hasman . Keunjoo Lee . Jenna Mikus . Juliane Wolf
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
140 129.8
129.7
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
ANALYTIC WORK - III PARAMETRIC STUDIES COMBINED RECOMMENDATIONS
Caldeireria 2nd floor Refurbishment Recommendations
SITE AND BUILDING SURROUNDINGS AND SHAPE
This case study building is located on Praza do Toural in Santiago de Compostela. It is a building representative of the architecture of the historic center having building elements from medieval times with major additions from the 18th century. One of the most prominent architectural features of this building is the galeria on the second floor. Therefore, the second floor becomes the main focus of this building study. During field observations the first floor was used for comparison purposes.
Praza do Toural
Axonometric Site plan
Building Data (2nd floor) Gross Floor Area
123.4 m2
Exposed Envelope Area 103.6 m2 Window North Window East Window South Window West Window Total
68
5.1 m2 23.1 m2 5.1 m2 3.9 m2 37.2 m2
Section
The GALERÍAS OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA
Main Facade
Area
30cm granite 60cm granite (west)
U-value wall (w/ galeria) 58.9 1.76 7.49 1.21
Window/Door
Area
dg + shutter (south, west, north)
14.1
dg + sg + shutter (east)
23.1
U-value U-value window window and (w/galeria) shutter (w/galeria) 1.82 1.34 29.12 10.72 1.12 0.73 17.92 5.84
AxU
103.66 9.06 U-value combined (w/galeria)
AxU
1.66
23.41
0.99
22.87
GRANITE MEDIATOR WALL (NEIGHBORING)
A*U 159.00 W/K (/106.9 m2 = 1.49 W/K m2)
Fresh Air Requirement Volume People CV= 0.33 * V * ACH
CV
HLC
0.24 ac/h 294 2
23.76 W/K
183 W/K
Width: 600mm Plaster (20) + Granite (560) + Plaster (20) U-value (internal): 1.61 W/m2 K
Floor: Timber structure, timber flooring above, false ceiling below
GRANITE WALL (TO GALERIA)
Width: 300mm Plaster (20) + Granite (260) + Plaster (20) U-value: 2.74 W/m2 K
DOUBLE GLAZING+ SINGLE GLAZING+ SHUTTER
Toural is representative of the typical architecture of Santiago de Compostela. The wall material is granite, which is covered with plaster. The thickness of the walls adjacent to the galerias is 30 cm; the mediator wall shared with the neighbour has a thickness of 60 cm. A timber floor structure spans between the mediator wall and the east facing galeria wall. A secondary timber structure supports the flooring. The apartment is in good condition and has been refurbished within the past 10 years. During the refurbishment new double glazed doors were added to the existing single glazed doors to the galeria. Initial calculations show that the heat loss coefficient (HLC) equals 183 W/K. (The galeria is factored into the U-Value calculations.)
U-value Windows: 1.45 W/m2 K U-value Windows and Shutter: 0.86 W/m2 K SINGLE GLAZING DG SG Shutter SG U-value: 4.7 W/m2 K
TOURAL_PART 1
71
Mina Hasman . Keunjoo Lee . Jenna Mikus . Juliane Wolf
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
SITE AND BUILDING MATERIALS, CONSTRUCTION AND HLC
A*U Wall
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
Calculation HLC
PROPOSAL FOR REFURBISHMENT DOOR OPENING In the proposal for refurbishment we added improvements to the existing building that proved to be benecial in the parametric runs. One aim is to lower the heating load. The additions included 4 cm of insulation as well as possibly replacing the opaque roof with a glass roof. This is meant as an example and offers information regarding future refurbishments. It is applicable to buildings similar to Toural that might be in need of refurbishment anyway. We do not suggest making these changes to Toural at this time.
112
The GALERÍAS OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA
DOORS TO GALERIA OPEN >19°C SHUTTERS CLOSE DURING NIGHT
INSULATION
GLASS ROOF
Some of the parameters tested in the parametric studies cannot be implemented in a refurbishment but might be applied in a new building with galeria. The measures that had a positive effect on the environmental performance of the building should be included. They are to increasing the size of the opening between apartment and galeria, to decrease its width, to reduce the framing of the glass, to have a glass roof and add insulation to the oor.
114
The GALERÍAS OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA
RATIO 72.6%
GALERIA WIDTH
25cm
NO MULLIONS
GLASS ROOF
FLOOR INSULATION
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
WINDOW TO FLOOR
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
PROPOSAL FOR NEW BUILD
35
(TAS simulations - actual heat energy use might vary, therefore the % of change from the base is given)
30 Annual Heating Load kWh/m2
0
25 20
-15%
current condition
-25%
-20
-28%
33.3 kWh/m² CO2 EMISSION: GAS:6.5 kg/m²
-37% -42% -40
(ELECTRICITY: 17.7 kg/m²)
15 -60
-71%
10
- 77% 24.3 kWh/m²
-80
5
CO2 EMISSION: GAS:1.5 kg/m²
(ELECTRICITY: 4.0 kg/m²)
0
-100
Existing Condition + Window to + Galeria (DG+SG+ Shutter) Floor Ratio Width 72.6% -25cm
+ Galeria Window No mullions
+ Galeria Glass Roof
Annual Heating Load - change from base case in %
New Build Scenario (Toural 2nd Floor used exemplary)
Annual Heating Loads per m2
PROPOSAL FOR NEW BUILD -TYPICAL WINTER WEEK (FREE RUNNING)
CONCLUSIONS: - In a new build scheme many measures can be implemented to improve the performance of the building. - All construction elements should play a part in this improvement. - The galeria can be optimized to play a significant part itself.
+ Galeria Floor + Inltration + Occupancy rate 0.5 ac/h X2 Insulation + timber oor
temperature: Tas simulation (typical winter week for free-running building, doors open Tg>15°C) New Build-Livingroom Dry Bulb (°C)
BC-Livingroom Dry Bulb (°C)
New Build-East Galeria Dry Bulb (°C) External Temperature (°C)
BC-Livingroom Solar Gain (W)
30
1200
25
1000
20
800
18.89°C
01-Jan
02-Jan
03-Jan
04-Jan
05-Jan
06-Jan
When implementing all of the possible options in a new build sceme, the positive effect of the galeria (among other measures) becomes very useful. The heating load in a new building can be lowered signicantly. In the existing building, temperatures of the room adjacent to the galeria average 15.87°C during the heating season. This can be increased to 18.89°C in a new build scenario. Additional measures included an imrpoved inltration rate and also a higher occupancy. The current occupancy is very low; the area per person in the existing building is 53.5m2, with four occupants the area per person is 26.75m2. This is still higher than current recommended space standards.
21.00
17.00
13.00
09.00
05.00
01.00
21.00
17.00
13.00
09.00
05.00
01.00
21.00
17.00
13.00
09.00
05.00
01.00
21.00
17.00
13.00
09.00
05.00
01.00
21.00
17.00
13.00
09.00
05.00
01.00
21.00
17.00
13.00
09.00
0 05.00
0 01.00
200
21.00
5
17.00
400
13.00
10
09.00
600
05.00
15
Solar gain (W)
15.87°C
01.00
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
New Build-Livingroom Solar Gain (W)
07-Jan
TOURAL_PART 2
115
Mina Hasman . Keunjoo Lee . Jenna Mikus . Juliane Wolf
term 1 / URBAN CASE STUDIES : refurbishing the city
PROPOSAL FOR NEW BUILD -TYPICAL WINTER WEEK
AA / MSc & MArch SED / PHASE I : Design Research Studio
(HEATING)
temperature: Tas simulation (typical winter week for heating season, thermostat 19°C, doors open Tgal>19°C) Livingroom-big Aperture Flow In (ac/h)
External Temperature (°C)
30
120
25
100
20
80
15
60
10
40
5
20
0
0
01-Jan
116
The GALERÍAS OF SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA
02-Jan
03-Jan
04-Jan
05-Jan
06-Jan
07-Jan
Air Change (ac/h)
East Galeria Dry Bulb (°C)
01.00 04.00 07.00 10.00 13.00 16.00 19.00 22.00 01.00 04.00 07.00 10.00 13.00 16.00 19.00 22.00 01.00 04.00 07.00 10.00 13.00 16.00 19.00 22.00 01.00 04.00 07.00 10.00 13.00 16.00 19.00 22.00 01.00 04.00 07.00 10.00 13.00 16.00 19.00 22.00 01.00 04.00 07.00 10.00 13.00 16.00 19.00 22.00 01.00 04.00 07.00 10.00 13.00 16.00 19.00 22.00
Even in the winter galeria temperatures rise above 19°C during the day and sometimes even at night. For the adjacent room to benet from using pre-heated warm air, we set the aperture function to open the doors to the galeria when the galeria temperature is higher than 19°C. The aperture ow-in of the living room shows when and how long the doors were open. From this we can conclude that the doors should be open most of the day.
Dry Bulb Temperature (°C)
Livingroom-big Dry Bulb (°C)
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