AA SED_ MArch Dissertations

dissertation projects Architectural Association / School of Architecture / Graduate School MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE in Sustainable Environmental Design

http://sed.aaschool.ac.uk

Architectural Association / Graduate School MArch Sustainable Environmental Design

MArch SED dissertation projects Sustainable environmental design engages with real-life problems affecting buildings and cities throughout the world.

Providing alternatives to the global architecture and brute force engineering that are still the norm in most countries requires new knowledge on what makes a good environment for inhabitants and how architecture can contribute to this.

Over the past five years the AA School’s Masters Programme in Sustainable Environmental Design (MArch and MSc SED) has pursued a research agenda on “Refurbishing the City”, initiating projects in some 70 cities across 40 countries and encompassing a wide range of building types and climates with proposals for both new and existing buildings and urban spaces.

The 16-month MArch is structured in two consecutive phases.

Phase I is organised around studio projects that combine the programme’s MArch and MSc students (see books on Term 1 Urban Case Studies and Term 2 Design Projects).

Studio projects are supported by weekly lectures, software workshops and tutorials. The research methods introduced by the taught programme combine on-site observations and measurements with advanced computational simulation of environmental processes. Phase II is devoted to Dissertation Projects focusing on areas of design research that address the programme’s areas of concern as well as students own backgrounds, professional interests and special skills. Key objectives of all projects are to improve outdoor environmental conditions in cities, achieve independence from non-renewable energy sources in buildings and promote the development of an environmentally-sustainable architecture. The excerpts included in this compilation are from a selection of recent MArch Dissertations illustrating the climatic, typological and thematic diversity of projects undertaken for the Master of Architecture in Sustainable Environmental Design.

Simos Yannas, Director MSc & MArch Sustainable Environmental Design

extending spaces and fading borders:

redefining urban living in central Athens

Primary School Design in Xiamen

crisis architecture

respite architecture

colonizing existing concrete structures

an intervention to sustain fishermen’s livelihood

February 2014 Yiping Zhu

February 2014 Mileni Pamfili

February 2014

Juan Montoliu HernĂĄndez

February 2014 Harshini Sampathkumar

passive aggression

office building typology

cool workspaces

sustainable city blocks

low energy cooling in Los Angeles

in continental mediterranean climate

a digital creative industry hub in Malta

urban microclimate, building envelope and program

February 2012 Dana Bryan

February 2013 Tomas Swett Amenabar

February 2012 Herman Calleja

February 2012 Noah Czech

from monotony to diversity

vertical villages

contemporary passive shelters

self built social housing

residential development in the state of Kuwait

an adaptive m for Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam

environmental diversity and contemporary lifestyles

northern coast of ecuador

February 2013 Danah Dib

February 2013 Anh Tuan Nguyen

February 2013 Filippo Weber

February 2013 Jose L. Barros

Architectural Association / Graduate School MArch Sustainable Environmental Design

MArch SED dissertation projects

table of contents

Architectural Association / Graduate School MArch Sustainable Environmental Design

MArch SED dissertation projects

Extending Spaces and Fading Borders: Primary School Design in Xiamen China

February 2014 Yiping Zhu

AA MARCH SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

2.1 PEDAGOGIC PERSPECTIVES Pedagogic Trends

Architectural Response

Fig2.1-1 Smaller working groups

GROUP WORK GARDENING PLAY SOCIAL

Fig2.1-2 Flexible space for different group sizes while maintaining the overall sense of community (source: Hertzberger 2009)

COLLABORATIVE TEACHING

INDIVIDUAL PROJECTSINGING WORK DRAWING DANCING SPORTS & FITNESS

IT

Class room Shared area Group work area

Fig2.1-3 More diversified activities

Fig2.1-4 Group area and shared multi-activity area as the extension of traditional class rooms (after DfES 2006a)

-Group Work Based Active Learning Process

The pedagogic trend towards more and smaller groups calls for the space to be articulated, but not fragmented. This means using different architectural resources to create a sense of boundaries and separations from others while retaining the overall sense of community (Fig2.1-1). Not only must the space continue to allow for large groups (like old-style classes) to congregate, but the building must remain a unified special entity, as a place where people are aware of each other’s activities and feel invited to take part in open in open exchanges with them (Fig2.1-2) (Hertzberger 2009).

-More Diversified Activities

The classroom or class base which is opening to shared teaching area, still plays a central role. However, many activities other than formal lectures can be carried out outside of the class base (Fig.2.1-3). This pivotal learning space is complemented by shared social areas, group rooms and Special Education Needs (SEN) rooms that act as additional spaces accommodating a range of activity types (fig2.1-4).

Links between these spaces via folding partitions are encouraged, as well as a connection to external spaces and their use for learning (CABE 2010).

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EXTENDING SPACES AND FADING BORDERS

Pedagogic Trends

Architectural Response

Fig2.1-5 Experience outdoor learning

Fig2.1-6 The transitional space adjacent to the classrooms that attenuates outdoor environment and protects students.

Fig2.1-7 IT devices becoming smarter

Fig2.1-8 Different levels of ICT resources and enhanced personal freedom in learning

-Value of Outdoor Learning

There is much learning, common to a variety of curricular areas that can be promoted strongly and naturally outside where students can experience the outdoor environment (Fig2.1-5). By enhancing the opportunities for learning in the grounds, the range of work is enriched and the potential for direct practical application much increased. This trend highlights the use of the transitional space adjacent to the classrooms; it offers the exciting outdoor atmosphere and at the same time protects students from rains and excessive solar radiations (Fig2.1-6)

-Future Trends

Developments in ICT have had, and will continue to have, a profound effect on teaching and learning. Computers are now an essential tool for learning. The number of computers in schools will continue to increase and, in the future, it is likely that all pupils will have their own (wireless)hardware (Fig2.1-7). Certain hardware equipment should be provided in central library/ICT resource areas and local resource areas (Dfes School for the Future 2004). These spaces are critical to the success of independent working which should be used flexibly, overlapping with other uses (Fig2.1-8).

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EXTENDING SPACES AND FADING BORDERS

0-2.7m/s

fan off/ windows open Tin: 30.6 oC To: 31.3 oC RH: 63%

uncomfortable 12

52 pupils fine Q: How are you feeling?

More air movement 18 0-1.3m/s fine Q: More air movement?

Fig4.3.3-1 Overlay of air movement distribution and students’ thermal sensations 1

fan low: 1.5m/s air velocity under the fan all the openings open uncomfortable Tin: 30.6 oC 7 o To: 31.3 C RH: 63% 52 pupils

fine Q: How are you feeling?

More air movement 8

fine Q: More air movement?

Fig4.3.3-2 Overlay of air movement distribution and students’ thermal sensations 2

fan high: 2.2m/s air velocity under the fan all the openings open uncomfortable Tin: 30.6 oC 1 To: 31.3 oC RH: 63% 52 pupils

fine Q: How are you feeling?

More air movement 2 Less air movement 14 fine Q: More air movement?

Fig4.3.3-2 Overlay of air movement distribution and students’ thermal sensations 3 29

EXTENDING SPACES AND FADING BORDERS

PREFACE

6.0 ANALYTIC WORK AND PRE-DESIGN STUDIES

35 students

4.0 6.0 8.0

Fig6.0-1 Classroom shoe box

Occupancy Heat Gain W/m 2 60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Classroom Flexible/public space

8

9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Class Outdoor sports Lunch break

Fig6.0-2 Occupancy pattern and gains

A simplified classroom shoe box is established first based on the previous studies regarding class room dimensions (Fig6.0-1). This shoe box will be used in the following thermal simulations.

The occupancy patterns and consequent heat gains are illustrated in Fig6.0-2. This is based on the current school schedule in Xiamen. The extended use of the building after school is not considered at this stage.

35

3% daylight factor is enough in most cases EXTENDING SPACES AND FADING BORDERS

8m

6.5m

%DF

2m

10.0+ 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0

16.0 Case1: 30% W/F ratio Single glazing

12.0 8.0

Reflectivity: Internal finishing 0.5 External finishing 0.5

4.0 0.0

Fig6.2.3-4 Daylight factor base case (Source: Radiance)

8m

6.5m

%DF

2m

10.0+ 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0

16.0 Case 2: Polycarbonate panels Light transmittance: 65% 90% Reflectivity: Internal finishing 0.5 External finishing 0.5

12.0 8.0 4.0 0.0

Fig6.2.3-5 Daylight factor with PC panel (Source: Radiance)

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EXTENDING SPACES AND FADING BORDERS

7.3 THE PROGRAMME BRIEF

The program brief is derived from the previous research and Code for Design of Schools 2011 published by Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development of P. R. China.

The public resources and facilities are dispersed and located near the group work areas for better accessibility and to promote active personal investigations (Fig7.3-1). These activities, typically with much more personal freedom and varied metabolic rates, are organized in the transitional spaces between and to the south of the closed classroom boxes (Fig7.3-2 and Fig7.3-3). These transitional spaces are characterized with diversified microclimates so that students can choose where to stay to a certain degree. They are air permeable and do not block the south summer wind completely. The classrooms mainly get high quality daylight from north with some supply from the south patios.

Group works and discussions can be well extended to the adjacent transitional spaces.

OTHER RESOURCES

COMPUTER LAB

LIBRARY

MUSIC

ART GROUP WORK

CLASS ROOMS

CLASS ROOMS SOCIAL

CLASS ROOMS

SOCIAL

Fig7.3-1 Functional arrangement

Site area: 10384 m2 Floor area: 4000 m2 Students: 630 (person) Staff: 30 (person)

Classroom: 936 m2

-18 class rooms (35 students): 52 m2

Specialized classroom: 300 m2 -Art: 90 m2 -Music and dance: 120 m2 -Science lab: 90 m2

Fig7.3-2 Typical section 1 (for classrooms in the north and flexible activities in the south transitional spaces)

Common space: 960 m2

-Group area: 432 m2 *18 small (16 m2) + 3 large (48 m2) -Library: 100 m2 -Entrance: 100 m2 -Computer area: 50 m2 -Social, play and discussion area: 280 m2

Staff area: 150 m2

-Open area: 90 m2 -Small offices: 3*20 72 m2

Outdoor sports:

-Playground: 2800 m2 -Shaded play ground: 1000 m2

Fig7.3-3 Typical section 2 (for specialized classrooms and north breakout spaces)

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EXTENDING SPACES AND FADING BORDERS

7.3 THE PROGRAMME BRIEF

The program brief is derived from the previous research and Code for Design of Schools 2011 published by Ministry of Housing and Urban-rural Development of P. R. China.

The public resources and facilities are dispersed and located near the group work areas for better accessibility and to promote active personal investigations (Fig7.3-1). These activities, typically with much more personal freedom and varied metabolic rates, are organized in the transitional spaces between and to the south of the closed classroom boxes (Fig7.3-2 and Fig7.3-3). These transitional spaces are characterized with diversified microclimates so that students can choose where to stay to a certain degree. They are air permeable and do not block the south summer wind completely. The classrooms mainly get high quality daylight from north with some supply from the south patios.

Group works and discussions can be well extended to the adjacent transitional spaces.

OTHER RESOURCES

COMPUTER LAB

LIBRARY

MUSIC

ART GROUP WORK

CLASS ROOMS

CLASS ROOMS SOCIAL

CLASS ROOMS

SOCIAL

Fig7.3-1 Functional arrangement

Site area: 10384 m2 Floor area: 4000 m2 Students: 630 (person) Staff: 30 (person)

Classroom: 936 m2

-18 class rooms (35 students): 52 m2

Specialized classroom: 300 m2 -Art: 90 m2 -Music and dance: 120 m2 -Science lab: 90 m2

Fig7.3-2 Typical section 1 (for classrooms in the north and flexible activities in the south transitional spaces)

Common space: 960 m2

-Group area: 432 m2 *18 small (16 m2) + 3 large (48 m2) -Library: 100 m2 -Entrance: 100 m2 -Computer area: 50 m2 -Social, play and discussion area: 280 m2

Staff area: 150 m2

-Open area: 90 m2 -Small offices: 3*20 72 m2

Outdoor sports:

-Playground: 2800 m2 -Shaded play ground: 1000 m2

Fig7.3-3 Typical section 2 (for specialized classrooms and north breakout spaces)

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AA MARCH SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

7.4 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 7.4.1 BUILDING LAYOUT

Building Sun light Summer wind

Fig7.4.1-1 Building layout step 1

According to Code for Design of Schools 2011, all primary schools should have a standard playground of 2800 m2 with 400m long tracks, which takes 1/3 of the total site area. Local primary buildings are usually 4 floors high to create more outdoor learning and green areas. In this project, the building is arranged to the north of the playground so that it doesn’t block sunlight in cool period (Fig7.4.1-1). And in warm period, prevailing south wind can accelerate when passing the open area before reaching the building(Vallejo, Scofone, Zhu, Gong 2012).

Classroom Art and science space Service

Fig7.4.1-2 Building layout step 2

Based on the previous studies, class rooms are 2 and 2 coupled together with voids left in the middle for social and discussion use (Fig7.4.1-2). The specialized classrooms with more active activities are located to the south of the north breakout spaces so that they do not completely block south wind to the north classrooms when they need to be closed for noise issues. The services are at the east and west end to protect the building from hostile east wind and excessive solar radiations. The polycarbonate panels will also be stored at the part when not used.

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EXTENDING SPACES AND FADING BORDERS

Fig7.4.2-5 Geometry Configuration with flat surfaces (Source: Rhinoceros 5)

Form and Performance: Pedagogic Perspective Figure7.4.2-5 shows a typical configuration of the form picked with flat surfaces. The performance of the form in pedagogic perspective is analyzed using diagrams shown by Fig7.4.2-6. (a)

Figure7.4.2-6 (a) illustrates how the combination of the curved surface and flat surface help to define different activities and group areas. A sense of boundary and protection is created for each group without fragmenting spaces with walls.

(b)

Figure7.4.2-6 (b) shows how the space remains its unity and overall sense of one community. Different working areas are all connected, welcoming communications and exchanges in a fluid public space.

(c)

Different Activities/Group Sizes Fig7.4.2-6 Configuration analysis

The form also allow the user to redefine the boundaries, as explained byDifferent Fig7.4.2-6 (c). Activities can Activities/Group Sizesbe well extended, and small groups can merge into a large group. Flexibility of space is created.

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AA MARCH SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

Form and Performance: Environmental Perspective SE SUN

S SUN

SW SUN

Fig7.4.2-7 Shading analysis (Source: Rhinoceros 5)

Solar Radiation (W) 800 650 500 350 200 50

Fig7.4.2-8 Solar radiation at 10am (April) (Source: Ecotect)

-Shading Studies

Shading study is done mainly by observing the shadows of the geometry when rotated to different orientations (Fig7.4.2-7). When the geometry is built by bamboo mesh, it creates an area under it that receives around half of the global radiation; and assembling the meshes of different orientations can create various solar penetration levels. Fig7.4.2-8 shows the simulation results of solar radiation under one typical geometry configuration at 10 am on a typical April day.

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EXTENDING SPACES AND FADING BORDERS

Solar Radiation radiation on on a horizontal surface underroof roof shading shading (W) Solar a surface 2m 2m under (w)

10:00

500 500 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 00

13:00 500 500 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 00

16:00 500 500 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 00

Classroom location Class rooms location Fig7.4.2-11 Solar radiation under roof shading (Source: Ecotect)

Air velocity reduction % 0% 20% 40% 60% 80%

Fig7.4.2-12 Air velocity reduction (Source: WinAir)

Solar Radiation (w) 800 650 500 350 200 50

100%

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AA MARCH SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

7.4.3 ACTIVITIES ARRANGEMENT daylight more less

Cool period

solar exposure more less

mild and cool period

warm period

wind more less

Noise more less

mild and warm period

mild and warm period

teachers area library Overlay: Daylight Thermal condition lighter cool darker middle warm

Active group work social/play

Fig7.4.3-1 Environmental condition overlays and section study 1 60

computer discussions

EXTENDING SPACES AND FADING BORDERS

daylight more less

entrance Cool period solar exposure more less

mild and cool period

warm period

wind more less

Noise more less

mild and warm period

mild and warm period

art /science

art/science extension

Overlay: Daylight Thermal condition lighter cool darker middle warm

informal reading entrance Active group work

circulation /social

Fig7.4.3-2 Environmental condition overlays and section study 2 61

AA MARCH SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

(a) Section 1

(c) Section 3

(b) Section 2

(d) Section 4

Fig7.4.3-3 Sections with daylighting solutions

According to the overall layout of the building (see chapter 7.4.1), there will be 2 typical sections of the building. One with transitional spaces in south and classroom boxes in the north (Fig7.4.3-1); the other one with specialized open classrooms in south and breakout spaces between classrooms in north (Fig7.4.3-2). Since there will be various functions and facilities in the transitional spaces, arranging them rationally is a critical issue.

Although the environmental conditions will likely to be very complicated due to the geometry and material adopted, the general trend can always be obtained by simple logics. For example, daylight factor is lower in winter than other seasons when the building is protected by PC panels, and the areas near the openings always receives more daylight than the area relatively far from them. Daylight, solar exposure, air movement and noise conditions were analyzed using diagrams and then overlaid to get the basic environmental characteristics of each area.

Then activities were arrange into this overlaid section according to their requirements and priorities. For example, library needs to be quiet and have abundant diffuse light, while computer areas are better located in the area with more soft light and absolutely no direct sunlight. Children are more active when doing small group works and playing with toys so these areas should have more air movement.

The form of these spaces are also considered and shown in Fig7.4.3-1 and Fig7.4.3-2 according to the nature of each activities. Some voids are left for daylighting and vertical visual connections, and this finally lead to 4 typical sections (Fig7.4.3-3). The final layout of the functions and activities is illustrated by Fig7.4.3-4.

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AA MARCH SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

7.5 FINAL DESIGN OUTCOME

Fig7.5-1 Section1 mild period

Fig7.5-2 Indoor view 72

EXTENDING SPACES AND FADING BORDERS

1

1

Fig7.5-3 Section1 cool period

GROUP WORK

GROUP WORK

GROUP WORK

DISSCUSION REST DISSCUSION REST

CLASS ROOM CLASS ROOM RAMP GROUP WORK CLASS ROOM

ASSEMBLY&GYM ASSEMPLY / PLAYGROUND

Function

Daylight

Solar penetration (Dec and Jan)

Solar penetration (Jun and Jul)

Fig7.5-4 Section 1 analysis

TEACHER READING WORK AREA Section 1 (Fig7.5-1) shows the indoor condition when transitional spaces are located to the south of the LibRARY Creative Fineboxes during mild period. Fig7.5-2 zooms into the building and describes the environment classroom WORK ART and atmosphere on the mesh. The winter condition with the seasonal panels is shown in Fig7.5-3. FuncScience tions, solar penetrations and daylight solutions are illustrated in Fig 7.5-4. The south part is used as group EXPERIMENTS GROUP WORK work and discussion areas. It is much less dense with double height spaces to allow more daylight in the RAMP middle of the building VEGETATION PLAY on lower floors.

Function

Daylight

Solar penetration (Dec and Jan)

Solar penetration (Jun and Jul)

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AA MARCH SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN

A typical mild period scenario is depicted in Fig7.5-9. Students are enjoying the semi-outdoor spaces that blurred the border between indoor and outdoor.

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EXTENDING SPACES AND FADING BORDERS

Fig7.5-9 Perspective view - mild period 77

Architectural Association / Graduate School MArch Sustainable Environmental Design

MArch SED dissertation projects

Redefining Urban Living, in Central Athens February 2014 Mileni Pamfili

Redefining Urban Liiving in Central Athens

70

Fieldwork in Central Athens

71

Pre-design Analytic Work - Potentials and Limitations

77

Pre-design Analytic Work - Potentials and Limitations

79

Redefining Urban Liiving in Central Athens

88

DESIGN - Redefining Urban Living Environments

91

94

95

Redefining Urban Liiving in Central Athens

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DESIGN - Redefining Urban Living Environments

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Redefining Urban Liiving in Central Athens

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DESIGN - Redefining Urban Living Environments

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DESIGN - Redefining Urban Living Environments

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126

127

Redefining Urban Liiving in Central Athens

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DESIGN - Redefining Urban Living Environments

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Architectural Association / Graduate School MArch Sustainable Environmental Design

MArch SED dissertation projects

Crisis Architecture: colonizing existing concrete structures

February 2014 Juan Montoliu Hernรกndez

CHAPTER III: Precedents

Precedents were selected depending on their relation with the dissertation topic and the potential findings that could be extracted. In this way, the first two references were chosen in order for the reader to understand how deeply the topic of reusing unfinished buildings is marking the society. The last case, an informally occupied building was studied to gather the positive and negative aspects of this kind of phenomenon.

3.1 ‘SPANISH DREAM’: FROM PHOTOGRAPHY TO REALITY

‘Spanish dream’ is an interesting photography work accomplished by the group of architects Cadelasverdes which has been given several awards and exhibited in different locations throughout the country. The work is a critical reflection about how deeply the burst of the Spanish property bubble has hit the economy, the society and the urban environment.

It consists of a set of fifteen images (see Fig. 3.1) reproducing domestic settings performed by apparently normal families inside unfinished buildings showing the dramatic contrast between what it was supposed to be and what it has end up being.

3.2 PLADUR STUDENT COMPETITION Pladur is a trademark developed by the group Uralita mainly committed to the production of plasterboard panels. The entity proposes an annual student competition for Spanish and Portuguese students of architecture related to the social needs of the moment. In 2012, the twenty-second edition was launched proposing the occupation of a concrete structure in the centre of Madrid.

The site was the remains of the demolition of the Windsor Tower after the fire of 2005 which had been left abandoned until 2012 and consisted of a concrete structure of four floors and a total floor area of 1790m2. The brief comprised temporary residential units, working units and public spaces as Fig. 3.2 depicts.

At the very beginning of the research stage the competition was about to become the focus of this dissertation challenging the apparently successful students proposals.

However, this option was rejected based on the following three points.

Firstly, a new building housing the offices of one of the Spanish biggest chains of shopping malls is currently occupying the site. The structure was entirely demolished at the beginning of the year 2012 and at present a new glazed tower governs the space (see Fig. 3.2) thus making the competition not realistic. It was concluded that the center of the city always attract investment even during crisis periods and that this kind of temporary interventions in such areas seems to be not as profitable as others.

Secondly, the site was not the result of the burst of the accelerated property bubble but just the remains of a previous building destroyed by a massive fire.

Fig. 3.1: ‘Spanish dream’ photography work Source: http://espina-roja.blogspot.co.uk

III 24

Architectural Association School of Architecture

MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2012-2014

“CRISIS Architecture. Colonizing existing concrete skeletons�

Fig. 3.2: Plaudur student competition (brief and site)

Architectural Association School of Architecture

III 25

CHAPTER V: Pre-design studies

5.1 SITE DESCRIPTION

The site that was selected to develop the design proposal is located in Castellón de La Plana, the capital of the region that became the area of intervention due to the high percentage of buildings that remain unfinished (see 1.8 AREA OF INTERVENTION). The site is a concrete structure located in a new urban development in the southern periphery between the existing city and the surrounding fields.

Figure 5.4 and Fig. 5.1 shows the location of the site and some recent images of the place whereas Fig. 5.2 reproduces a piece of the residential master plan including the location of the structure. Figure 5.10 an 5.11 (see next page) contains some pictures taken from inside the structure which give the reader an idea of how empty and lifeless the surrounding area has resulted.

The construction (that was initiated by a local development company in 2006) was paralyzed in 2007 due to the burst of the property bubble. In 2010, following the crash of the development company the banks took possession of the structure which has remained unused up to present.

Fig. 5.1: Site access. View from Calle Río Llobregat

The original design was intended for 76 dwellings of ten different typologies between 65m2 and 125m2 and a parking area for 160 parking spots (see Fig. 5.5). When the construction froze, only the concrete structure comprising the parking area, the staircases and some masonry walls around them had been completed.

Calle Río Llobregat

At the moment, the site is a bare concrete structure of nine floors and a total floor area of 6670 m2 (without including the parking area) governed by an irregularly distributed grid of columns. Figure 5.3 illustrates the size and area of the floor plan.

Fig. 5.2: Site location and residential master plan V 38

Fig. 5.3: Site floor plan (area and dimensions)

Architectural Association School of Architecture

MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2012-2014

“CRISIS Architecture. Colonizing existing concrete skeletons�

Fig. 5.4: Site panoramic view and location of Sensal (new urban development)

Fig. 5.5: Original design of the building (proposed in 2005).

Architectural Association School of Architecture

V 39

CHAPTER VI: Design application

6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL HYPOTHESIS

Based on the fieldwork the first environmental hypothesis started to arise.

It was observed that during summer the temperature inside the structure remained quite stable staying within comfort throughout the daily cycle. Therefore, the design application should preserve this microclimate during this period of the year. In order to benefit from the environmental potential of the concrete the units must be coupled to the slab. In this way, during the warm period, the concrete slab would work as a thermal moderator steadily absorbing extra heat from the internal gains over the daytime and releasing it during the night hours when the outdoor temperature drops and night ventilation is implemented.

However, during the cold season, the outdoor temperature remains below comfort with averages ranging between 5ยบC and 15ยบC. Therefore an adaptive envelope should be provided in order to bring the temperature inside the structure closer to comfort.

In this way an adaptable skin would work as a solar collector during this period, letting the concrete absorb heat from the solar radiation during the daytime and release it during the night hours when the outdoor temperature drops keeping the temperature inside the units more stable and significantly warmer. Moreover, the existence of this transitional space between the skin and the dwellings would allow the possibility to preheat the air that needs to be introduced inside the dwellings for ventilation.

Figure 6.4 and Fig. 6.6 depicts the environmental hypothesis described above.

Fig. 6.4: Environmental hypothesis. Skin (cold and hot periodds)

6.3 SKIN As it has been previously explained, the main target of the envelope is to create a transitional space between the units and the outdoors. The temperature increase in this area in relation with the outdoors would allow the use of the space along the cold period apart from providing a thermal buffer for the dwellings. Furthermore the skin would house the temporary facilities that the intervention will require and provide architectural quality to the whole changing entirely the hostile aspect of the bare concrete structure.

As Fig. 6.5 and Fig. 6.7 illustrate, the envelope is materialized as a retractable skin that can be totally opened during the hot period maintaining the microclimate that was detected during the fieldwork and closed during the cold period in order to reduce the overall heat loss.

Single glazing and polycarbonate were selected as the two main materials to form this building element due to the following reasons: cost restrictions, their life-cycle and the target of finding a balance between the views and the overall thermal performance. As Fig. 6.8 the optimum proportions for these materials (1/3 for single glazing and 2/3 for polycarbonate) were defined through the following analytic work.

Fig. 6.5: Retractable skin. Floor plan VI 48

Architectural Association School of Architecture

“CRISIS Architecture. Colonizing existing concrete skeletons�

SUMMER

WINTER

MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2012-2014

Fig. 6.6: Environmental hypothesis. Units (cold and hot periods)

Fig. 6.8: Balance between views (single glazing) and thermal performance (polycarbonate). Result from skin analysis.

Fig. 6.7: Adaptability of the skin Architectural Association School of Architecture

VI 49

CHAPTER VI: Design application

6.4 UNITS 6.4.1 DESIGN RESTRICTIONS

The design of the units was restricted by the built form of the existing structure (see Fig. 6.23).

Additionally, cost restrictions required the design of a modular system of units comprising a reduced number of different elements. Furthermore, the temporary nature of the proposal demanded a flexible system allowing the variation of the unit according to the following parameters: modification, addition and substitution (see Fig. 6.26).

Modification represents the idea of an adaptable indoor space that could be modified according to the users’ preferences.

Addition depicts the possibility for the unit to be extended or reduced according to the inhabitants’ demands. Finally, substitution considers the opportunity for a unit to be either removed or replaced by a new one.

The space constraints, cost restrictions, building regulations (see Fig. 6.24), flexibility requirements together with the investigation of minimum spaces (see Appendices B and C) led to the design of a square module of 12.9m2 (see Fig. 6.27) that due to the irregular structural grid was only able to fit in two strips facing east and west respectively leaving the rest of the space as communal area (see Fig. 6.25). However, this fact was considered as positive from the economical perspective since both orientations require similar design configurations consequently leading to a simpler design. Furthermore the existence a large communal area which promotes social interaction among the inhabitants was also considered as beneficial.

Fig. 6.25: Suitable area of the floor plan VI 56

Fig. 6.23: Space restrictions (stairs, columns, voids and spans)

Fig. 6.24: Spanish regulations with according to minimum spaces.

Fig. 6.26: Flexibility requirements Architectural Association School of Architecture

MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2012-2014

“CRISIS Architecture. Colonizing existing concrete skeletons”

6.4.2 LAYOUT AND FLEXIBILITY Figure 6.27 illustrates the modular unit of 3.6m x 3.6m based on a square grid of 60 by 60cm in plan and section. This proportion was considered to suit residential design requirements according to the following reasons. Firstly, most of the appliances available in the market have a depth of 60cm. Secondly, pieces of furniture such as sofas have also a depth of 60cm whereas shelves and cupboards are usually 30cm or 40cm deep (1/2 and 2/3 of the modular grid). Thirdly, doors and other spaces such as hallways have a width of 90cm (1 and ½ of the modular grid).

12.9m2

The square form leads to simplicity making all the walls have the same size resulting in cost reduction. Each wall is formed by three panels and its configuration varies depending on the orientation. In addition, the coupling of the units to the concrete slab (apart from the environmental benefits that it provides) also contributes to further reduce the cost of the intervention.

Fig. 6.27: Modular unit (12.6m2). Floor plan and section.

Figure 6.28 shows the reduced number of different elements that the system comprises. Firstly, the slab connectors which are designed as transitional elements meant to link the vertical panels to the concrete slab. Secondly, the party walls formed by opaque elements and the external walls made of four different kinds of panels. Thirdly, the floor system which comprises a set of metal feet and beams besides the floor panels.

Finally, the bathrooms, kitchens and storage elements which are considered as pieces of furniture that can be easily adapted to the users’ layout preferences contributing to the flexible nature of the proposal.

Fig. 6.28: Building elements of the modular system.

Architectural Association School of Architecture

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CHAPTER VI: Design application

0 1 2 3 4 5

Fig. 6.69: Commercial and public spaces (ground floor).

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Architectural Association School of Architecture

10m

MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2012-2014

“CRISIS Architecture. Colonizing existing concrete skeletons�

As Fig. 6.69 shows, the ground floor comprises commercial and public spaces which apart from providing diversity to the intervention would also attract visitors to the area reactivating this deserted part of the city. The lowcost commercial spots would be rented by small local businesses (cafes, food stores, newsagents, etc.). As for the outdoor area, the public space is shaped by different combinations of recycled pallets. Due to the economic recession, many local manufacture companies (mainly those ones related to the ceramic tiles sector) have a large surplus of pallets which remain unused and this intervention would offer a great opportunity for them to be utilized. Built precedents such as the Urban Coffee Farm for the Melbourne Food and Wine Festival provide evidence of how these elements can deliver different space configurations enriching the outdoor space diversity. In addition, the flexible nature of these elements enables the space to change thus making possible to host exhibitions or other social events.

Figure 6.71 shows the space for energy production located on the roof of the structure. Technical information related to the solar panels can be found in the next chapter (see 7.2 RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS).

0 1 2 3 4

Fig. 6.70: Commercial spaces and energy production area

5

10m

Fig. 6.71: Energy production (roof)

Architectural Association School of Architecture

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CHAPTER VI: Design application

Figure 6.77 shows different configurations of the retractable skin maximizing the adaptability of this element.

As it can be seen in the floor plans the modularity of the envelope follows the grid that governs the design of the residential units. In this way the distribution of single glazing and polycarbonate panels (which resulted in 1/3 and 2/3 respectively according to the analytic work presented previously) follows the window configuration of the dwellings. Therefore, single glazing panels are always opposite to the windows enhancing the views from the units whereas polycarbonate panels face opaque timber frame construction.

0

0.25

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1m

Half of the units are oriented to the south-east whereas the rest faces north-west. Simulations were run in order to assess the impact of direct solar radiation on these orientations. Two thirds of the panels are made of polycarbonate so when the skin is retracted the two layers of polycarbonate act as vertical louvers making solar transmission almost negligible. However, in the case of single glazing panels, solar protection should be implemented taking into consideration cost constraints. In this way, each set of panels contain a protective opaque screen which can be released in the interior making the set work as a vertical shading device.

0

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5m

Fig. 6.77: Diagram showing different skin configurations.

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Architectural Association School of Architecture

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CHAPTER VI: Design application

Fig. 6.79: View from the plot located to the east of the site (architectural proposal and current scenario). 21st March, 9:00h.

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Architectural Association School of Architecture

VI 89

CHAPTER VI: Design application

Fig. 6.82: View from Calle RĂ­o Llobregat (architectural proposa). 21st March, 9:00h.

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“CRISIS Architecture. Colonizing existing concrete skeletons”

Fig. 6.83: View from Calle Río Llobregat (architectural proposa). 21st December, 9:00

Architectural Association School of Architecture

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CHAPTER VI: Design application

21st June, 15:00h

21st December, 15:00h

Fig. 6.88: Interior view 3. 21st June and 21st December, 15:00.

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Architectural Association School of Architecture

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21st June, 12:00h

21st December, 12:00h

Fig. 6.89: Interior view 4. 21st June and 21st December, 12:00.

Architectural Association School of Architecture

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MArch SED dissertation projects

Respite Architecture: an intervention to sustain fishermen’s livelihood

February 2014 Harshini Sampathkumar

Architectural Association / Graduate School MArch Sustainable Environmental Design

MArch SED dissertation projects

passive aggression: low energy cooling in Los Angeles

February 2012 Dana Bryan

Figure 1.1: Willis Carrier, Inventor of contemporary air conditioning systems, introduces his 68° F igloo at the 1939 World’s Fair (Source: Wikipedia 2011)

Figure 1.2: The windcatchers of Hyderabad Sindh, circa 1928 (Source: Pakistan Defense 2011)

humans have historically inhabited hot climates, and thus passive cooling strategies have long existed in the vernacular architecture of the Middle East and parts of Asia (Figure 1.2). Though the outcome of such ancient systems may fall short on current comfort demands, contemporary technology can be implemented in concert with these basic strategies in order to amplify the eīects of one of the most promising strategies for low energy cooling: downdraught evaporaƟve cool towers, or DECTs. DECTs rely on the simple physics of the evaporaƟon of water to generate cool air. This is a process in which airborne water drops are converted from sensible heat into latent heat at a constant wet bulb temperature, as the energy required for the water drops to change phase into vapour extracts heat from the air. This process ulƟmately converts hot, dry air into cool, damp air which falls due to its relaƟve weight, creaƟng a downdraught. Indeed, the potenƟal of evaporaƟve cooling is promising: the evaporaƟon of 1 litre of water is capable of cooling approximately 200 cubic metres of air by 10°C (Santamouris, 2007).

PASSIVE AGGRESSION: LOW ENERGY COOLING IN LOS ANGELES 6

Figure 1.3: Map of California with average temp. change over the last decade, graph of temp.change over the last century (Source: NASA)

Figure 1.4: Aerial photo of CalTrans Headquarters indowntown Los Angeles, highlighting HVAC system on roof

food from regions over 350 kilometres to the north, and the sprawling urban plan and subsequently inadequate public transportaƟon network yield the necessity of car travel and traĸc. This accounts for the city’s notorious omnipresence of smog, the inimical result of heat and vehicle exhaust. In an increasingly warmer planet, the cooling load of L.A.’s buildings will only increase, as can be surmised from Figure 1.3 which shows a Ɵmeline of the annual mean temperature of the city geƫng progressively higher.

PASSIVE AGGRESSION: LOW ENERGY COOLING IN LOS ANGELES 8

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AUG

SEP

OCT

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NOV DEC/JAN FEB MAR APR 0% 1% 2% 3% 3%

MAY 6%

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SEP 17%

JUL 25%

AUG 23%

Figure 4.3: Cooling load percentage by month, from base case (TAS)

NW

NE

7째

Figure 4.4: Angles of the urban grid of downtown Los Angeles

SHALLOW PLAN, EXTERNAL STACKS

EXTERNAL STACKS; STAGGERED TO ENCOURAGE FLOW

CHAMFER BUILDING TO ENABLE AIRFLOW

PLACE IN SITE, DOUBLE VOLUME

GROUND FLOOR RETAIL ADDED, OFFICES RAISED TO CREATE MICROCLIMATE

INFILL REMAINING AREA WITH SITE AMENITIES

Figure 6.1: Diagram of building form generation based on analytic work and environmental factors

CAR PARK

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Figure 6.2: Ground floor plan

PASSIVE AGGRESSION: LOW ENERGY COOLING IN LOS ANGELES 76

Core / Closed offices Open plan offices Retail / Cafes Terrace

Stack in/Stack out

Cross ventilation

Shallow Towers : Open-plan offices

Tower Cores: Common areas and facilities T

Figure 6.4: Diagram showing various methods of natural ventilation throughout the building

SOUTH

NORTH

Figure 6.3: Diagram showing the designation of various program elements

EAST

WEST Figure 6.5: Incident solar radiation relative to each facade.

Figure 6.6: Expanded steel mesh shading

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Figure 6.9: Section showing two intake modes for northern facade, and exhaust strategy on south facade via solar chimneys

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FRESH AIR MODE PASSIVE AGGRESSION: LOW ENERGY COOLING IN LOS ANGELES

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4

5

6 7

15

13

Figure 6.10: Detail section of DECT integrated with northern double-skin facade PASSIVE AGGRESSION: LOW ENERGY COOLING IN LOS ANGELES 88

OPEN PLAN OFFICE

Figure 6.11: Diagrammatic section showing alternal section with plenum to accommodate a cellular office organisation

Figure 6.12: Floorplan showing cellular offices placed on the north side of the plan and fresh air flow through them

Figure 6.13: Floorplan showing plan adaptability for compartmentalisation

PASSIVE AGGRESSION: LOW ENERGY COOLING IN LOS ANGELES 90

7.3 VENTILATION & AIR MOVEMENT The rate of air Ňow through the building apertures indicates the eīects of the downdraught, buoyancy, as well as wind. The secƟon in Įgure 7.6 illustrates the Ňow rates at 13:00 on a summer day as indicated in the thermal analysis simulaƟons. The top Ňoor of the 3-Ňoor local unit’s inlet Ňow rate equals its outlet. However, the lower Ňoors have a Ňow imbalance wherein the outlet Ňow is greater than the inlet Ňow, meaning that at the two lower Ňoors of the unit there is some backŇow. This backŇow condiƟon, though always a marginal amount, was noted at diīerent points throughout the year. It is hypothesised, however, that in an actual scenario the downdraught would increase air velocity due to the fricƟon of water drops as they fall, a phenomenon noted by Erell (2007). This greater force that is more realisƟc than the simulaƟon could prevent backŇow in an actual scenario. Figure 7.5 is a CFD simulaƟon of the same summer day which only requires PDEC and no addiƟonal cooling with air velocity values given an outdoor wind speed of .6m/s. It can be observed that velociƟes are higher on the upper Ňoors due to the lower Ňoors providing the most fricƟon from surfaces before air can reach them. AddiƟonally, Įgure 7.5 illustrates the exhaust vents’ ability to extract hot, viƟated air with the area of slightly higher velocity at the ceiling level.

DAY 185 at 13:00, AIR VELOCITY (m/s)

.53 .46 .14 .62 .38 .14 .57

.14 .53

Figure 7.5: CFD (Ambiens) simulation of air velocities (in m/s) during PDEC application on a summer day

109

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DAY 185, 13:00

4.4 kg/s

4.4 kgs/s

4.9 kg/s

4.7 kgs/s

5.3 kg/s

5.2 kgs/s

Figure 7.6: Air flow rates for a summer day at the various apertures of the ventilation stacks and occupied spaces

PASSIVE AGGRESSION: LOW ENERGY COOLING IN LOS ANGELES 110

6.5 DESIGN OUTCOME

93 DESIGN APPLICATION

FIGURE 6.15: AERIAL VIEW OF BUILDING IN SITE

PASSIVE AGGRESSION: LOW ENERGY COOLING IN LOS ANGELES 9

N

FIGURE 6.18: BUILDING FROM SOUTHWEST APPROACH

PASSIVE AGGRESSION: LOW ENERGY COOLING IN LOS ANGELES 98

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FIGURE 6.20: VIEW OF ROOF-LEVEL GARDEN SHOWING INLETS AND EXHAUST STACKS

PASSIVE AGGRESSION: LOW ENERGY COOLING IN LOS ANGELES 102

Architectural Association / Graduate School MArch Sustainable Environmental Design

MArch SED dissertation projects

office building typology in continental mediterranean climate

February 2013 Tomas Sweet Amenabar

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Architectural Association School of Architecture

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Architectural Association School of Architecture

Architectural Association / Graduate School MArch Sustainable Environmental Design

MArch SED dissertation projects

cool workspaces a digital creative industry hub in Malta

February 2012 Herman Calleja

AA E&E Sustainable Environmental Design: Cool Workspaces

7.2 SITE SELECTION AND CONSIDERATIONS The site (Figure 7.1) has been through various events that led to the current disuse of the area. Prior to the insertion of the docklands he area is known to have been a highly prestigious site. During the nineteenth century and a major part of the twentieth the site has been at the centre of the docklands area. The blooming ship maintenance industry eventually occupied all the coastline depriving the Cospicua inhabitants from access to the sea and exposing the citizens to the industry pollution. During the Second World War the harbour cities were heavily bombarded causing further damage. In the 1979 the British navy left the island and thereafter activity in the dockyards declined. Today the industry had left the eastern dock (Dock No.1) and the site fell in disuse (Figure 7.4).

Located on the site of a demolished market (Figure 7.3), surrounded on both sides by 33 docklands and at the entrance gate of Senglea the site has a strong historical character .

Furthermore the site is in the location of the previous line of fortification.

The site along with the area marked in Fig 7.2 and Fig 7.3 are meant to be a part of a large regeneration scheme. No function or programme has been yet assigned to the area by the authorities. Allowing the area to be used by the creative industry is one of the potential scenarios since it may offer both employment and entertainment opportunities especially at coastline level.

FIGURE 7.1 The site; the location of the former St.Paul’s Market in Cospicua

FIGURE 7.2 The site, the located between two docks (after Google Maps, 2011)

FIGURE 7.3 The former dockyard prior to World War II. Site in red boundary (after Architecture Project Report, 2010)

FIGURE 7.4 The current state of the site (Source: Asia Ejsmont, 2007)

AA E&E Sustainable Environmental Design: Cool Workspaces

FIGURE 7.12

110

FIGURE 7.13

111

AA E&E Sustainable Environmental Design: Cool Workspaces

7.6 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

FIGURE 7.14 The flow through the building indicating also the roof ponds locations.

Figure 7.14 illustrates the building concept development and the resulting main route through the building. The evolution of a courtyard (Figure 7.16) as indicated in Fig. 7.13 may allow all the workspaces to have easier access to daylighting. Furthermore the development provides a central outdoor space for informal outdoor working.

Since the site has a north-south orientation, inclined south facing elevations where sculpted (Figure 7.15) on the eastern faรงade in order to allow the formation of solar chimneys (Figure7.17). Since the predominant wind is the northwest the chimney has two exhaust outlets; one to the east and another to the south (Figure7.18). This allows the chimney to function even on days when the wind is coming from northeast or south-western directions thus increasing the robustness of the strategy.

FIGURE 7.15 South facing faรงade from an east-facing faรงade.

FIGURE 7.16

FIGURE 7.17

FIGURE 7.18

AA E&E Sustainable Environmental Design: Cool Workspaces

FIGURE 7.19 Schematic plans of the proposed hub Figure 7.19 depicts schematic plans of the four levels of the building. The red markings illustrate the solar chimney within the plan

114

FIGURE 7.21 East faรงade shading studies FIGURE 7.21 East faรงade shading studies

FIGURE 7.22 East faรงade sun path diagram

AA E&E Sustainable Environmental Design: Cool Workspaces

FIGURE 7.23 Radiance Render of the Stepped Lounge

120

FIGURE 7.24

June 21 at 10:00

FIGURE 7.25

FIGURE 7.26 The Stepped Lounge Figure 7.23 indicates the solar penetration for: June 21 at 10:00; March 21 at 10:00 and December 21 at 10:00. Only 2.5 hours of sun are available in winter (since the faรงade is east

GURE 7.28

Shading device study stage 1

FIGURE 7.28

Shading device study stage 1

FIGURE 7.29

The elevation of the office space

FIGURE 7.32 Shading device final stage June 21 09.00 am

FIGURE 7.33 Shading device final stage December 21 09.00 am

AA E&E Sustainable Environmental Design: Cool Workspaces

7.7.3

COURTYARD

The courtyard, located at the heart of the building (Figure 7.36) may serve as an outdoor working space or an informal meeting area. The north-south orientation of the site allows direct solar radiation access in winter (Figure 7.38). However the summer scenario is less pleasant due to the high solar altitude (Figure 7.37).

In order to provide an adaptive solar protection solution that may still allow night time radiant cooling (due to the low night time sky temperature) a collapsible fabric shading device was installed over the courtyard (Figure 7.39; Figure 7.40; Figure 7.43). During the night the courtyard floor facing the sky emits the heat absorbed during the day and therefore cools down. This would subsequently lower the mean radiant temperature of the floor for the following day.

FIGURE 7.36 The central courtyard

FIGURE 7.37

Courtyard 21 June 12:00

FIGURE 7.39

Closed fabric shading device

FIGURE 7.40 Open fabric shading device

FIGURE 7.38 Courtyard 21 Dec 12:00

AA E&E Sustainable Environmental Design: Cool Workspaces

In order to assess the predicted comfort during winter Rayman 1.2 (Matzarakis, 2000) was utilised. Solar radiation data beneath the shading device was obtained from Ecotect. The air flow speed was obtained from a WinAir run (Figure 7.41). Table 7.1 illustrates the data for the scenario where no roof pond is present in the courtyard. Table 7.2 indicated the data result from inserting the roof pond.

For the simulation where a roof pond is inserted in order to simulate the roof pond part of the courtyard floor was kept at 23C (the roof pond temperature) and the MRT was recalculated using the data from TAS. The outcome of the space performance is illustrated in Figure 7.44 indicating a PET within the comfort range throughout the day on a typical warm summer day.

INPUT

Solar Radiation [ECOTECT] Wind Velocity [WINAIR]

OUTPUT

Resulting PET in RAYMAN

INPUT

09:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

W/m2

15

124

165

125

53

27

22

17

12

m/s

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

28.1

29.8

28.5

28.3

29.8

30.3

29.8

28.9

28



Table 7.1 Data inserted in RayMan [No roof pond scenario]

INPUT INPUT INPUT OUTPUT

Solar Radiation [ECOTECT] Wind Velocity [WINAIR] MRT from TAS Resulting PET in RAYMAN

09:00

10:00

11:00

12:00

13:00

14:00

15:00

16:00

17:00

W/m2

15

124

165

125

53

27

22

17

12

m/s

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5



28.1

28.9

24.7

24.1

24.4

24.8

25.1

24.4

23.2

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27.6

29

28

28.3

29.3

29.9

29.8

29

27.9

Table 7.2 Data inserted in RayMan [Roof pond scenario]

FIGURE 7.41 WinAir courtyard simulation

FIGURE 7.42 Site Section

FIGURE 7.43 Courtyard solar control

FIGURE 7.44

Courtyard Thermal Comfort Analysis

FIGURE FIGURE 7.47 7.47 The The Hub Hub

FIGURE 7.48 A shard of stone pointing towards Senglea city

FIGURE 7.48 A shard of stone pointing towards Senglea city

134

134

FIGURE 7.49 The Entrance to the site

FIGURE 7.50 Sectional rendering

FIGURE 7.51 Sectional Perspective

Architectural Association / Graduate School MArch Sustainable Environmental Design

MArch SED dissertation projects

sustainable city blocks urban microclimate, building envelope and program

February 2012 Noah Czech

Dissertation Format

Figure 1.4.1 Urban Microclimates Software: Rhino, Ecotect, AutoCAD

Figure 1.4.2 Building Envelope Software: AutoCAD

Figure 1.4.3 Occupant Scale Software: Rhino, AutoCAD

Figure 1.4.4 Transition Spaces Software: AutoCAD

Figure 1.4.5 Program Access Source: Rhino, AutoCAD

13

oblems es nd Building Use velope

ement

block model in Denver, Colorado (U.S.A.) is unsustainthe environmental parameters of energy consumption mfort (Fig. 2.1.2), urban vitality (Fig 2.1.3) and building ity blocks can become sustainable, but only by designfunction together. The most effective way to create ÂżUVW XQGHUVWDQG HDFK RI LWV SDUDPHWHUV LQ GHWDLO 2QFH e parameters can be strategically recombined, resulting ge both through space and over time. The outcome is a RFFXSDQWV ERWK HFRQRPLFDOO\ DQG VRFLDOO\ IRU OLYLQJ The interconnected nature of the environmental system future changes in living and working patterns that would of the sustainable city block.

Figure 2.1.1 Energy Consumption Source: Noah Czech

Figure 2.1.2 Occupant Comfort Source: Noah Czech

Figure 2.1.3 Urban Vitality Source: Noah Czech

Figure 2.1.4 Building Adaptability Source: Noah Czech

6.1.2 North South Canyon Orientation 6.2 Building Envelopes 6.2.1 Occupant View 6.2.2 Daylight 6.2.3 Solar Transmission and Shading 6.2.4 Ventilation and Thermal Mass

6.3.2 Program Mixing 6.3.3 Pedestrian Circul

6.1 Urban Canyon Microclimates Physically, urban microclimates are the spaces between buildings.

Socially, they are the places pedestrians interact with each other and the city.

Environmentally, urban microclimates are often overlooked and left to chance in their ability to provide pedestrian comfort (Fig. 6.1.1).

'XH WR 'HQYHUÂśV SUR[LPLW\ WR WKH 5RFN\ 0RXQWDLQV DQG LWV PRVWO\ FOHDU skies, the people of Denver are motivated to be outdoors in all seasons. Earlier research in Sections 2.3 and 5.3 has shown that two distinct urban microclimates are formed in the typical 24m wide street, and that a H:W ratio of 1.0 does not permit enough radiation in for winter comfort, nor does it block enough radiation for summer comfort.

The parameters being analyzed for their effects on pedestrian comfort in urban microclimates are wind attenuation and redirection, solar obstruction and UHĂ€HFWLRQ DQG PDWHULDO SURSHUWLHV $OVR LPSRUWDQW LQ GHWHUPLQLQJ FRPIRUW LQ WKH urban microclimate is the occupants metabolic rate (or activity) and their level of clothing. The problem that needs to be addressed for Denver urban microclimates are controlling shortwave radiation so it is available in the winter and obstructed LQ WKH VXPPHU NHHSLQJ DGHTXDWH XUEDQ FDQ\RQ OLJKW OHYHOV DQG LQFUHDVLQJ WKH number of hours a day that pedestrians have the ability to be comfortable outside.

Figure 6.1.1 U Software: AutoC

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1.1.1 East West Canyon Orientation Software: AutoCAD

6.1.1 East West Canyon Orientation This analysis is a study of the microclimate created by an east-west RULHQWDWHG XUEDQ FDQ\RQ )LJ 7KURXJK PRGLÂżFDWLRQV WR WKH FDQ\RQÂśV JHometry the number of comfort hours available to pedestrians will be increased for both winter and summer. The area of pedestrian space that comfort is available will also be increased.

The basecase for this microclimate analysis is an urban canyon that has a width of 10.5m and an adjacent building height of 21m (Fig. 6.1.1.4). This creates H:W ratio of 2.0. The parameters that are constant in this simulation are the canyon orientation (east-west), the pedestrian path width (10.5m), and the height of the surrounding buildings (21m). The variable parameters for this simulation are the adjacent building façade angles, skyview factor, day of the year, and the occupant’s metabolic rate and clothing level.

7KH UHVXOWV RI WKH LQFLGHQW UDGLDWLRQ RQ WKH ÀRRU RI WKH EDVHFDVH FDQ\RQ (Fig. 6.1.1.5) show the typical radiation levels for an east-west orientated canyon.

High levels of summer radiation and negligible radiation levels during midseaVRQ DQG ZLQWHU GXH WR RYHUVKDGRZLQJ FDQ EH REVHUYHG %\ WLOWLQJ ERWK WKH 1RUWK and South facing canyon walls toward the South 45° there is an important shift of incident radiation away from the summer and into the midseason and part of ZLQWHU 7R FRQWLQXH WLOWLQJ WKH 1RUWK IDFLQJ IDoDGH WRZDUG WKH 6RXWK JUDGXDOO\ PRUH UDGLDWLRQ LV OHW LQWR WKH XUEDQ FDQ\RQ ÀRRU ZKHQ WKH ZLQWHU VXQ LV ORZHVW LQ WKH VN\ %\ WLOWLQJ ERWK IDFDGHV WRZDUG WKH 6RXWK WKH 1RUWK IDFLQJ FDQ\RQ wall 65° from vertical (25°) and the South facing canyon wall 45° from vertiFDO PD[LPXP LQFLGHQW UDGLDWLRQ FDQ EH JXDUDQWHHG IRU WKH XUEDQ FDQ\RQ ÀRRU LQ winter with minimum incident radiation in summer (Fig. 6.1.1.2). The radiation peaks in March and October are also advantageous because those are the months that pedestrian are eager to be outside from a long winter or not willing to put full winter clothing on because of a late summer.

The same results can be used to bring vignettes of solar radiation to D 1RUWK RU SDUWLDOO\ 1RUWK H[WHULRU VLGHZDON RI D FLW\ EORFN )LJ 7KH radiation levels would not be as consistent as the continuous urban canyon but for a few hours a day, winter comfort levels on the cold side of the street would be ideal.

Figure 6.1.1.2 Internal Pedestrian Path Software: AutoCAD

Figure 6.1.1.3 ([WHUQDO 3HGHVWULDQ 3DWK Software: AutoCAD Canyon Angle (2 : 1 Height to Width Ratio) Average Daily Incident Radiation / Month Orientation: East West

Wh/m2

South 90° North 90°

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Chapter 6

6.2.2 Daylight

'D\OLJKW LV PHDVXUHG LQ ERWK TXDQWLW\ DQG TXDOLW\ IRU RFFXSDQW FRPIRUW 7KH TXDQWLW\ RI GD\OLJKW UHTXLUHG IRU D VSDFH LV GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH SURJUDP RFFXS\LQJ WKDW VSDFH DQG WKH WDVN EHLQJ SHUIRUPHG 7KH TXDOLW\ RI GD\OLJKW IRU D WDVN LV PXFK PRUH VXEMHFWLYH ,W LV LQÀXHQFH E\ WKH GLIIHUHQFH LQ OLJKWLQJ OHYHOV seen in transitioning from one space to another, and also the difference in levels EHWZHHQ WKH WDVN SODQH DQG WKH ¿HOG RI YLHZ %RWK RI WKHVH DUH FDWHJRUL]HG DV FRQWUDVW DQG VKRXOG EH DYRLGHG WR PDLQWDLQ WKH TXDOLW\ RI GD\OLJKW 7ZR VLPXODtions have been completed for the daylight analysis of the building envelope. The ¿UVW LV D FRPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ WKH GD\OLJKWLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH RI YHUWLFDO ZLQGRZV DQG VN\OLJKWV 7KH VHFRQG VLPXODWLRQ ORRNV PRUH VSHFL¿FDOO\ DW WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV for lighting spaces at different levels within a city block.

7KH EDVHFDVH YROXPH IRU WKH ¿UVW GD\OLJKW VLPXODWLRQ LV D VSDFH ZLWK 2 100m P [ P RI ÀRRU DUHD DQG P ÀRRU WR FHLOLQJ KHLJKW 7KH WHVW SODQH LV DW GHVN KHLJKW P DERYH ÀRRU OHYHO DQG WKH TXDQWLWDWLYH OLJKWLQJ OHYHO UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU D W\SLFDO RI¿FH LV XVHG ± OX[ VHH 6HFWLRQ 7KH GHVLJQ VN\ LOOXPLQDQFH LV OX[ DQG LV D XQLIRUP RYHUFDVW VN\ FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ WKH 7UHgenza formula. The variable parameters are the windows and skylights. Each can KDYH D XQLTXH JOD]LQJ DUHD ORFDWLRQ LQ WKH ZDOO RU URRI 7KH QXPEHU RI DSHUWXUHV LV DOVR ÀH[LEOH %HFDXVH RI 'HQYHU¶V UDSLGO\ FKDQJLQJ ZHDWKHU FRQGLWLRQV VHH Section 3.1) cloud cover is highly variable. The uniform overcast sky is only a representation of the worst case scenario cloudy day, and if the sky was clear the OX[ OHYHOV DQG VXEVHTXHQW JODUH ZRXOG EH VXEVWDQWLDOO\ KLJKHU IURP GLUHFW VXQlight. This issue is analyzed in the second daylight simulation below.

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Figure 6.2.2.4 +RUL]RQWDO *OD]LQJ /X[ /HYHOV Software: Ecotect

Chapter 6

Figure 6.2.3.1 City Block Orientation Software: AutoCAD

6.2.3 Solar Transmission and Shading

In Denver, heating is needed during winter months for each of the buildLQJ SURJUDPV DQDO\]HG 6L[ PRQWKV RI WKH \HDU JHQHUDOO\ UHTXLUH KHDWLQJ 2FWREHU through March (see Section 5.4). The consistent and high level of solar radiation throughout the year is an important part of heat collection to reduce heating loads DQG VKDGLQJ WR UHGXFH RYHU KHDWLQJ ORDGV 7KH VLPXODWLRQ LV ORRNLQJ WR PD[LPL]H WKH HIÂżFLHQF\ RI VRODU JDLQV E\ NHHSLQJ WKH DQJOH RI LQFLGHQFH DV ORZ DV SRVVLEOH ZLWK D Âż[HG KHDW FROOHFWLRQ V\VWHP -XVW DV LPSRUWDQW DV RSWLPL]LQJ KHDW FROOHFWLRQ LQ ZLQWHU LV VKDGLQJ WKH FROOHFWLRQ DUHD LQ VXPPHU 7KH VSHFLÂżF WLPH IRU KHDW collection and heat shading is analyzed, as well as the orientation and tilt of the JOD]LQJ 7KH XOWLPDWH JRDO RI WKH DQDO\VLV LV WR PD[LPL]H WKH HIÂżFLHQF\ RI Âż[HG architectural components for heat collection and solar shading.

%DVHG RQ WKH H[LVWLQJ FLW\ EORFN RULHQWDWLRQ )LJ WKHUH DUH WKUHH basecase orientations for winter heat collection; south-east for morning collection, south for midday collection, and south-west for afternoon collection. The southeast (morning) and south-west (afternoon) orientations are treated as one mirror LPDJH VLPXODWLRQ 7KH KHLJKW RI WKH JOD]LQJ FROOHFWRU ; P LV WKH RQO\ SDrameter that is constant for these simulations. The variables are the orientation of the collector, the tilt of the collector, the spring and fall shading cut-off angle, and the lowest obstruction angle. The goal of this simulation is to develop a formula WKDW FRXOG EH GH¿QHG E\ HLWKHU D JOD]LQJ FROOHFWRU VL]H RU VXUURXQGLQJ GLPHQVLRQV The results of the analysis is presented in groups of parameters, then FRPSLOHG DW WKH HQG *OD]LQJ FROOHFWRU RULHQWDWLRQ DQG WLOW DUH ¿UVW RSWLPL]HG IRU best performance against available radiation levels. Available radiation levels DUH GH¿QHG DV WKH UDGLDWLRQ RQ D VXUIDFH WKDW LV IROORZLQJ WKH VXQ VR WKDW LWV UD\V are always normal to the surface. This minimizes the suns angle of incidence on D VXUIDFH DQG WKHUHIRUH PD[LPL]HV LQWHQVLW\ 7KH PRUQLQJ DQG HYHQLQJ JOD]LQJ collectors performed best with an orientation 50° south of east (or south of west) and a 20° from horizontal toward the sky (Fig. 6.2.3.2). The average monthly radiation incident on each glazing collector (with no shading), was about 1660 Wh/ m2 )LJ 7KLV LV D UHVXOW RI HI¿FLHQF\ EDVHG RQ DYDLODEOH UDGLDWLRQ

Figure 6.2.3.2 SE + SW Collector Orientation and Tilt Software: Ecotect

Figure 6.2.3.4 SE + SW Collector Section Software: AutoCAD

Figure 6.2.3.3 South Collector Orientation and Tilt Software: Ecotect

Figure 6.2.3.5 South Collector Section Software: AutoCAD

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Chapter 6

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6.3.2 Program Mixing

'\QDPLF PL[LQJ RI SURJUDP ZLWKLQ WKH FLW\ EORFN FDQ EH DFKLHYHG ORJLFDOO\ $ EDVLF KLHUDUFK\ RI IRUP FDQ EH VHHQ E\ GH¿QLQJ VLPSOH UXOHV RI RUJDQL]DWLRQ EDVHG RQ RFFXSDQW UHTXLUHPHQWV WKDW HDFK SURJUDP PXVW IROORZ ,W LV LPSRUWDQW WR QRWH WKDW QRW DOO SURJUDPV FDQ EH PL[HG VXFFHVVIXOO\ LQ DQ\ FLW\ RU FOLPDWH +RZHYHU SUHFHGHQFH KDV VKRZQ WKDW PL[LQJ WKH WKUHH SURJUDPV RI UHWDLO RI¿FH DQG UHVLGHQWLDO FDQ EH GRQH VXFFHVVIXOO\ LQ 'HQYHU¶V XUEDQ IDEULF VHH 6HFWLRQ 7KH LVVXH RI ZKDW OHYHO RI SURJUDP PL[LQJ LV DFFHSWDEOH LV FULWLFDO 7KLV LV EHFDXVH UHVHDUFK GRQH RQ WKH XUEDQ FRQWH[W RI 'HQYHU VKRZV WKDW W\SLFDOO\ SURJUDPV ZLWKLQ D FLW\ EORFN DUH RQO\ PL[HG YHUWLFDOO\ )LJ VR DGGLQJ KRUL]RQWDO PL[LQJ PXVW LPSURYH WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ RI WKH FLW\ EORFN WR EH viable.

A basecase volume has been established to simulate environmental and programmatic parameters. In the following images retail space will be represented as orange, residential (work) will be blue, residential (home) will be light EOXH DQG RI¿FH VSDFHV ZLOO EH ZKLWH 7KH RUJDQL]DWLRQ RI WKH EDVHFDVH FLW\ EORFN volume is composed of two L-shaped buildings that act as a testing environment.

7KH WHVWLQJ HQYLURQPHQW FUHDWHV PXOWLSOH VFHQDULRV WKDW LQÀXHQFH WKH PL[LQJ RI programs within each volume (Fig. 6.3.2.1). The resulting scenarios are split into H[WHULRU DQG LQWHULRU FLW\ EORFN SDUDPHWHUV

7KUHH H[WHULRU SDUDPHWHUV DUH FUHDWHG E\ WKH EDVHFDVH YROXPH H[WHULRU corners, non-permeable elevations, and permeable elevations. Additionally, three interior parameters are created by the basecase volume; an urban path, transition FRUQHUV DQG LQWHULRU FRUQHUV (DFK RI WKHVH H[WHULRU DQG LQWHULRU SDUDPHWHUV ZLOO LQÀXHQFH UXOHV RI RUJDQL]DWLRQ IRU HDFK RI WKH SURJUDPV

7KH SURFHVV RI PL[LQJ UHWDLO RI¿FH DQG UHVLGHQWLDO EHJLQV ZLWK WKH typical vertical stacking found throughout the city that puts retail at ground OHYHO RI¿FHV LQ WKH PLGGOH DQG UHVLGHQWLDO DW WKH WRS 7KHQ EDVHG RQ QHZ UXOHV SURJUDPV EHJLQ WR PLJUDWH WRZDUGV DQG DZD\ IURP WKH GLIIHUHQW H[WHULRU DQG LQWHULRU SDUDPHWHUV FUHDWHG E\ WKH EDVHFDVH YROXPH /RRNLQJ ¿UVW DW H[WHULRU parameters and the relation of retail space to pedestrian access, patterns can be seen. Corners naturally have high levels of pedestrian circulation, so retail spaces ZLOO PLJUDWH FORVHU WR WKHVH H[WHULRU FRUQHU FRQGLWLRQV 3HUPHDEOH HOHYDWLRQV DUH DOVR DFFHSWDEOH IRU UHWDLO VSDFHV EHFDXVH RI WKH FRQÀXHQFH RI SHGHVWULDQ WUDI¿F where people are moving on the city streets, sidewalks and through the permeable elevation. It is important to note that these same locations are not successful for UHVLGHQWLDO VSDFHV 5HVLGHQWLDO XQLWV WHQG WR PLJUDWH DZD\ IURP H[WHULRU FRUQHUV DQG SHUPHDEOH HOHYDWLRQV EHFDXVH RI WKH H[FHVV WUDI¿F DQG SHGHVWULDQ QRLVH 1RQ

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Design Research

permeable facades, however, are acceptable for residential occupation. These areas tend to promote the migration of residential space down from the top level closer to the VWUHHW OHYHO %HFDXVH RI WKH SUR[LPLW\ RI QHDUE\ FRUQHUV remaining in the middle of the non-permeable elevation is important for maintaining residential privacy (Fig.

2I¿FH VSDFH KDV PXFK PRUH ÀH[LELOLW\ WKDQ either retail or residential and therefore can be successful DV LQ¿OO IRU WKH UHPDLQLQJ VSDFH WKDW LV QRW DFFHSWDEOH IRU retail or residential occupants (Fig. 6.3.2.3).

The interior parameters begin with the pedestrian SDWK WKDW ELVHFWV WKH FLW\ EORFN IURP HDVW WR ZHVW 5HWDLO spaces will be successful at these transition points from city street to pedestrian path, and therefore can afford to EH PRUH WKDQ RQH OHYHO LQ KHLJKW DW VSHFL¿F LQWHULRU ORFDtions. For the interior of the pedestrian path orientation DQG VRODU H[SRVXUH IRU SHGHVWULDQV LV QRW DV LPSRUWDQW DV RQ WKH H[WHULRU RI WKH FLW\ EORFN VR UHWDLO FDQ EH FRQWLQXous on both sides of the pedestrian path(Fig. 6.3.2.4). For residential spaces the pathway is an opportunity to move closer to the pedestrian level (Fig. 6.3.2.8). The transition area from street to pathway is still inadvisable for resiGHQWLDO ORZHU WKDQ WKH WRS ÀRRU EXW DW WKH LQWHULRU FRUQHUV of the pathway residential space can move directly above retail to create an entirely new sense of scale for large VFDOH FLW\ EORFNV )LJ $JDLQ VLPLODU WR WKH H[WHULRU SDUDPHWHUV RI¿FH VSDFH LV YHU\ JRRG DW ¿OOLQJ XQXVHG space by retail and residential, however on the interior WKHUH LV PXFK OHVV OHIWRYHU VSDFH WKDQ WKH H[WHULRU

7KH ÂżQDO GLDJQRVWLF RI WKH SURJUDP PL[LQJ analysis is that residential spaces tend to migrate toward calmer pedestrian circulation paths and migrate away IURP EXV\ FLW\ FRUQHUV 5HWDLO VSDFHV PLJUDWH WRZDUG DQG increase in height at most transition corners and pedesWULDQ SDWKZD\V )LJ 7KHVH WZR IDFWV SXVK RIÂżFH VSDFHV WRZDUG WKH RXWVLGH HGJHV DQG H[WHULRU FRUQHUV RI city block developments.

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83

Chapter 6

Figure 6.3.3.1 Diagonal Cross Walk Source: Michael Graham Richard

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84

6.3.3 Pedestrian Circulation and Transition The role of the pedestrian within the urban fabric is to activate the city.

The role of the city is to give pedestrians circulation and gathering options while facilitating access to surrounding buildings. The actual activities that happen within a building have very little to do with pedestrians, aside from the comfort levels they bring in from the outside (see Section 3.3). It is this transition from outside to inside that is an important aspect of this analysis. The Pedestrian Circulation and Transition analysis is being performed to better understand how people typically activate a city block; from entering the block, passing through it, JDWKHULQJ DQG XOWLPDWHO\ DUULYLQJ DW WKHLU ÂżQDO GHVWLQDWLRQ The three categories being analyzed in this section are city block access, pedestrian paths, and transition spaces. The basecase parameters for analyzing WKH FLW\ EORFNÂśV DFFHVV DUH WKH VL]H RI WKH EORFN P [ P [ OHYHOV VXUrounding street widths (24m), and sidewalks (4m). The most intense areas of pedestrian activity for surrounding blocks are separated into summer and winter scenarios. Figures 6.3.3.7 and 6.3.3.8 show the difference between pedestrian summer gathering patterns at north and east facing corners for solar shading, and ZLQWHU JDWKHULQJ SDWWHUQV DW VRXWK DQG ZHVW IDFLQJ FRUQHUV IRU VRODU H[SRVXUH ,W should be noted that in Denver the diagonal crossing system has been used at numerous intersections within the city (Fig. 6.3.3.1). This is different than the W\SLFDO VWUHHW FURVVLQJ WHFKQLTXH ZKHUH SHGHVWULDQV FURVV RQH GLUHFWLRQ DW D WLPH WDNLQJ WXUQV ZLWK WUDIÂżF 7KH GLDJRQDO FURVVZDON VWRSV DOO WUDIÂżF DQG DOORZV pedestrians to cross simultaneously in all directions. This diagonal crossing is the reason that importance is being put on both pedestrian intensity at surrounding corners as well as pedestrian access as city block corners.

The basecase parameters for analyzing pedestrian paths begin at the city block’s four corners. Two types of corner access into the city block, orthogonal (Fig. 6.3.3.10) and diagonal (Fig. 6.3.3.9), have been shown separately, and then PL[HG V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ VKRZLQJ WKH UHVXOWV RI HDFK FRPELQDWLRQ 7KH HDVW ZHVW and nearly east - west orientated paths are considered primary circulation and have widths of 12m. The north-south and nearly north-south orientated paths are considered secondary circulation and have widths of 8m. Once inside the city block, the primary paths would have partial access up or down one level from street level (Fig. 6.3.3.5). This would create three pedestrian levels, each traveling in the same direction. This increases the opportunities for pedestrians to activate second and below grade retail space, similar to the street front escalator used in the remodel of the Denver Dry Goods Building (see Section 4.2). This vertical diversity in the main path also gives additional options for pedestrians to avoid crowds, access or avoid solar radiation, or to separate residential access from main circulation (Fig. 6.3.3.6).

7KH ÂżQDO FDWHJRU\ RI DQDO\VLV LV WKH WUDQVLWLRQ VSDFH 7UDQVLWLRQ VSDFHV have three roles; to physically move pedestrians through a space, to socially bring pedestrian from public spaces, to semi-private and ultimately private spaces,

Figure 6.3.3.6 Path Levels (Perspective) Software: Rhino

DQG ¿QDOO\ WR WKHUPDOO\ WUDQVLWLRQ SHRSOH IURP H[WHULRU temperatures to interior temperatures. It should be noted that the air chambers researched in Section 6.2.4 are being used as transition spaces for each program. The parameters for this transition space analysis are based on WKH QDWXUDO FLUFXODWLRQ GLUHFWLRQV RI HDFK SURJUDP 5HWDLO VSDFH LV DFFHVVHG E\ D ODUJH FHQWUDO ÀRRU DUHD WKDW DOORZV LQGLYLGXDO DFFHVV WR VSHFL¿F UHWDLO VSDFHV LQ DOO GLUHFWLRQV )LJ 2I¿FH VSDFH LV DFFHVVHG E\ D VPDOO ÀRRU area entrance point that moves people vertically through VSDFH WR WKHLU ¿QDO GHVWLQDWLRQ )LJ 5HVLGHQtial space is accessed by a simple horizontal volume that provides personal access at the same level (Fig. 6.3.3.2).

Each of the spaces focuses on transitioning people along the longest natural path to give them the most time at the transition temperature. This will allow them to physically or physiologically adapt to surrounding comfort levels.

The results for each of this section’s analysis are as follows. For city block access, the orthogonal path layout, starting from each of the four city block corners, FUHDWHG WKH KLJKHVW SHUPHDELOLW\ OHYHO IRU DOO H[WHULRU HOevations (Fig. 6.3.3.10). This layout also created the most interior corners and variation in pedestrian and building scale. The variation to this path layout that was most successful, based on previous research, was the east-west path starting from corner 2 with the stepped north-south connection of corners 1 and 3 (Fig. 6.3.3.13). The results of the pedestrian path analysis show that the three path scales are important. However, the smallest 4m width, designed IRU UHVLGHQWLDO RFFXSDQWV SURYHV GLI¿FXOW WR GH¿QH DW WKH same stage as the primary (12m) and secondary (8m) paths. This is because of the change in height needed to access residential spaces at the 4th and 5th levels of the city block. Vertical circulation on the main paths would also need to be developed later because of its dependence RQ WKH ¿QDO RUJDQL]DWLRQ RI SURJUDP The transition space results are based on an averDJH WHPSHUDWXUH EHWZHHQ H[WHULRU DQG LQWHULRU VSDFHV DQG WKH GLUHFWLRQ RI WUDYHO WKDW PD[LPL]HV WKH WLPH WR DGDSW WR these temperatures. However, as noted in previous chapters, comfort is not just air temperature. If a transition space can at least remove direct radiation on a summer GD\ WKH SHUFHLYHG WHPSHUDWXUH ZLOO EH EHWZHHQ WKH H[WHrior and interior perceived temperatures. Likewise, movLQJ IURP D FROG RXWGRRU VSDFH LQ ZLQWHU ZLWK VLJQL¿FDQW wind, to a transition space with minimal wind at the same temperature, also creates a successful transition space.

7KH ÂżQDO GLDJQRVLV IRU 3HGHVWULDQ &LUFXODWLRQ DQG 7UDQVLWLRQ QRWHV WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI DFWLYDWLQJ WKH H[WHULRU corners of a city block, as well as allowing for paths of direct travel through the city block where possible. The ÂżQDO GLDJQRVLV DOVR VKRZV WKDW WKH SURFHVV RI WUDQVLWLRQLQJ IURP H[WHULRU VSDFH WR LQWHULRU VSDFH LV GLIIHUHQW IRU HDFK of the three city block programs, but not solely based on air temperature.

Design Research

Figure 6.3.3.7 Coolest Corners (Summer) Software: AutoCAD

Figure 6.3.3.8 Warmest Corners (Winter) Software: AutoCAD

Figure 6.3.3.9 Diagonal Connection Software: AutoCAD

Figure 6.3.3.10 Orthogonal Connection Software: AutoCAD

Figure 6.3.3.11 Combination 01 Software: AutoCAD

Figure 6.3.3.12 Combination 02 Software: AutoCAD

Figure 6.3.3.13 Combination 03 Software: AutoCAD

Figure 6.3.3.14 Combination 04 Software: AutoCAD

Figure 6.3.3.15 Combination 05 Software: AutoCAD

Figure 6.3.3.16 Combination 06 Software: AutoCAD

85

6SHFL¿FDWLRQV - Orientation: °45 rotation (east of north) 6FDOH P [ P [ P O [ Z [ K

- Pedestrian Paths: East-west (12m wide), north-south (8m wide) - Separate Buildings: 4 (OHYDWLRQ 3HUPHDELOLW\ 1( 6( 6: 1:

- Corners with Direct Access: 3 - Through Access: East-west - Skylight Area: 300m2

Figure 7.1.1 City Block Overview Software: Maxwell Render

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7.3 Interior Spaces Residential

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6N\OLJKW P [ P [ P O [ Z [ depth from roof level) 3URJUDP P [ P [ P O [ Z [ K O OHQJWK RI ³8´ VKDSHG SODQ - Walkway: none - Stairs: none

Figure 7.3.1 5HVLGHQWLDO ,QWHULRU 9LHZ Software: Maxwell Render

90

This view is of a typical residential family unit looking out over the entrance and private courtyard to the residence (Fig. 7.3.1). The entrance is facing south, but can be orientated in any direction with south orientations taking priority. The time frame of the simulation is midmorning on a clear spring day.

0DWHULDOV XVHG LQ WKLV VLPXODWLRQ LQFOXGH GRXEOH SDQH JOD]LQJ IRU H[WHULRU ZLQGRZV DQG VLQJOH SDQH JOD]LQJ IRU WKH WUDQVLWLRQ VSDFH 7KH FHLOLQJ DQG ÀRRU RI WKH WUDQVLWLRQ VSDFH LV FRQFUHWH DQG WKH ÀRRU RI WKH SURJUDP VSDFH LV ZRRG 7KHUH LV QR DUWL¿FLDO OLJKWLQJ XVHG LQ WKLV YLHZ Because of the low occupant density and low internal gains of a residential space, the role of the air chamber as a means to heat or cool the space is not DV LPSRUWDQW DV LQ UHWDLO DQG RI¿FH VSDFHV +RZHYHU WKH SK\VLFDO EHQH¿WV RI GD\OLJKW YLHZ DQG ÀH[LEOH LQGRRU RXWGRRU VSDFH FDQ EH VHHQ LQ WKLV YLHZ %HFDXVH WKH PDMRULW\ RI ÀRRU DUHD VXUURXQGV WKH VN\OLJKW GD\OLJKW LV HYHQO\ GLVWULEXWHG throughout the unit. Because of this layout, the large central glazing area can be XVHG IRU YLHZV RXW IURP DOO DUHDV RI WKH XQLW 7KH WUDQVLWLRQ VSDFH LV HTXLSSHG ZLWK WKHUPDO PDVV DW WKH ÀRRU DQG FHLOLQJ DQG WKH H[WHULRU ZLQGRZ LV VKDGHG IURP VXPPHU VXQ 8VLQJ WKH WUDQVLWLRQ VSDFH DV ÀH[LEOH RXWGRRU VSDFH LQ VXPPHU and additional indoor space in winter allows for residential to always have an option to adapt to seasonal changes.

This interior view of a typical residential family unit shows the potential of each space to be an open plan or closed plan that can have access to a central space for light, air, and occupant circulation around the residence. If the unit was segmented into different areas of kitchen, living, bath and bedroom, it would be important to locate them based on light obstruction and entrance adjacency.

Retail This view of a transition space with adjacent retail space is looking toward the city block’s primary pedestrian path (Fig. 7.3.2). Beyond the entrance to the space, adjacent buildings can be seen. The retail entrance faces south and the light simulation is for the late afternoon of a typical summer day with clear skies.

Materials used include double pane glazing for the entrance, single pane glazing IRU UHWDLO VSDFHV FRQFUHWH RQ WKH ÀRRU DQG FHLOLQJ RI WKH WUDQVLWLRQ VSDFH DQG OLJKW ZRRG ÀRRULQJ WR LQFUHDVH GD\OLJKW UHÀHFWLRQ $UWL¿FLDO OLJKWLQJ LV XVHG ZLWKLQ each retail space.

Three aspects of design research can be seen in this view; transition space, daylight and thermal mass. The main transition space actually continues WKURXJK WR WKH RWKHU VLGH IRU PD[LPXP WUDQVLWLRQ WLPH IURP RXWVLGH WR LQVLGH 7KH second level access also helps with acceptable transition travel distance. Daylight can be seen on the ground below the main skylight. The success of the skylight is visible in the lighter shade of concrete within the skylight canyon. As mentioned earlier in Section 2.4, there is always a problem with keeping the interior of the retail space brighter than its surrounding environment. The transition space is the VROXWLRQ WR WKLV SUREOHP %HFDXVH WKH WUDQVLWLRQ VSDFH KDV D ORZHU OX[ OHYHOV WKDQ WKH H[WHULRU UHWDLO OLJKWLQJ ORDGV WR FUHDWH SURSHU FRQWUDVW VKRXOG EH GHFUHDVHG $UWLÂżFLDO OLJKWLQJ QHHGHG WR FUHDWH WKLV FRQWUDVW FDQ VWLOO EH VHHQ LQ WKH FHLOLQJ structure of each space. The concrete ceiling structure in each retail space has PD[LPXP VXUIDFH DUHD WR RSWLPL]H DEVRUSWLRQ RI H[FHVV KHDW IURP RFFXSDQWV DQG lighting. By keeping the lighting tucked up into the thermal mass ceilings there is improved comfort for occupants in the reduction of heat felt from the ceiling area.

The retail view shows the overall success of the transition space as a circulation path, gathering space, and source for conditioned fresh air needed by the retail spaces. The option of a 3-level retail space with entrance at the middle and the option to move up or down would be an important step for the evolution of this pedestrian and retail system.

Sustainable City Blocks

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Sustainable City Blocks

Figure 7.4.1 City Block Overview Software: Maxwell Render

Figure 7.4.2 Urban Microclimate Software: Maxwell Render

Figure 7.4.3 5HVLGHQWLDO 6SDFH Software: Maxwell Render

Figure 7.4.4 5HWDLO 6SDFH Software: Maxwell Render

Figure 7.4.5 2I多FH 6SDFH Software: Maxwell Render

95

Architectural Association / Graduate School MArch Sustainable Environmental Design

MArch SED dissertation projects

from monotony to diversity residential development in the state of Kuwait

February 2013 Danah Dib

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&ŝŐ͘ ϲ͘ϭϱ͗ /ŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ^ƵƌĨĂĐĞ ĂƌĞĂ ŽĨ ďŽƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚŽŽƌ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŽƵƚĚŽŽƌ ƐƵŶŬĞŶ ǀŽŝĚ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ ŝŶ ĐŽŶƚĂĐƚ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĞĂƌƚŚ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ŝŶ ďĞŶĞĮĐŝĂů ůŽǁĞƌ ƌĞƐƵůƚĂŶƚ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐ ŝŶ ďŽƚŚ ĐĂƐĞƐ͘

&ŝŐ͘ ϲ͘ϭϲ͗ ^ŚĂĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ KƵƚĚŽŽƌ ^ƵŶŬĞŶ ǀŽŝĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŚŽƩĞƐƚ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ LJĞĂƌ ŝƐ ĞƐƐĞŶƟĂů ĨŽƌ ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞƌŵĂů ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚŽŽƌ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘

&ŝŐ͘ ϲ͘ϭϳ ^ŚĂĚŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƉŽƐĞĚ ĨĂĐĂĚĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚŽŽƌ ƐƉĂĐĞ ĨƌŽŵ ĚŝƌĞĐƚ ƐŽůĂƌ ƌĂĚŝĂƟŽŶ ŵĂŬĞƐ ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ ƌĞĚƵŶĚĂŶƚ͘

ϳϵ

3

Cultural Nodes & WŽƚĞŶƟĂů ŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐ

ͻ ,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ sŝůůĂŐĞ ͻ &ŝƐŚ DĂƌŬĞƚ

ŝƚLJ ĞŶƚƌĞ DĂŝŶ ŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů District

^ŽƵƋ ^ŚĂƌƋ DĂůů ͻ DƵƐĞƵŵ ͻ ͻ DƵƐĞƵŵ ^ĞĂ &ƌŽŶƚ DŽƐƋƵĞ ͻ ͻ 'ĂůůĞƌLJ ͻ KůĚ ŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚ ,ŽƵƐĞƐ ͻ DŽƐƋƵĞ ͻ ŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů dŽǁĞƌ

;^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ ǁǁǁ͘ŶĐĐĂů͘ŐŽǀ͘ŬǁͿ

2

;^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ ǁǁǁ͘ŶĐĐĂů͘ŐŽǀ͘ŬǁͿ

ĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ Θ ŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ

ͻ ŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ ƚŽ ,ĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ sŝůůĂŐĞ

ͻ WƵďůŝĐ dƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚĂƟŽŶ &ƵƚƵƌĞ džƉĂŶƐŝŽŶ

ͻ DĂŝŶ WĞĚĞƐƚƌŝĂŶ ŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ

1

ůŝŵĂƟĐ &ĂĐƚŽƌƐ

ͻ WƵďůŝĐ ƵƐ ^ƚŽƉ

ͻ WƌĞǀĂŝůŝŶŐ tŝŶĚ ŝƌĞĐƟŽŶ

;^ŽƵƌĐĞ͗ ǁǁǁ͘ŶĐĐĂů͘ŐŽǀ͘ŬǁͿ Fig 7.4: dŚĞ ŽůĚ ĐŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚ ƚLJƉŽůŽŐLJ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ ;ϭϵϭϬͲϯϬ͛ƐͿ ƚŚĂƚ ĞdžŝƐƚ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ ĂŶĚ ĂƌĞ ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJ ďĞŝŶŐ ƵƐĞĚ ĂŶĚ ŵƵƐĞƵŵƐ ĂŶĚ ŐĂůůĞƌŝĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚŽƐƚ ƚŚĞ ǁŽƌŬ ŽĨ ůŽĐĂů ĂŶĚ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů ĂƌƟƐƚƐ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ƐƚƌƵĐƚĞƌƐ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ ĂĚŽƉƚĞĚ ĂƐ ŽŶĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĨŽƌŵĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƐƚĞƌƉůĂŶ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂů ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͘

88

ͻ ƵƐƚLJ tŝŶĚƐ Fig 7.5: dŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ͛Ɛ ŵĂŝŶ ƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌ ĂŶĚ ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĂǀĞ ĨŽƌŵĞĚ ƚŚĞ ŵĂƐƚĞƌƉůĂŶ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂů ĚĞƐŝŐŶ ĂŶĚ ŚĂǀĞ ĐĂŵĞ ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌ ƚŽ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ ŝŶƚŽ Ă ͞ZĞƐŝͲ ƵůƚƵƌĂů ,Ƶď͘͟

&ŝŐ ϳ͘ϲ͗ dŚĞ ƵůƚƵƌĂů WůĂƞŽƌŵ dŚĞ ĮƌƐƚ ůĂLJĞƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ͞ZĞƐŝͲ ƵůƚƵƌĂů ,Ƶď͘͟ dŚŝƐ ůĂLJĞƌ ĞŵďƌĂĐĞƐ ƚŚĞ ŽůĚ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ ďLJ ĐĞůĞďƌĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐ ŽůĚ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ƵůƚƵƌĂů WůĂƞŽƌŵ ĐƌĞĂƚĞƐ ŽƵƚĚŽŽƌ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŶŽĚĞƐ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĞĂĐŚ ďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽůĚĞƌͲ ƉůĞĂƐĂŶƚ ŵŽŶƚŚƐ ĂŶĚ Ă ƉƵďůŝĐ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŵĂŝŶ ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ ŝƐ ƚŽ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŽ ĞĂƐĞ ƚŚĞ ũŽƵƌŶĞLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐŝĞŶƚƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ͘ dŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ŝƐ ĂŶĐŚŽƌĞĚ ďLJ ĂŶĚ ůŝŶŬƐ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŶŽĚĞƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ĂĐĐĞƐƐ ƉŽŝŶƚƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ͕ ƌĞŝŶĨŽƌĐŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĐŝƚLJ͛Ɛ ĐƵůƚƵƌĂů ŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ ĂŶĚ ƵƌďĂŶ ůŝĨĞ͘

d, h>dhZ > W> d&KZD

&ŝŐ ϳ͘ϳ͗ dŚĞ EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ EĞƚǁŽƌŬ dŚĞ ƐĞĐŽŶĚ ůĂLJĞƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ͞ZĞƐŝͲ ƵůƚƵƌĂů ,Ƶď͟ ͘ dŚŝƐ ůĂLJĞƌ ĂĐƚƐ ĂƐ Ă ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĂů ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͘ /ƚ ĚĞƐĐĞŶĚƐ ĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞ ƐƚƌĞĞƚ ůĞǀĞů ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ͞EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ͟ ůĞǀĞů ĂŶĚ ŚĞůƉ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂĐĐůŝŵĂƟnjĂƟŽŶ ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƚŚĞƌŵĂů ĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƟŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ŚŝƐƚŽƌLJ͘

d, E /', KhZ,KK E dtKZ<

&ŝŐ ϳ͘ϴ͗ dŚĞ EĞŝŐŚďŽƵƌŚŽŽĚ dŚŝƐ ůĂLJĞƌ ĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ĞĂƌƚŚͲ ĐŽƵƉůĞĚ ƵŶŝƚƐ ĐůƵƐƚĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ŝƐ ƚŽ ďĞ ŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶĞĚ ŝŶ ĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƉƵďůŝĐ ůŝĨĞ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ƐŝƚĞ ǁŚŝůĞ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐ ƉƌŝǀĂĐLJ͘

d, E /', KhZ,KK ϴϵ

Central Void

Dining

Kitchen

Living

BedRoom

BedRoom

Earth

Fig.7.17 : dŚĞ hŶŝƚƐ ŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂů ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ĐĞŶƚƌĂů ĐŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ũƵdžƚĂƉŽƐĞĚ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘

ϵϲ

Fig.7.18 : dŚĞ hŶŝƚƐ ŽǀĞƌĂůů ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ƐƵƌƌŽƵŶĚŝŶŐ ĞĂƌƚŚ ůĂLJĞƌ͘

ϵϳ

C

B

C

C

A

B

A

B

C

Public Network level 0.00m Scale 1:200

Unit

A

B

A

Residential Unit Entranc Scale 1:200

P. Netw

R. Net

Section BB Scale 1:200

系系

Fig.7.19 : WůĂŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŬŝƚĐŚĞŶ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ŇŽŽƌ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵƌƚLJĂƌĚ͕ ůĞǀĞů Ͳϲ͘ϬϬŵ͘ Fig.7.20 : WůĂŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƟĂů ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͕ ƵŶŝƚ͛Ɛ ĞŶƚƌĂŶĐĞ ĂŶĚ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ůĞǀĞů Ͳϯ͘ϬϬŵ͘ Fig.7.21 : WůĂŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ďĞĚƌŽŽŵƐ͕ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ ĂŶĚ ůŽĐĂů ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů ƐƉĂĐĞƐ͕ ůĞǀĞů Ϭ͘ϬϬŵ͘ Fig.7.22 : WůĂŶ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƵŶŝƚ͛Ɛ ƌŽŽĨ ůĞǀĞů ǁŚŝĐŚ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ƵƐĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ ĂƐ ĂŶ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂů ŐĂƌĚĞŶ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŵŝůĚĞƌ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ ůĞǀĞů нϱ͘ϲϬŵ͘ Fig.7.23 : ƌŽƐƐ ƐĞĐƟŽŶ ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐ͕ ƚŚĞ ŬŝƚĐŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĚŝŶŝŶŐ ƌŽŽŵ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ůĂƵŶĚƌLJ ƌŽŽŵ Ăƚ ƚŚĞ ůŽǁĞƐƚ ƉŽŝŶƚ͘ Fig.7.24 : ƌŽƐƐ ƐĞĐƟŽŶ ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĂů ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐ ďŽƵŶĚĞĚ ďLJ ƚǁŽ ƵŶŝƚƐ͘

Courtyard level -6.00m Scale 1:200

Section AA

ce level -3.00m

work

Scale 1:200

Unit

twork

нϱ͘ϲϬ ŵ

Ϭ͘ϬϬ ŵ

Ͳϯ͘ϬϬ ŵ

Ͳϲ͘ϬϬ ŵ

Section CC Scale 1:200

dŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƐĞĐƟŽŶ ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚĞƐ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŽĨ ƐĞĂƐŽŶĂů ͞ĂƩƵŶĞŵĞŶƚ͟ ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟǀĞ ĚĂLJƐ ŝŶ ͗ ƚŚĞ ŵŝůĚ͕ ƚƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĂů ĂŶĚ ŚŽƚ ƉĞƌŝŽĚ͕ ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ ƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƐ ŽĨ ŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ ĐĂŶ ůŝǀĞ ĂŶĚ ĂĚĂƉƚ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƐƉĂĐĞ͘

Keeping The Coolness of the Ground

Purposive Passive Downdraught Cooling

ϭϬϵ

dŚĞ DŝůĚͲWůĞĂƐĂŶƚ WĞƌŝŽĚ ;EŽǀĞŵďĞƌͲDĂƌĐŚͿ

A Representative Day in February Average Dry Bulb Temperature: 15oC Ground Temperature: 22oC Total Global Solar Radiation: 4.0 kWh/m2 Sky Condition: Clear

TRoom= 19oC

TVoid = 17oC

PET = 25oC

PET= 17oC

TRoom = 22oC

PET = 20oC

Ɣ NO[

TRoom = 23oC TRadiant = 22oC

ϭϭϭ

Resultant Temperature o

'ůŽďĂů ^ŽůĂƌ ZĂĚŝĂƟŽŶ tͬŵ2

dŚĞ dƌĂŶƐŝƟŽŶĂů WĞƌŝŽĚ ;KĐƚŽďĞƌ͕ ƉƌŝůͿ

'ůŽďĂů ,ŽƌŝnjŽŶƚĂů ZĂĚŝĂƚŝŽŶ

ĚĂƉƟǀĞ ŽŵĨŽƌƚ ĂŶĚ

džƚĞƌŶĂů dĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ;Σ Ϳ

ŽŶĞ ϭ ƌLJ Ƶůď ;Σ Ϳ

ƚŶͲϮ͘ϱ

ŽŶĞ ϭ ZĂĚŝĂŶƚ dĞŵƉ ;Σ Ϳ

ƚŶнϮ͘ϱ

ŽŶĞ ϭ ZĞƐƵůƚĂŶƚ dĞŵƉ ;Σ Ϳ

A Representative Day in October Average Dry Bulb Temperature: 29oC Ground Temperature: 31oC Total Global Solar Radiation: 6.0 kWh/m2 Sky Condition: Clear

TRoom= 27oC

Æ&#x201D; O[

Æ&#x201D; O[

TRoom= 28oC

Æ&#x201D; O[ Æ&#x201D; O[

TRoom= 25oC

ϭϭϯ

dŚĞ WƵƌƉŽƐŝǀĞ ŽŽůŝŶŐ Period ;:ƵŶĞͲ^ĞƉƚĞŵďĞƌͿ

A Representative Day in June Average Dry Bulb Temperature: 38oC Ground Temperature: 27oC Total Global Solar Radiation: 8.0 kWh/m2 Sky Condition: Clear

Fig. 7.43 : /Ŷ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƌŶŝŶŐ͕ ĐƟǀĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ WĂƐƐŝǀĞ ŽǁŶĚƌĂƵŐŚƚ ǀĂƉŽƌĂƟǀĞ ŽŽůŝŶŐ ;W Ϳ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ůŝǀŝŶŐ ƌŽŽŵ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ŝŶ ŝŶĚŽŽƌ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ Ϯϳo ǁŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƵƚĚŽŽƌ ƌLJ Ƶůď ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ŝƐ ϯϯo ͘

8:00 am T out : 33oC GH : 550 W/m2

Living Room

Fig. 7.44 : ƚ ŶŽŽŶ͕ dŚĞ ĨĂŵŝůLJ ĐĂŶ ĞŶũŽLJ ƚŚĞŝƌ ůƵŶĐŚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ŬŝƚĐŚĞŶ Ăƚ ĂŶ ŝŶĚŽŽƌ ƌĞƐƵůƚĂŶƚ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ƚŚĂƚ ŝƐ Ϯϴo ǁŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŽƵƚĚŽŽƌ ƌLJ Ƶůď ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ŝƐ ϰϭo ͘ dŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ ŽĨ ƚŚŝƐ ĐŽŽůŝŶŐ ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŽĨ ďĞŝŶŐ ͞ƉƵƌƉŽƐŝǀĞ͟ ŝƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ ŽŶůLJ ĂĐƟǀĂƚĞ ŝƚ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ƚŚĞLJ ĂƌĞ ŽĐĐƵƉLJŝŶŐ ǁŚŝůĞ ƚŚĞ ŽƚŚĞƌ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ĂƌĞ ͞ĐůŽƐĞĚ ƵƉ͟ ǁŝƚŚ ŝŶƐƵůĂƟǀĞ ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂů ƉĂŶĞůƐ ŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĞdžƉŽƐĞĚ ĨĂĐĂĚĞ͘ dŚĞ ŐƌŽƵŶĚ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ǁŚŝĐŚ ŝƐ ĂƌŽƵŶĚ Ϯϳo ŚĞůƉƐ ŬĞĞƉŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚŽŽƌ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ƵŶŽĐĐƵƉŝĞĚ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ Ă ƌĂŶŐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ĚŽĞƐ ŶŽƚ ĞdžĐĞĞĚ ϯϬo ͘

Fig. 7.45 : ƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŶŝŐŚƚ͕ tŚĞŶ ƚŚĞ ŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐ ĞŶƚĞƌ ƚŚĞ ƐƉĂĐĞƐ ƚŚĂƚ ǁĞƌĞ ǀĂĐĂŶƚ ;W ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ǁĂƐ ŽīͿ͕ ĂĐƟǀĂƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ W ƐLJƐƚĞŵ ŐŝǀĞƐ ĚŝƌĞĐƚ ƌĞƐƵůƚƐ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĚŽŽƌ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞ ĚƌŽƉƐ ŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůLJ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ Ă ĐŽŵĨŽƌƚĂďůĞ ƌĂŶŐĞ͘

1:00 pm T out : 41oC GH :1200 W/m2

Kitchen

10:00 pm T out : 35oC GH : 0 W/m2

Bedroom

ϭϭϰ

TRoom= 27 oC

Ɣ O[

TRoom= 28 oC

TRoom= 25 oC

ϭϭϱ

ϭϭϲ

ϭϭϳ

Architectural Association / Graduate School MArch Sustainable Environmental Design

MArch SED dissertation projects

vertical villages an adaptive paradigm for Ho Chi Minh city , Vietnam

February 2013 Anh Tuan Nguyen

This chapter concentrates on transforming the research outcomes into architecture. The design considers functional, social and .environmental aspects of a housing scheme located in Ho Chi Minh City. These characteristics are reflected on spatial and component design as well as operation and adaptability of the proposal.

Moreover, environmental justifications are also provided to prove the effectiveness of the architecture.

6.1. Design brief The design proposal is to establish a new housing model accommodating to the future scenarios impacted by climate change in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The problems and design criteria were defined and analysed in the previous chapters. They are the main driving factors of the design.

Base cluster Built form

To conduct the purpose, the design concept is to propose a base living cluster that imitates the structure of traditional housing clusters (Fig. 6.1). The local climate is the design context. Afterwards, the base cluster is developed to be various in term of scale and morphology.

This aims to increase the diversity, adaptability and flexibility when all clusters are combined to shape the proposal. Finally, the concept is applied to a housing development in Ho Chi Minh City (see Fig. 6.2 for design process).

The base cluster is designed according to a proposed future housing paradigm that is a combination of traditional and current housing model as illustrated in Fig. 6.3. Fundamentally, it preserves the spatial organisation reflecting the social connection of the traditional housing.

Moreover, it incorporates two elements which are working space and garden in order to satisfy the desires of the local inhabitants. These spaces are shared between dwellings aiming to improve communal cohesion and to adapt to the restriction of the living areas. Working activities include handiworks and office-works. As mentioned, the space for the former is integrated into the living environment and shared between neighbours. The latter’s one is separated to be an area shared by all inhabitants (village scale). The project mainly focuses on the former’s space.

Traditional model

Micro

Envelope design Flat design

Cluster variations Horizontal development Vertical development

On site application Site layout ‘Clusterisation’ Macro Fig 6.2: Design process

In terms of the living space, the cluster has to provide different flat typologies with the majority being for nuclear families (2 - 3 bedroom flats). The intention is to maintain the living structure of the local communities. Relied on the fieldwork study and the Vietnamese building regulation, Table 6.1 introduces the required area for functional spaces in flats.

Table 6.1: Required area for functional spaces in flats Living room

Bedroom

Kitchen

Transi. Space

Working Space

Shared

9 - 12 m2

Shared

4 - 5 m2

2 - 5m2/prs

6 - 8 m2

1 bedroom flat

12 - 14m2

9 - 12 m2

4 - 5 m2

8 - 10 m2

2 - 5m2/prs

10 - 12 m2

2 bedroom flat

12 - 14 m2

9 - 12 m2

5 - 6 m2

10 - 12 m2

2 - 5m2/prs

14 - 16 m2

3 bedroom flat

14 - 16 m2

9 - 12 m2

5 - 6 m2

12 - 14 m2

2 - 5m2/prs

16 - 18 m2

Studio

56

Garden

Traditional village

Proposed housing paradigm

Fig 6.1: Design concept

Auxiliary spaces

Kitchen Auxiliary spaces

Dinning room Kitchen Bedrooms

Garden

Living room

Common room

Verandah Transitional space

Garden Courtyard

Working space

Bedrooms Desired spaces

Traditional housing model

Modern housing model

Future housing model

Auxiliary spaces

Kitchen

Handiwork Neighbour share

Working space

Common room (Living room) (Dining room)

Office-work ‘Village’ share

Communal share

Transitional space

Garden ‘Cluster’ share

Bedrooms

Fig 6.3: Proposed housing paradigm 57

6.2. Design development 6.2.1. Environmental concept Spatial organisation The design of the base cluster involves three main elements including flats, working space and garden. The cluster morphology is shaped through three steps (Fig. 6.4): - Step 1: three elements are combined to increase spatial connection and environmental diversity.

- Step 2: the mass is perforated to enhance cross ventilation.

- Step 3: the spaces are rearranged to be more proportional with human scale and to achieve the desired architectural aesthetic.

Spatial organisation and environmental attributes of the cluster are schematically presented in Fig. 6.5. Three factors flats, working space (share terraces) and communal garden are correlated in terms of environmental operation. Due do different characteristics (Table 6.2), these spaces are treated differently: - Flats: the flats are the most protected one thus they are designed to be capable to couple and de-couple with semi-outdoor and outdoor space in order to prevent hot air and solar radiation from penetrating.

- Shared terraces: this environment must be protected as users occupy the space to work during daytime. A movable screen is integrated in order to shade the terraces from direct and diffuse solar radiation while providing visual comfort.

- Communal garden: the garden is more exposed as occupants only use the space in early morning and late afternoon when the weather is mild. The shaded area is for communal activities and the exposed one is for planting vegetation.

- Air flows are controlled by movable doors in between the working terraces and the garden. When the temperature is high, the doors are closed resulting in single side ventilation for those spaces. When the weather is milder, they are open to accelerate cross-ventilation.

Basic model Garden - Flats - Working space

Step 1: Integrating environment

Material use In conjunction with spatial organisation, materials play a crucial role in regulating indoor and semi-outdoor environment (Fig. 6.5). In the indoor and working environment, high thermal capacity materials such as bricks and concrete are applied to the internal surfaces in order to enhance the effectiveness of nocturnal cooling. The facades and the communal garden, which receive direct solar radiation, are added lightweight and insulated components with the purpose of reducing heat accumulation during hot hours of the day. All of the materials used are locally available, thus they have a low impact on environment.

Step 2: Accelerating air flows

Step 3: Proportionating spaces

Fig 6.4: Masssing process

58

Protecting layer Insulation layer Concrete

Bricks

Low thermal mass tiles Insulation layer Concrete

Concrete

Wooden screen

Wooden walls

Fig 6.5: Spatial organisation

Table 6.2: Spatial characterisation Communal garden

Shared terraces

Flats

Function

Communal activities Recreation Planting vegetation

Home working (handiwork) Daytime activities

Living

Occupancy

Early morning Late afternoon

Daytime

All day

Hierarchy of social connection

Cluster scale

Neighbour scale

Family scale

Environmental attributes

Transitional space (more exposed)

Transitional space (more protected)

Indoor space

59

6.2.4. The base cluster After defining the built form, spatial organisation, components and flats, these elements are combined to shape a living cluster for 30 - 40 inhabitants (9 - 12 families). (Fig. 6.24 and 6.25). In order to improve social cohesion and environmental performance, the arrangement of cluster layout follows some principles (Fig. 6.26): - The terraces are visually connected to each other.

- All flats are connected by staircase systems.

- The garden is shared by all inhabitants.

- Ventilating perforated masses are equally contributed to the cluster.

- All flats are double-sided illuminated and provided cross ventilation.

- The kitchens are arranged to be directly connected to the outdoor space.

The terraces are visually connected to each other All flats are connected by staircase system

All flats are double-sided illuminated and cross ventilated

The details of the cluster layout are presented in Fig. 6.27 and 6.28.

Outdoor temperature: 30 0C (relatively hot) Time: 11.00 am / Date: 24 January

Outdoor temperature: 29 0C (mild) / Time: 10.00 am / Date: 24 December

Fig. 6.24: Exterior and interior views of working terraces 70

Ventilating perforated masses are equally contributed to cluster The kitchens are well connected to the outdoor space

The garden is shared by all inhabitants

Fig. 6.26: Organisational principles of cluster layout

Outdoor temperature: 28.5 0C (mild) Time: 16.00 pm / Date: 24 July

Outdoor temperature: 33 0C (hot) / Time: 16.30.00 pm / Date: 24 June

Fig. 6.25: Views of communal garden 71

View B

C

A

Communal garden

Level 1

Working terrace

Level 2

3 bedroom flat 3 bedroom flat - Multi-func. space 2 bedroom flat 2 bedroom flat - Multi-func. space 1 bedroom flat

Working terrace

1 bedroom flat - Multi-func. space Studio Studio - Common room

Level 3 View C

B

View

Fig. 6.27: Cluster plans 72

A

Section A - A

Section B - B

Section C - C Fig. 6.28: Cluster sections 73

6.3. Design application Site location After defining the layout and form, the base cluster and its variants are applied to a housing development in Ho Chi Minh City. The design programme is to propose a 12 - 16 floor height housing scheme providing about 400 - 450 flats for about 1200 residents. The residential density aims to achieve 700 - 800 people per hectare (high density). Inhabitants either come from the city or flooded rural areas. The intention is to maintain the particular social mix characteristic of the local communities.

The chosen site is located in the south west outskirt of Ho Chi Minh City.

Currently, the site is proposed for an affordable housing scheme that is similar to the objectives of the dissertation. The site’s area is about 1.5 ha. It is situated in a medium density residential area. The details of the site and surrounding context are presented in Fig. 6.32, 6.33 and 6.34.

6.3. Design application

Site layout

Site location

As a response to the urban context, the site is planned according to three factors (Fig. 6.35). Firstly, a central courtyard is created on the site in order to utilise accessibility and connectivity of two main streets.

Secondly, based on the wind directions, the building is situated towards the south and southwest orientations to make use of the predominance The chosen site is located in the south west outskirt of Ho Chi Minh City. wind.theLastly, the layout is open thethatwest orientation to avoid wind Currently, site is proposed for an affordable housing to scheme is similar to the objectives dissertation. The site’s is about 1.5 shadow of theof the neighbouring 15area floor height building. Moreover, in the ha. It is situated in a medium density residential area. The details of the northeast side, building is recessed site and surrounding context the are presented in Fig. 6.32, 6.33 and 6.34. in order to avoid negative infl uences of the high adjacent buildings.

Site layout After defining the layout and form, the base cluster and its variants are applied to a housing development in Ho Chi Minh City. The design programme is to propose a 12 - 16 floor height housing scheme providing about 400 - 450 flats for about 1200 residents. The residential density aims to achieve 700 - 800 people per hectare (high density). Inhabitants either come from the city or flooded rural areas. The intention is to maintain the particular social mix characteristic of the local communities.

As a response to the urban context, the site is planned according to three factors (Fig. 6.35). Firstly, a central courtyard is created on the site in order to utilise accessibility and connectivity of two main streets.

Secondly, based on the wind directions, the building is situated towards the south and southwest orientations to make use of the predominance wind. Lastly, the layout is open to the west orientation to avoid wind shadow of the neighbouring 15 floor height building. Moreover, in the northeast side, the building is recessed in order to avoid negative influences of the high adjacent buildings.

Similarly to the function in traditional villages, the central courtyard plays a central role in relation to communal activities and cohesion within the community. However, when adapted to the new context, it is opened for public with the purpose of reinforcing social links.

Similarly to the function in traditional villages, the central courtyard plays a central role in relation to communal activities and cohesion within the community. However, when adapted to the new context, it is opened for public with the purpose of reinforcing social links.

Fig. 6.33: Climate mapping

The site

Fig. 6.32: Site location 76

Fig. 6.33: Climate mapping

The site

Fig. 6.35: Site layout

h three main steps (Fig. 6.36): p 1: adjusting building height in order to enhance wind movement for ward building. p 2: elevating the ground floor to facilitate air flows on the ground, to flooding and to increase connection with surroundings. p 3: ‘clusterising’ the built form by dividing the mass into clusters. The s are arranged to create gaps between them in order to accelerate air ment for leeward spaces. All clusters are architecturally connected by ons, staircases and corridors.

of the proposal are illustrated in Fig. 6.37, 6.38, 6.42 and 6.43. The sation and connection of the clusters are shown in Fig. 6.39, 6.40 and

Flats

Parking area

Base built form

Step 1: Adjusting building height

Step 2: Elevating ground floors

Step 3: ‘Clusterising’ the mass

Fig. 6.36: Massing process

Outdoor temperature: 30 0C (relatively hot) / Date: 24 December / Time: 14.30 pm

Fig. 6.38: Ground perspective of building

Level 15

Level 14

Level 13

Level 12

Level 11

Level 10

Level 9

Level 8

Level 7

Level 6

Level 5

Level 4

Level 3

Level 2

Level 1

Ground level 80

Fig. 6.39: Diagrammatic plans of building

Circulation core Studio 1 bedroom flat 2 bedroom flat 3 bedroom flat

Fig. 6.40: Connection between two clusters Working spaces Communal gardens

Flats

Central courtyard

Parking areas Visual connection

Fig. 6.41: Building section - Visual connection between communal spaces 81

Adaptability This section illustrates the adaptability of the ďŹ&#x201A;ats and the building in hot weather (Fig. 6.44, 6.45, 6.46 and 6.47) and mild weather (Fig. 6.48, 6.49, 6.50 and 6.51).

Hot weather (sunny season, daytime)

Doors closed to reduce ventilation

Internal doors opened to operate thermal coupling

Walls cooled by night time ventilation Walls and vents closed to reduce ventilation

Windows closed with blind shut to prevent solar gain and penetration of hot air

Screen closed to protect from solar radiation and to adjust daylighting

Occupied space Unoccupied spaces (Thermal storages)

Fig. 6.44: Adaptation of ďŹ&#x201A;at in a hot sunny day Flat screens closed to prevent solar radiation and air changes

Doors closed to prevent cross ventilation in working terraces and communal garden 84

Walls and windows closed to reduce hot air from penetration

Outdoor temperature: 34 0C (hot) / Date: 24 March / Time: 15.00 pm

Fig. 6.45: Adaptation of building - External view of communal garden

Screen closed to prevent solar radiation

Vegetation seasonally placed to reduce glare and diffuse solar radiation

Mass cooled by night time ventilation

29 0C

785 lux

1230 lux

370 lux

Outdoor temperature: 33 0C (hot) / Date: 24 March / Time: 12.00 am

MRT: 29 0C / Resultant temperature: 30.5 0C

Fig. 6.46: Adaptation of building - Internal view of working terraces Terrace screens closed to prevent solar radiation

Flat screens closed to prevent solar radiation and air changes

Outdoor temperature: 32 0C (hot) / Date: 24 June / Time: 10.00 am

Fig. 6.47: Adaptation of building - External view of terraces 85

Mild weather (rainy season, night time)

Doors opened to connect to working terraces

Walls and vents opened to facilitate cross ventilation

Windows opened for ventilation and daylighting

Doors opened to couple indoor with outdoor environment

Screen opened to couple indoor with outdoor environment

Fig. 6.48: Adaptation of ďŹ&#x201A;at in a mild day

Flat screens opened to couple with outdoor environment

Doors opend to faciliate cross ventilation in terraces and garden

Walls and vents opened to enhance airďŹ&#x201A;ows

Outdoor temperature: 28 0C (mild) / Date: 24 June / Time: 15.00 pm

Fig. 6.49: Adaptation of building - External view of communal garden 86

Vents and walls opened to increase cross ventilation

Surface temperature following closely outdoor temperature

Screen opened to enhance views, daylighting and air ďŹ&#x201A;ows

27.5 0C

915 lux

415 lux

Outdoor temperature: 28 0C (mild) / Date: 24 August / Time: 9.00 am

MRT: 27 0C / Resultant temperature: 27.5 0C

Fig. 6.50: Adaptation of buiding - Internal view of working terraces Terrace screens opened for views, daylighting and ventilation

Flat screens opened to couple indoor with outdoor environment

Outdoor temperature: 28 0C (mild) / Date: 24 June / Time: 15.00 pm

Fig. 6.51: Adaptation of building - External view of working terraces 87

Architectural Association / Graduate School MArch Sustainable Environmental Design

MArch SED dissertation projects

contemporary passive shelters environmental diversity and contemporary lifestyles

February 2013 Filippo Weber

Main View

43, 3,9 3, 9N 11.0 E

Montale Site

Montemurlo

23 3

The main issue that the thermodynamic system has to satisfy is the heating demand in winter: Average Winter Daily Solar Radiation On South Elevation Source 2.5 kW/m2 of Energy can cover this demand

0.03 30

25

0.02

20

0.01

0

10

35

20

Control Passive Zones Calculation Made for Residential Buildings With Low Internal Heat Gain IHG < 2.1 W/m2 for 100 m2 unit (source eERG, see Appendix A.3

Adaptive Comfort Range For Winter Adaptive Comfort Range For Summer Solar Heating Control Passive Zone Thermal Mass CPZ Air Movement comfort extension Climatic data: absolute humidity (vertical axis) temperature (horizontal axis)

Dv = 2.2k vertical i Wh/m 2 rradi per d ation ay

N 15 ight AC V H ent x 1 ila 0 h tio rs n

nce cta v, + q ondu c c q q = ilding /K bu 00 W ~1

2.1 W/m2

2.1 W/m2

Diffuse Radiation 1.8kWh/m2 per day

20% W/F Solar transmittance 0.7

20% W/F Solar transmittance 0.7 x4 x 12 hrs

x4 x 12 hrs Winter control Passive Zone: Solar Strategies Dv × A × + IHG = q × (Tcmin − To) × 24, *see Appendix A.2 for more detailed calculation

Summer Control Passive Zone: Thermal Mass + Night Ventilation (Tomax-Tomin) x 0.6 + Tcmax = To *see Appendix A.2 for more detailed calculation

Fig. 2.10: Weather data for Montemurlo generated with Meteonorm 6.1 was plot on the psychrometric chart using ClimPro. The chart shows the comparison with the weather data and the range of indoor preferred temperature for the coldest month (blue area) and warmest month (red area). The main bioclimatic strategies to be adopted in the definition of the thermodynamic system in order to provide the range of indoor preferred temperature are described by the yellow, brown and light blue areas. Below The assumptions for the calculation of the CPZ.

27

Assumed Range of Thermal Indoor Preferences according to the Adaptive Comfort Model:

Summer 25 - 31 oC

Winter 18 - 24 oC Fig. 3.1: Synthesis of assumed range of thermal preference in winter and summer to be compared with the performance analisys. (for definiton of the range see chapter 2.3, figure.2.9)

Winter

Summer Inf. o.25 ACH

averagely 2.1 W/m2

averagely 4.0 W/m2

x cumultive 16 hrs

x cumultive 16 hrs

Thermal Mass

Transparent Envelop / Glass Movable Opaque Envelop / Sliding Skin

Opaque Envelop / Insulation

U-value comprehensive of glass and internal blind 0.5 W/m2K

14 hrs

Night Time

7m

1.25 m2

Openings

% Thermal Mass

Insulation

% of Transparent Element

Fig. 3.2: Scheme representing the strategy called ‘change of perspective’ (see chapter 2.6 and 2.3) for winter and summer. In winter the thermodynamic system is looking south towards the primary source of energy while in summer it protects the south elevation from direct solar radiation and opens towards north. The shemes shows also the basic assumptions taken for the simulations (more details on pattern of IHG see appendix A3).

1.25 m2

Window to Floor Ratio 15% - 22.5% -30%

Opaque 0.29-0.2 [W/m2K] Transp. 2.0 - 1.1 [ W/m2K]

Specific Mass o.4 - o.8 - 1.2 [ton/m2]

Openings For Night Cooling Ventilation

From MIT pre-analysis and literature

Italian Regulation and PH for Warm climate direction (see appendix A.4)

Source Szokolay and case study (see appendix A.5)

From MIT pre-analysis

Fig. 3.3: Parameters used in the comparison of the performance of the passive system. From the left to the right. South facing windows to floor ratios (defined in preliminary manual calculation (see chapter 2.3) and based on suggested ratios defined in literature). Transmittance values of opaque and transparent element (defined according with the Italian regulation and the passive house direction for Italy (see appendix A.4)).Specific mass (this index that relates the amount of mass in relation to the floor area it was defined in “Introduction to architectural science” Szockolay (2003) (they were chosen according with the values of heavyweight building Szockolay (2003) and from a case study of a passive solar building in Trin, Switzerland (see appendix A.5). percentage of openings (based on Preliminary calculation (see chapter 2.3) 43

SOUTH

NORTH

SOUTH

NORTH

BC

A

BC+Roof Insulation

Thermal Diversity the Properties of the Boundary

B SOUTH

NORTH

SOUTH

NORTH

BC+Crescent Insulation

C

Average resultant temperature [oC]

BC + Crescent Windows 01

6

4

D SOUTH

B+C

NORTH

3 2

Delta T [oK]

5

1 0

BC

A

B

C

D

6

E

F

G

E SOUTH

BC + Crescent Windows 02

NORTH

average resT on the higher floor in summer [oC] average resT on the lower floor in summer [oC] Gradient of Temperature in summer [oK] average resT on the higher floor in winter [oC] average resT on the lower floor in winter [oC] Gradient of Temperature in winter [oK]

F SOUTH

B+E

NORTH

Fig. 3.16:strategies to generate thermal diversity (left) and results of the thermal stratification obtained in the space (right). See next page for thermal diversity in representative days. (see also Appendix A.7 and chapter 5)

NIGHT WINTER NIGHT SUMMER G SOUTH

NORTH

F+ Winter: Dynamic skin protects upper openings (see green shade) Summer: differential ventilation

51

30 28 26 24 22 20 18

Stru ct 20 o ural gr wes id o t fro f Sh m s ed outh

Main View

d rche the a m o Fr

e to th shed

ion sect

t l uni entia d i s e re of th

Source of Energy

Fig. 4.1: from the top: masterplan concept. Some sheds of the warehouse were removed to create open spaces with different environmental conditions. Then the structural grid was tilted to provide south orientation to the residential units (in green) in a ďŹ&#x201A;uid stripe (magenta) to underlying the continuity of the program and the creation of indoor spaces as extention of the different micro-climatic conditions of the site. The generation of the section of the units from the arched shed. At the bottom the architectural concept of the unit: the space for activity and the change of perspective.

57

59

4.3

DESIGN PROPOSAL Components Figure 4.7 shows the architectural translation of the concept. The design is constituted of a number of different components- that will be shown in the next chapter - that allow a juxtaposition of different activities within the enclosed space of the thermodynamic system which follows the performance direction deďŹ ned in chapter 3.

The environmental options are extended to the external spaces through the north shaded garden and the southern garden which is exposed to the sun.

Below ďŹ gure 4.7 shows some of the possible views that users experience of the internal space and of the exterior that explain the richness of the Activity Network Space.

Fig. 4.7: views from the user perspective on the internal space and on the relation with the outdoor.

64

Sliding skin (chapter 4.5)

Transparent skin

Opaque skin Wooden prefab structure (chapter 4.4)

Steel wire structure (chapter 4.4) Distribution and storage Temporary Privacy

Mezzanines (chapter 4.6 and 4.7) Multi- Position Net (chapter 4.6)

North Garden

Services Lateral walls The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;furnitureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (chapter 4.6)

Thermal Labyrinth South Garden

Fig. 4.8: axonometry that shows the different components that constitute the unit

65

4.4

DESIGN PROPOSAL Structure The concept of the structure came from the re-interpretation of the existing shed structure. The reinforced concrete beams of the existing sheds become in the unit a prefabricated laminar wooden structure that supports the envelope and the central mezzanines that are hung onto it with structural steel wires. In this way the amount of material needed for the structure is reduced due to the structural efďŹ cacy of the arch and the reduction in the amount of material needed due to the stability of the steel wires that work in tension.

Fig. 4.9: The structural concept came from the re-interpretation of the existing shed structure.

Fig. 4.10: the materials of the structure: Wooden prefab arches, steel wires to hang the mezzanines and reinforced prefab concrete slabs (thermal mass: the rest of the mass needed is in the opaque element of the envelop and in the lateral walls).

66

4.5

DESIGN PROPOSAL Responsive Skin As defined in the concept (chapter 2.6) and then tested in chapter 3.3, the thermodynamic system, in order to provide comfort throughout the year, must respond to the variability of the weather and to the cycles of the seasons. This responsive role is given to an element that slides on the envelope on rails attached to the main structure. The different strips are separated one from the other to allow different configurations that can better respond to the variable weather conditions. Figure 4.12 shows the position that the responsive skin assumes in representative days of the year. In fact, the transparent elements on the north and south elevation allow for different combinations of solar gain, daylight and views, depending on the response of the skin. Figure 4.13 shows the effect of this strategy on the user perception of the space and of the connection with the outside. The pattern of the transparent elements is defined according to the performance design guidelines defined in chapter 3.5.

Summer Day

Winter Night

Winter Warm Day And Cloudy Day

Winter Average Day

Fig. 4.12: Above. Typical position that the dynamic skin assumes in response to the outdoor conditions in order to provide comfort throughout the year (see performance analysis chapter 3). the movement of the skin will happen automatically through sensors but the user can over-ride its use.

Fig. 4.13: internal images showing the “change of perspective” and the user perception of the space when the skin respond to changes in conditions. On the left the views on the hills when the sliding skin is protecting the south facade from solar gain, and on the right when the solar gain are needed and so the skin protects the north transparent element in order to reduce the heat losses.

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Summer early morning and late evening

4.6

DESIGN PROPOSAL Elements for activities

Dynamic Materials

assimilable dimension

The images below show the process of transformation of elements that were typically related with a function in the traditional layout of homes to elements that can adapt to different activities. The definition of these elements followed a study on similarities, peculiarities and differences of rooms, furniture and complementary aspects of the traditional layout of homes. In fact to generate the shift from traditional function to the space for activity, they were reinterpreted in such a way that they not only offer the same opportunities as that of the traditional but they also add more options.

Fig. 1.14:The Image shows the process that originated the synthesis of two furniture into a new element that, thanks to new materials already developed, can satisfy both the requirement of hardness and softness of the previous traditional element. (source images on the right: d3o.com, noumenon.eu)

ork c onn

ectio

n

CHATTING WORKING

netw

STUDYING LISTENING WATCHING PLAYING RELAXING

Fig. 1.15: synthesis of the process the drove to the definition of the multi- position net. The observation that activities today can happen in a much freer way together with the necessity of not create barriers within the space drove the definition of the net.

Fig. 1.16: Mezzanine type. The optimization in floor space opens visual connectivity between different levels of the space.

So the physical reduction of the horizontal floor correspond to an extension of physical and visual space.

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4.7

DESIGN PROPOSAL Social Options In order to obtain spaces that are adaptable to support different activities that happen in different social levels and in different a typical combination of the elements for activities was defined (described in chapter 4.6) (see figure 1.17). As seen, every floor provides the possibility of being used in different social levels without interfering with another.

Social Options

Social/Individual

Private Option Social/Individual

Fig. 1.17: the social level options that the different elements provide for every level. The private option, which physically separates a spac space don’t interact with the option of the others as the figure in the bottom shows.

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4.10

DESIGN PROPOSAL Section and Typical Plan

Fig. 4.20: Fig 4 20 Above, Above transversal section. section Below, Below plan p an type pl

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Fig. 4.21: aerial view of the unit inserted in the master plan. See also ďŹ gures 4.23, 4.3, 5.55, 5.56 and 5.57.

Fig. 4.22: Aerial view of the master plan from the east side.

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8 am

24oC 23oC 22oC 21oC 20oC 19oC 18oC

9 am

10 am

11 am

12 pm

1 pm

2 pm

3 pm

Range of preferred Temperature in Winter Legend Pg. 78

Tout: o C

3

Tout:

5.5 C o

Tout: o C

7

Tout:

8.5 C o

Tout: o C

9

Tou

8.5

The Group of users decided to use the 3rd level for the “together periodically dynamic activities” in Winter. The magenta user for example for the temporary private activities. Graph Above shows the temperature they are experiencing at 8 am and figures below the qualities of

Fig. 5.7: Internal view: Third floor to image generated in radiance shows

South Fig. 5.5: the Section shows the activity that could happen at this time and the quality of indoor space. Moreover the figure shows the position of the shutter.

Fig. 5.9: Internal view: First floor tow image generated in radiance shows

4 pm

5 pm

6 pm

7 pm

8 pm

10 pm

9 pm

11 pm

24oC

ut:

5C o

Tout: o C

7

Tout: o C

4

Tout:

5.5 C o

Tout: o C

5

e had chosen the 1st floor f the diverse environments.

owards south. False colour s the quality of the light

wards south. False colour s the quality of the light

ResTemp: o C

20.5

Fig. 5.6: Internal view: Third floor towards south. Having breakfast.

ResTemp: o C

19.5

Fig. 5.8: Internal view: First floor towards south. Temporary privacy - semi-privacy.

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Tout: o C

4

23oC 22oC 21oC 20oC 19oC 18oC

8 am

C

24oC

C C C C C C

23oC 22oC 21oC 20oC 19oC 18oC

9 am

10 am

11 am

12 pm

1 pm

2 pm

3 pm

Range of preferred Temperature in Winter Legend Pg. 78

Tout: o C

3

Tout:

5.5 C o

Tout: o C

7

Tout:

8.5 C o

Tout: o C

9

To

8.

Users start at the beginning of the day their ‘individual’ activities according bright and colder environment than the red user who chooses the 3rd floor. below the qualities of the diverse environments.

Fig. 5.13: Internal view: False co ance shows the quality of the li south at this time of the day

South Fig. 5.10: the Section shows the activity that could happen at this time and the quality of indoor space. Moreover the figure shows the position of the shutter.

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Fig. 5.14: Internal view: False co ance shows the quality of the li south at this time of the day

4 pm

out: o C

.5

5 pm

6 pm

7 pm

8 pm

10 pm

9 pm

11 pm

24oC

Tout: o C

7

Tout: o C

4

Tout:

5.5 C o

g to the preferred environmental settings. In this case the user blue prefers a less . Graph Above shows the temperature they are experiencing at 11 am and figures

olour image generated in radiight of the third floor towards

olour image generated in radiight of the 1st floor towards

ResTemp: o C

22.5

Fig. 5.11: Internal view: Third floor towards south.

ResTemp: o C

20

Fig. 5.12: Internal view: First floor towards south.

Tout: o C

5

Tout: o C

4

23oC 22oC 21oC 20oC 19oC 18oC

10 am

Tout:

32 C o

11 am

Tout:

34 C o

12 pm

1 pm

Tout:

36 C o

2 pm

4 pm

3 pm

Tout:

37.5 C o

Tout:

38.5 C o

5 pm

Tout:

38 C o

6 pm

7 pm

Tout:

37 C o

8 pm

Tout:

34.5 C o

10 p

9 pm

Tout:

32 C o

space during a hot summer day in 2050. (See legend pg. 78). During the most of the hour of the day the to the overheating of the higher part. But as ďŹ gure 5.43 shows, the space is still perceived in its wholeness.

Fig. 5.42: the Section shows the activity that could happen at this time and the quality of indoor space. Moreover the ďŹ gure shows the position of the shutter.

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Fig. 5.43: Th wholeness part of the u

Fig. 5.46:view of the master plan

Fig. 5.49:view of the master plan

107 Fig. 5.48:view of the master plan

Architectural Association / Graduate School MArch Sustainable Environmental Design

MArch SED dissertation projects

self built social housing northern coast of ecuador

February 2013 Jose L. Barros

March. Sustainable Environmental Design Architectural Association School of Architecture

Self-built Social Housing Northern coast of Ecuador

5.3 Test box base case Defining the test-box Requirements and regulations MIDUVI regulates social housing public and private funded. Using the corresponding normative, figure 5.3 describes the suitable regulations for this typology in Esmeraldas (GADME 2012, DMPTQ 2008).

Social Housing

Figure 5.3.- Space requirements for social housing projects after regulations Source: MIDUVI (2012), GADME 2012, DMPTQ 2008).

As the project aims to present an alternative to the social housing provided in the country, the test-box has been defined using an actual unit in similar climate and respecting the existing construction regulations. The test-box consists of a 6m x 6m area, equipped with a social living space, kitchen, bathroom and 2 bedrooms (figure 5.4).

Figure 5.4.- Base case dwelling from governmental housing program.

Source: MIDUVI (2012), GADME 2012, DMPTQ 2008).

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as the installation is easy and low cost. The slopes answer to the materials’ specifications, in the case of fibre-cement corrugated sheets local manufactures recommend a minimum slope between 9° and 15° (Eternit Ecuador, 2012).

Materials thermal properties

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Figure 5.6 shows the thermal properties of the materials used under local construction regulations.

Natural ventilation Natural ventilation availability is estimated during the occupied hours. During day time, ventilation is allowed after midday when people are at home. At night on the other hand, security is the main issue. Windows remain closed from 21:00 when occupants are resting (figure 5.7). A very common reaction to this issue is the installation of fences and protection bars on the windows, so habitants are able to leave the windows open at night.

Internal gains Internal conditions are highly influenced by the internal heat gains coming from appliances, occupation and solar radiation conducted by envelope materials.

Figure 5.7 shows that semi-private spaces are affected by the heat emitted by kitchen appliances during meal times. Solar heat gains are the main factor affecting internal conditions. Calculating the solar input through the roof it can be seen that heat gains in a sunny day could increase up to 68 W/m2 of roof (Szokolay 2008).

Adding the internal and solar input heat gains could rise up to 2500 W which results in Figure Test box envelope materials thermal properties a 5.6.temperature variation of approximately 10 K (figure 5.8).

Source: Thermal properties of materials (Szokolay, 2008)

The site’s climatic conditions influence the calculation of thermal transmittance for some elements. The roof for example is highly exposed to direct solar incidence. Surface resistance for severely exposed corrugated fibrous cement sheets present values of 0.02 (m2 K/W). The same issue occurs with walls, mostly eastwest orientation which receive direct solar incidence during the morning and afternoon throughout year (Appendix C).

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Figure 5.7.- Test-box internal conditions in relation to climate data. Dry bulb external temperature, global solar radiation and relative humidity average Daily values for January as the warmest period of the year Source: Climate data from Meteonorm 7.0 graphic adapted after Smith Masis 2009

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Mobility

Figure 6.4.- Mobility analysis of Atacames Images source: http://www.abritinecuador.com/tag/tonsupa/

Self-built Social Housing Northern coast of Ecuador

Public schools allow use of its facilities after class or during the week ends

Figure 6.5.Urban context analysis,Design Green natural areas neglected and insufficient open public spaces Self-built Social Housing March.

Sustainable Environmental Northern coast of Ecuador Architectural Association School of Architecture

There are few open public spaces that encourage social interaction among Uses zoning communities. In fact, the only real public space is the central plaza in the different downtown which has a commercial role. The rest of the spaces belong to public schools and only allow people to enter after class and during the weekends. Green areas are limited to the river shores which have become degraded areas, sources of pests and rubbish accumulation (figure 6.5).

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Figure 6.6.- Zoning and uses of different areas in the city

Most of commercial facilities are located downtown; nowadays it has been

March. Sustainable Environmental Design Architectural Association School of Architecture

Self-built Social Housing Northern coast of Ecuador

6.4 Site analysis Nueva Esperanza community is located in an urban-marginal area on the outskirts of the city. It is adjacent to the south shore of the river and one of the main motor ways coming from the inland country. It is mostly a housing area of two floors terraced and detached dwellings occupied by one family per dwelling.

The plot is oriented 26째 north-west with no considerable obstruction. Data collected from the closest weather station (Meteonorm 7.0) indicates that, prevailing wind comes mostly from the south east throughout the year. At night wind could also come from the sea conducted by the river. The proximity to the river represents a potential risk for floods during rainy seasons. The site is practically flat with only 4.00 m height difference in a span of approximately 160.0 from the river shore to the motorway on the east side of the plot (Figure 6.7).

Figure 6.7.- Site analysis, Urban relations and environmental conditions affecting the chosen site. Site pictures of representative areas

March. Sustainable Environmental Design Architectural Association School of Architecture

Self-built Social Housing Northern coast of Ecuador

6.5 Urban design principles Communities have settled in these areas due to the low cost of land derived from the absence of planning and infrastructure. Initially intended as a temporary housing area, rapidly became overcrowded and depreciated.

For these reasons, the project aims for to revalue the area by offering quality urban spaces according to peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs and economic reality. Three urban principles are leading the project. First, suturing the division caused by the river, so the different zones have a better interrelation. Second, transforming the river shore in to a pedestrian promenade to connect the new public spaces. Lastly, prioritizing pedestrian circulation, so people have access to the main roads, services and public transportation (figure 6.8).

3 min

Figure 6.8.- Urban design principles

4 axes have been defined to organize the urban development. These axes respond to the need of relating adjacent areas such as adjoining residential areas, downtown commercial zone and the main motorway. They are disposed according to equivalent distances appropriate for pedestrian circulation.

The characteristics of the spaces between these axes answer to 4 specific

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Self-built Social Housing Northern coast of Ecuador

Figure 6.10 show the massing of the master plan. Transversal pedestrian circulation connects the main road with the pedestrian promenade on the river shore. The promenade is also connected to the other side of the river through additional propose pedestrian bridges. It starts in the market and joints the other proposed spaces finishing in the sports area. It could continue along the river in further developments. The used materials have been selected to keep the porosity of the soil and avoid water accumulation. A bamboo deck surrounds the houses to provide an elevated walkway path in case of water accumulation.

Figure 6.10.- Urban massing of master plan project

the initial area (figure 6.11).

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Layout and space organization The spaces have been organized according to occupancy and levels of privacy required. Private areas are located on the first floor in order to reduce accessibility. This arrangement will also allow more access to the natural ventilation required. Semi-private is located on the ground floor. This relation with the outdoors provides an opportunity for the occupant to adapt to climate conditions. The remaining space is transformed in a transitional space, and it is treated as an extension of semi-private space to outdoors. This distribution will allow individually intervention of the spaces according to comfort requirements.

In terms of layout, ground floor is planned as an open plan space hosting an kitchen. First floor includes two bedrooms and a bathroom separated with mid-high partitions to make effective 73 crossed ventilation (figure 6.11).

Figure 6.11.- Strategies to establish initialliving-dining unit area and futureroom expansion areasa open flexible spacethefor and

Figure 6.12.- Space organization and layout design intentions

March. Sustainable Environmental Design Architectural Association School of Architecture

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Roof form Literature research has proven the importance of building grouping for natural ventilation (Givoni, 1998) (Holger, 2007) (Yannas, 1994). Urban layout and landscape could significantly cover buildings from wind incidence. As stated before, in this climate, providing open spaces with good ventilation could be beneficial for comfort by removing heat and humidity from the environment. Additionally, it improves indoors ventilation (Yannas, 1994) (figure 6.13).

Figure 6.13.- Air flow patterns, Wind shadow in linear and staggered building arrangements.

Staggered configuration reduces air flow between buildings Source: (Yannas, 1994)

Social housing developments require high densities to optimize the use of land. High density could produce poorly ventilated areas in between buildings. The appropriate spacing for this climate has been recommended as illustrated in figure 6.14.

Figure 6.14.- Building grouping, recommended spacing between buildings Source: Adapted from (Smith-Masis, 2009)

For this study project, the design of the roof intends to reduce wind shadow produced by buildings driving air flow to adjoin units and the outdoor spaces.

Therefore, the roof has been modified to use the air flow and pressure difference caused by its form (figure 6.15).

1 Traditional roof

Ventilated / parasol traditional roof

2 Breaking the roof More

access to wind to the air gap, internal surface of roof defects wind downwards

Figure 6.15.- Roof form modification diagram

3 Changing the angle

Using higher slopes for the roof so it deflects large amount of air downwards

beams joint the walls as support for first floor slab and ceiling structure. The hab space is enclosed by bamboo modulated panels designed to be inter-chang according to occupants needs. The roof structure is placed above the d structure. It is formed by bamboo trusses and secondary beams that will ho upper layer of the roof (figure 6.19).

The common wall between two units will host the services and v circulation optimizing hydraulic installations. These walls are also treated as ven axes over the services area by placing fixed openings on both facades dwellings (figure 6.20).

Figure 6.19.- Base unit, design criteria diagram

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Architectural Association School of Architecture

Northern coast of Ecuador

Figure 6.20.- Base unit design diagram different construction elements and Base units zoning

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Figure 6.23.- Initial unit floor plans / ground and first floors Figure 6.24.- Base unit sections

Self-built Social Housing Northern coast of Ecuador

Architectural Association School of Architecture

Figure 6.26.- Visualizations / Base unit - external view

Figure 6.27. Visualizations / Private gardens between dwellings

Figure 6.28. Visualizations / Fruit - vegetable garden external view

Northern coast of Ecuador

economic growth. Once applied, the knowledge stays in the community making easier future expansions or other developments in the surroundings. This knowledge reduces the risks of structural failure and material deterioration.

Panels and openings For habitable areas, panels for doors, window and opaque elements have been designed (figure 6.29). This panels are 1.2 (W) x 2.40 (L) meters, all built on a base of bamboo cane over a soft wood frame (figure 6.30).

Figure 6.29.- Panels types

Figure 6.30.- General panel structure

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trusses in place and stiffen the structure. Over the main structure, a sub-structure is located which will hold the roof upper layer. Figure 6.32 explains the process of roof construction. The elements could be joined with hemp strings widely available in the market, or the alternatively synthetic fibre strings which are more resistant.

Figure 6.32.- Roof construction process

Figure 6.33 show some section details of the construction system. For a mass production of the units, a more extensive catalogue could be designed and distributed as part of the labour training to the community members.

Self-built Social Housing

March. Sustainable Environmental Design

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Architectural Association School of Architecture

6.11

Unit Environmental response

26 C° 24 C°

27 C° 25 C° Cloudy Sunny

29 C° 31 C°

29 C° 30 C° Cloudy Sunny

Figure 6.44.- Environmental response of base unit for a typical day in the morning and afternoon

Self-built Social Housing

March. Sustainable Environmental Design

Northern coast of Ecuador

Architectural Association School of Architecture

26 C° 27 C°

27 C° 28 C°

Overcast Clear Sky

34 C°

32 C°

Extreme warm day May 5 at 14:00

Figure 6.45.- Environmental response of base unit for night-time and extreme warm day

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