Freedom and Mobility by AA School

ARTICULATING SOCIALLY REPRODUCTIVE EXCHANGE

FREE DOM AND IMMO BILITY A THESIS BY OLUKOYE AKINKUGBE

Freedom and Mobility

Freedom and Mobility Articulating Socially Reproductive Exchange Olukoye Akinkugbe

Supervised by Emmanouil Stavrakakis Mark Campbell

Architectural Association, London

FREEDOM AND IMMOBILITY OLUKOYE AKINKUGBE 19/09/2018 Supervised by: Emmanouil Stavrakakis Mark Campbell

For my younger self. And, with respect, to Anima Latina, 1974, Lucio Battisti, as well as Callas Sings Verdi at La Scala, 1959, Maria Callas, Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Tullio Serafin; two albums I listened to in steadfast repetition throughout the course of researching and writing this thesis.

CONTENTS

Contents

Preface Notions of Sovereign Jurisdiction Scenario 1 – Independent Terror Scenario 2 – Institutional Terror Territorial Sovereignty Chapter 1 Global Demos, Usufruct Part 1 a – Sovereignty and Territory as a concept Part 1 b – Borders as an affirmation of State-identity Part 2 a – Freedom (Transit) Part 2 b – Immobility (Detention) Part 3 a – The Psychology and Practice of Transit The Terminal Part 3 b – The Psychology and Practice of Detention Prison

15 17 19 21

25 27 31 33 37 39

Chapter 2 Architecture as a Lead-distinction Part 4 – Freedom of movement as a right Airspace Part 5 – Spatializing Theory into Built Form Part 6 – The Airport as an Operational Landscape Part 7 – Spatial Concerns of Logistical Connectivity Part 8 – Non-Stop Polis

49 53 57 61

Chapter 3 Reconciliation (Parts 1 & 2 Illustrated) Part 9 (Scenario 3) – Überlingen, 2002 Part 10 (Resolution) – Single European Sky

67 73

Epilogue Growth and Consumption

Bibliography Image Bibliography

85 97

Freedom and Mobility

Part 9 (Scenario 3) – Überlingen, 2002 Part 10 (Resolution) – Single European Sky

67 73

Epilogue Growth and Consumption Contents

Bibliography Image Bibliography

85 97

k/s3fspublic/thumbnails/image/2 018/01/05/10/jasonhawkes -2777.jpg, Accessed: 0511-2018 01:05 UTC Plate 40 – https://cdn.voxcdn.com/uploads/chorus_i mage/image/52294261/zo ning_map_main.0.0.jpeg, Accessed: 05-11-2018 01:00 UTC ‘Following its controlled impact on posts imbedded in the lakebed, the B-720 is sliding sideways and almost enveloped in the large fireball with only the aircraft's nose and right wing-tip exposed.’ – EC8431809, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites /default/files/images/30414 3main_EC8431809_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:25 UTC ‘In this photograph the B720 is seen making a practice close approach over the prepared impact site. The wing openers, designed to tear open the wings and spill the fuel, are clearly seen on the ground just at the start of the bed of rocks.’ – EC8431672-A, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites /default/files/ec84-3167a.jpg, Accessed: 07-122018 04:48 UTC ‘In this photograph the B720 is seen during the moments of initial impact. The left wing is digging into the lakebed while the aircraft continues sliding towards wing openers.’ – ECN-31803, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites /default/files/images/30416 7main_ECN31803_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:24 UTC

Preface Notions of Sovereign Jurisdiction

Preface Preface Notions of Sovereign Jurisdiction Notions of Sovereign Jurisdiction

The Administration of Fear, 2012, Paul Virilio, p. 15 2 International Terrorism: A Chronology, 1968-1974; A Report prepared for Department of State and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, (R-1597DOS/ARPA) March 1975, Brian M Jenkins and Janera Johnson, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/ fulltext/u2/a008354.pdf, Accessed: 22-11-2018 14:23 UTC, p. 51 3 Lethal Terrorist Actions Against Americans 19731985, c. 1986, Threat Analysis Division, Diplomatic Security Service, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, Department of State USA, https://www.hsdl.org/?view &did=35757, Accessed: 22-11-2018 14:34 UTC, p. 73-1 4 International Terrorism: A Chronology, 1968-1974, B M Jenkins & J Johnson, p. 51 5 Crash of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17, Hrabove, Ukraine, 17 July 1

Who, and what, operates in a given territory defines how notions of freedom and mobility are perceived. In a sovereign territory, the Sovereign body reserves the right to enact terror–so to speak–firmly establishing the parameters–material or immaterial, social, cultural, economic or otherwise–by which its territory is determined. Any individual or institutional assertion made contrary to that of the Sovereign agent, in any form, undermines and threatens the societal equilibrium which harmonises society at large and the governing body which presides over and on behalf of it. In this way, and as a globalised society, no act of contrary assertion can be permitted to flourish or manifest culpable legitimacy, without disrupting established norms afforded to conceptions of sovereignty in an international context. As such, the intimation of ‘fear’, or ‘terror’, as retributive agents, are both physical and psychological preoccupations in the administration of sovereign order, wherein these deterring mechanisms are now the precondition for our globalised environment. Contemporary societies are ‘limited, saturated, reduced, [and restrict us] to stressful claustrophobia: contagious stock crises, faceless terrorism, lightning pandemics, “professional” suicides.’1

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 1 Terrorist attack at Vienna International Airport, Austria, 1985

Plate 2 Rooftop Scene overlooking the World Trade Centre, New York, USA, 2001

Plates: Plate 1 – ‘Vor der Plates: Passkontrolle in WienSchwechat warteten die Passagiere, Plate 1 – ‘Vorals der palästinensische Passkontrolle in WienTerroristen am 27.die Schwechat sie warteten Dezember Passagiere,1985 als angriffen’ (Passengers waited in palästinensische passport control Vienna Terroristen sie amin27. Schwechat whenangriffen’ Dezember 1985 Palestinian (Passengersterrorists waited in attacked onin Vienna passport them control December 1985), Schwechat 27, when Warum Terroristen Palestinian terroristsimmer wieder Flüghafen attacked them on angreifen, Felix December Sven 27, 1985), Kellerhof, Welt, Warum Terroristen immer https://www.welt.de/img/ge wieder Flüghafen schichte/mobile153564083 angreifen, Sven Felix /5651629617-ci23x11Kellerhof, Welt, w1920/Terror-athttps://www.welt.de/img/ge Schwechat-airport.jpg, schichte/mobile153564083 Accessed: 12-11-2018 /5651629617-ci23x1100:16 UTC w1920/Terror-atSchwechat-airport.jpg, Plate 2 – ‘A man comforts Accessed: a woman on12-11-2018 the roof of a 00:16 UTC building in Brooklyn, New York, collapse of Plate after 2 – ‘Athe man comforts the World on Trade Center a woman the roof of a towers on September 11, building in Brooklyn, New 2001.’ – Robert Clark; This York, after the collapse of Never Before Seen Photo the World Trade Center Captures of 9/11,11, towers on Grief September Daniel –Stone, National 2001.’ Robert Clark; This Geographic, Never Before09-09-2016, Seen Photo https://www.nationalgeogr Captures Grief of 9/11, aphic.com/photography/pr Daniel Stone, National oof/2016/09/a-new-photoGeographic, 09-09-2016, and-tender-side-of-septhttps://www.nationalgeogr 11/, Accessed: 05-11-2018 aphic.com/photography/pr 01:48 UTC oof/2016/09/a-new-photoand-tender-side-of-septPlate 3 – 11/, Accessed: 05-11-2018 https://www.baaa01:48 UTC acro.com/crash/crashboeing-777-2h6er-nearPlate 3– moskovske-298-killed, https://www.baaaAccessed: 23-10-2018 acro.com/crash/crash13:55 UTC boeing-777-2h6er-nearPlate 4 – Crime Without moskovske-298-killed, Accessed: Punishment,23-10-2018 Jérôme 13:55 UTC Sessini, World Press Photo, Plate 4 – Crime Without https://www.worldpressph Punishment, Jérôme oto.org/collection/photo/20 Sessini, World Press 15/spotPhoto, news/j%C3%A9r%C3%B4 https://www.worldpressph me-sessini, Accesed: 23oto.org/collection/photo/20 10-2018 13:40 UTC 15/spotnews/j%C3%A9r%C3%B4 Plate 5 – me-sessini, Accesed: 23https://www.bbc.co.uk/new 10-2018 13:40 UTC s/world-us-canada39556910, Plate 5 – Accessed: 1111-2018 04:57 UTC https://www.bbc.co.uk/new s/world-us-canadaPlate 6 – 39556910, Accessed: 11https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xwW 11-2018 04:57 UTC 0VfkFljE/maxresdefault.jpg ,Plate Accessed: 04-11-2018 6– 22:55 UTC https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xwW Plate 7 – John Hinde 0VfkFljE/maxresdefault.jpg ,Collection, Accessed:Elmar 04-11-2018 Ludwig, 22:55 UTC https://thephotographersg allery.org.uk/sites/default/fi Plate 7 – John Hinde les/Butlin%27s%20Ayr%2 Collection, Elmar Ludwig, C%20The%20Old%20Tim https://thephotographersg

Notions of Sovereign Jurisdiction Scenario 1 Independent Terror Rome–Fumicino, 1973

The Administration of Fear, 2012, Paul Virilio, p. 15 2 International Terrorism: A c. 13:10 UTC +1, December 17th, 1973; at least 32 people2 Chronology, 1968-1974; A Report prepared for succumbed to an outburst of terror when 5 Palestinian3 Department of State and guerrillas proceeded to open fire in the customs area of Defense Advanced Research Projects Rome–Fumicino International Airport. They then Agency, (R-1597DOS/ARPA) March 1975, commandeered Lufthansa Airlines F-303 and flew to Brian M Jenkins and Athens, Greece; Damascus, Syria, and finally Farwaniya, Janera Johnson, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/ Kuwait, where they surrendered; but not before taking fulltext/u2/a008354.pdf, hostages and partially blowing up Pan Am F-110 which Accessed: 22-11-2018 14:23 UTC, p. 51 was parked at the Terminal Apron. They were flown to 3 Lethal Terrorist Actions Against Americans 1973Cario, Egypt, on March 2nd, 1974 and tried by the 1985, c. 1986, Threat Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) for ‘carrying out Analysis Division, Diplomatic Security an “unauthorized operation” detrimental to the Palestinian Service, Bureau of cause.’4 Diplomatic Security, Department of State USA, https://www.hsdl.org/?view &did=35757, Accessed: 22-11-2018 14:34 UTC, p. 73-1 4 International Terrorism: A Chronology, 1968-1974, B M Jenkins & J Johnson, p. 51 5 Crash of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17, Hrabove, Ukraine, 17 July 2014, The Hague, October 2015, Dutch Safety board, https://eenvandaag.avrotro s.nl/fileadmin/editorial/doc s/reportmh17crashen.pdf, Accessed: 23-10-2018 18:22 UTC 6 MH17: The Open Source Investigation: Three Years Later, 2017, bell¿ngcat, https://www.bellingcat.com /wpcontent/uploads/2017/07/ mh17-3rd-anniversaryreport.pdf, Accessed: 2310-2018 18:21 UTC, p. 72 7 ICAO Annex 2, SERA, Air Navigation Order and Rules of the Air Regulations 2015 – Consolidation (Correct to 4 February 2015), 04-022015, ICAO, https://www.caa.co.uk/Wor kArea/DownloadAsset.asp x?id=4294972788, Accessed: 22-11-2018 21:57 UTC 8 Crash of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17, Dutch Safety board, p. 175 9 Jurisdiction: Critical Approaches to Law, 2012, Shaunnagh Dorsett and Shaun McVeigh, p. 35 10 S Dorset & S McVeigh, p. 14 11 Jurisprudence of Jurisdiction, 2016 (First published 2007), edited by Shaun McVeigh, p. 22 17 (The metaphysics of jurisdiction, Costas 2 International Terrorism: A Chronology, 1968-1974; A Report prepared for Department of State and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Douzinas) 12 (R-1597-DOS/ARPA) State / Space: A Reader, March 1975, Brian M Jenkins and Janera Johnson, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a008354.pdf, Accessed: 22-11-2018 p. 51 2003,14:23 editedUTC, by Neil 3 Brenner, Bob Jessop, Lethal Terrorist Actions Against Americans 1973-1985, c. 1986, Threat Analysis Division, Diplomatic Security Service, Bureau of Diplomatic Martin Jones and Gordon Security, Department of State USA, https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=35757, Accessed: 22-11-2018 14:34 UTC, p. 73-1 1

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 3 Wreckage of Malaysia Airlines F-17, shot down by alleged pro-Russian separatists, Ukraine, 2014

Plate 4 Deceased passenger of Malaysia Airlines F-17, Ukraine, 2014

schichte/mobile153564083 /5651629617-ci23x11w1920/Terror-atPlate 1 – ‘Vor der Schwechat-airport.jpg, Passkontrolle in WienAccessed: Schwechat 12-11-2018 warteten die 00:16 UTC als Passagiere, palästinensische Plate 2 – ‘A man comforts Terroristen am 27.of a a woman onsie the roof Dezember angriffen’ building in 1985 Brooklyn, New (Passengers in of York, after thewaited collapse passport in Vienna the Worldcontrol Trade Center Schwechat when towers on September 11, Palestinian terrorists 2001.’ – Robert Clark; This attacked themSeen on Photo Never Before December 27, 1985), Captures Grief of 9/11, Warum Terroristen immer Daniel Stone, National wieder Flüghafen Geographic, 09-09-2016, angreifen, Sven Felix https://www.nationalgeogr Kellerhof, Welt, aphic.com/photography/pr https://www.welt.de/img/ge oof/2016/09/a-new-photoschichte/mobile153564083 and-tender-side-of-sept/5651629617-ci23x1111/, Accessed: 05-11-2018 w1920/Terror-at01:48 UTC Schwechat-airport.jpg, Plate 3 – Accessed: 12-11-2018 https://www.baaa00:16 UTC acro.com/crash/crashPlate 2 – ‘A man comforts boeing-777-2h6er-neara woman on the roof of a moskovske-298-killed, building in Brooklyn, New Accessed: 23-10-2018 York, after 13:55 UTC the collapse of the World TradeWithout Center Plate 4 – Crime towers on September Punishment, Jérôme 11, 2001.’ – World RobertPress Clark; This Sessini, Never Before Seen Photo Photo, Captures Grief of 9/11, https://www.worldpressph Daniel Stone, National oto.org/collection/photo/20 Geographic, 09-09-2016, 15/spothttps://www.nationalgeogr news/j%C3%A9r%C3%B4 aphic.com/photography/pr me-sessini, Accesed: 23oof/2016/09/a-new-photo10-2018 13:40 UTC and-tender-side-of-septPlate 5 – 11/, Accessed: 05-11-2018 https://www.bbc.co.uk/new 01:48 UTC s/world-us-canadaPlate 3 – Accessed: 1139556910, https://www.baaa11-2018 04:57 UTC acro.com/crash/crashPlate 6– boeing-777-2h6er-nearhttps://i.ytimg.com/vi/xwW moskovske-298-killed, 0VfkFljE/maxresdefault.jpg Accessed: 23-10-2018 , Accessed: 04-11-2018 13:55 UTC 22:55 UTC Plate 4 – Crime Without Plate 7 – John Hinde Punishment, Jérôme Collection, Elmar Ludwig, Sessini, World Press https://thephotographersg Photo, allery.org.uk/sites/default/fi https://www.worldpressph les/Butlin%27s%20Ayr%2 oto.org/collection/photo/20 C%20The%20Old%20Tim 15/spote%20Ballroom%2C%20El news/j%C3%A9r%C3%B4 mar%20Ludwig.jpg, me-sessini, Accesed: 23Accessed: 22-10-2018 10-2018 13:40 UTC 16:41 UTC Plate 5 – Plate 8 – John Hinde https://www.bbc.co.uk/new Collection, David Noble, s/world-us-canadahttps://thephotographersg 39556910, Accessed: 11allery.org.uk/sites/default/fi 11-2018 04:57 UTC Plate 6 – https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xwW 0VfkFljE/maxresdefault.jpg , Accessed: 04-11-2018 22:55 UTC Plate 7 – John Hinde Collection, Elmar Ludwig, https://thephotographersg allery.org.uk/sites/default/fi les/Butlin%27s%20Ayr%2 C%20The%20Old%20Tim e%20Ballroom%2C%20El mar%20Ludwig.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 16:41 UTC Plate 8 – John Hinde Collection, David Noble, https://thephotographersg allery.org.uk/sites/default/fi

1985, c. 1986, Threat Analysis Division, Diplomatic Security Service, Bureau of Diplomatic Security, Department of State USA, https://www.hsdl.org/?view &did=35757, Accessed: 22-11-2018 14:34 UTC, p. 73-1 4 International Terrorism: A Chronology, 1968-1974, B M Jenkins & J Johnson, p. 51 5 Crash of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17, Hrabove, Ukraine, 17 July 2014, The Hague, October 2015, Dutch Safety board, https://eenvandaag.avrotro s.nl/fileadmin/editorial/doc s/reportmh17crashen.pdf, Accessed: 23-10-2018 18:22 UTC 6 MH17: The Open Source Investigation: Three Years Later, 2017, bell¿ngcat, https://www.bellingcat.com /wpcontent/uploads/2017/07/ mh17-3rd-anniversaryreport.pdf, Accessed: 2310-2018 18:21 UTC, p. 72 7 ICAO Annex 2, SERA, Air Navigation Order and Rules of the Air Regulations 2015 – Consolidation (Correct to 4 February 2015), 04-022015, ICAO, https://www.caa.co.uk/Wor kArea/DownloadAsset.asp x?id=4294972788, Accessed: 22-11-2018 21:57 UTC 8 Crash of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17, Dutch Safety board, p. 175 9 Jurisdiction: Critical Approaches to Law, 2012, Shaunnagh Dorsett and Shaun McVeigh, p. 35 10 S Dorset & S McVeigh, p. 14 11 Jurisprudence of Jurisdiction, 2016 (First published 2007), edited by Shaun McVeigh, p. 22 (The metaphysics of jurisdiction, Costas Douzinas) 12 State / Space: A Reader, 2003, edited by Neil Brenner, Bob Jessop, Martin Jones and Gordon Macleod, p. 310 (Citizenship, Territoriality

Notions of Sovereign Jurisdiction Scenario 2 Institutional Terror MH17, 20145 15:20:03 UTC +1, July 17th, 2014; Malaysia Airlines F-17 (MH17) is shot down by a 9N314M-model warhead from a Buk Surface-to-Air missile launcher belonging to the Russian 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade6 over Ukrainian airspace, resulting in 298 fatalities spread over a wreckage area of 50km2, predominantly around the villages of Hrabove, Rozsypne and Petropavlivka, Ukraine. Ukrainian air traffic management is subject to the discretion of the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Ministry of defence, wherein civil and military use of its sovereign airspace is presided over by an Integrated Civil Military Air Traffic System, which is subsidiary to the Ukrainian State Air Traffic Service Enterprise (UkSATSE). On July 17th, 2014, both Ukraine and the Russian Federation had issued flight restrictions up to 32,000 ft., however, MH17–flying above this restriction–had veered slightly off its assigned airway: L980, through Dnipropetrovsk Control Sector 4 on an eastbound track when it was downed. Given that every state exercises complete and exclusive control in the airspace above its sovereign territory, it is up to airline operators to determine what flight routes to exploit in the airspace available to them. It is also the responsibility of the piloting captain to ensure flights are operated in accordance with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) protocol7 in the instance there is a ‘sudden outbreak of armed violence,’8 as was deemed the case when MH17 proceeded on its journey. In this instance, armed conflict in eastern Ukraine expanded into Ukrainian airspace, posing increased risks to overflying civil aviation traffic, so the blame does not fall solely on any one of the multiple enabling bodies: Sovereign or Airline Operator. A lapse in judgment of the apparent risks to civil aviation during the overflight period of MH17 resulted in an armed faction of allegedly pro-Russian separatists undermining the legitimacy of Ukrainian Sovereignty, which resulted in the unnecessary and regrettable loss of by-standing human life.

19 Crash of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17, Hrabove, Ukraine, 17 July 2014, The Hague, October 2015, Dutch Safety board, https://eenvandaag.avrotros.nl/fileadmin/editorial/docs/reportmh17crashen.pdf, Accessed: 23-10-2018 18:22 UTC 6 MH17: The Open Source Investigation: Three Years Later, 2017, bell¿ngcat, https://www.bellingcat.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/mh17-3rdanniversary-report.pdf, Accessed: 23-10-2018 18:21 UTC, p. 72 7 ICAO Annex 2, SERA, Air Navigation Order and Rules of the Air Regulations 2015 – Consolidation (Correct to 4 February 2015), 04-02-2015, ICAO, https://www.caa.co.uk/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=4294972788, Accessed: 22-11-2018 21:57 UTC 5

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 5 Dr David Dao dragged off United Express F-3411, 2017

Plate 6 Passenger forcibly removed from South West Airlines, Baltimore Airport, 2017

aphic.com/photography/pr wieder Flüghafen oof/2016/09/a-new-photoangreifen, Sven Felix and-tender-side-of-septKellerhof, Welt, 11/, Accessed: 05-11-2018 https://www.welt.de/img/ge 01:48 UTC schichte/mobile153564083 /5651629617-ci23x11Plate 3 – w1920/Terror-athttps://www.baaaSchwechat-airport.jpg, acro.com/crash/crashAccessed: 12-11-2018 boeing-777-2h6er-near00:16 UTC moskovske-298-killed, Accessed: Plate 2 – ‘A23-10-2018 man comforts 13:55 UTCon the roof of a a woman building Brooklyn, New Plate 4 –inCrime Without York, after theJérôme collapse of Punishment, the World Trade Center Sessini, World Press towers Photo, on September 11, 2001.’ – Robert Clark; This https://www.worldpressph Never Before Seen Photo oto.org/collection/photo/20 Captures 15/spot- Grief of 9/11, Daniel Stone, National news/j%C3%A9r%C3%B4 Geographic, 09-09-2016, me-sessini, Accesed: 23https://www.nationalgeogr 10-2018 13:40 UTC aphic.com/photography/pr Plate 5 – oof/2016/09/a-new-photohttps://www.bbc.co.uk/new and-tender-side-of-septs/world-us-canada11/, Accessed: 05-11-2018 39556910, Accessed: 1101:48 UTC 11-2018 04:57 UTC Plate 3 – Plate 6 – https://www.baaahttps://i.ytimg.com/vi/xwW acro.com/crash/crash0VfkFljE/maxresdefault.jpg ,boeing-777-2h6er-nearAccessed: 04-11-2018 moskovske-298-killed, 22:55 UTC Accessed: 23-10-2018 Plate 7 – John Hinde 13:55 UTC Collection, Elmar Ludwig, Plate 4 – Crime Without https://thephotographersg Punishment, Jérôme allery.org.uk/sites/default/fi Sessini, World Press les/Butlin%27s%20Ayr%2 Photo, C%20The%20Old%20Tim https://www.worldpressph e%20Ballroom%2C%20El oto.org/collection/photo/20 mar%20Ludwig.jpg, 15/spot- 22-10-2018 Accessed: news/j%C3%A9r%C3%B4 16:41 UTC me-sessini, Accesed: 23Plate 8 – John Hinde 10-2018 13:40 UTC Collection, David Noble, Plate 5 – https://thephotographersg https://www.bbc.co.uk/new allery.org.uk/sites/default/fi s/world-us-canada39556910, Accessed: 1111-2018 04:57 UTC Plate 6 – https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xwW 0VfkFljE/maxresdefault.jpg , Accessed: 04-11-2018 22:55 UTC Plate 7 – John Hinde Collection, Elmar Ludwig, https://thephotographersg allery.org.uk/sites/default/fi les/Butlin%27s%20Ayr%2 C%20The%20Old%20Tim e%20Ballroom%2C%20El mar%20Ludwig.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 16:41 UTC Plate 8 – John Hinde Collection, David Noble, https://thephotographersg allery.org.uk/sites/default/fi

MH17: The Open Source Investigation: Three Years Later, 2017, bell¿ngcat, https://www.bellingcat.com /wpcontent/uploads/2017/07/ mh17-3rd-anniversaryreport.pdf, Accessed: 2310-2018 18:21 UTC, p. 72 7 ICAO Annex 2, SERA, Air Navigation Order and Rules of the Air Regulations 2015 – Consolidation (Correct to 4 February 2015), 04-022015, ICAO, https://www.caa.co.uk/Wor kArea/DownloadAsset.asp x?id=4294972788, Accessed: 22-11-2018 21:57 UTC 8 Crash of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17, Dutch Safety board, p. 175 9 Jurisdiction: Critical Approaches to Law, 2012, Shaunnagh Dorsett and Shaun McVeigh, p. 35 10 S Dorset & S McVeigh, p. 14 11 Jurisprudence of Jurisdiction, 2016 (First published 2007), edited by Shaun McVeigh, p. 22 (The metaphysics of jurisdiction, Costas Douzinas) 12 State / Space: A Reader, 2003, edited by Neil Brenner, Bob Jessop, Martin Jones and Gordon Macleod, p. 310 (Citizenship, Territoriality 6

Notions of Sovereign Jurisdiction Territorial Sovereignty The notion of sovereignty is one of the most singularly defining frameworks that has nurtured our social relatability with regards to the formation of the international, in the period post-World War 2. It is a distinctive patterning of both law and politics which finds its roots in Europe’s religious wars of the 16th and 17th centuries.9 Jurisdiction, rationalised as a mode of operation, is beholden onto the technologies or organisational strategies through which it is conveyed and enacted. In other words, the way in which the law of the land is administered directly affects the perception of order and undermines or reinforces the administrator’s capability of ‘authorising, changing or altering lawful relations.’10 This relationship is consolidated in space; wherein a collection of people becomes community, through the act of gathering themselves to form a commonality, and thus the space of relationships; the space of society.11 Jurisdiction, or sovereignty over a community is a performative exercise, where the act of subjugation is concealed in the declaration of sovereign law, whereby each actor knows and is expected to fulfil their role within the community.

Jurisdiction: Critical Approaches to Law, 2012, Shaunnagh Dorsett and Shaun McVeigh, p. 35 S Dorset & S McVeigh, p. 14

Chapter 1 Global Demos, Ususfruct

https://eenvandaag.avrotro s.nl/fileadmin/editorial/doc s/reportmh17crashen.pdf, Accessed: 23-10-2018 18:22 UTC 6 MH17: The Open Source Investigation: Three Years Later, 2017, bell¿ngcat, https://www.bellingcat.com /wpcontent/uploads/2017/07/ mh17-3rd-anniversaryreport.pdf, Accessed: 2310-2018 18:21 UTC, p. 72 7 ICAO Annex 2, SERA, Air Navigation Order and Rules of the Air Regulations 2015 – Consolidation (Correct to 4 February 2015), 04-022015, ICAO, https://www.caa.co.uk/Wor kArea/DownloadAsset.asp x?id=4294972788, Accessed: 22-11-2018 21:57 UTC 8 Crash of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17, Dutch Safety board, p. 175 9 Jurisdiction: Critical Approaches to Law, 2012, Shaunnagh Dorsett and Shaun McVeigh, p. 35 10 S Dorset & S McVeigh, p. 14 11 Jurisprudence of Jurisdiction, 2016 (First published 2007), edited by Shaun McVeigh, p. 22 (The metaphysics of jurisdiction, Costas Douzinas) 12 State / Space: A Reader, 2003, edited by Neil Brenner, Bob Jessop, Martin Jones and Gordon Macleod, p. 310 (Citizenship, Territoriality and the Gendered Construction of Difference, Nira Yuval-Davis) 13 State / Space: A Reader, p. 27 (Exploration, Cartography and the Modernization of State Power, Marcelo Escolar) 14 State / Space: A Reader, p. 60 (The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results, Michael Mann) 15 State / Space: A Reader, p. 85 (Space and the State, Henri Leferbre) 16 State / Space: A Reader, p. 84 (H Leferbre) 17 State / Space: A Reader, p. 92 (H Leferbre) 18 State / Space: A Reader, p. 72 (The Nation, Nicos Poulantzas) 19 State / Space: A Reader, p. 296 (Cities and Citizenship, James Holston and Arjun Appadurai) 20 State / Space: A Reader, p. 101 (The State as Container: Territoriality in the Modern World-System, Peter F Taylor) 21 Border as Method, or the Multiplication of Labor, 2013, Sandro Mezzadra and Brett Neilson, p. 3 22 Borderscaping: Imaginations and Practices of Border Making, 2015, edited by Chiara Brambilla, Jussi Laine, James W Scott and Gianluca Bocchi, p. 23 (Space, Lines, Borders: Imaginaries and Images, Anna Krasteva) 23 Borderscaping: Imaginations and Practices of Border Making, p. 24 (A Krasteva) 24 Borderscaping:

Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Global Demos, GlobalUsufruct Demos, Ususfruct Part 1 a Sovereignty and Territory as a concept Freedom and mobility can be understood as a negotiation between an individual and his or her nation-state, decidedly enforced as a right of sovereignty within the territorial extents which comprise the geospatial locale of such a territory. The State is little more than an amalgamation of administrative entities organised along the pretence of enforcing its own institutional legitimacy.12 The modern state, be it absolutist or within thresholds of representative democracy, is at once concerned with the people over which it governs and physical assets within the geographic limits wherein it asserts its juridical influence.13 It is simultaneously a central place, insofar as it is a ‘unified territorial reach,’14 in as much as it is an occupation of an ideological symbolism that exists in the minds of those who identify with or against it, even to the extent which includes lived experience or rumoured representation of the State in its conceptual elaboration.15 The creation of an urban sphere, or social space,16 within the context of globalisation, suspends an at once artificial hegemonic artifice of socially acceptable conventions and legal enterprise spanning the breath of the State’s territorial confines. This conglomerate of omniscient political outreach, metres the two extremes of freedom and immobility, insofar as ordinary citizens are concerned, whereby it is encompassed in a singular figure who serves as a figurehead, or the symbolic face of this type of institution (for instance, a political leader or a monarch) whose will should be reflected in the individual constituents comprising the nation unto which the figurehead is beholden. Where globalisation is concerned, overwhelmingly it is the State which possesses the conceptual and administrative capacity to impose its own prerogative of management as to whom and what may operate when and where in any confine of its territory. The chaos of conflicting private interests among its population is regulated to suit the primary motivation of the State. It therefore suppresses any interest which is contrary to that 25 of its own insofar as it threatens the State’s existence or hegemonic validity, or more importantly, the established stato-political framework within which its constituent community operates in.17

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 7 Butlins Mosney, UK, John Hinde Collection

Plate 8 Butlins Mosney, UK, John Hinde Collection

towers on September Accessed: 23-10-201811, 2001.’ – Robert Clark; This 13:55 UTC Never Seen Photo Plate 4Before – Crime Without Captures Grief of 9/11, Punishment, Jérôme Daniel Stone, National Sessini, World Press Geographic, 09-09-2016, Photo, https://www.nationalgeogr https://www.worldpressph aphic.com/photography/pr oto.org/collection/photo/20 oof/2016/09/a-new-photo15/spotand-tender-side-of-septnews/j%C3%A9r%C3%B4 11/, Accessed: 05-11-2018 me-sessini, Accesed: 2301:48 UTC 10-2018 13:40 UTC Plate 3 – Plate 5 – https://www.baaahttps://www.bbc.co.uk/new acro.com/crash/crashs/world-us-canadaboeing-777-2h6er-near39556910, Accessed: 11moskovske-298-killed, 11-2018 04:57 UTC Accessed: 23-10-2018 Plate 6 – 13:55 UTC https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xwW Plate 4 – Crime Without 0VfkFljE/maxresdefault.jpg Punishment, Jérôme , Accessed: 04-11-2018 Sessini, World Press 22:55 UTC Photo, Plate 7 – John Hinde https://www.worldpressph Collection, Elmar Ludwig, oto.org/collection/photo/20 https://thephotographersg 15/spotallery.org.uk/sites/default/fi news/j%C3%A9r%C3%B4 les/Butlin%27s%20Ayr%2 me-sessini, Accesed: 23C%20The%20Old%20Tim 10-2018 13:40 UTC e%20Ballroom%2C%20El Plate 5 – mar%20Ludwig.jpg, https://www.bbc.co.uk/new Accessed: 22-10-2018 s/world-us-canada16:41 UTC 39556910, Accessed: 11Plate 8 – John Hinde 11-2018 04:57 UTC Collection, David Noble, Plate 6 – https://thephotographersg https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xwW allery.org.uk/sites/default/fi 0VfkFljE/maxresdefault.jpg , Accessed: 04-11-2018 22:55 UTC Plate 7 – John Hinde Collection, Elmar Ludwig, https://thephotographersg allery.org.uk/sites/default/fi les/Butlin%27s%20Ayr%2 C%20The%20Old%20Tim e%20Ballroom%2C%20El mar%20Ludwig.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 16:41 UTC Plate 8 – John Hinde Collection, David Noble, https://thephotographersg allery.org.uk/sites/default/fi les/Butlin%27s%20Minehe ad%2C%20The%20Regen cy%20Show%20Bar%2C% 20David%20Noble.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 17:04 UTC Plate 9 – ‘A video showing facial recognition software in use at the headquarters of the artificial intelligence company Megvii in Beijing.’ – Inside China’s Dystopian Dreams: A.I., Shame and Lots of Cameras, Paul Mozur, New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2 018/07/08/business/chinasurveillancetechnology.html 06-122018 02:32 UTC Plate 10 – Denver International Airport, https://media.cntraveler.co m/photos/5b5f2dd99e0404 0d7a2f9139/master/pass/a irport-busy-tsa-quiet-skiesGettyImages670570760.jpg, Accessed: 03-10-2018 16:45 UTC Plate 11 – Stansted Airport, UK, https://static.competitionlin e.com/upload/images/4/f/5 /f/4/5/7/0/4f5f45703266ecd 16e3f31b901883cb7_1.jpg , Accessed: 10-10-2018 20:50 UTC Plate 12 – Schiphol Airport, Netherlands, 1994, Andreas Gursky, https://media.timeout.com/i

constituents comprising the nation unto which the

and the Gendered figurehead is beholden. Where globalisation is concerned, Construction of Difference, Nira Yuval-Davis) overwhelmingly it is the State which possesses the 13 State / Space: A Reader, p. 27 (Exploration, conceptual and administrative capacity to impose its own Cartography and the prerogative of management as to whom and what may Modernization of State Power, Marcelo Escolar) operate when and where in any confine of its territory. The 14 State / Space: A Reader, chaos of conflicting private interests among its population p. 60 (The Autonomous Power of the State: Its is regulated to suit the primary motivation of the State. It Origins, Mechanisms and Results, Michael Mann) therefore suppresses any interest which is contrary to that 15 State / Space: A Reader, of its own insofar as it threatens the State’s existence or p. 85 (Space and the State, Henri Leferbre) hegemonic validity, or more importantly, the established 16 State / Space: A Reader, stato-political framework within which its constituent p. 84 (H Leferbre) 17 State / Space: A Reader, community operates in.17 p. 92 (H Leferbre) 18 State / Space: A Reader, The globalised space is characterised by an p. 72 (The Nation, Nicos The globalised space is characterised by an exchange of people moving from place to place Poulantzas) exchange of people moving from place to place 19 State 12 / Space: A Reader, at Bobonce overcoming stato-political State / Space: A Reader, perpetually, 2003, edited by Neil Brenner, Jessop, Martin Jones and Gordon Macleod, p. 310 (Citizenship, Territoriality and p. 296 (Cities and perpetually, at once overcoming stato-political the Gendered Construction separations of Difference, Nira Yuval-Davis) Citizenship, James Holston and simultaneously homogenising all space 13 and simultaneously homogenising allEscolar) space and Arjun Appadurai) State / Space: A Reader, separations p. 27 (Exploration, Cartography and the Modernization of State Power, Marcelo by sullying the frontiers of established State Space (i.e. the 20 14 / Space: A Reader, State State / Space: A Reader, by p. 60sullying (The Autonomous Power of theof State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results, Michael the frontiers established State Space (i.e. theMann) p. 10115(The State as extents a State). State / Space: A Reader, territorial p. 85 (Space and the State,of Henri Leferbre) The symbolic delineation of a Container: Territoriality in territorial extents of a State). The symbolic delineation of a 16 StateWorld-System, / Space: A Reader, state-frontier, p. 84 (H Leferbre) geographic or otherwise, blurred in this the Modern 17 geographic or otherwise, blurred in this State / Space: A Reader, state-frontier, p. 92 (H Leferbre) Peter F Taylor) modus of perpetual transition becomes ‘serial and 21 Border as Method, or the modus of perpetual transition becomes ‘serial and 18 Multiplication of Labor, discontinuous’18 as it is spread across the length and discontinuous’ as it is spread across the length and 2013, Sandro Mezzadra breadth of the globe. The individual of our time (yourself and Brett Neilson, p. 3 breadth of the globe. The individual of our time (yourself 7 22 Borderscaping: and myself included), is an appurtenance of the Imaginations and and myself included), is an appurtenance of the contemporary nation-State. Today’s individual is a resolute Practices of Border contemporary nation-State. Today’s individual is a resolute Making, 2015, edited by function of the State’s material validation of power, which Chiara Brambilla, Jussi function of the State’s material validation of power, which Laine, James W Scott and is ultimately concerned with the production and is ultimately concerned with the production and Gianluca Bocchi, p. 23 proliferation of capital. In this way, the contemporary (Space, Lines, Borders: proliferation of capital. In this way, the contemporary Imaginaries and Images, individual embodies the ‘defamiliarising enormity of Anna Krasteva) individual embodies the ‘defamiliarising enormity 19 of 23 national citizenship and the exhilaration of its liberties,’19 in Borderscaping: national citizenship and the exhilaration of its liberties,’ in Imaginations and as much as he or she is able to exercise unimpeded transit Practices of Border as much as he or she is able to exercise unimpeded transit Making, p. 24 (A Krasteva) through any multitude of sovereign State entities. 24 through any multitude of sovereign State entities. Borderscaping: Imaginations and Practices of Border Making, p. 18 (A Krasteva) 25 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, Part 1 b p. 216 26 Part 1 b S Mezzadra & B Neilson, Borders as an affirmation of State-identity p. 173 Borders as an affirmation of State-identity 27 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, p. 143 28 The delineation and consubstantial proclamation of S Mezzadra & B Neilson, The delineation and consubstantial proclamation of p. 150 territory performs the task of administering an outcome 29 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, territory performs the task of administering an outcome within that boundary which is coherent with the interests of p. 206 30 within that boundary which is coherent with the interests of S Mezzadra & B Neilson, the State. This act of mitigating that which may or may not p. 147 the State. This act of mitigating that which may or may not 31 Other-politic denotes enter the State’s territory enables the content of the state rd those whom are 3 party, enter the State’s territory enables the content of the state to be moulded and manipulated to suit the intended or removed, from the to be moulded and manipulated to suit the intended 20 State; those whom are character of whatever prerogative the State wills.20 foreign

Global Demos, Usufruct

S Mezzadra & B Neilson, p. 208 33 State / Space: A Reader, p. 91 (H Leferbre) 34 Aviopolis: A Book About Airports, 2004, Gillian Fuller and Ross Harley, p. 48 35 Heterotopia and the City: Public Space in a Postcivil Society, 2008, edited by Michiel Dehaene and Lieven De Cauter, p. 12 (Of Other Spaces, 1967, Michel Foucault) 32

character of whatever prerogative the State wills. Enforcing borders engenders the articulation of Enforcing borders engenders 21 the articulation of globalisation at its current scale, at the same time it globalisation at its current scale,21 at the same time it makes spatial artificial classifications of traits which render makes spatial artificial classifications of traits which render individuals legally capable or incapacitated within its individuals 22 legally capable or incapacitated within its boundaries,22 therefore subjugating the freedoms of boundaries, therefore subjugating the freedoms of mobility afforded by globalisation. This has the tendency mobility afforded by globalisation. This has the tendency to foster situations whereby ‘symbolic politics (producing to foster situations whereby ‘symbolic politics (producing othering by bordering) and real politic (producing othering by bordering) and real politic (producing borders) interfere;’23 such as the separation of radically borders) interfere;’23 such as the separation of radically different stato-political prerogatives wherein the people different stato-political prerogatives wherein the people whom they seek to divide share the same traits of those whom they seek to divide share the same traits of those distinctions normally pertinent to those upon which a distinctions normally pertinent to those upon which 27 a nation might be built on, such as ethnicity, or language, nation might be built on, such as ethnicity, or language, religious faith, and so on. In our current climate, the religious faith, and so on. In our current climate, the proliferation of diversified incorporeal methods of border proliferation of diversified incorporeal methods of border enforcement, such as biometric and smart borders,24 enforcement, such as biometric and smart borders,24

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 9 Chinese Governement AI Surveillence, China

Plate 10 TSA Screening, Denver International Airport

les/Butlin%27s%20Minehe ad%2C%20The%20Regen cy%20Show%20Bar%2C% 20David%20Noble.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 17:04 UTC Plate 9 – ‘A video showing facial recognition software in use at the headquarters of the artificial intelligence company Megvii in Beijing.’ – Inside China’s les/Butlin%27s%20Minehe Dystopian Dreams: A.I., ad%2C%20The%20Regen cy%20Show%20Bar%2C% Shame and Lots of Cameras, Paul Mozur, 20David%20Noble.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2 17:04 UTC 018/07/08/business/chinaPlate 9 – ‘A video showing surveillancefacial recognition software technology.html 06-12in use at the headquarters 2018 UTC of the02:32 artificial intelligence company Megvii in Plate 10 –– Inside DenverChina’s Beijing.’ Dystopian Dreams: International Airport,A.I., https://media.cntraveler.co Shame and Lots of Cameras, Paul Mozur, m/photos/5b5f2dd99e0404 New York Times, 0d7a2f9139/master/pass/a https://www.nytimes.com/2 irport-busy-tsa-quiet-skies018/07/08/business/chinaGettyImagessurveillance670570760.jpg, Accessed: technology.html 03-10-2018 16:4506-12UTC 2018 02:32 UTC Plate 11 – Stansted Airport, UK, Plate 10 – Denver https://static.competitionlin International Airport, e.com/upload/images/4/f/5 /f/4/5/7/0/4f5f45703266ecd https://media.cntraveler.co 16e3f31b901883cb7_1.jpg m/photos/5b5f2dd99e0404 , Accessed: 10-10-2018 0d7a2f9139/master/pass/a 20:50 UTC irport-busy-tsa-quiet-skiesGettyImagesPlate 12 – Schiphol 670570760.jpg, Accessed: Airport, Netherlands, 1994, 03-10-2018 16:45 UTC Andreas Gursky, Plate 11 – Stansted https://media.timeout.com/i mages/101554557/image.j Airport, UK, pg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 https://static.competitionlin 15:21 UTC e.com/upload/images/4/f/5 /f/4/5/7/0/4f5f45703266ecd Plate 13 – L’Eclisse,1963, 16e3f31b901883cb7_1.jpg Michelangelo Antonioni, ,https://s3.amazonaws.com Accessed: 10-10-2018 20:50 UTC /criterionPlate 12 – Schiphol production/carouselfiles/e4a756425b83aab93 Airport, Netherlands, 1994, 9b0a8544ebc2b9e.jpeg, Andreas Gursky, Accessed: 08-201-2018 https://media.timeout.com/i 20:38 UTC mages/101554557/image.j pg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 Plate 14 – O’Hare 15:21 UTC Airport, International Chicago, Plate 13 – L’Eclisse,1963, https://stuckattheairport.co Michelangelo Antonioni, m/wphttps://s3.amazonaws.com content/uploads/2013/12/S /criterionheep-at-ORD-2.jpg, production/carouselAccessed: 08-10-2018 files/e4a756425b83aab93 15:00 UTC 9b0a8544ebc2b9e.jpeg, Accessed: 08-201-2018 Plate 15 – https://cdn20:38 UTC image.travelandleisure.co Plate 14 – O’Hare m/sites/default/files/styles/ 1600x1000/public/144734 International Airport, 4697/airplane-etiquetteChicago, LEGROOM1115.jpg?itok= https://stuckattheairport.co g57tT-Hb, Accessed: 04m/wp11-2018 22:54 UTC content/uploads/2013/12/S heep-at-ORD-2.jpg, Plate 16 – Accessed: 08-10-2018 https://thedesignair.files.w 15:00 UTC ordpress.com/2014/11/caleconomy-2.jpg, Accessed: Plate 15 – https://cdn04-11-2018 23:07 UTC image.travelandleisure.co m/sites/default/files/styles/ Plate 17 – Terminal 2 1600x1000/public/144734 Landseite, Fraport AG 4697/airplane-etiquetteFototeam Andreas

Peter F Taylor) individuals legally capable or incapacitated within its Border as Method, or the boundaries,22 therefore subjugating the freedoms of Multiplication of Labor, 2013, Sandro Mezzadra mobility afforded by globalisation. This has the tendency and Brett Neilson, p. 3 22 to foster situations whereby ‘symbolic politics (producing Borderscaping: Imaginations and othering by bordering) and real politic (producing Practices of Border Making, 2015, edited by borders) interfere;’23 such as the separation of radically Chiara Brambilla, Jussi different stato-political prerogatives wherein the people Laine, James W Scott and Gianluca Bocchi, p. 23 whom they seek to divide share the same traits of those (Space, Lines, Borders: distinctions normally pertinent to those upon which a Imaginaries and Images, Anna Krasteva) nation might be built on, such as ethnicity, or language, 23 Borderscaping: Imaginations and religious faith, and so on. In our current climate, the Practices of Border proliferation of diversified incorporeal methods of border Making, p. 24 (A Krasteva) 24 Borderscaping: enforcement, such as biometric and smart borders,24 Imaginations and further extends the reach of the State to effect its scrutiny Practices of Border Making, p. 18 (A Krasteva) to a greater and more potent degree as to whom may 25 18 S Mezzadra B Neilson, State / &Space: A Reader, p. 72 (The Nation, Nicos Poulantzas) p. 21619 State / Space: A Reader, participate in the James global of a seemingly p. 296 (Cities and Citizenship, Holstonarticulation and Arjun Appadurai) 26 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, 20 p. 101 (The State as Container: in the Modern World-System, Peter F Taylor) and mobile Territoriality populous. p. 17321 State / Space: A Reader, transient 27 Border&asBMethod, S Mezzadra Neilson, or the Multiplication of Labor, 2013, Sandro Mezzadra and Brett Neilson, p. 3 The ability of the State to maintain its sovereignty is p. 14322 Borderscaping: Imaginations and Practices of Border Making, 2015, edited by Chiara Brambilla, Jussi Laine, James W Scott and Gianluca 28 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, reliant on an and infrastructure of ‘regulatory entities that Bocchi, p. 23 (Space, Lines, Borders: Imaginaries Images, Anna Krasteva) p. 15023 Borderscaping: Imaginations and Practices of Border Making, p. 24 (A Krasteva) channel, correct, and scale human activities in order to 29 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, 24 and Practices of Border Making, p. 18 (A Krasteva)25 p. 206 Borderscaping: Imaginations produce effects of social order.’ This necessitates a 30 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, phenomenon whereby it becomes absolutely necessary p. 147 31 Other-politic denotes for those within the jurisdiction of the State’s spatial rd those whom are 3 party, 8 or removed, from the confines to be known, situated and at once identifiable State; those whom are within a web of eternally shifting points of data-like foreign 32 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, controls, so that each shifting inhabitant can be distinctly p. 208 33 classified and thus the proper authority administered so as State / Space: A Reader, p. 91 (H Leferbre) to afford hegemonic order. A higher degree of scrutiny is 34 Aviopolis: A Book About Airports, 2004, Gillian employed relative to the frequency of mobility within, into, Fuller and Ross Harley, p. and out of the State’s territorial extents; in relation to 48 35 Heterotopia and the City: migration, a wide scope of controls and technological Public Space in a Postcivil protocols including–but not limited to–‘passports, visas, Society, 2008, edited by Michiel Dehaene and health certificates, invitation papers, transit passes, Lieven De Cauter, p. 12 (Of Other Spaces, 1967, identity cards, watchtowers, disembarkation areas, Michel Foucault) 21

Global Demos, Usufruct

holding zones, laws, regulations, customs and excise officials medical and immigration authorities’26 play a part in reinforcing this immediacy of individual accountability to the all-seeing watch of the State. The proliferation and consequent saturation of administrative space with ‘various zones and experiences of waiting, holding, and interruption’27 are a facet of State sponsored reconciliation of illegality, whereby international borders are more fastidiously filtered so as to diminish the ripples created by this fluctuation of a transitory global body-politic with respect to the more stable and situated inhabitants which comprise its metropolitan spaces.28 Structuring transitory spaces in a way which enables this filtration of people into distinct categories affords the site of transit a unique privilege of being an enclave of nonspace, or limbo, so to speak, wherein the articulation which connects the globalised world is effectuated.29 As a factor of regulating these instances of movement, holding areas–or non-spaces within the already established administrative non-space of international transit–take on a variety of forms within airports, harbours and the like, which depending on the level of scrutiny and determined offence range across all tiers of imprisonment and 29 specificities of detainment, from ‘regular prisons to special-purpose facilities.’30 This cohesion and seeming ease with which the State predicates such stringent dissection of both the body-politic and the other-politic31

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 11 Stanstead Airport Concourse, UK

Plate 12 Schiphol Airport, Netherlands

of the artificial intelligence company Megvii in Beijing.’ – Inside China’s Dystopian Dreams: A.I., Shame and Lots of Cameras, Paul Mozur, New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2 018/07/08/business/chinasurveillancetechnology.html 06-12les/Butlin%27s%20Minehe 2018 02:32 UTC ad%2C%20The%20Regen cy%20Show%20Bar%2C% 20David%20Noble.jpg, Plate 10 – Denver Accessed: International22-10-2018 Airport, 17:04 UTC https://media.cntraveler.co m/photos/5b5f2dd99e0404 Plate 9 – ‘A video showing 0d7a2f9139/master/pass/a facial recognition software irport-busy-tsa-quiet-skiesin use at the headquarters GettyImagesof the artificial intelligence 670570760.jpg, company MegviiAccessed: in 03-10-2018 16:45China’s UTC Beijing.’ – Inside Dystopian Dreams: A.I., Plate 11 – Stansted Shame Airport, and UK, Lots of Cameras, Paul Mozur, https://static.competitionlin New York Times, e.com/upload/images/4/f/5 https://www.nytimes.com/2 /f/4/5/7/0/4f5f45703266ecd 018/07/08/business/china16e3f31b901883cb7_1.jpg ,surveillanceAccessed: 10-10-2018 technology.html 06-1220:50 UTC 2018 UTC Plate 02:32 12 – Schiphol Airport, Netherlands, 1994, Plate 10 –Gursky, Denver Andreas International Airport, https://media.timeout.com/i https://media.cntraveler.co mages/101554557/image.j m/photos/5b5f2dd99e0404 pg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 0d7a2f9139/master/pass/a 15:21 UTC irport-busy-tsa-quiet-skiesPlate 13 – L’Eclisse,1963, GettyImagesMichelangelo Antonioni, 670570760.jpg, Accessed: https://s3.amazonaws.com 03-10-2018 16:45 UTC /criterionPlate 11 – Stansted production/carouselAirport, UK, files/e4a756425b83aab93 https://static.competitionlin 9b0a8544ebc2b9e.jpeg, e.com/upload/images/4/f/5 Accessed: 08-201-2018 /f/4/5/7/0/4f5f45703266ecd 20:38 UTC 16e3f31b901883cb7_1.jpg Plate 14 – O’Hare , Accessed: 10-10-2018 International Airport, 20:50 UTC Chicago, Plate 12 – Schiphol https://stuckattheairport.co Airport, Netherlands, 1994, m/wpAndreas Gursky, content/uploads/2013/12/S https://media.timeout.com/i heep-at-ORD-2.jpg, mages/101554557/image.j Accessed: 08-10-2018 pg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 15:00 UTC 15:21 UTC Plate 15 – https://cdnPlate 13 – L’Eclisse,1963, image.travelandleisure.co Michelangelo Antonioni, m/sites/default/files/styles/ https://s3.amazonaws.com 1600x1000/public/144734 /criterion4697/airplane-etiquetteproduction/carouselLEGROOM1115.jpg?itok= files/e4a756425b83aab93 g57tT-Hb, Accessed: 049b0a8544ebc2b9e.jpeg, 11-2018 22:54 UTC Accessed: Plate 16 – 08-201-2018 20:38 UTC https://thedesignair.files.w Plate 14 – O’Hare ordpress.com/2014/11/calInternational Airport, economy-2.jpg, Accessed: Chicago, 04-11-2018 23:07 UTC https://stuckattheairport.co Plate 17 – Terminal 2 m/wpLandseite, Fraport AG content/uploads/2013/12/S Fototeam Andreas heep-at-ORD-2.jpg, Meinhart, Accessed: 08-10-2018 https://www.fraport.com/co 15:00 UTC ntent/fraport/en/ourPlate 15 – https://cdncompany/media/mediaimage.travelandleisure.co center/photom/sites/default/files/styles/ 1600x1000/public/144734 4697/airplane-etiquetteLEGROOM1115.jpg?itok= g57tT-Hb, Accessed: 0411-2018 22:54 UTC Plate 16 – https://thedesignair.files.w ordpress.com/2014/11/caleconomy-2.jpg, Accessed: 04-11-2018 23:07 UTC Plate 17 – Terminal 2 Landseite, Fraport AG Fototeam Andreas Meinhart, https://www.fraport.com/co ntent/fraport/en/ourcompany/media/mediacenter/photo-

Practices of Border of transit a unique privilege of being an enclave of nonMaking, p. 24 (A Krasteva) Borderscaping: space, or limbo, so to speak, wherein the articulation Imaginations and which connects the globalised world is effectuated.29 As a Practices of Border Making, p. 18 (A Krasteva) factor of regulating these instances of movement, holding 25 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, areas–or non-spaces within the already established p. 216 26 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, administrative non-space of international transit–take on a p. 173 27 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, variety of forms within airports, harbours and the like, p. 143 which depending on the level of scrutiny and determined 28 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, p. 150 offence range across all tiers of imprisonment and 29 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, specificities of detainment, from ‘regular prisons to p. 206 30 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, special-purpose facilities.’30 This cohesion and seeming p. 147 31 Other-politic denotes ease with which the State predicates such stringent those whom are 3rd party, dissection of both the body-politic and the other-politic31 or removed, from the State; those whom are from the normative space of public life creates a ‘plurality foreign 32 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, of legal orders, labour regimes, patterns of economic p. 20825 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, p. 216 development, and even cultural styles’32 that have become 33 26 / Space: A Reader, State S Mezzadra & B Neilson, p. 173 p. 91 27 (H Leferbre) of the globalised order. S Mezzadra & B Neilson, a p. staple 143 34 Aviopolis: A Book About 28 Mezzadra Airports,S2004, Gillian& B Neilson, p. 150 29 S Mezzadra & Bp.Neilson, p. 206 Fuller and Ross Harley, 48 30 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, p. 147 35 31 Heterotopia and the City: those Part a 3rd party, or removed, from the State; those whom are foreign Other-politic denotes whom2are Public Space in a Postcivil Society, 2008, edited by Freedom – Transit Michiel Dehaene and Lieven De Cauter, p. 12 (Of Other Spaces, 1967, 9 The State, in its insurmountable quest for administrative Michel Foucault) 36 order, situates itself amid the chaos of transitory instability G Fuller & R Harley, p. 83 and manifests spaces which are in themselves socially 37 Passenger Profiling, Imperfect Screening, void33–little more than a means to appease the demands Airport Security, Nicola of its body-politic to assert the freedom of travel, and Persico and Petra E Todd, The American Economic hence to live the experience of globalisation. Nowhere is Review, Vol. 95, No. 2, this trait more characteristically embodied than in the Papers and Proceedings of the One Hundred international airport. The non-place of international transit Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the American constitutes a zone of both administrative and social Economic Association, exception. It facilitates movement whilst simultaneously Philadelphia, PA, January 7-9, 2005 (May, 2005), pp. denying it, and hence the notion of a normative order is 127-131, suspended.34 The airport–a transitory heterotopia– https://pdfs.semanticschol ar.org/e299/c8feced0c584 succeeds in creating a ‘place without place, that exists by cc42ca28d1309c7689859f 0a.pdf, Accessed: 13-09itself, that is self-enclosed and at the same time is given to 2018 15:22 UTC, p. 127 38 the infinity of [airspace],’35 wherein people are validated N Persico & P E Todd, p. 129 through a series of secure databased and physical 39 (Chapter: Flight of checkpoints.36 Fancy? Air Passenger Security Since 9/11), The Databased authentication technologies such as the Long Shadow of 9/11, 2011 Jack K Riley, now redundant Computer-Assisted Passenger Prehttps://www.jstor.org/stabl screening System (CAPPS I & II), which pre-emptively e/10.7249/mg1107rc.21, Accessed: 13-09-2018 selected passengers for further screening at airports in the 15:25 UTC, p. 152 40 US by assimilating personal data pertaining to criminal (Chapter: Aviation Security After Four records, credit checks, place of residence, homeDecades, It’s Time for a Fundamental Review), ownership, income, patterns of travel and patterns of Aviation Security, 2012, purchasing37, and other such systems implemented to Brian Michael Jenkins, https://www.jstor.org/stabl assess an individual’s potential to threaten the security of e/10.7249/j.ctt1q60kx.2, civil aviation, are excises imposed by the State in a manner Accessed: 13-09-2018 15:28 UTC, p. 2 of operation indeed only possible by this scale of 41 Crimes of Peace: Mediterranean Migrations institution. The State, in this way, is able to predict at the World’s Deadliest criminality38 and therefore impose biases towards Border, 2015, Maurizio Albahari, p. 130 individuals who constitute factions of society statistically 42 M Albahari, p. 131 43 State / Space: A Reader, more predisposed to acts of lawlessness. In addition to p. 302 (J Holston & A pre-purchase pre-screening, select passengers from Appadurai) 44 Discipline and Punish: select nations are required to procure entry visas when The Birth of the Prison, journeying to countries wherein there exists no travel 31 1975, Michel Foucault, translated by Alan agreement between the respective states. These Sheridan (1977), p. 8 45 Discipline and Punish, M Foucault, p. 141 46 32 Discipline and Punish, M S Mezzadra & B Neilson, p. 208 Foucault, p. 143 33 State / Space: A Reader, p. 91 (H Leferbre) 47 24

Global Demos, Usufruct

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 13 Film Still from L’Eclisse, 1963, Michelangelo Antonioni

Plate 14 Grazing Llama employed at O’Hare International Airport, Chicago

https://media.cntraveler.co Plate 9 – ‘A video showing m/photos/5b5f2dd99e0404 facial recognition software 0d7a2f9139/master/pass/a in use at the headquarters irport-busy-tsa-quiet-skiesof the artificial intelligence GettyImagescompany Megvii in 670570760.jpg, Beijing.’ – InsideAccessed: China’s 03-10-2018Dreams: 16:45 UTC Dystopian A.I., Shame and Lots of Plate 11 – Stansted Cameras, Paul Mozur, Airport, UK, New York Times, https://static.competitionlin https://www.nytimes.com/2 e.com/upload/images/4/f/5 018/07/08/business/china/f/4/5/7/0/4f5f45703266ecd surveillance16e3f31b901883cb7_1.jpg technology.html 06-12, Accessed: 10-10-2018 2018 20:5002:32 UTC UTC Plate 12 – Schiphol Plate 10Netherlands, – Denver Airport, 1994, International Airport, Andreas Gursky, https://media.cntraveler.co https://media.timeout.com/i m/photos/5b5f2dd99e0404 mages/101554557/image.j 0d7a2f9139/master/pass/a pg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 irport-busy-tsa-quiet-skies15:21 UTC GettyImagesPlate 13 – L’Eclisse,1963, 670570760.jpg, Accessed: Michelangelo Antonioni, 03-10-2018 16:45 UTC https://s3.amazonaws.com Plate 11 – Stansted /criterionAirport, UK, production/carouselhttps://static.competitionlin files/e4a756425b83aab93 e.com/upload/images/4/f/5 9b0a8544ebc2b9e.jpeg, /f/4/5/7/0/4f5f45703266ecd Accessed: 08-201-2018 16e3f31b901883cb7_1.jpg 20:38 UTC , Accessed: 10-10-2018 Plate 14 – O’Hare 20:50 UTC Airport, International Plate 12 – Schiphol Chicago, Airport, Netherlands, 1994, https://stuckattheairport.co Andreas Gursky, m/wphttps://media.timeout.com/i content/uploads/2013/12/S mages/101554557/image.j heep-at-ORD-2.jpg, pg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 Accessed: 08-10-2018 15:21 UTC UTC 15:00 Plate 15 13 – https://cdnL’Eclisse,1963, Michelangelo Antonioni, image.travelandleisure.co https://s3.amazonaws.com m/sites/default/files/styles/ /criterion1600x1000/public/144734 production/carousel4697/airplane-etiquettefiles/e4a756425b83aab93 LEGROOM1115.jpg?itok= 9b0a8544ebc2b9e.jpeg, g57tT-Hb, Accessed: 04Accessed: 08-201-2018 11-2018 22:54 UTC 20:38 UTC Plate 16 – Plate 14 – O’Hare https://thedesignair.files.w International Airport, ordpress.com/2014/11/calChicago, economy-2.jpg, Accessed: https://stuckattheairport.co 04-11-2018 23:07 UTC m/wpPlate 17 – Terminal 2 content/uploads/2013/12/S Landseite, Fraport AG heep-at-ORD-2.jpg, Fototeam Andreas Accessed: Meinhart, 08-10-2018 15:00 UTC https://www.fraport.com/co Plate 15 – https://cdnntent/fraport/en/ourimage.travelandleisure.co company/media/mediam/sites/default/files/styles/ center/photo1600x1000/public/144734 4697/airplane-etiquetteLEGROOM1115.jpg?itok= g57tT-Hb, Accessed: 0411-2018 22:54 UTC Plate 16 – https://thedesignair.files.w ordpress.com/2014/11/caleconomy-2.jpg, Accessed: 04-11-2018 23:07 UTC Plate 17 – Terminal 2 Landseite, Fraport AG Fototeam Andreas Meinhart, https://www.fraport.com/co ntent/fraport/en/ourcompany/media/mediacenter/photo-

assess an individual’s potential to threaten the security of civil aviation, are excises imposed by the State in a manner G Fuller & R Harley, p. of operation indeed only possible by this scale of 83 Passenger Profiling, institution. The State, in this way, is able to predict Imperfect Screening, Airport Security, Nicola criminality38 and therefore impose biases towards Persico and Petra E Todd, individuals who Global constitute factions of society statistically Demos, Usufruct The American Economic Review, Vol. 95, No. 2, more predisposed to acts of lawlessness. In addition to Papers and Proceedings pre-purchase pre-screening, select passengers from of the One Hundred Seventeenth Annual select nations are required to procure entry visas when Meeting of the American Economic Association, journeying to countries wherein there exists no travel Philadelphia, PA, January agreement between the respective states. These 7-9, 2005 (May, 2005), pp. 127-131, passengers are–prior to travelling–required to disclose https://pdfs.semanticschol are–prior to evidence extensive documentary relating toto not only ar.org/e299/c8feced0c584 passengers travelling–required disclose S Mezzadra & B Neilson, p. 208 cc42ca28d1309c7689859f themselves, but in some instances their relatives, evidence torelating to not work only / Space: A Reader, extensive p. 91 (H Leferbre)documentary 0a.pdf, State Accessed: 13-092018 15:22 UTC, p. peers,2004,and perhaps ainstances financial on work the Aviopolis: A 127 Book About Airports, Gillianbut Fuller Ross Harley, p. 48 themselves, inandsome to guarantor, their relatives, N Persico & P E Todd, p. City: Public Space in a Postcivil Society, 2008, edited by Michiel Dehaene and Lieven De Cauter, p. 12 (Of Other Spaces, Heterotopia and the presumption they are anotfinancial able to guarantor, financially support peers, and perhaps on the 129 1967, Michel (Chapter: Flight ofFoucault) themselves.39 This information is assessed by various law & R Harley, p. 83presumption they are not able to financially support Fancy? G AirFuller Passenger 39institutions of the Host State before the visaandScreening, security SecurityPassenger Since 9/11), The Profiling, Imperfect Airport Security, Nicola Persico is andassessed Petra E Todd, The Economic This information byAmerican various law Review, Vol. 95, No. 2, themselves. Long Papers Shadowand of 9/11, Proceedings of applicant the One Hundred Seventeenth Annual Meeting of themost American Economic Association, Philadelphia, PA, January 7-9, is legally permitted (but importantly, neither and security institutions of the Host State before the visa2011 Jack K Riley, 2005 (May, 2005), pp. 127-131, https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e299/c8feced0c584cc42ca28d1309c7689859f0a.pdf, Accessed: 13-09-2018 https://www.jstor.org/stabl obliged, nor entitled) to set foot on its soil. applicant is legally permitted (but most importantly, neither 15:22 UTC, p. 127 e/10.7249/mg1107rc.21, intents andtopurposes, the nor entitled) set foot on itsmain soil. ambition of preN Persico & P E Todd, p. obliged, 129 For all Accessed: 13-09-2018 15:25 UTC, p. 152 screening is to thwart the potential forambition acts of ofterror For all intents and purposes, the main pre(Chapter: Aviation imposed organisations whose Security After Four screeningonisthe to State thwartbythe potential for actsideologies of terror Decades, It’s Time for a and interests areState contrary to10that of its own. The ideologies measures imposed on the by organisations whose Fundamental Review), Aviation Security, 2012, taken towardsare this end demonstrate ‘the basic tenet of and interests contrary to that of its own. The measures Brian Michael Jenkins, terrorism–that groups with a limited capacity taken towards small this end demonstrate ‘the basic tenet for of https://www.jstor.org/stabl 40 e/10.7249/j.ctt1q60kx.2, power can achieve disproportionate effects’ through terrorism–that small groups with a limited capacity for Accessed: 13-09-2018 40 their of terror tactics in a bout to undermine 15:28 UTC, p. 2 through poweremployment can achieve disproportionate effects’ Crimes of Peace: the integrity of the State against which they seek to engage their employment of terror tactics in a bout to undermine Mediterranean Migrations at the World’s Deadliest with. The adverse effectagainst of which subjects unsuspecting the integrity of the State which they seek to engage Border, 2015, Maurizio and innocent members the global-politic to with. largely The adverse effect of whichofsubjects unsuspecting Albahari, p. 130 M Albahari, p. 131 undue inconvenience at timesofunnecessary personal and largely innocent and members the global-politic to State / Space: A Reader, p. 302 (J Holston & A humiliation. Systems such as times the aforementioned CAPPS undue inconvenience and at unnecessary personal Appadurai) and its subsequent employed in contemporary humiliation. Systemsderivatives such as the aforementioned CAPPS Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, aviation security encroach on civil libertiesinpertaining to an and its subsequent derivatives employed contemporary 1975, Michel Foucault, individual’s right to privacy. translated by Alan aviation security encroach on civil liberties pertaining to an Sheridan (1977), p. 8 individual’s right to privacy. Discipline and Punish, M 36

32 33 34

36 37

42 43

Foucault, p. 141 Discipline and Punish, M Foucault, p. 143 47 Border Watch: Cultures of Immigration, Detention and Control, 2012, Alexandra Hall, p. 5 48 A Hall, p. 15 49 Airspaces, 2001, David Pascoe, p. 198 50 G Fuller & R Harley, p. 5 51 G Fuller & R Harley, p. 11 52 G Fuller & R Harley, pp. 16-17 53 Recommended Security Guidelines for Airport Planning, Design, and Construction, (April) 2017, PARAS (Program for Applied Research in Airport Security), Accessed: 13-09-2018 14:45 UTC, p. 27 54 PARAS, p. 65 55 PARAS, pp. 117-121 56 (noun) demos /ˈdiːmɒs/: 1.1 The populace of a democracy as a political 46

Part 2 b Immobility Part 2 b – Detention Immobility – Detention Enforcing border authority, as previously stated, is reliant on a high level of technical andstated, integration, the as previously is reliant Enforcing border authority,proficiency likes of which be matched or entrusted to the pure on a high level can’t of technical proficiency and integration, the cognitive assessment the agents are given thepure task likes of which can’t beofmatched or who entrusted to the of enforcement. In congruence technological cognitive assessment of the agentswith who the are given the task application of riskInassessment, staff work to of enforcement. congruencegovernment with the technological evaluate theoflikelihood of an individual’s undesirableness application risk assessment, government staff work to with the prerogatives and with respect to its evaluate the likelihoodofofthe an State individual’s undesirableness body-politic. The consequence of implementing with the prerogatives of the State and with respect tothis its judgement a hegemonic paradigm of conjecture body-politic.imposes The consequence of implementing this whereby rules aofhegemonic association with respect to the judgementthe imposes paradigm of conjecture perceived of how ‘certain phenotypes, whereby theappearance rules of association with respect to the 41 to citizenships, signs of poverty, perceived appearance of and how intentions ‘certain correlate’ phenotypes, inform a speculation based on ‘religious, racial, social to citizenships, signs of poverty, and intentions correlate’41 or legal taxonomies’ as abased preconception of ulterior contrainform a speculation on ‘religious, racial,orsocial or State taxonomies’ motives. Thisas affirms–not only in the contextorofcontratransit legal a preconception of ulterior 33 but more generally of society–the of predictive State motives. This affirms–not only in notion the context of transit policing a restraining mechanism of ordinary life, in an but moreasgenerally of society–the notion of predictive age where type of encroachment is ordinary the new norm. policing as this a restraining mechanism of life, in an age where this type of encroachment is the new norm.

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 15 Airline Seating Economy

Plate 16 Airline Seating Economy

International Airport, https://media.timeout.com/i https://media.cntraveler.co mages/101554557/image.j m/photos/5b5f2dd99e0404 pg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 0d7a2f9139/master/pass/a 15:21 UTC irport-busy-tsa-quiet-skiesPlate 13 – L’Eclisse,1963, GettyImagesMichelangelo Antonioni, 670570760.jpg, Accessed: https://s3.amazonaws.com 03-10-2018 /criterion- 16:45 UTC Plate 11 – Stansted production/carouselAirport, UK, files/e4a756425b83aab93 https://static.competitionlin 9b0a8544ebc2b9e.jpeg, e.com/upload/images/4/f/5 Accessed: 08-201-2018 /f/4/5/7/0/4f5f45703266ecd 20:38 UTC 16e3f31b901883cb7_1.jpg Plate 14 – O’Hare ,International Accessed: 10-10-2018 Airport, 20:50 UTC Chicago, Plate 12 – Schiphol https://stuckattheairport.co Airport, m/wp- Netherlands, 1994, Andreas Gursky, content/uploads/2013/12/S https://media.timeout.com/i heep-at-ORD-2.jpg, mages/101554557/image.j Accessed: 08-10-2018 pg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 15:00 UTC 15:21 UTC Plate 15 – https://cdnPlate 13 – L’Eclisse,1963, image.travelandleisure.co Michelangelo Antonioni, m/sites/default/files/styles/ https://s3.amazonaws.com 1600x1000/public/144734 /criterion4697/airplane-etiquetteproduction/carouselLEGROOM1115.jpg?itok= files/e4a756425b83aab93 g57tT-Hb, Accessed: 049b0a8544ebc2b9e.jpeg, 11-2018 22:54 UTC Accessed: Plate 16 – 08-201-2018 20:38 UTC https://thedesignair.files.w Plate 14 – O’Hare ordpress.com/2014/11/calInternational Airport, economy-2.jpg, Accessed: Chicago, 23:07 UTC 04-11-2018 https://stuckattheairport.co Plate 17 – Terminal 2 m/wpLandseite, Fraport AG content/uploads/2013/12/S Fototeam Andreas heep-at-ORD-2.jpg, Meinhart, Accessed: 08-10-2018 https://www.fraport.com/co 15:00 UTC ntent/fraport/en/ourPlate 15 – https://cdncompany/media/mediaimage.travelandleisure.co center/photom/sites/default/files/styles/ 1600x1000/public/144734 4697/airplane-etiquetteLEGROOM1115.jpg?itok= g57tT-Hb, Accessed: 0411-2018 22:54 UTC Plate 16 – https://thedesignair.files.w ordpress.com/2014/11/caleconomy-2.jpg, Accessed: 04-11-2018 23:07 UTC Plate 17 – Terminal 2 Landseite, Fraport AG Fototeam Andreas Meinhart, https://www.fraport.com/co ntent/fraport/en/ourcompany/media/mediacenter/photo-

evaluate the likelihood of an individual’s undesirableness 7-9, 2005 (May, 2005), pp. 127-131, with the prerogatives of the State and with respect to its https://pdfs.semanticschol body-politic. The consequence of implementing this ar.org/e299/c8feced0c584 cc42ca28d1309c7689859f judgement imposes a hegemonic paradigm of conjecture 0a.pdf, Accessed: 13-092018 15:22 UTC, p. 127 whereby the rules of association with respect to the 38 N Persico & P E Todd, p. perceived appearance of how ‘certain phenotypes, 129 39 (Chapter: Flight of citizenships, signs of poverty, and intentions correlate’41 to Fancy? Air Passenger inform a speculation based on ‘religious, racial, social or Security Since 9/11), The Long Shadow of 9/11, legal taxonomies’ as a preconception of ulterior or contra2011 Jack K Riley, https://www.jstor.org/stabl State motives. This affirms–not only in the context of transit e/10.7249/mg1107rc.21, but more generally of society–the notion of predictive Accessed: 13-09-2018 15:25 UTC, p. 152 policing as a restraining mechanism of ordinary life, in an 40 (Chapter: Aviation age where this type of encroachment is the new norm. Security After Four Decades, It’s Time for a The routine of transit facilitates a continuum of free Fundamental Review), Aviation Security, 2012, movement among the global-politic who are immediately Brian 39 Michael Jenkins, (Chapter: Flight of Fancy?made Air Passenger Security Sincethrough 9/11), The Long Shadow of 9/11, 2011 Jack K Riley, identifiable biometric catalogues of their https://www.jstor.org/stabl https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg1107rc.21, Accessed: 13-09-2018 15:25 UTC, p. 152 e/10.7249/j.ctt1q60kx.2, irises and fingerprints matched against their names, 40 Accessed: 13-09-2018 (Chapter: Aviation Security After Four Decades, It’s Time for a Fundamental Review), Aviation Security, 2012, Brian Michael Jenkins, transaction histories and official travel documents, 15:28 UTC, p. 2 https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/j.ctt1q60kx.2, Accessed: 13-09-2018 15:28 UTC, p. 2 41 Crimes of Peace: 41 therefore maximising the ability theMaurizio various surveillance Crimes Migrations of Peace: Mediterranean Migrations at the World’s Deadliest Border,of 2015, Albahari, p. 130 Mediterranean

Global Demos, Usufruct

at the World’s Deadliest Border, 2015, Maurizio Albahari, p. 130 42 M Albahari, p. 131 43 State / Space: A Reader, p. 302 (J Holston & A Appadurai) 44 Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, 1975, Michel Foucault, translated by Alan Sheridan (1977), p. 8 45 Discipline and Punish, M Foucault, p. 141 46 Discipline and Punish, M Foucault, p. 143 47 Border Watch: Cultures of Immigration, Detention and Control, 2012, Alexandra Hall, p. 5 48 A Hall, p. 15 49 Airspaces, 2001, David Pascoe, p. 198 50 G Fuller & R Harley, p. 5 51 G Fuller & R Harley, p. 11 52 G Fuller & R Harley, pp. 16-17 53 Recommended Security Guidelines for Airport Planning, Design, and Construction, (April) 2017, PARAS (Program for Applied Research in Airport Security), Accessed: 13-09-2018 14:45 UTC, p. 27 54 PARAS, p. 65 55 PARAS, pp. 117-121 56 (noun) demos /ˈdiːmɒs/: 1.1 The populace of a democracy as a political

systems put in place to statistically determine and preempt the likelihood of an individual’s intentions prior to 11 transit.42 The prevalence of such a modus operandi seeks to minimise the potentiality for human discretion and subsequently error in the efficient administration of Statedefined prerogatives with respect to inter-State securitization. The interstice of trans-nationalisation among unequal economies in contemporary globalisation characterises a dynamic of unequal civilities extended towards the other-politic that comprise the lower socioeconomic classes of contemporary cities, as a consequence sharp increases in socioeconomic equality adversely polarise notions of citizenship among those not originally party to the new nations of their residence. This polarisation provokes social antagonism and fosters social alienage.43 Immobility at a national scale, as removed from that of the international transitory space, is consubstantial to the notion of punishment. This is a ‘punishment of a less immediate physical kind, a certain discretion in the art of inflicting pain, a combination of more subtle, more subdued sufferings, deprived of their visible display’44 than in the age prior to globalisation. The human body has ceased to be the main target of punitive justice, wherein the restriction of freedom of movement–among the denial of other liberties–so as to construct an extra-societal zone of exception where conceptions of space, time, and a sense of interaction with the rest of society are practically suspended in order to inflict a psychologically overwhelming administration of justice. The deterrence of punishment is a prerequisite to enforcing the discipline necessary to ensure the smooth functioning of a State’s agenda, with respect to every avenue over which it exercises control. This juridical relation between State and populous is paramount to the proper ‘distribution of individuals in space… [it] requires enclosure, the specification of a place heterogeneous to all others and closed in upon itself. It is the protected place 35 of disciplinary monotony.’45 Enclosure, so to speak, is willed into effect through the notion that in this administration of State-justice, ‘each individual has his own place; and each place its individual.46

Freedom and Mobility

Fig. 1 Distinctions betweens Sterility and non-Sterility in Passenger and Aircraft Operations52

Fundamental Review), Aviation Security, 2012, Brian Michael Jenkins, https://www.jstor.org/stabl e/10.7249/j.ctt1q60kx.2, Accessed: 13-09-2018 15:28 UTC, p. 2 41 Crimes of Peace: Mediterranean Migrations at the World’s Deadliest Border, 2015, Maurizio Albahari, p. 130 42 M Albahari, p. 131 43 State / Space: A Reader, p. 302 (J Holston & A Appadurai) 44 Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, 1975, Michel Foucault, translated by Alan Sheridan (1977), p. 8 45 Discipline and Punish, M Foucault, p. 141 46 Discipline and Punish, M Foucault, p. 143 47 Border Watch: Cultures of Immigration, Detention and Control, 2012, Alexandra Hall, p. 5 48 A Hall, p. 15 49 Airspaces, 2001, David Pascoe, p. 198 50 G Fuller & R Harley, p. 5 51 G Fuller & R Harley, p. 11 52 G Fuller & R Harley, pp. 16-17 53 Recommended Security Guidelines for Airport Planning, Design, and Construction, (April) 2017, PARAS (Program for Applied Research in Airport Security), Accessed: 13-09-2018 14:45 UTC, p. 27 54 PARAS, p. 65 55 PARAS, pp. 117-121 56 (noun) demos /ˈdiːmɒs/: 1.1 The populace of a democracy as a political

overwhelming administration of justice. The deterrence of Crimes of Peace: Mediterranean Migrations punishment is a prerequisite to enforcing the discipline at the World’s Deadliest Border, 2015, Maurizio necessary to ensure the smooth functioning of a State’s Albahari, p. 130 42 agenda, with respect to every avenue over which it M Albahari, p. 131 43 State / Space: A Reader, exercises control. This juridical relation between State and p. 302 (J Holston & A Appadurai) populous is paramount to the proper ‘distribution of 44 Discipline and Punish: individuals in space… [it] requires enclosure, the The Birth of the Prison, 1975, Michel Foucault, specification of a place heterogeneous to all others and translated by Alan closed in upon itself. It is the protected place of Sheridan (1977), p. 8 45 Discipline and Punish, M disciplinary monotony.’45 Enclosure, so to speak, is willed Foucault, p. 141 46 Discipline and Punish, M into effect through the notion that in this administration of Foucault, p. 143 State-justice, ‘each individual has his own place; and each 47 Border Watch: Cultures of Immigration, Detention place its individual.46 and Control, 2012, With respect to Europe, and more specifically the Alexandra Hall, p. 5 48 A Hall, p. 15 European Union, the ratification of the Schengen Area 49 Airspaces, 2001, David Pascoe, p. 198 accelerated and diversified intra-migration between its 50 G Fuller & R Harley, p. 5 42 51 member states through the virtual dissolution of internal G Fuller & R Harley, p. M Albahari, p. 131 11 43 State / Space: A Reader, borders, p. 302 (J Holston which & A Appadurai) effectively encouraged an inter52 G Fuller & R Harley, pp. 44 Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, 1975, Michel Foucault, translated by Alan Sheridan (1977), p. 8 16-1745 determinate relation between liberalisation of economy, 53 Discipline Security and Punish, M Foucault, p. 141 Recommended 46 and the security of its citizens.47 The border area, Discipline and Punish, M mobility Foucault, p. 143 Guidelines for Airport Planning, Design, and which encompasses these aforementioned zones of Construction, (April) 2017, exception, is mitigated by controls which render very PARAS (Program for Applied Research in tangible experiences of the 12 State and Nation ‘through the Airport Security), Accessed: 13-09-2018 physical intrusions of technologies and the overt 14:45 UTC, p. 27 classification of people according to politico-legal 54 PARAS, p. 65 55 48 PARAS, pp. 117-121 41

Global Demos, Usufruct

(noun) demos /ˈdiːmɒs/: 1.1 The populace of a democracy as a political

complexes.’

Part 3 a The Psychology and Practice of Transit The Terminal The spatial core of the mechanism which enables global air travel, wherein people are assorted, processed and held, is the Terminal. It is at once familiar as a typology replicated in every corner of the international community. The Terminal building is the only publicly accessible part of the Airport, which in itself is nothing more than an inhabitable machine. The Terminal building constitutes the zone of exception earlier identified as a transitory heterotopia, since it succeeds in suspending the ‘crystalline order of time [and] immobilisation of space’49 that is associated with airports. The Terminal is the repository whereby flows of people and things are organised, wherein the advent of flight conveys them between land and air through a network of globally regulated airports, effectively synthesising and creating the metastable forms50 of urbanisation which have come to define the modern era ever since the widespread proliferation of commercially viable jet aviation. The Terminal is the first and last point of entry into which people and things are funnelled to coordinate the mass movement of private interests invested in air transit. As a component of the airport, it is part of an atemporal, aspatial global information network, except for the fact that it is ‘inhabited by real people and things (not just data),’51 whereby access to it is granted through participation in a very 37 discreet set of procedural inputs. Fig. 1 – Distinctions between Sterility and non-Sterility in Passenger and

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 17 Terminal 2, Frankfurt am Main Airport, Germany

Plate 18 Terminal 3, Copenhagen Airport, Denmark

Plate 14 – O’Hare International Airport, Chicago, https://stuckattheairport.co m/wpcontent/uploads/2013/12/S heep-at-ORD-2.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 15:00 UTC Plate 15 – https://cdnimage.travelandleisure.co m/sites/default/files/styles/ 1600x1000/public/144734 4697/airplane-etiquetteLEGROOM1115.jpg?itok= g57tT-Hb, Accessed: 0411-2018 22:54 UTC Plate 16 – https://thedesignair.files.w ordpress.com/2014/11/caleconomy-2.jpg, Accessed: 04-11-2018 23:07 UTC Plate 17 – Terminal 2 Landseite, Fraport AG Fototeam Andreas Meinhart, https://www.fraport.com/co ntent/fraport/en/ourcompany/media/mediacenter/photolibrary/frankfurt-airport/facilities.html, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:16 UTC Plate 18 – Terminal 3, Copenhagen Airport, Vilhelm Lauritzen Architects, https://www.vla.dk/en/proje ct/terminal-3koebenhavns-lufthavn/, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:18 UTC Plate 19 – The VIPs, 1963, Anthony Asquith library/frankfurt-Plate 20 – The Terminal, airport/facilities.html, 2004, Steven Spielberg Accessed: 08-10-2018 Plate 21 – Amsterdam 18:16 UTC Schiphol 18R, 4 Hours of Plate 18Composite – Terminal at 3, Arrivals Copenhagen Airport, Schiphol Airport, Vilhelm Lauritzen Amsterdam Architects, 2015, Michael Kelley, https://www.vla.dk/en/proje https://static1.squarespac ct/terminal-3e.com/static/5779b3d0e4f koebenhavns-lufthavn/, cb599cea68669/577bfc98 Accessed: 08-10-2018 ebbd1aa40ee85107/57f73 18:18 UTC ee3c534a5052aa4573a/15 Plate 19 – The VIPs, 1963, 16638401543/Amsterdam Anthony Asquith +Schiphol+18R+%28Pold erbaan%29.jpg?format=25 Plate 20 – The Terminal, 00w, Accessed: 08-102004, Steven Spielberg 2018 15:27 UTC Plate 21 – Amsterdam Plate 22 –18R, Stansted Schiphol 4 Hours of Airport, UK, Arrivals Composite at https://assets.bwbx.io/ima Schiphol Airport, ges/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iJ Amsterdam epFXuVmqfs/v0/-1x-1.jpg, 2015, Michael Kelley, Accessed: 09-10-2018 https://static1.squarespac 16:54 UTC e.com/static/5779b3d0e4f cb599cea68669/577bfc98 Plate 23 – ebbd1aa40ee85107/57f73 http://whartonmagazine.co ee3c534a5052aa4573a/15 m/wp16638401543/Amsterdam content/uploads/2018/10/ +Schiphol+18R+%28Pold GettyImageserbaan%29.jpg?format=25 453073545_master.jpg, 00w, Accessed: 08-10Accessed: 16-10-2018 2018 15:1615:27 UTC UTC Plate 22 24 – Stansted https://cdnAirport, images-UK, https://assets.bwbx.io/ima 1.medium.com/max/2000/ ges/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iJ 1*PzjDHA7hOepFXuVmqfs/v0/-1x-1.jpg, c4HvlY9Alm8A.jpeg, Accessed: 09-10-2018 16:54 18:27 UTC Plate 23 25 – North Terminal, http://whartonmagazine.co Gatwick Airport, UK, m/wphttp://www.infrastructurecontent/uploads/2018/10/ intelligence.com/sites/defa GettyImagesult/files/field/image/GATWI 453073545_master.jpg, CK -JMilstein 15.jpg, Accessed: 16-10-2018 03-10-2018 15:16 20:12 UTC Plate 24 26 – https://cdnHeathrow imagesAirport, London, 1.medium.com/max/2000/

Foucault, p. 143 141 define the modern era ever since the widespread Border Watch: CulturesM Discipline and Punish, proliferation of commercially viable jet aviation. The of Immigration, Foucault, p. 143Detention 47 and Control, 2012, Border Watch: Cultures Terminal is the first and last point of entry into which people Alexandra Hall, Detention p. 5 of Immigration, 48 A Hall, p. 15 and Control, 2012, and things are funnelled to coordinate the mass movement 49 Airspaces, 2001, Alexandra Hall, p. 5David of private interests invested in air transit. As a component 48 Pascoe, A Hall, p. p. 198 15 50 49 G Fuller & R Harley, p. 5 Airspaces, 2001, David of the airport, it is part of an atemporal, aspatial global 51 G Fuller R Harley, p. Pascoe, p.&198 50 information network, except for the fact that it is ‘inhabited 11G Fuller & R Harley, p. 5 52 51 G Fuller & R Harley, pp. p. by real people and things (not just data),’51 whereby 16-17 11 53 52 Recommended Security G Fuller & R Harley, pp. access to it is granted through participation in a very Guidelines for Airport 16-17 discreet set of procedural inputs. 53 Planning, Design, Security and Recommended Construction, Guidelines for(April) Airport2017, The Terminal is a filter which defines and articulates PARAS (Program Planning, Design, for and the Airport, operationally, between Landside and Airside. Applied Research in 2017, Construction, (April) Airport PARAS Security), (Program for Fig. 1 logistical – Distinctions between Sterility non-Sterility in Passenger The efficiency of theand Terminal, and thereforeand of Accessed: 13-09-2018 Applied Research in 52 Aircraft Operations 14:45 UTC, p. 27 Airport Security), transit, is distinguished through the organisation of and 54 PARAS, p. 65 Accessed: 13-09-2018 55 application of ‘physical barriers, identification and access PARAS, 14:45 UTC,pp. p. 117-121 27 54 56 PARAS,demos p. 65 /ˈdiːmɒs/: (noun) control systems, surveillance or detection equipment, the 55 pp. 117-121 1.1PARAS, The populace of a 56 implementation of security procedures’53 to ensure the democracy as a /ˈdiːmɒs/: political (noun) demos 1.1 The populace of a swift processing of metastable forms of urbanisation 47 Border Cultures of Immigration, Detention and Control, 2012, Alexandra Hall, p. 5 democracy as aWatch: political 48 fluctuating between the various nodes of an international A Hall, p. 15 49 Airspaces, 2001, David Pascoe, 198 delineation between Airside and Landside within web.p.The 50 G Fuller & R Harley, p. 5 the Terminal is demarcated by the screening 51 G Fuller & R Harley, p. 11 52 checkpoint,’54 as a practice of securitization rendering G Fuller & R Harley, pp. 16-17 47 46

Global Demos, Usufruct

these respective zones as either sterile or non-sterile. Spatial articulation between sterile and non-sterile is orchestrated in stages between what is known as the Pre13 screening Preparation Zone, starting as early as the kerbside at the exterior of the Terminal and encompassing the Queuing Space between the Terminal’s entrance and the Travel Document Checker, all the way to the Exit Lane beyond the Barriers and disabled access gates succeeding the security checkpoints between these zones. Passengers are subjected to a mandatory screening of their carry-on baggage by means of Advanced Technology (AT) x-ray machines, and of themselves via a Walk-Through Metal Detector (WTMD) or Millimetre Wave Scanner (MWS), both of which employ Advanced Imaging Technology (AIT) as a primary screening method that maximises the detection of potential threats without invading the successive passengers’ rights to privacy, in as much as facilitating swift procession of people through security scrutiny.55 The concept of Sterility versus non-Sterility defines the familiar aesthetic that is prevalent across the design and of Terminal buildings the world over. This administration Recommended Security Guidelines for Airport Planning, Design, and Construction, (April) 2017, PARAS (Program for Applied Research in institutional familiarity of securitization, beyond which the Airport Security), Accessed: 13-09-2018 14:45 UTC, p. 27 heterotopic sterile space of perpetual waiting is PARAS, p. 65 PARAS, pp. 117-121 comprised, is the lifeblood of freedom of mobility. 53

54 55

14 Part 3 b The Psychology and Practice of Detention Prison

The collective identity and societal mannerisms that galvanise the State as one synergised cultural entity, are beholden on to certain prerequisite forms of operation that are differentiated across boundaries of cultural identity 39 depending where an individual has formulated his or her identity. Globalisation has in effect proliferated the cosmopolis to the extent wherein the demos56 is now constituted of complex forms, or relations, to the notion of

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 19 Film Still from The VIPs, 1963, Anthony Asquith

Plate 20 Film Still from The Terminal, 2004, Steven Spielberg

library/frankfurt-airport/facilities.html, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:16 UTC Plate 18 – Terminal 3, Copenhagen Airport, Vilhelm Lauritzen Architects, https://www.vla.dk/en/proje ct/terminal-3koebenhavns-lufthavn/, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:18 UTC Plate 19 – The VIPs, 1963, Anthony Asquith Plate 20 – The Terminal, 2004, Steven Spielberg Plate 21 – Amsterdam Schiphol 18R, 4 Hours of Arrivals Composite at Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam 2015, Michael Kelley, https://static1.squarespac e.com/static/5779b3d0e4f library/frankfurt-cb599cea68669/577bfc98 airport/facilities.html, ebbd1aa40ee85107/57f73 Accessed: 08-10-2018 ee3c534a5052aa4573a/15 18:16 UTC 16638401543/Amsterdam Plate 18 – Terminal 3, +Schiphol+18R+%28Pold Copenhagen Airport, erbaan%29.jpg?format=25 Vilhelm Lauritzen08-1000w, Accessed: Architects, 2018 15:27 UTC https://www.vla.dk/en/proje Plate 22 – Stansted ct/terminal-3Airport, UK, koebenhavns-lufthavn/, https://assets.bwbx.io/ima Accessed: 08-10-2018 ges/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iJ 18:18 UTC epFXuVmqfs/v0/-1x-1.jpg, Plate 19 – The VIPs, 1963, Accessed: 09-10-2018 Anthony Asquith 16:54 UTC Plate 20 – The Terminal, Plate 23 – 2004, Steven Spielberg http://whartonmagazine.co Plate m/wp-21 – Amsterdam Schiphol 18R, 4 Hours of content/uploads/2018/10/ Arrivals Composite at GettyImagesSchiphol Airport, 453073545_master.jpg, Amsterdam Accessed: 16-10-2018 2015, Kelley, 15:16 Michael UTC https://static1.squarespac Plate 24 – https://cdne.com/static/5779b3d0e4f imagescb599cea68669/577bfc98 1.medium.com/max/2000/ ebbd1aa40ee85107/57f73 1*PzjDHA7hOee3c534a5052aa4573a/15 c4HvlY9Alm8A.jpeg, 16638401543/Amsterdam Accessed: 09-10-2018 +Schiphol+18R+%28Pold 18:27 UTC erbaan%29.jpg?format=25 Plate Accessed: 25 – North 08-10Terminal, 00w, Gatwick Airport, 2018 15:27 UTC UK, http://www.infrastructurePlate 22 – Stansted intelligence.com/sites/defa Airport, UK, ult/files/field/image/GATWI https://assets.bwbx.io/ima CK -JMilstein 15.jpg, ges/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iJ Accessed: 03-10-2018 epFXuVmqfs/v0/-1x-1.jpg, 20:12 UTC Accessed: 09-10-2018 Plate 26 – Heathrow 16:54 UTC Airport, London, Plate 23 – https://www.architectsjourn http://whartonmagazine.co al.co.uk/pictures/2000x200 m/wp0fit/7/1/9/3043719_gatwick content/uploads/2018/10/ jeffmilstein02.jpg, GettyImagesAccessed: 08-10-2018 453073545_master.jpg, 16:11 UTC Accessed: 16-10-2018 Plate 27 15:16 UTC – https://techaeris.com/wpPlate 24 – https://cdncontent/uploads/2014/05/0 images5468483-photo-google1.medium.com/max/2000/ datacenter.jpg, Accessed: 1*PzjDHA7hO16-10-2018 15:44 UTC c4HvlY9Alm8A.jpeg, Plate 28 – 09-10-2018 Accessed: https://afasiaarchzine.com/ 18:27 UTC wpPlate 25 – North Terminal, content/uploads/2016/07/C Gatwick Airport, UK, arrilho-da-Gra%C3%A7a-.http://www.infrastructureData-Centre-Portugalintelligence.com/sites/defa Telecom-.ult/files/field/image/GATWI CK -JMilstein 15.jpg, Accessed: 03-10-2018

Pascoe, p. 198 G Fuller & R Harley, p. 5 Part 3 b G Fuller & R Harley, p. 11 The Psychology and Practice of Detention 52 G Fuller & R Harley, pp. Prison 16-17 53 Recommended Security Guidelines for Airport The collective identity and societal mannerisms that Planning, Design, and Construction, (April) 2017, galvanise the State as one synergised cultural entity, are PARAS (Program for Applied Research in beholden on to certain prerequisite forms of operation that Airport Security), are differentiated across boundaries of cultural identity Accessed: 13-09-2018 14:45 UTC, p. 27 depending where an individual has formulated his or her 54 PARAS, p. 65 55 identity. Globalisation has in effect proliferated the PARAS, pp. 117-121 56 (noun) demos /ˈdiːmɒs/: cosmopolis to the extent wherein the demos56 is now 1.1 The populace of a constituted of complex forms, or relations, to the notion of democracy as a political unit. – State-identity, and wherein the identity of this new https://en.oxforddictionarie s.com/definition/demos, cosmopolitan State cannot even in itself be fully resolved. Accessed: 26-11-2018 The State cannot function without some implied 18:59 UTC 57 Obedience to Authority: semblance of societal norm and societal order, and as An Experimental View, such, the task of administrating order is subject to inspiring 2009, Stanley Milgram, p. 1 obedience among those whom are subjugated to 58 (noun) autopoiesis /ˌɔːtə(ʊ)pɔɪˈiːsɪs/: The selfgovernance. This basic pediment is essential for the maintenance of an prosperity of any instance where people have to live organized entity through its own internal processes; together. It is a psychological mechanism which serves as (in extended use) selfthe link between ‘individual action and political purpose. It organization, selfregulation. – is the dispositional cement that binds men to systems of https://en.oxforddictionarie s.com/definition/autopoiesi authority.’57 In short, the advent of social life affords s, Accessed: 26-11-2018 benefits to all those who partake in the composition of 19:02 UTC 59 S Milgram, p. 132 society. Primordially, from a survival point of view, this 60 The Courage of means the continued prosperity of a society functions as Hopelessness: Chronicles of a Year of Acting an autopoiesis,58 wherein society is a complex selfDangerously, 2017, Slavoj Žižek, p. 18 regulating system with the inherent qualities necessary to 61 Slavoj Žižek, p. 166 ensure its survival, even with respect to the hierarchical 62 The Architectural Realization of Penal Ideas, social structures prevalent in any society. This in turn Seán McConville – Prison ensures that any insubordinate individual action contrary Architecture: Policy, Design and Experience, to that of the established social order is stifled, thus 2000, edited by Leslie Fairweather and Seán maintaining the progression of the society to greater and McConville, p. 3 greater echelons. As a consequence, any other individual 63 Corrections & Collections: Architectures entering into a society, a city, a nation and indeed a State, for Art and Crime, 2013, is necessarily realigned to suit the society they become a Joe Day, p. 99 64 The Architectural part of,59 ensuring that notions of individuality and StateRealization of Penal Ideas, S McConville – L identity prevalent before the advent of globalisation and Fairweather & S cosmopolisation are now outdated, resulting in a McConville, p. 10 65 Prison Architecture, p. contemporary conception of identity that is fluid, dynamic 11 (S McConville) 66 and complex. Prison Architecture, p. 11 (S McConville) Notwithstanding, globalisation, which is for all intents 67 Prison Architecture, p. 12 (S McConville) and purposes Western, ensures that in modern 68 56 Architecture, p. Prison (noun) demos /ˈdiːmɒs/: 1.1 The populace of a democracy as a political unit. – https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/demos, Accessed: 26democracies ‘free choice is elevated into a supreme 15 (S 11-2018 McConville) 18:59 UTC 69 57 Psychological Effects of Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View,extent] 2009, Stanley Milgram, p. 1 value, [to the social control and domination can no the Prison Environment, 58 (noun) autopoiesis The self-maintenance of an organized entity through its own internal processes; Leslie Fairweather – Prison /ˌɔːtə(ʊ)pɔɪˈiːsɪs/: longer appear as infringing on a subject’s freedom.’60 In(in extended use) selforganization, Architecture, p. 42 self-regulation. – https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/autopoiesis, Accessed: 26-11-2018 19:02 UTC 59 this day and age, dominion over the demos is sustained 70 S Milgram, p. 132 Airspace and Airport 50 51

Global Demos, Usufruct

Types, 2010, http://www.co.saintmarys.md.us/docs/Airspac e%20and%20Airport%20T ypes_1_2.pdf, Accessed: 17-10-2018 17:20 UTC, p. 2 71 Airspace and Airport Types, Accessed: 17-102018 17:20 UTC, p. 2 72 D Pascoe, p. 34 73 G Fuller & R Harley, p. 39 74 Airport Landscape: Urban Ecologies in the Aerial Age, 2016, edited by Sonja Dümpelmann & Charles Waldheim, p. 14 75 Non-Places: An Introduction to

by the semblance of freedom of individuality, which necessarily calls for societal obedience, and consequent 15 wherein the social order is punishment as a deterrence challenged. The brutal immediacy of a deterrent that is at once dominative, and which characterises the semblance of freedom, and of societal individuality communicates ‘excessive, non-functional cruelty as a feature of contemporary life,’61 in whichever corner of global society 41 one might find themselves. As such the antitheses of freedom, of mobility, is confinement–imprisonment. Penal justice in the era of globalisation is not so much concerned with the reformation of offending individuals as 62

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 21 Amsterdam Schiphol 18R, Amsterdam, 2015, Michael Kelley

Plate 22 Stansted Airport, London

library/frankfurt-airport/facilities.html, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:16 UTC Plate 18 – Terminal 3, Copenhagen Airport, Vilhelm Lauritzen Architects, https://www.vla.dk/en/proje ct/terminal-3koebenhavns-lufthavn/, library/frankfurt-Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:18 UTC airport/facilities.html, Accessed: 08-10-2018 Plate 19 – The VIPs, 1963, 18:16 UTC Anthony Asquith Plate 3, Plate 18 20 –– Terminal The Terminal, Copenhagen 2004, Steven Airport, Spielberg Vilhelm Lauritzen Plate 21 – Amsterdam Architects, Schiphol 18R, 4 Hours of https://www.vla.dk/en/proje Arrivals Composite at ct/terminal-3Schiphol Airport, koebenhavns-lufthavn/, Amsterdam Accessed: 08-10-2018 2015, Michael Kelley, 18:18 UTC https://static1.squarespac Plate 19 – The VIPs, 1963, e.com/static/5779b3d0e4f Anthony Asquith cb599cea68669/577bfc98 Plate 20 – The Terminal, ebbd1aa40ee85107/57f73 2004, Steven Spielberg ee3c534a5052aa4573a/15 16638401543/Amsterdam Plate 21 – Amsterdam +Schiphol+18R+%28Pold Schiphol 18R, 4 Hours of erbaan%29.jpg?format=25 Arrivals Composite at 00w, Accessed: Schiphol Airport,08-102018 15:27 UTC Amsterdam Plate – Stansted 2015, 22 Michael Kelley, https://static1.squarespac Airport, UK, e.com/static/5779b3d0e4f https://assets.bwbx.io/ima cb599cea68669/577bfc98 ges/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iJ ebbd1aa40ee85107/57f73 epFXuVmqfs/v0/-1x-1.jpg, Accessed: 09-10-2018 ee3c534a5052aa4573a/15 16638401543/Amsterdam 16:54 UTC +Schiphol+18R+%28Pold Plate 23 – erbaan%29.jpg?format=25 http://whartonmagazine.co 00w, Accessed: 08-10m/wp2018 15:27 UTC content/uploads/2018/10/ Plate 22 – Stansted GettyImagesAirport, UK, 453073545_master.jpg, Accessed: 16-10-2018 https://assets.bwbx.io/ima ges/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iJ 15:16 UTC epFXuVmqfs/v0/-1x-1.jpg, Plate 24 – https://cdnAccessed: images- 09-10-2018 16:54 UTC 1.medium.com/max/2000/ Plate 23 – 1*PzjDHA7hOc4HvlY9Alm8A.jpeg, http://whartonmagazine.co m/wpAccessed: 09-10-2018 18:27 UTC content/uploads/2018/10/ GettyImagesPlate 25 – North Terminal, 453073545_master.jpg, Gatwick Airport, UK, Accessed: 16-10-2018 http://www.infrastructure15:16 UTC intelligence.com/sites/defa Plate 24 – https://cdnult/files/field/image/GATWI CK -JMilstein 15.jpg, images1.medium.com/max/2000/ Accessed: 03-10-2018 20:12 UTC 1*PzjDHA7hOc4HvlY9Alm8A.jpeg, Plate 26 – Heathrow Accessed: 09-10-2018 Airport, London, 18:27 UTC https://www.architectsjourn Plate 25 – North Terminal, al.co.uk/pictures/2000x200 Gatwick Airport, UK, 0fit/7/1/9/3043719_gatwick jeffmilstein02.jpg, http://www.infrastructureintelligence.com/sites/defa Accessed: 08-10-2018 ult/files/field/image/GATWI 16:11 UTC CK 15.jpg, Plate-JMilstein 27 Accessed: 03-10-2018 – https://techaeris.com/wp20:12 UTC content/uploads/2014/05/0 Plate 26 – Heathrow 5468483-photo-googleAirport, London,Accessed: datacenter.jpg, https://www.architectsjourn 16-10-2018 15:44 UTC al.co.uk/pictures/2000x200 Plate 28 – 0fit/7/1/9/3043719_gatwick https://afasiaarchzine.com/ jeffmilstein02.jpg, wpAccessed: 08-10-2018 content/uploads/2016/07/C 16:11 UTC arrilho-da-Gra%C3%A7a-.Plate 27 Data-Centre-Portugal–Telecom-.https://techaeris.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/05/0 5468483-photo-googledatacenter.jpg, Accessed: 16-10-2018 15:44 UTC Plate 28 – https://afasiaarchzine.com/ wp-

this day and age, dominion over the demos is sustained

(noun) autopoiesis by the semblance of freedom of individuality, which /ˌɔːtə(ʊ)pɔɪˈiːsɪs/: The selfnecessarily calls for societal obedience, and consequent maintenance of an organized entity through punishment as a deterrence wherein the social order is its own internal processes; (in extended use) selfchallenged. The brutal immediacy of a deterrent that is at organization, selfonce dominative, and which characterises the semblance regulation. – https://en.oxforddictionarie of freedom, and of societal individuality communicates s.com/definition/autopoiesi ‘excessive, non-functional cruelty as a feature of s, Accessed: 26-11-2018 19:02 UTC contemporary life,’61 in whichever corner of global society 59 S Milgram, p. 132 60 The Courage of one might find themselves. As such the antitheses of Hopelessness: Chronicles freedom, of mobility, is confinement–imprisonment. of a Year of Acting Dangerously, 2017, Slavoj Penal justice in the era of globalisation is not so much Žižek, p. 18 61 concerned with the reformation of offending individuals as Slavoj Žižek, p. 166 62 The Architectural it is with retributive justice and social incapacitation.62 The Realization of Penal Ideas, Seán McConville – Prison prison, like the airport, more specifically the Terminal, Architecture: Policy, constitutes a zone of exception, wherein notions of time Design and Experience, 2000, edited by Leslie and place become irrelevant. In this case, the prison is a Fairweather and Seán societal heterotopia, inasmuch as the prisoner is McConville, p. 3 63 Corrections & concerned. In a way, the differing levels, or intensities of Collections: Architectures for Art and Crime, 2013, imprisonment function as ‘a benign laboratory of human Joe Day, p. 99 64 desires and deterrents, a system for testing a central The Architectural Realization of Penal Ideas, Utilitarian principle that calculations of pleasure and pain, S McConville – L unique to each individual, govern all human interaction.’63 Fairweather & S McConville, p. 10 The administration of retributive justice necessitates 65 Prison Architecture, p. 11 (S McConville) ‘impersonality and uniformity’64 as a function and 66 Prison Architecture, p. expression of social exclusion. Being stripped of one’s 11 (S McConville) 67 Prison Architecture, p. individual capacity to fend for one’s self through the 12 (S McConville) 68 condemnation of imprisonment, the State assumes Prison Architecture, p. 15 (S McConville) responsibility for those whom constitute the penal body 69 Psychological Effects of the Prison Environment, subject to its custody for the duration of their judicial Leslie Fairweather – Prison sentence.65 As a form, the built assemblage of the prison, Architecture, p. 42 70 Airspace and Airport and of prison systems, is ascribed to the need to efficiently Types, 2010, economise security and control,66 which in itself implies a http://www.co.saintmarys.md.us/docs/Airspac basis for repetition and institutional uniformity. In this way e%20and%20Airport%20T ypes_1_2.pdf, Accessed: spatial conceptions of the prison environment are 17-10-2018 17:20 UTC, p. standardised to suit and reinforce the impersonality and 2 71 Airspace and Airport anonymity of the exceptionally ostracised otherness of this Types, Accessed: 17-102018 17:20 UTC, p. 2 zone of exclusion. The level of prison security–ranging 72 D Pascoe, p. 34 from minimum to super-maximum–determines the degree 73 G Fuller & R Harley, p. 39 of internal mobility and inter-prisoner interaction within the 74 Airport Landscape: confines of the penal facility. It also determines the level of Urban Ecologies in the Aerial Age, 2016, edited staff-inmate interaction (if any at all) and the level of digital by Sonja Dümpelmann & Charles Waldheim, p. 14 automation67 as a means of presiding over the prison75 Non-Places: An politic. Retributive justice in contemporary globalisation Introduction to 60 Supermodernity, (Second The Courage of Hopelessness: Chronicles ofthe a Year ‘confinement of Acting Dangerously,in 2017,psychologically Slavoj Žižek, p. 18 predicates bleak 61 English-language edition) Slavoj Žižek, p. 166 circumstances,’68 whereby imposed isolation from society 2008,62Marc Augé, ThebyArchitectural translated John Howe, Realization of Penal Ideas, Seán McConville – Prison Architecture: Policy, Design and Experience, 2000, edited by Leslie and p.the denial of civic freedoms engenders sensory and Seán McConville, 3 1995,Fairweather p. vii 63 76 Augé,Corrections p. xviii & Collections:deprivation, Architectures for Artwhich and Crime,is 2013, Joe Day, p. 99 induced by the ‘monotony and 77 64 p. 63 Augé, The Architectural Realization of Penal Ideas, S McConville – L Fairweather & S idleness McConville, p. 10 78 boredom, caused by enforced [and] lack of Augé, p. 70 65 Prison Architecture, p. 11 (S McConville) 69 variety’ party to confinement–perhaps a symptom of our 66 Prison Architecture, p. 11 (S McConville) 58

Global Demos, Usufruct

times.

Part 4 – Freedom of movement as a right Airspace ‘Airspace’ is the term given to the territorial proclamation 43 of space above the ground on which the sovereign body enforces its authority. It is a secure space in which freedom of movement is mediated by strict navigation through precise corridors defined by the host nation unto

018/01/05/10/jasonhawkes -2777.jpg, Accessed: 0511-2018 01:05 UTC Plate 40 – https://cdn.voxcdn.com/uploads/chorus_i mage/image/52294261/zo ning_map_main.0.0.jpeg, Accessed: 05-11-2018 01:00 UTC ‘Following its controlled impact on posts imbedded in the lakebed, the B-720 is sliding sideways and almost enveloped in the large fireball with only the aircraft's nose and right wing-tip exposed.’ – EC8431809, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites /default/files/images/30414 3main_EC8431809_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:25 UTC ‘In this photograph the B720 is seen making a practice close approach over the prepared impact site. The wing openers, designed to tear open the wings and spill the fuel, are clearly seen on the ground just at the start of the bed of rocks.’ – EC8431672-A, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites /default/files/ec84-3167a.jpg, Accessed: 07-122018 04:48 UTC ‘In this photograph the B720 is seen during the moments of initial impact. The left wing is digging into the lakebed while the aircraft continues sliding towards wing openers.’ – ECN-31803, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites /default/files/images/30416 7main_ECN31803_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:24 UTC ‘The B-720 is seen viewed moments after impact and just before hitting the wing openers.’ – EC84-31805, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites /default/files/images/30411 6main_EC8431805_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:25 UTC ‘Moments after hitting and sliding through the wing openers the aircraft burst into flame, with a spectacular fireball seen emanating from the right inboard engine area.’ –

Chapter 2 Architecture as a Lead-distinction

(in extended use) selforganization, selfregulation. – https://en.oxforddictionarie s.com/definition/autopoiesi s, Accessed: 26-11-2018 19:02 UTC 59 S Milgram, p. 132 60 The Courage of Hopelessness: Chronicles of a Year of Acting Dangerously, 2017, Slavoj Žižek, p. 18 61 Slavoj Žižek, p. 166 62 The Architectural Realization of Penal Ideas, Seán McConville – Prison Architecture: Policy, Design and Experience, 2000, edited by Leslie Fairweather and Seán McConville, p. 3 63 Corrections & Collections: Architectures for Art and Crime, 2013, Joe Day, p. 99 64 The Architectural Realization of Penal Ideas, S McConville – L Fairweather & S McConville, p. 10 65 Prison Architecture, p. 11 (S McConville) 66 Prison Architecture, p. 11 (S McConville) 67 Prison Architecture, p. 12 (S McConville) 68 Prison Architecture, p. 15 (S McConville) 69 Psychological Effects of the Prison Environment, Leslie Fairweather – Prison Architecture, p. 42 70 Airspace and Airport Types, 2010, http://www.co.saintmarys.md.us/docs/Airspac e%20and%20Airport%20T ypes_1_2.pdf, Accessed: 17-10-2018 17:20 UTC, p. 2 71 Airspace and Airport Types, Accessed: 17-102018 17:20 UTC, p. 2 72 D Pascoe, p. 34 73 G Fuller & R Harley, p. 39 74 Airport Landscape: Urban Ecologies in the Aerial Age, 2016, edited by Sonja Dümpelmann & Charles Waldheim, p. 14 75 Non-Places: An Introduction to Supermodernity, (Second English-language edition) 2008, Marc Augé, translated by John Howe, 1995, p. vii 76 Augé, p. xviii 77 Augé, p. 63 78 Augé, p. 70

automation67 as a means of presiding over the prisonpolitic. Retributive justice in contemporary globalisation predicates the ‘confinement in psychologically bleak circumstances,’68 whereby imposed isolation from society and the denial of civic freedoms engenders sensory deprivation, which is induced by the ‘monotony and boredom, caused by enforced idleness [and] lack of variety’69 party to confinement–perhaps a symptom of our Chapter 2 times.

Architecture as a Lead-distinction

Part 4 – Freedom of movement as a right Airspace

‘Airspace’ is the term given to the territorial proclamation of space above the ground on which the sovereign body enforces its authority. It is a secure space in which freedom of movement is mediated by strict navigation through precise corridors defined by the host nation unto which that airspace is beholden–also known as Controlled Airspace, or Class E, ranging from 1,200 to 18,000 ft. above Mean Sea Level (MSL). 70 A more generalised class of airspace, Class A, referred to as Positive Controlled Airspace is further established between 18,000 and 60,000 ft. MSL; 71 it is in this space that groups of individuals typically pass from one boundary of sovereign airspace into another. In such airspace, ‘time zones and time begin to assume concrete reality; the idea of ‘border’ loses its physicality and reveals itself to be a theoretical construction which can materialise anywhere.’72 In this way, the airport–the place from which permission to navigate the airways is delegated–assumes the role of a State-frontier, both on the ground and in the air, wherever it is geographically situated within a nation. Thus, the notion of movement, and of transition, through the network of airports and fixed landing strips scattered across the globe shifts the relativity of distance as a spatial condition to distance as a temporal occupation.73 This also reaffirms the pivotal economic and morphological importance of the position of the airport relative to the metropolitan area it connects with the rest of the world.74 Airspace is the vessel through which a city–and by extension a nation–predominantly defines its capacity to ‘import and export people, products, images and messages;’75 and subsequently its net-relevance within the World-system. Contemporary forms of globalisation, which have rendered the modern State a meta-stable of primary and extra-national agents of repository Prison Architecture, p. 12 (S McConville) Prison Architecture, p. 15seemingly (S McConville) comparable capacity, have all but erased the Psychological Effects of the Prisonof Environment, Leslie Fairweather – Prison Architecture, p. 42 Through the idea a defining cultural trait, per se. Airspace and Airport Types, 2010, http://www.co.saint-marys.md.us/docs/Airspace%20and%20Airport%20Types_1_2.pdf, Accessed: 17-10convention of international social mobility, as reckoned by 47 2018 17:20 UTC, p. 2 air travel and the establishment of airspace in the 20th Airspace and Airport Types, Accessed: 17-10-2018 17:20 UTC, p. 2 D Pascoe, p. 34 Century, there is virtually no opportunity for the G Fuller & R Harley, p. 39 observation of autonomous evolution in any of the world’s Airport Landscape: Urban Ecologies in the Aerial Age, 2016, edited by Sonja Dümpelmann & Charles Waldheim, p. 14 cultural classifications of human thus all byofJohn Howe, 1995, p. vii Non-Places: An Introduction to Supermodernity, (Second English-language edition) groups, 2008, Marc Augé, translated 67 68 69 70

71 72 73 74 75

Freedom and Mobility

Augé, 88 S Mezzadra & B Neilson, p. 65 81 Introduction to Systems Theory: Niklas Luhmann, 2013, edited by Dirk Baecker, translated by Peter Gilgen (First published in German as Einführung in die Systemtheorie, 2002, CarlAuer-Systeme Verlag), p. 15 82 D Baecker, p. 13 83 The Autopsies of Architecture, Volume 1: A New Framework for Architecture, 2011, Patrick Schumacher, p. 30 84 P Schumacher, p. 177 85 ‘The global is the system considered from the system’s point of view, from the inside; from the same perspective, of course, the local is outside. So in the global world, the global occupies the same relationship to the local as the inside to the outside. This means that the local is intrinsically unstable: either it is a simple reduplication of the global (the word ‘glocal’ has even been used) and the notion of frontier is indeed being erased; or the local disrupts the system and may become the object, in political terms, of an exercise in the right to interfere.’ – Augé, p. xi 86 P Schumacher, p. 191 87 What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays, 2006, Giorgio Agamben, translated by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella (Originally published in Italian as Che cos’è un dospositivo?), 2009, p. 41 88 P Schumacher, p. 208 89 P Schumacher, p. 363 90 P Schumacher, p. 365 91 Wrestling the Right, Eyal Weizman – Real Estates: Life Without Debt, 2014, edited by Fulcrum (Jack Self, Shumi Bose), p. 126 92 Claiming the Airport as Landscape, Charles Waldheim – Airport Landscape: Urban Ecologies in the Aerial Age, 2016, edited by Sonja Dümpelmann & Charles Waldheim, p. 14 93 Claiming the Airport as Landscape, C Waldheim – S Dümpelmann & C Waldheim, p. 15 94 Landscape as Urbanism, Charles Waldheim – The Landscape Urbanism Reader, 2006, edited by 79 80

Fig. 2 Action System81 A: Adaptation, G: Goal Attainment, I: Integration, L: Latent Pattern Maintenance

Fig. 3 Architectural (Communication System)

ypes_1_2.pdf, Accessed: 17-10-2018 17:20 UTC, p. 2 71 Airspace and Airport Types, Accessed: 17-102018 17:20 UTC, p. 2 72 D Pascoe, p. 34 73 which have rendered the modern State a meta-stable G Fuller & R Harley, p. 39 repository of primary and extra-national agents of 74 Airport Landscape: Urban Ecologies in the seemingly comparable capacity, have all but erased the Aerial Age, 2016, edited idea Chapter of a defining cultural trait, per se. Through the by Sonja Dümpelmann & 2 Charles Waldheim, p. 14 convention of international social mobility, as reckoned by 79 75 Augé, 88 Non-Places: An Architecture as a Lead-distinction 80 S Mezzadra air travel and the establishment of airspace in the 20th Introduction to & B Neilson, p. 65 Supermodernity, (Second 81 Century, there is virtually no opportunity for the Introduction to Systems English-language edition) Theory: Niklas Luhmann, Part 5 – Spatializing Theory evolution into Built Form 2008, Marc Augé, observation of autonomous in any of the world’s 2013, edited by Dirk translated by John Howe, cultural classifications of human groups, thus all of Baecker, translated by 1995, p. vii 76 Peter Gilgen (First Augé, p. xviii In short, thegrowth Airportis constitutes logistical hub 76which humanity’s objectively ainterdependent. The 77 published Augé, p.in63German as 78 functions as the an exchange-facilitating programme for both Einführung in die Augé, p. 70 airport, and notion of airspace, to varying respective 79 Systemtheorie, 2002, CarlAugé, 88 people things. Its exchanges are made animate 80 degrees,and ‘cannot be defined as relational, or historical, or Auer-Systeme Verlag), p. S Mezzadra & B Neilson, p. 65 15 principally through an Air Traffic Control Tower which like concerned with identity,’ and are therefore defined as a 82 81 D Baecker, p. Introduction to13 Systems 77 the activities it orchestrates on the 83 non-place, whereby airspaceis inpreconditioned actual effect can be Theory: Niklas Luhmann, The Autopsies of Architecture, Volume 2013, edited by Dirk 1: A premise of as constant adaptation to exponentially higher understood a sort of three-dimensional ocean and the Baecker, translated New Framework for by standards of technical specificity. As aboundless highly engaged Architecture, 2011, Patrick Peter Gilgen (First airport a nondescript gateway into said ocean. published in German Schumacher, p. 30 as organisational its within operational criterionand is 84 The position oflandscape, the air-farer, this reflexive P Schumacher, Einführung in die p. 177 85 Systemtheorie, Carl‘The global is 2002, the system logistically articulated and primarily concerned with the exceptional zone of non-place, at once refers the considered from the p. Auer-Systeme Verlag), management of ground-surface. a spectator sense, it system’s point of view, 15 spectacle of flight unto themselves,Lastly, whereininthe 82 from the inside; D Baecker, p. from 13 the 78 wields the agency to activate a secondary tier of (the air-farer) becomes their own spectacle. The advent 83 same The perspective, Autopsies of of globalisation. Architecture, Volume course, the local is 1: A of a new Supermodern era, which emerged in the latter outside. So in thefor global New Framework half of the 20th Century, is somehow fully expressed in the Architecture, 2011, Patrick world, the global occupies the same relationship Schumacher, p. 30 to concept of non-place.79 Airspace, in its manifestation and 84 Schumacher, p. 177 theP local as the inside to Fig. 2 – Action assertion System81 – has A: Adaptation, G: world Goal Attainment, 85 the‘The outside. means globalThis is the system omnipresent made the by beingI: Integration, L: Latent Pattern Maintenance considered the that the localfrom is intrinsically ‘neither prior nor anterior to social, political and economic unstable: eitherofit view, is a system’s point from thereduplication inside; from of thethe simple processes of spatial transformation but, [by being] global (the word ‘glocal’ same perspective, of Chapter 2 temporally coeval with’80 it. historically and has eventhe been used) course, local is and outside. Soofinfrontier the global the notion is Architecture as a Lead-distinction indeed being erased; or world, the global occupies samedisrupts relationship the local the to system mayinside become the localand as the to Part 5 – Spatializing Theory into Built Form outside.inThis means the object, political terms, an exercise in the that theoflocal is intrinsically unstable: either it –isAugé, a right to interfere.’ p. xi reduplication of the simple In short, the Airport constitutes a logistical hub which 86 global (the word ‘glocal’ P Schumacher, p. 191 87 functions as an exchange-facilitating programme for both What is been an Apparatus? has even used) and and Other of Essays, the notion frontier2006, is people and things. Its exchanges are made animate Giorgio Agamben, indeed being erased; or principally through an Air Traffic Control Tower which like translated by David the local disrupts theKishik system andPedatella may become and Stefan the activities it orchestrates is preconditioned on the (Originally the object, published in political in terms, as of an exercise in the Italian Che cos’è un premise of constant adaptation to exponentially higher dospositivo?), 2009, p. 41 right to interfere.’ – Augé, 88 standards of technical specificity. As a highly engaged p.PxiSchumacher, p. 208 89 86 P Schumacher, p. 363 191 organisational landscape, its operational criterion is 87 90 What is an Apparatus? P Schumacher, p. 365 91 logistically articulated and primarily concerned with the Wrestling the Right, Eyal and Other Essays, 2006, Giorgio Agamben, Weizman – Real Estates: management of ground-surface. Lastly, in a sense, it Life WithoutbyDebt, 2014, translated David Kishik edited by Fulcrum (Jack and Stefan Pedatella wields the agency to activate a secondary tier of (Originally Self, Shumipublished Bose), p. in 126 92 globalisation. Claiming thecos’è Airport Italian as Che unas dospositivo?), 2009, p. 41 Landscape, Charles We can think of the airport as an Action System–a 88 Waldheim – Airportp. 208 P Schumacher, 89 P Schumacher, Landscape: Urbanp. 363 convention in which a multiplicity of Nation-constituent 90 Ecologies in the Aerial P Schumacher, p. 365 81 Fig. 2 – Action System – A: Adaptation, Goal Attainment, 91 interrelated actors effectuate a desiredG: outcome, or primalI: Wrestling the Right, Age, 2016, edited by Eyal Integration, L: Latent Pattern Maintenance Sonja Dümpelmann & Weizman – Real Estates: function. In the functioning of the airport, these actors are Life Without Debt, 2014, Charles Waldheim, p. 14 93 Claiming the Airport as integrated and latently maintain individual structural edited by Fulcrum (Jack Landscape, C Waldheim Self, Shumi Bose), p. 126 – patterns of successively distinct operational outcomes in 92 S Dümpelmann & C as Claiming the Airport Waldheim, 15 Landscape,p.Charles order to sustain the complex functioning of a system82 as 94 Waldheim – Airport Landscape as specialised as an airport. From a design standpoint, we Urbanism, Landscape:Charles Urban 76 Ecologies in the Waldheim – The Augé, p. Aerial xviii may consider the built form, or forms, and territorial extents Landscape Urbanism Age, 2016, edited by 77 Augé, 63 &by Sonja78Dümpelmann Reader, 2006, p. edited which comprise the airport as an embodiment of the 49 p. 70 p. 14 CharlesAugé, 39 Waldheim, 79 93 95 Claiming the88 Airport as Landscapes of Augé, 80 Exchange: Re-Articulating Landscape, C Waldheim – S Mezzadra & B Neilson, p. 65 S Dümpelmann Site, Clare Lyster& –CC 230 Waldheim, p. 15 81 96 94 Landscapes of to Systems Theory: Niklas Luhmann, 2013, edited by Dirk Baecker, translated by Peter Gilgen (First published in German as Landscape as Introduction Urbanism, Charles Exchange: Re-Articulating

Architecture as a Lead-distinction

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 23 Amazon Fulfilment Centre, Rugeley, UK

Plate 24 FedEX Memphis SuperHub, Tennessee, USA

Schiphol 18R, 4 Hours of library/frankfurt-Arrivals Composite at airport/facilities.html, Schiphol Airport, Accessed: 08-10-2018 Amsterdam 18:16 UTC 2015, Michael Kelley, Plate 18 – Terminal 3, https://static1.squarespac Copenhagen Airport, e.com/static/5779b3d0e4f Vilhelm Lauritzen cb599cea68669/577bfc98 Architects, ebbd1aa40ee85107/57f73 https://www.vla.dk/en/proje ee3c534a5052aa4573a/15 ct/terminal-316638401543/Amsterdam koebenhavns-lufthavn/, +Schiphol+18R+%28Pold Accessed: 08-10-2018 erbaan%29.jpg?format=25 18:18 UTC 00w, Accessed: 08-10Plate 19 – The VIPs, 1963, 2018 15:27 UTC Anthony Asquith Plate 22 – Stansted Plate 20UK, – The Terminal, Airport, 2004, Steven Spielberg https://assets.bwbx.io/ima Plate 21 – Amsterdam ges/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iJ epFXuVmqfs/v0/-1x-1.jpg, Schiphol 18R, 4 Hours of Accessed: 09-10-2018 Arrivals Composite at 16:54 UTC Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam Plate 23 – 2015, Michael Kelley, http://whartonmagazine.co https://static1.squarespac m/wpe.com/static/5779b3d0e4f content/uploads/2018/10/ cb599cea68669/577bfc98 GettyImagesebbd1aa40ee85107/57f73 453073545_master.jpg, ee3c534a5052aa4573a/15 Accessed: 16-10-2018 16638401543/Amsterdam 15:16 UTC +Schiphol+18R+%28Pold Plate 24 – https://cdnerbaan%29.jpg?format=25 images00w, Accessed: 08-101.medium.com/max/2000/ 2018 15:27 UTC 1*PzjDHA7hOPlate 22 – Stansted c4HvlY9Alm8A.jpeg, Airport, UK,09-10-2018 Accessed: https://assets.bwbx.io/ima 18:27 UTC ges/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iJ Plate 25 – North Terminal, epFXuVmqfs/v0/-1x-1.jpg, Gatwick Airport, UK, Accessed: 09-10-2018 http://www.infrastructure16:54 UTC intelligence.com/sites/defa Plate 23 – ult/files/field/image/GATWI http://whartonmagazine.co CK -JMilstein 15.jpg, m/wpAccessed: 03-10-2018 content/uploads/2018/10/ 20:12 UTC GettyImagesPlate 26 – Heathrow 453073545_master.jpg, Airport, London, Accessed: 16-10-2018 https://www.architectsjourn 15:16 UTC al.co.uk/pictures/2000x200 Plate 24 – https://cdn0fit/7/1/9/3043719_gatwick imagesjeffmilstein02.jpg, 1.medium.com/max/2000/ Accessed: 08-10-2018 1*PzjDHA7hO16:11 UTC c4HvlY9Alm8A.jpeg, Plate 27 Accessed: 09-10-2018 – https://techaeris.com/wp18:27 UTC content/uploads/2014/05/0 Plate 25 – North Terminal, 5468483-photo-googleGatwick Airport,Accessed: UK, datacenter.jpg, http://www.infrastructure16-10-2018 15:44 UTC intelligence.com/sites/defa Plate 28 – ult/files/field/image/GATWI https://afasiaarchzine.com/ CK wp- -JMilstein 15.jpg, Accessed: 03-10-2018 content/uploads/2016/07/C 20:12 UTC arrilho-da-Gra%C3%A7a-.Plate 26 – Heathrow Data-Centre-PortugalAirport, London, Telecom-.https://www.architectsjourn al.co.uk/pictures/2000x200 0fit/7/1/9/3043719_gatwick jeffmilstein02.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 16:11 UTC Plate 27 – https://techaeris.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/05/0 5468483-photo-googledatacenter.jpg, Accessed: 16-10-2018 15:44 UTC Plate 28 – https://afasiaarchzine.com/ wpcontent/uploads/2016/07/C arrilho-da-Gra%C3%A7a-.Data-Centre-PortugalTelecom-.-

Augé, 88 convention in which a multiplicity of Nation-constituent S Mezzadra & B Neilson, interrelated actors effectuate a desired outcome, or primal p. 65 81 Introduction to Systems function. In the functioning of the airport, these actors are Theory: Niklas Luhmann, integrated and latently maintain individual structural 2013, edited by Dirk Baecker, translated by patterns of successively distinct operational outcomes in Peter Gilgen (First published in German as order to sustain the complex functioning of a system82 as Einführung in die specialised as an airport. From a design standpoint, we Systemtheorie, 2002, CarlAuer-Systeme Verlag), p. may consider the built form, or forms, and territorial extents 15 82 which comprise the airport as an embodiment of the D Baecker, p. 13 83 The Autopsies of ‘phenomenon of recursive social communication’83 that the Architecture, Volume 1: A New Framework for service of architecture provides. In a sense, the airport Architecture, 2011, Patrick reorders society, in that it becomes a ‘vehicle of utopian Schumacher, p. 30 81 84 Introduction Systems Theory: Niklas Luhmann,[wherein] 2013, edited by Dirk Baecker, by Peter Gilgen (First published in German as P Schumacher, p. to 177 self-projection society hastranslated no address, no centre 85 ‘TheEinführung global is the system in die Systemtheorie, 2002, Carl-Auer-Systeme Verlag), p. 15 82 and no opportunity to generate a binding representation considered from thep. 13 D Baecker, system’s point of view, of itself and its destiny.’84 from the inside; from the same perspective, of The dynamism and complexity of a supermodern, course, the local is rather, hypermodern society–that is to say the glocal85 outside. So in the global 19 world, the global occupies Fig. 3 – Architectural (Communication) System space in which our hypermodern agency is exercised–is the same relationship to the local as the inside to such that it necessitates a ‘coevolution of autonomous the outside. This means subsystems’86 in order to sustain its uninterrupted that the local is intrinsically unstable: either it is a functioning. This is a primary function of an architecture simple reduplication of the which is beholden to the social and technological global (the word ‘glocal’ has even been used) and demands of contemporariness, in order to deliver the the notion of frontier is indeed being erased; or logistical services exacted by such a complex integrated the local disrupts the mode of operating. Contemporariness, in this context system and may become the object, in political refers specifically to Agamben’s definition of a ‘singular terms, of an exercise in the relationship with one’s own time,’87 which within this right to interfere.’ – Augé, p. xi relationship there is an adherence to the notion of being 86 P Schumacher, p. 191 87 What is an Apparatus? contemporary through a disjunctive anachronism. The and Other Essays, 2006, operational and strategic managerial processes of both Giorgio Agamben, translated by David Kishik airspace and the airport itself are functional objectives of and Stefan Pedatella sustaining the logistical flow of hypermodern services (Originally published in Italian as Che cos’è un delivery. The physical and virtual form of the airport, and dospositivo?), 2009, p. 41 88 P Schumacher, p. 208 of airspace, are indivisible from the primary objective of 89 P Schumacher, p. 363 90 this need and capacity to function. Within the Architectural P Schumacher, p. 365 91 Wrestling the Right, Eyal System, form and function are the primary distinctions, Weizman – Real Estates: 83 wherein communications to respond Life Without Debt, 2014,of Architecture, The‘all and complexity of ahave supermodern, The Autopsies Volume 1:dynamism A architectural New Framework for Architecture, 2011, Patrick Schumacher, p. 30 88 edited84by Fulcrum (Jackp. 177 85 P Schumacher, to both concerns of form and concerns of function,’ rather, hypermodern society–that is to say the glocal Self, Shumi Bose), p. 126 85 ‘The global is the system considered from the system’s point of view, from the inside; from the same perspective, of course, the local is outside. 92 Claiming the Airport as therefore and constituent of the space in every which component our hypermodern agency isprocess exercised–is So in the global world, the global occupies the same relationship to the local as the inside to the outside. This means that the local is intrinsically Landscape, Charles System is thereby distinguishable through this lens is indeed being erased; or such that a has ‘coevolution of autonomous unstable: either it is a simpleAirport reduplication of it the necessitates global (the word ‘glocal’ even been used) and the notion of frontier Waldheim – Airport 86 object, Landscape: Urban the local disrupts the systemsubsystems’ and may become the in political terms, ofsustain ancan exercise inits the right to interfere.’ – Augé, p. xi of form–function distinction. We hereby also discern in order to uninterrupted 86 Ecologies in the Aerial P Schumacher, p. 191 the reflexive processes offunction hypermodernity as a Age, 2016, edited by functioning. This is a primary of an architecture 87 What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays, 2006, Giorgio Agamben, translated by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella (Originally published in Sonja Dümpelmann & composition of ‘autonomous dedicated which is p.beholden to thesubsystems, social andeach technological Italian as Chep. cos’è 2009, 41 Charles Waldheim, 14 un dospositivo?), 89 93 Claiming the Airport as to one of of thecontemporariness, major functional exigencies societal demands in order toof’deliver the Landscape, C Waldheim – contemporaneity. built form and a territorial extent of the logistical services The exacted by such complex integrated S Dümpelmann & C Waldheim, p. 15 systemsof and subsystems which collectively mode operating. Contemporariness, in thiscompose context 20 94 Landscape as architectural spaceto work to pre-constrain thea scope of Urbanism, Charles refers specifically Agamben’s definition of ‘singular Waldheim – The 87 practicable communicative scenarios by ‘conjuring up which within this relationship with one’s own time,’ Landscape Urbanism Reader, 2006, edited by what is likelythere to beisexpected from the participants’ who relationship an adherence to the notion of 90being Charles Waldheim, p. 39 95 engage with through said space. This conglomeration of contemporary a disjunctive anachronism. The Landscapes of Exchange: Re-Articulating composite negotiates the situational occupation operational systems and strategic managerial processes of both Site, Clare Lyster – C of this space within the itself wider a globally Waldheim, p. 230 airspace and the airport areframework functional of objectives of 96 Landscapes of decentralised network flow of like-places and services spaces sustaining the logistical of hypermodern Exchange: Re-Articulating 79 80

Architecture as a Lead-distinction

preoccupied the supervision flows. delivery. The with physical and virtual of form of the airport, and of airspace, are indivisible from the primary objective of this need and capacity to function. Within the Architectural Part – The Airport as an Operational Landscape 51 6 83

The Autopsies of Architecture, Volume 1: A New Framework for Architecture, 2011, Patrick Schumacher, p. 30 P Schumacher, p. 177 If design is an indivisible ‘refraction of value, belief, ‘The global is the system considered from the system’s point of view, from the inside;91 from the same perspective, of course, the local is outside. it stands ideology, sentience and regulation,’ So in the global world, the global occupies the same relationship to the local as the inside tothen the outside. This meansto that the local is intrinsically unstable: either it is a simplereason reduplication of the global (the word ‘glocal’ has evenof been used) and the notion frontier is indeed being erased; or the relational disposition the airport as of being 84 85

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 25 Terminal Apron and Taxiway, Gatwick Airport, London

Plate 26 Runway 25L and Taxiway, Heathrow Airport, London

Anthony Plate 22 Asquith – Stansted Plate 20UK, – The Terminal, Airport, 2004, Steven Spielberg https://assets.bwbx.io/ima ges/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iJ Plate 21 – Amsterdam epFXuVmqfs/v0/-1x-1.jpg, Schiphol 18R, 4 Hours of Accessed: 09-10-2018 Arrivals Composite at 16:54 UTC Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam Plate 23 – 2015, Michael Kelley, http://whartonmagazine.co https://static1.squarespac m/wpe.com/static/5779b3d0e4f content/uploads/2018/10/ cb599cea68669/577bfc98 GettyImagesebbd1aa40ee85107/57f73 453073545_master.jpg, ee3c534a5052aa4573a/15 Accessed: 16-10-2018 16638401543/Amsterdam 15:16 UTC +Schiphol+18R+%28Pold Plate 24 – https://cdnerbaan%29.jpg?format=25 images00w, Accessed: 08-101.medium.com/max/2000/ 2018 15:27 UTC 1*PzjDHA7hOPlate 22 – Stansted c4HvlY9Alm8A.jpeg, Airport, UK,09-10-2018 Accessed: https://assets.bwbx.io/ima 18:27 UTC ges/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iJ Plate 25 – North Terminal, epFXuVmqfs/v0/-1x-1.jpg, Gatwick Airport, UK, Accessed: 09-10-2018 http://www.infrastructure16:54 UTC intelligence.com/sites/defa Plate 23 – ult/files/field/image/GATWI http://whartonmagazine.co CK -JMilstein 15.jpg, m/wpAccessed: 03-10-2018 content/uploads/2018/10/ 20:12 UTC GettyImagesPlate 26 – Heathrow 453073545_master.jpg, Airport, London, Accessed: 16-10-2018 https://www.architectsjourn 15:16 UTC al.co.uk/pictures/2000x200 Plate 24 – https://cdn0fit/7/1/9/3043719_gatwick imagesjeffmilstein02.jpg, 1.medium.com/max/2000/ Accessed: 08-10-2018 1*PzjDHA7hO16:11 UTC c4HvlY9Alm8A.jpeg, Plate 27 09-10-2018 –Accessed: https://techaeris.com/wp18:27 UTC content/uploads/2014/05/0 Plate 25 – North Terminal, 5468483-photo-googleGatwick Airport,Accessed: UK, datacenter.jpg, http://www.infrastructure16-10-2018 15:44 UTC intelligence.com/sites/defa Plate 28 – ult/files/field/image/GATWI https://afasiaarchzine.com/ CK -JMilstein 15.jpg, wpAccessed: 03-10-2018 content/uploads/2016/07/C 20:12 UTC arrilho-da-Gra%C3%A7a-.Plate 26 – Heathrow Data-Centre-PortugalAirport, London, Telecom-.https://www.architectsjourn al.co.uk/pictures/2000x200 0fit/7/1/9/3043719_gatwick jeffmilstein02.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 16:11 UTC Plate 27 – https://techaeris.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/05/0 5468483-photo-googledatacenter.jpg, Accessed: 16-10-2018 15:44 UTC Plate 28 – https://afasiaarchzine.com/ wpcontent/uploads/2016/07/C arrilho-da-Gra%C3%A7a-.Data-Centre-PortugalTelecom-.-

the notion of frontier is indeed being erased; or the local disrupts the system and may become the object, in political terms, of an exercise in the right to interfere.’ – Augé, p. xi 86 P Schumacher, p. 191 87 What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays, 2006, Giorgio Agamben, translated by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella (Originally published in Italian as Che cos’è un dospositivo?), 2009, p. 41 88 P Schumacher, p. 208 89 P Schumacher, p. 363 90 P Schumacher, p. 365 91 Wrestling the Right, Eyal Weizman – Real Estates: Life Without Debt, 2014, edited by Fulcrum (Jack Self, Shumi Bose), p. 126 92 Claiming the Airport as Landscape, Charles Waldheim – Airport Landscape: Urban Ecologies in the Aerial Age, 2016, edited by Sonja Dümpelmann & Charles Waldheim, p. 14 93 Claiming the Airport as Landscape, C Waldheim – S Dümpelmann & C Waldheim, p. 15 94 Landscape as Urbanism, Charles Waldheim – The Landscape Urbanism Reader, 2006, edited by Charles Waldheim, p. 39 95 Landscapes of Exchange: Re-Articulating Site, Clare Lyster – C Waldheim, p. 230 96 Landscapes of Exchange: Re-Articulating

engage with said space. This conglomeration of composite systems negotiates the situational occupation of this space within the wider framework of a globally decentralised network of like-places and spaces preoccupied with the supervision of flows.

Architecture as a Lead-distinction

Part 6 – The Airport as an Operational Landscape

If design is an indivisible ‘refraction of value, belief, ideology, sentience and regulation,’91 then it stands to reason the relational disposition of the airport as being detached from, or adjunct to, its local metropolitan area is necessarily a designed function of the city’s prerequisite to separate itself from the mechanism which in one sense facilitates its participation in the glocal realm. The idea that the situation of an airport can occupy a pivotal position92 in the geography and economy of the local metropolitan area it seeks to serve polarises the logistical significance of the appropriate exploitation of one’s (the State’s) territory and airspace. The contemporary airport is for the most part constituted of a disproportionally vast area of what are known as airside operations, this is in relation to the comparatively much smaller facilitation of landside operations which is for the most part solely concerned with the Terminal and the handling of ordinary people. The somewhat titanic horizontal expanse which is given to these airside operations presents a ‘tremendous vacuity [which] removes not only human occupation but scrubs the airfield of virtually all remnants of previous hydrological and biological processes,’93 so it may be argued this deliberate emptiness in the territorial composition of the airfield has defined a paradoxical condition of dense urban, spatially void, lived experience–as if to take the volumetric substantiality of people in the city and funnel a comparably desolate quasi-arbitration of them through P Schumacher, p. 208 the city itself inserted within the contiguous metropolitan P Schumacher, p. 363 P Schumacher, p. 365 hinterland, to reaffirm the notion of not only the Terminal, Wrestling the Right, Eyal but Weizman – Realthe Estates: Life Without Debt, 2014,operations edited by Fulcrum Self, Shumi Bose), p. 126 in fact entirety of airside as(Jack a non-place. Claiming the Airport as Landscape, Charles Waldheim – Airport Landscape: Urban Ecologies in the Aerial Age, 2016, edited by Sonja This phenomenon is not altogether surprising, given Dümpelmann & Charles Waldheim, p. 14 that grandiose infrastructures of p.this kind, and the Claiming the Airport as Landscape, C Waldheim – S Dümpelmann & C Waldheim, 15 vastness of landscape they engender are ‘the very ordering mechanisms of the urban field itself, shaping and shifting the organisation of 21 urban settlement and its inevitably indeterminate economic, political, and social features’94 in the process of enabling the necessary logistical operations demanded of the hyper-functioning supermodern society. The airport, and other grand infrastructural statements comparable in scale, appear seemingly unreconciled in their desolate extra-positional relation to the density of concentrated economic urban sprawl they elaborate. More specifically, this kind of infrastructure, as a logistical appendage of the urban, and as an Action System of sorts, acts as an exchangedeploying95 network, which by necessity of function must inherently strive to expand its operations to encourage the interchanging of people and things across the network of 53 logistical services deploying inward and outward of the nation. In spatial terms, the airport articulates increased operational capacity through inward territorial renegotiation and expansion of its own boundary. In as 88 89 90 91 92

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 27 Google Data Centre

Plate 28 Altice Telecoms Data Centre, Covilhã, Portugal

16638401543/Amsterdam images+Schiphol+18R+%28Pold 1.medium.com/max/2000/ erbaan%29.jpg?format=25 1*PzjDHA7hO00w, Accessed: 08-10c4HvlY9Alm8A.jpeg, 2018 15:27 09-10-2018 UTC Accessed: Plate – Stansted 18:27 22 UTC Airport, Plate 25UK, – North Terminal, https://assets.bwbx.io/ima Gatwick Airport, UK, ges/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iJ http://www.infrastructureepFXuVmqfs/v0/-1x-1.jpg, intelligence.com/sites/defa Accessed: 09-10-2018 ult/files/field/image/GATWI 16:54 UTC CK -JMilstein 15.jpg, Plate 23 – 03-10-2018 Accessed: http://whartonmagazine.co 20:12 UTC m/wpPlate 26 – Heathrow content/uploads/2018/10/ Airport, London, GettyImageshttps://www.architectsjourn 453073545_master.jpg, al.co.uk/pictures/2000x200 Accessed: 16-10-2018 0fit/7/1/9/3043719_gatwick 15:16 UTC jeffmilstein02.jpg, Plate 24 – https://cdnAccessed: 08-10-2018 images16:11 UTC 1.medium.com/max/2000/ Plate 27 1*PzjDHA7hO– https://techaeris.com/wpc4HvlY9Alm8A.jpeg, content/uploads/2014/05/0 Accessed: 09-10-2018 5468483-photo-google18:27 UTC datacenter.jpg, Accessed: Plate 25 – North 16-10-2018 15:44Terminal, UTC Gatwick UK, Plate 28 Airport, – http://www.infrastructurehttps://afasiaarchzine.com/ intelligence.com/sites/defa wpult/files/field/image/GATWI content/uploads/2016/07/C CK -JMilstein 15.jpg, arrilho-da-Gra%C3%A7a-.Accessed: 03-10-2018 Data-Centre-Portugal20:12 UTC Telecom-.Plate 26 – Heathrow Airport, London, https://www.architectsjourn al.co.uk/pictures/2000x200 0fit/7/1/9/3043719_gatwick jeffmilstein02.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 16:11 UTC Plate 27 – https://techaeris.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/05/0 5468483-photo-googledatacenter.jpg, Accessed: 16-10-2018 15:44 UTC Plate 28 – https://afasiaarchzine.com/ wpcontent/uploads/2016/07/C arrilho-da-Gra%C3%A7a-.Data-Centre-PortugalTelecom-.Covilh%C3%A3-1.jpg, Accessed: 16-10-2018 15:59 UTC Plate 29 – Narita International Airport Terminal 3, Nikken Sekkei + Ryohin Keikaku + PARTY, Archdaily, 17-042017 23:00, https://www.archdaily.com/ 620345/naritainternational-airportterminal-3-nikken-sekkeiryohin-keikakuparty/552fe8bbe58ecead0 b000052-naritainternational-airportterminal-3-nikken-sekkeiryohin-keikaku-partyphoto, Accessed: 08-102018 16:29 UTC Plate 30 – 2007, Andreas Gursky, https://kunstmuseumbasel. ch/storage/11_gurskyfrankfurt_db295f9b.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 15:25 UTC Plate 31 – https://www.airlinequality .com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/08/I MG_5050-1.jpg, Accessed: 10-10-2018 20:23 UTC Plate 32 – https://www.hahnairport.de/image_view.asp x?id=513415, Accessed: 10-10-2018 20:22 UTC

infrastructural statements comparable in scale, appear P Schumacher, p. 363 P Schumacher, p. 365 seemingly unreconciled in their desolate extra-positional Wrestling the Right, Eyal Weizman – Real Estates: relation to the density of concentrated economic urban Life Without Debt, 2014, sprawl they elaborate. More specifically, this kind of edited by Fulcrum (Jack Self, Shumi Bose), p. 126 infrastructure, as a logistical appendage of the urban, and 92 Claiming the Airport as as an Action System of sorts, acts as an exchangeLandscape, Charles Waldheim – Airport deploying95 network, which by necessity of function must Landscape: Urban Ecologies in the Aerial inherently strive to expand its operations to encourage the Age, 2016, edited by interchanging of people and things across the network of Sonja Dümpelmann & Charles Waldheim, p. 14 logistical services deploying inward and outward of the 93 Claiming the Airport as nation. In spatial terms, the airport articulates increased Landscape, C Waldheim – S Dümpelmann & C operational capacity through inward territorial Waldheim, p. 15 94 Landscape as renegotiation and expansion of its own boundary. In as Urbanism, Charles much as it pushes the operational efficiency of its own Waldheim – The Landscape Urbanism internal environment, through coalescing a juncture of Reader, 2006, edited by Charles Waldheim, p. 39 different modes of exchange and interchange, it becomes 95 Landscapes of a ‘high-performance membrane–a composite that Exchange: Re-Articulating Site, Clare Lyster – C operates both as information receiver, infrastructure, and Waldheim, p. 230 96 superstructure, but at the same time is none of these Landscapes of Exchange: Re-Articulating alone;’96 and in this sense it takes on the characteristics of Site, C Lyster – C Waldheim, p. 230 an extra-territorial insular landscape. This attributed 97 Landscapes of quality of the compositional and operative significance of Exchange: Re-Articulating Site, C Lyster – C this self-sustaining architecture, streamlines the formal Waldheim, p. 231 98 and functional aspects of this infrastructural endeavour Landscapes of Exchange: Re-Articulating from the conventional association of territory as an external Site, C Lyster – C Waldheim, p. 231 environment–from a residual spatial quality–into more 99 The Technosphere is fittingly, territory as a highly charged organisational hereby defined as the network of ‘complex social landscape.97 structures together with the physical infrastructure and technological artefacts supporting energy, information and High-performance territory therefore becomes more material flows that enable critical in terms of providing the necessary logistical the system to work, including entities as functions required to resource the exchange network, diverse as power stations, while the traditional superstructural back-up transmission lines, roads and buildings, farms, provisions either recede or collapse into this territory plastics, tools, airplanes, ballpoint pens and as an embedded logistical layer or dissolve transistors.’ – Scale and altogether.98 Diversity of the Physical Technosphere: A Geological Perspective, 94 The Anthropocene Landscape Review, as Urbanism, Charles Waldheim – The Landscape Urbanism Reader, 2006, edited by Charles Waldheim, p. 39 2016,95Jan Zalasiewicz, p. Landscapes of Exchange: Re-Articulating Site, Clare Lysterof – C Waldheim, p. 230 organisational The sophistication this rationalised 3; It is96made manifest Landscapes of Exchange: Re-Articulating Site, C Lyster – C Waldheim, p. 230 through 97 the sophistication efficiency in the landscape finds its justification in Landscapes of Exchange: Re-Articulating Site, C Lyster – C Waldheim, p. 231 of technological attempting to provide a seamless exchange of development, wherein ‘technology is the first interactions, so as not to inhibit or compromise the geological paradigm complex enough to constancy of interrelated flows across the whole of the 22 become aware, through its network. It is a cog in the societal machine which human components, of the essential contribution to its comprises the Technosphere;99 in this way, hypmodernity own existence of the cannot afford to be switched off, or stalled even support provided by established paradigms.’ – momentarily, owing to the repercussions that would result Technology as a Geological Phenomenon: in profound local economic detriment at the node, or point Implications for Human of exchange, in the host region of this infrastructural Well-being, A Stratigraphical Basis for situation. To this end, maximising the exploitation of the Anthrophocene, internal real estate, as a response to the increasingly Geological Society, London, Special competitive economic demand and volume of traffic for Publications, 395, 301309, C N Waters, 2014, J A goods and services delivery, opens up the possibility of a Zalasiewicz, M Ellis, A M secondary tier of ‘globalisation’ in the peripheral Snelling, p. 304  100 Landscapes of undervalued geographic areas further away from main Exchange: Re-Articulating metropolitan hubs. This has a potential to draw these more Site, C Lyster – C 55 Waldheim, p. 234 rural economies into the loop of networked 101 Synthetic Surfaces, hypermodernity, creating and enabling ‘new zones of Pierre Bélanger – C Waldheim, p. 240 influence,’100 prior disregarded or overlooked in the initial 102 Synthetic Surfaces, P th Bélanger – C Waldheim, p. 89 90 91

Architecture as a Lead-distinction

255

and

subsequent

phases

Century

super-

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 29 Narita International Airport Terminal 3 Signage

Plate 30 Departure Screens at Frankfurt am Main Airport, Germany

Covilh%C3%A3-1.jpg, Accessed: 16-10-2018 15:59 UTC Plate 29 – Narita International Airport Terminal 3, Nikken Sekkei + Ryohin Keikaku + PARTY, Archdaily, 17-042017 23:00, https://www.archdaily.com/ Covilh%C3%A3-1.jpg, 620345/naritaAccessed: 16-10-2018 international-airport15:59 UTC terminal-3-nikken-sekkeiPlate 29 – Narita ryohin-keikakuInternational Airport party/552fe8bbe58ecead0 Terminal 3, Nikken Sekkei b000052-narita+ Ryohin Keikaku + international-airportPARTY, Archdaily, 17-04terminal-3-nikken-sekkei2017 23:00, ryohin-keikaku-partyhttps://www.archdaily.com/ photo, Accessed: 08-10620345/narita2018 16:29 UTC international-airportPlate 30 – 2007, Andreas terminal-3-nikken-sekkeiGursky, ryohin-keikakuhttps://kunstmuseumbasel. party/552fe8bbe58ecead0 ch/storage/11_gurskyb000052-naritafrankfurt_db295f9b.jpg, international-airportAccessed: 08-10-2018 terminal-3-nikken-sekkei15:25 UTC ryohin-keikaku-partyphoto,31 Accessed: 08-10Plate 16:29 UTC –2018 https://www.airlinequality .com/wpPlate 30 – 2007, Andreas content/uploads/2014/08/I Gursky, MG_5050-1.jpg, https://kunstmuseumbasel. Accessed: 10-10-2018 ch/storage/11_gursky20:23 UTC frankfurt_db295f9b.jpg, Accessed: Plate 32 08-10-2018 15:25 UTC – https://www.hahnairport.de/image_view.asp Plate 31 Accessed: –x?id=513415, https://www.airlinequality 10-10-2018 20:22 UTC .com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/08/I Plate 33 MG_5050-1.jpg, – http://www.leblogfinance. Accessed: 10-10-2018 com/files/2017/04/Rockwel 20:23 UTC l-Collins-HGS.jpg, Plate 32 05-11-2018 Accessed: UTC –02:18 https://www.hahnairport.de/image_view.asp Plate 34 – x?id=513415, Accessed: https://www.nats.aero/wp10-10-2018 20:22 UTC content/uploads/2017/05/C ontrol-centre0223a.jpg, Plate 33 08-10-2018 –Accessed: http://www.leblogfinance. 18:36 UTC com/files/2017/04/Rockwel l-Collins-HGS.jpg, Plate 35 Accessed: 05-11-2018 – https://s5o.ru/storage/sim 02:18 UTC ple/ru/edt/e4/ab/a7/42/rue 73181135a8.jpg, Plate 34 – Accessed: 06-12-2018 https://www.nats.aero/wp03:37 UTC content/uploads/2017/05/C ontrol-centre0223a.jpg, Plate 36 Accessed: 08-10-2018 – https://ocdn.eu/pulscms18:36 UTC transforms/1/1gktkqTURBXy8yY2Y0NDZ Plate 35 –kZWJjNWZmNTY1NTIyMT https://s5o.ru/storage/sim E3NWVkMzIyMjgxMS5qcG ple/ru/edt/e4/ab/a7/42/rue VnkpUCzQPAAMLDlQIAz 73181135a8.jpg, QPAwsM, Accessed: Accessed: 06-12-20180612-2018 03:38 UTC 03:37 UTC Plate 37 36 – Stansted UK, –Airport, https://ocdn.eu/pulscmshttps://nats.aero/blog/wptransforms/1/1content/uploads/2016/03/1 gktkqTURBXy8yY2Y0NDZ 60125n_1209.jpg, kZWJjNWZmNTY1NTIyMT Accessed: 08-10-2018 E3NWVkMzIyMjgxMS5qcG 18:26 UTC VnkpUCzQPAAMLDlQIAz QPAwsM, Plate 38 – Accessed: 0612-2018 03:38 UTC https://saabgroup.com/glo

momentarily, owing to the repercussions thatnode, would in profound local economic detriment at the or result point in local the organisational node, or point of profound exchange, in economic theofhost region ofatthis infrastructural The sophistication thisdetriment rationalised of exchange, in the host region of the this exploitation infrastructural situation. To end, maximising of efficiency in this the landscape finds its justification in situation. To to thisprovide end, thethe exploitation of internal real estate, as amaximising response to increasingly attempting a seamless exchange internal real economic estate, atoresponse to compromise the increasingly competitive demand and or volume of traffic the for interactions, so as as not inhibit competitive economic demand and volume of traffic for asflows a opens Lead-distinction goods and Architecture services delivery, up the a constancy of interrelated across thepossibility whole of of the goods andIt services delivery, opens upinthemachine possibility of a secondary tier ‘globalisation’ the peripheral network. is a of cog in the societal which 99 secondary tier of ‘globalisation’ the peripheral undervalued geographic areas away from main infurther this in way, hypmodernity comprises the Technosphere; undervalued geographic areas further away from more main metropolitan hubs. a potential draw these cannot afford to This be has switched off, toor stalled even metropolitan hubs. hasrepercussions athe potential these more rural economies loopto draw of would networked momentarily, owingThis tointo the that result rural economies into and the enabling loop networked hypermodernity, creating ‘new zones of in profound local economic detriment at theof node, or point 100 hypermodernity, enabling of influence,’ prior disregarded or overlooked in zones the initial of exchange, in creating the host and region of this‘new infrastructural 100 in thesuperinitial influence,’ and subsequent phases ofor overlooked 20ththeCentury situation. To prior this disregarded end, maximising exploitation of superand subsequent of 20thto Century connectivity. internal real estate, phases as a response the increasingly connectivity.economic demand and volume of traffic for competitive goods and services delivery, opens up the possibility of a secondary tierConcerns of ‘globalisation’ the peripheral Part 7 – Spatial of LogisticalinConnectivity undervalued geographic areas furtherConnectivity away from main Part 7 – Spatial Concerns of Logistical metropolitan This has a potential to draw these more In many wayshubs. the spatial and organisational articulation of rural economies into the loop of networked of In wayswhich the spatial and organisational themany territory demarcates the airport articulation landscape is hypermodernity, and enabling ‘new zones of the territory whichcreating demarcates the inairport landscape is defined primarily through asphalt, a ‘scale and form 100 prior renders] disregarded or overlooked in and the initial influence,’ defined primarily through asphalt, in the a ‘scale form [which practically impossible conception of it Century superand subsequent phases of [and 20th thewhose] [which practically renders] impossible conception of it as a single bounded system, function connectivity. as a single bounded [and whose] depends precisely on system, the singular continuityfunction of a depends precisely101 This on the continuity of of a notionsingular of a singular continuity horizontal surface.’ horizontal surface.’101 This notion of through a singularacontinuity of ground surface, homogenised singularly ground surface, homogenised through a seemingly singularly expressive materiality, at once ties together the Part 7 – Spatial Concerns of Logistical Connectivity expressive materiality, atofonce ties together the seemingly disjunctive apparatuses the airport landscape to signify disjunctive apparatuses the airport landscape signify anmany intelligible poly-modal infrastructure that istoinfuses In ways the spatialof and organisational articulation of an intelligible poly-modal infrastructure that isterminals infuses ‘truck stops, which train stations, harbours, and airport the territory demarcates the airport landscape is ‘truck stops, train stations, airport terminals into one undifferentiated land mass streets, roads, defined primarily through harbours, asphalt, inand aof‘scale and form into one undifferentiated mass the of conception streets, roads, [which practically renders] land impossible of it as a single bounded system, [and whose] function depends precisely on the singular continuity of a Landscapes of Exchange: Re-Articulating Site, – C Waldheim, p. 231 C Lyster101 horizontal surface.’ Thissocial notion of atogether singular of and technological The Technosphere is hereby defined as the network of ‘complex structures with thecontinuity physical infrastructure Landscapes of Exchange: Re-Articulating Site, C Lyster – C Waldheim, p. 231 artefacts supporting energy, information and material flows that enable the system to work, including entities as diverse as power stations, ground surface, homogenised through a singularly The Technosphere is hereby defined as the network of ‘complex social structures together with the physical infrastructure and technological transmission lines, roads andinformation buildings, farms, plastics, tools, airplanes, ballpoint and including transistors.’ – Scale and Diversity of the Physical artefacts supporting energy, and material flows that enable the system to work, as diverse as power stations, expressive materiality, at once tiespens together theentities seemingly Technosphere: A Geological The Anthropocene Jan Zalasiewicz, 2016, pp. 3; It is – made manifest through transmission lines, roads andPerspective, buildings, farms, plastics, tools, Review, airplanes, ballpoint pens and transistors.’ Scale and Diversity ofthe thesophistication Physical disjunctive apparatuses of the airport landscape to signify of technologicalAdevelopment, wherein ‘technology is the first Review, geological paradigm complex enough become aware, through human Technosphere: Geological Perspective, The Anthropocene Jan Zalasiewicz, 2016, pp. 3; to It is made manifest throughitsthe sophistication components, of the essential contribution to its ownispoly-modal existence of the support provided by established – Technology ashuman a Geological an intelligible infrastructure thattoparadigms.’ is infuses of technological development, wherein ‘technology the first geological paradigm complex enough become aware, through its Phenomenon: Implications for Human Well-being, A Stratigraphical Basis for the Anthrophocene, Geological Society, London, Special components, of the essential contribution to its own existence of the support provided by established paradigms.’ – Technology as a Geological ‘truck stops, train stations, harbours, and airport terminals Publications, 395, 301-309,for CN Waters, J A Zalasiewicz, M Ellis, A Basis M Snelling, 2014, pp. 304  Phenomenon: Implications Human Well-being, A Stratigraphical for themass Anthrophocene, Geological Society, London, Special into one undifferentiated land of streets, roads, Landscapes of Exchange: Site, C LysterM–Ellis, C Waldheim, p. 234 Publications, 395, 301-309, CRe-Articulating N Waters, J A Zalasiewicz, A M Snelling, 2014, pp. 304  highways, railways, tunnels, shipping lines, and flight Synthetic Surfaces, Pierre Re-Articulating Bélanger – C Waldheim, p. 240 Landscapes of Exchange: Site, C Lyster – C Waldheim, p. 234 102 paths.’ Synthetic Surfaces, Pierre Bélanger – C Waldheim, p. 240 This modus of spatial arrangement and logistically Landscapes of Exchange: Re-Articulating Site, C Lyster – C Waldheim, p. 231 infused efficiency have rapidly transformed the urban 23structures The Technosphere is hereby defined as the network of ‘complex social together with the physical infrastructure and technological 23 system to work, thatflows of that a geographically bounded confine to as power stations, artefacts supporting energy,space, informationfrom and material enable the including entities as diverse transmission lines, roads and buildings, tools, airplanes, ballpoint pens andweb transistors.’ and Diversity of the Physical one of farms, a plastics, geospatially articulated of – Scale formally Technosphere: A Geological Perspective, The Anthropocene Review, Jan Zalasiewicz, 2016, pp. 3; It is made manifest through the sophistication nondescript, non-mutually exclusive, intertwinement of of technological development, wherein ‘technology is the first geological paradigm complex enough to become aware, through its human macroeconomic functions blurring theby distinction between components, of the essential contribution to its own existence of the support provided established paradigms.’ – Technology as a Geological Phenomenon: Implications for Human Well-being, A Stratigraphical Anthrophocene, Geological Society, nation and territory. As Basis far for asthehuman traffic flows areLondon, Special Publications, 395, 301-309, C N Waters, J A Zalasiewicz, M Ellis, A M Snelling, 2014, pp. 304  concerned, we see this at the intra-national scale of Landscapes of Exchange: Re-Articulating Site, C Lyster – C Waldheim, p. 234 ‘cheap’, affordable domestic and regional air travel, Synthetic Surfaces, Pierre Bélanger – rather, C Waldheim, p. 240 wherein the advent of such economic interventions have in some sense created what I would refer to as a secondary tier of globalisation within the already 23 globalised, already developed countries of the Occident, whereby it has become economically feasible for the 57 people in these regions to bypass the convenience of direct travel from A to B by instead flying from a to B via C, and subsidising the rest of their journey with other means of transportation. By this I mean it has become

human components, of the essential contribution to its own existence of the support provided by established paradigms.’ – Technology as a Geological Phenomenon: Implications for Human Well-being, A Stratigraphical Basis for the Anthrophocene, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 301309, C N Waters, 2014, J A Zalasiewicz, M Ellis, A M Snelling, p. 304  100 Landscapes of Exchange: Re-Articulating Site, C Lyster – C Waldheim, p. 234 101 Synthetic Surfaces, Pierre Bélanger – C Waldheim, p. 240 102 Synthetic Surfaces, P Bélanger – C Waldheim, p. 255 103 Learning from Logistics: How Networks Change Our Cities, 2016, Clare Lyster, p. 19 104 C Lyster, p. 152 105 C Lyster, p. 152 106 C Lyster, p. 155 107 Global Networks: Linked Cities, 2002, edited by Saskia Sassen, p.71 (Communication Grids: Cities and Infrastructure, Stephen Graham) 108 Global Networks: Linked Cities, p.74 (S Graham) 109 Global Urban Analysis: A Survey of Cities in Globalization, 2011, edited

99 98 99

100

101 100 101

98 99

100 101

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 31 Bremen Airport Check-in, Germany

Plate 32 Frankfurt Hahn Airport, Germany

+ Ryohin Keikaku + PARTY, Archdaily, 17-042017 23:00, https://www.archdaily.com/ 620345/naritainternational-airportterminal-3-nikken-sekkeiryohin-keikakuparty/552fe8bbe58ecead0 b000052-naritainternational-airportterminal-3-nikken-sekkeiryohin-keikaku-partyphoto, Accessed: 08-102018 16:29 UTC Covilh%C3%A3-1.jpg, Accessed: 16-10-2018 Plate 30 – 2007, Andreas 15:59 UTC Gursky, https://kunstmuseumbasel. Plate 29 – Narita ch/storage/11_gurskyInternational Airport frankfurt_db295f9b.jpg, Terminal 3, Nikken Sekkei Accessed: 08-10-2018 + Ryohin Keikaku + 15:25 UTC PARTY, Archdaily, 17-042017 Plate 23:00, 31 https://www.archdaily.com/ – https://www.airlinequality 620345/narita.com/wpinternational-airportcontent/uploads/2014/08/I terminal-3-nikken-sekkeiMG_5050-1.jpg, ryohin-keikakuAccessed: 10-10-2018 party/552fe8bbe58ecead0 20:23 UTC b000052-naritaPlate 32 –international-airporthttps://www.hahnterminal-3-nikken-sekkeiairport.de/image_view.asp ryohin-keikaku-partyx?id=513415, Accessed: photo, Accessed: 08-1010-10-2018 20:22 UTC 2018 16:29 UTC Plate 33 30 – 2007, Andreas –Plate http://www.leblogfinance. Gursky, com/files/2017/04/Rockwel https://kunstmuseumbasel. l-Collins-HGS.jpg, ch/storage/11_gurskyAccessed: 05-11-2018 frankfurt_db295f9b.jpg, 02:18 UTC Accessed: 08-10-2018 Plate 34 – 15:25 UTC https://www.nats.aero/wpPlate 31 content/uploads/2017/05/C – https://www.airlinequality ontrol-centre0223a.jpg, .com/wp- 08-10-2018 Accessed: content/uploads/2014/08/I 18:36 UTC MG_5050-1.jpg, Plate 35 10-10-2018 Accessed: –20:23 https://s5o.ru/storage/sim UTC ple/ru/edt/e4/ab/a7/42/rue Plate 32 73181135a8.jpg, – https://www.hahnAccessed: 06-12-2018 airport.de/image_view.asp 03:37 UTC x?id=513415, Accessed: Plate 36 10-10-2018 20:22 UTC – https://ocdn.eu/pulscmsPlate 33 transforms/1/1–gktkqTURBXy8yY2Y0NDZ http://www.leblogfinance. com/files/2017/04/Rockwel kZWJjNWZmNTY1NTIyMT l-Collins-HGS.jpg, E3NWVkMzIyMjgxMS5qcG Accessed: 05-11-2018 VnkpUCzQPAAMLDlQIAz 02:18 UTCAccessed: 06QPAwsM, Plate 34 03:38 – 12-2018 UTC https://www.nats.aero/wpPlate 37 – Stansted content/uploads/2017/05/C Airport, UK, ontrol-centre0223a.jpg, https://nats.aero/blog/wpAccessed: 08-10-2018 content/uploads/2016/03/1 18:36 UTC 60125n_1209.jpg, Plate 35 08-10-2018 Accessed: –18:26 https://s5o.ru/storage/sim UTC ple/ru/edt/e4/ab/a7/42/rue Plate 38 – 73181135a8.jpg, https://saabgroup.com/glo Accessed: 06-12-2018 balassets/corporate/media 03:37 UTC -news-pressPlate 36 stories/stories/2017/2017–03/digital-control-roomhttps://ocdn.eu/pulscmstransforms/1/12340x1316.jpg, Accessed: gktkqTURBXy8yY2Y0NDZ 08-10-2018 18:37 UTC kZWJjNWZmNTY1NTIyMT Plate 39 – E3NWVkMzIyMjgxMS5qcG https://static.standard.co.u VnkpUCzQPAAMLDlQIAz QPAwsM, Accessed: 0612-2018 03:38 UTC Plate 37 – Stansted Airport, UK, https://nats.aero/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2016/03/1 60125n_1209.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:26 UTC Plate 38 – https://saabgroup.com/glo balassets/corporate/media -news-pressstories/stories/2017/201703/digital-control-room2340x1316.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:37 UTC

macroeconomic functions blurring the distinction between nation and territory. As far as human traffic flows are concerned, we see this at the intra-national scale of ‘cheap’, rather, affordable domestic and regional air travel, wherein the advent of such economic interventions have in some sense createdas what I would refer to as a Architecture a Lead-distinction secondary tier of globalisation within the already globalised, already developed countries of the Occident, whereby it has become economically feasible for the people in these regions to bypass the convenience of direct travel from A to B by instead flying from a to B via C, and subsidising the rest of their journey with other means of transportation. By this I mean it has become economically viable to fly to a relatively irrelevant waypoint in order to reach one’s main destination. This is to say, in flying to a provincial airport situated nearby a big city, affordable airfare has lifted defunct regions out of seeming economic despair by creating an influx of travellers who pass through them and subsequently trickle the spill-overs of wealth normally attributed to the megalopolis in their wake. Essentially, going nowhere is not only now an economic phenomenon, it has become a cultural one.103 Returning to the spaces of logistical totality, it can be argued that the infrastructural paraphernalia which comprise these spaces simply overwhelm the architecture designed to accommodate these logistical functions, in so doing they amplify the disjunctive sentiment of social unrelatability and solemn anonymity in relation to the social order hereby embodied among these infrastructural societal appendages. Architecture has therefore ‘been synthesised into a flow field, such that conduit (flow) and node (space) merge into a single seamless artefact.’104 The architecture of these spaces and territories act as a physical interface wherein the flows of physical stimuli (in the form of people and goods) are engaged through a series of relationships between distinct corridors and avenues of spatial operation, whereby the figural and formal qualities of space, so to speak, are secondary to the associations of the composite parts which facilitate the flows that pass through them.105 The singular continuity of ground surface attributed to these logistical spaces necessitated by globalisation mean their dimensions take on a semblance of both architecture and landscape. This also implies, by extension, wherever global logistics is concerned either the ‘flow of people, information or with goods, it produces Synthetic Surfaces, P Bélanger – C Waldheim, p. 255 large spaces that exceed the scale we Learning from Logistics: typically How Networks Change Our Cities,with 2016, Clare Lyster, p. 19 associate architecture [wherein] former C Lyster, p. 152 distinctions between Architecture and Landscape C Lyster, p. 152 disappear,’106 and the scale of globalising connectivity imposes its gargantuan presence on the peripheries of interspersed–now interwoven–megalopolises which 24 constitute the Global.

of technological development, wherein ‘technology is the first geological paradigm complex enough to become aware, through its human components, of the essential contribution to its own existence of the support provided by established paradigms.’ – Technology as a Geological Phenomenon: Implications for Human Well-being, A Stratigraphical Basis for the Anthrophocene, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 301309, C N Waters, 2014, J A Zalasiewicz, M Ellis, A M Snelling, p. 304  100 Landscapes of Exchange: Re-Articulating Site, C Lyster – C Waldheim, p. 234 101 Synthetic Surfaces, Pierre Bélanger – C Waldheim, p. 240 102 Synthetic Surfaces, P Bélanger – C Waldheim, p. 255 103 Learning from Logistics: How Networks Change Our Cities, 2016, Clare Lyster, p. 19 104 C Lyster, p. 152 105 C Lyster, p. 152 106 C Lyster, p. 155 107 Global Networks: Linked Cities, 2002, edited by Saskia Sassen, p.71 (Communication Grids: Cities and Infrastructure, Stephen Graham) 108 Global Networks: Linked Cities, p.74 (S Graham) 109 Global Urban Analysis: A Survey of Cities in Globalization, 2011, edited

102 103 104 105

Part 8 – Non-Stop Polis As globalisation tends the world towards an absolute 59 modus of interdependent connectivity, it manifests a disproportionate centrality of strategic urban regions which are vital to coordinating, almost monopolising, the ‘economic, social, political, and cultural dynamics of the

Freedom and Mobility

Fig. 4 The GAWC Index of London’s Relations113

by Peter J Taylor, Pengfei Ni, Ben Derudder, Michael Hoyler, Jin Huang and Frank Witlox, p. 48 (The Global City Process Score, Pengfei Ni, Peter J Taylor and Ben Derudder) 110 Global Networks: Linked Cities, p.118 (Hierarchies of Dominance Among World Cities: A Network Approach, David Smith and Michael Timberlake) 111 Global Networks: Linked Cities, p. 39 (The Architecture of Global Networking Technologies, D Linda Garcia) 112 Global Networks: Linked Cities, p. 42 (D L Garcia) 113 Figure 3 (Chapter 3, Firms and their Global Service Networks) – Global Networks: Linked Cities, p. 108 (Firms and Their Global Service Networks, Peter J Taylor, D R F Walker and J V Beaverstock) 114 Table 11.1 – Global Urban Analysis: A Survey of Cities in Globalization, edited by P J Taylor, P Ni, B Derudder, M Hoyler, J Huang & F Witlox, p. 116 115 Table 23.2 – Global Urban Analysis: A Survey of Cities in Globalization, p. 247 116 The Production of Space (First published in French as La Production de l'espace, 1974, Henri Lefebvre), 1991, translated by Donald NicholsonSmith, p. 24 117 Thesis XII – H Lefebvre, p. 26 118 H Lefebvre, p. 8 119 Investigation Report: AX001-1-2/02, May 2004, BFU – Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung (German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation) 120 TU-154M, Passengers: Asylguzhin, Ildar (b. 1988), Asylova, Lena (b. 1992), Achmetov, Arsen (b. 1987), Basyrov, Yelena (b. 1977), Biglow, Bulat (b. 1987), Waleev, Wener (b. 1987), Wojtko, Alexandra (b. 1989), Gasisova, Albina (b. 1987), Gimayeva, Lejsyan (b. 1987), Grigoriev, Zhanna (b. 1987), Dinislamov, Dinis (b. 1988), Dietyarov, Kirill (b. 1987), Yefremov, Igor (b. 1987), Zhijanbayeva, Gulnas (b. 1990), Kaloyeva, D (N/A), Kaloyeva, K (N/A), Kaloyeva, S (N/A), Kosova, Darya (b. 1986), Kostenko, Oxana (N/A), Litvinov, Stanislav (b. 1992), Mambetova, Leysyan (b. 1987), Masagutov, Arsen (b. 1986), Melnichug, Mikhail (b. 1986),

London, Special distinctions between Architecture and Landscape Publications, 395, 301disappear,’106 and the scale of globalising connectivity 309, C N Waters, 2014, J A Zalasiewicz, M Ellis, A M imposes its gargantuan presence on the peripheries of Snelling, p. 304  interspersed–now interwoven–megalopolises which 100 Landscapes of Exchange: Re-Articulating constitute the Global. Site, C Lyster – C Waldheim, p. 234 101 Synthetic Surfaces, Pierre Bélanger – C Waldheim, p. 240 Part 8 – Non-Stop Polis 102 Synthetic Surfaces, P Bélanger – C Waldheim, p. 255 As globalisation tends the world towards an absolute 103 Learning from Logistics: How Networks Change modus of interdependent connectivity, it manifests a Our Cities, 2016, Clare disproportionate centrality of strategic urban regions Lyster, p. 19 104 C Lyster, p. 152 which are vital to coordinating, almost monopolising, the 105 C Lyster, p. 152 106 ‘economic, social, political, and cultural dynamics of the C Lyster, p. 155 107 Global Networks: world,’107 through a tele-communicative reconfiguration of Linked Cities, 2002, edited by Saskia Sassen, p.71 these different types of space to shrink conceptions of (Communication Grids: physical geographic space through the various array of Cities and Infrastructure, Stephen Graham) infrastructures employed to do this. The prominence of 108 Global Networks: such geopolitical powerhouses create a condition Linked Cities, p.74 (S Graham) whereby they can be found to disruptively circumvent the 109 Global Urban Analysis: A Survey of Cities in local ties to their national economies in favour of their Globalization, 2011, edited international ones, therefore also wielding very disjunctive by Peter J Taylor, Pengfei Ni, Ben Derudder, Michael local disconnections from their apparently provincial Hoyler, Jin Huang and Frank Witlox, p. 48 (The peripheries. This in turn preferences a proverbially Global City Process Score, meaningless articulation between these urban hinterland, Pengfei Ni, Peter J Taylor and Ben Derudder) or satellite districts, within the national territory since more 110 Global Networks: provision is given for ‘people, machines, institutions, Linked Cities, p.118 (Hierarchies of Dominance buildings, and urban districts [to] become intensely woven Among World Cities: A Network Approach, David together across international space through the mediating Smith and Michael power of local-global infrastructure networks,’108 as averse Timberlake) 111 Global Networks: to where industrial productivity is less pronounced. It Linked Cities, p. 39 (The stands to reason the principal economic purpose, and Architecture of Global Networking Technologies, thus driver, of contemporary cities in globalisation is to D Linda Garcia) 112 Global Networks: articulate the provision of space to enable capital Linked Cities, p. 42 (D L production; hence the stronger relational links to the Garcia) 113 Figure 3 (Chapter 3, international over the local. Firms and their Global Service Networks) – Global Networks: Linked Cities, p. 108 (Firms and Their Global Service Networks, [Manuel] Castells identified two fundamental Peter J Taylor, D R F categories of space: spaces of places and spaces of Walker and J V Beaverstock) flows. Spaces of places are the outcome of social 114 Table 11.1 – Global agents constructing a world of places, distinctive Urban Analysis: A Survey of Cities in Globalization, areas with specific functions in the overall scheme of edited by P J Taylor, P Ni, B Derudder, M Hoyler, J things. Spaces of flows are the outcome of social Huang & F Witlox, p. 116 115 agents creating dynamic world flows, both Table 23.2 – Global Urban Analysis: A Survey infrastructure and the ongoing flows themselves: of of Cities in Globalization, commodities, of people, of information. Both spaces p. 247 116 The Production of always occur together simultaneously: spaces of Space (First published in French as La Production flows need origins and destinations where the social 106 de l'espace, 1974,p.Henri C Lyster, 155 operate; spaces of places need inflow and 107 Lefebvre), 1991,Networks: translatedLinked Cities, agents Global 2002, edited by Saskia Sassen, p.71 (Communication Grids: Cities and Infrastructure, Stephen Graham) by Donald Nicholson108 to prevent social atrophy.109 Global Networks: Linked Cities, outflow p.74 (S Graham) Smith, p. 24 117 Thesis XII – H Lefebvre, p. 26 118 H Lefebvre, p. 8 119 Investigation Report: Thence, it is possible to25 rationalise cities–or more AX001-1-2/02, May 2004, specifically global cities–in relational terms, and BFU – Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung subsequently to understand them in lieu of their structural (German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents relationships to one another, since these cities are ‘linked 61 Investigation) through economic, political, cultural, and social 120 TU-154M, Passengers: Asylguzhin, Ildar (b. 1988), reproductive exchanges, [taking on a variety of forms Asylova, Lena (b. 1992), reductively pertaining to] human, other material, or Achmetov, Arsen (b. 1987), Basyrov, Yelena (b. communication’110 flows. We can think of global cities in 1977), Biglow, Bulat (b.

Architecture as a Lead-distinction

Global Networks: Linked Cities, p. 42 (D L Garcia) 113 Figure 3 (Chapter 3, Firms and their Global Service Networks) – Global Networks: Linked Cities, p. 108 (Firms and Their Global Service Networks, Peter J Taylor, D R F Walker and J V Beaverstock) 114 Table 11.1 – Global Urban Analysis: A Survey of Cities in Globalization, edited by P J Taylor, P Ni, B Derudder, M Hoyler, J Huang & F Witlox, p. 116 115 Table 23.2 – Global Urban Analysis: A Survey of Cities in Globalization, p. 247 116 The Production of Space (First published in French as La Production de l'espace, 1974, Henri Lefebvre), 1991, translated by Donald NicholsonSmith, p. 24 117 Thesis XII – H Lefebvre, p. 26 118 H Lefebvre, p. 8 119 Investigation Report: AX001-1-2/02, May 2004, BFU – Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung (German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation) 120 TU-154M, Passengers: Asylguzhin, Ildar (b. 1988), Asylova, Lena (b. 1992), Achmetov, Arsen (b. 1987), Basyrov, Yelena (b. 1977), Biglow, Bulat (b. 1987), Waleev, Wener (b. 1987), Wojtko, Alexandra (b. 1989), Gasisova, Albina (b. 1987), Gimayeva, Lejsyan (b. 1987), Grigoriev, Zhanna (b. 1987), Dinislamov, Dinis (b. 1988), Dietyarov, Kirill (b. 1987), Yefremov, Igor (b. 1987), Zhijanbayeva, Gulnas (b. 1990), Kaloyeva, D (N/A), Kaloyeva, K (N/A), Kaloyeva, S (N/A), Kosova, Darya (b. 1986), Kostenko, Oxana (N/A), Litvinov, Stanislav (b. 1992), Mambetova, Leysyan (b. 1987), Masagutov, Arsen (b. 1986), Melnichug, Mikhail (b. 1986), Munchenkova, Maria (b. 112

Freedom and Mobility Fig. 5 Global network connectivity of European cities114

Fig. 6 Localism (relative concentration of connections within the UK)115 Fig. 6 – Localism (relative concentration of connections within the UK)115

The city, 62as an industrial appendage of the State in its production of economic value–along with its various infrastructural mechanisms of social and exchange-based communicational functions–posits the continued consolidation of this repetitive form of urban advancement on a global scale. This momentous phenomenon of global

Global Networks: flows need origins and destinations where the social Linked Cities, p.118 agents operate; spaces of places need inflow and (Hierarchies of Dominance Among World Cities: A outflow to prevent social atrophy.109 Network Approach, David Smith and Michael Timberlake) 111 Global Networks: Linked Cities, p. 39 (The Thence, it is possible to rationalise cities–or more Architecture of Global specifically global cities–in relational terms, and Networking Technologies, D Linda Garcia) subsequently to understand them in lieu of their structural 112 by Global Peter JNetworks: Taylor, Pengfei relationships to one another, since these cities are ‘linked Linked p. 42Michael (D L Ni, BenCities, Derudder, Garcia) Jin Huang and Hoyler, through economic, political, cultural, and social 113 Figure 3 (Chapter 3, Frank Witlox, p. 48 (The Fig. 6 – Localism (relative concentration of connections within the UK)115 Firms and Global Global Citytheir Process Score, reproductive exchanges, [taking on a variety of forms Service Networks) Global Pengfei Ni, Peter J –Taylor pertaining to] human, other material, or reductively and Ben Derudder) Networks: Linked Cities, p. 110 110 108Global (FirmsNetworks: and Their flows. We can think of global cities in communication’ Linked Cities, p.118 Global Service Networks, much the same way we think of the airports and other Peter J Taylor, RF (Hierarchies of D Dominance Among World Walker and J VCities: A logistical infrastructures which service them. They are Beaverstock) Network Approach, David 114 Table – Global Smith and11.1 Michael ‘central hubs and access ramps to the global economy,’111 Urban Analysis: A Survey Timberlake) 111 depending on the intensity of their relational connections of Cities Globalization, GlobalinNetworks: edited by P J Taylor, P Ni, Linked Cities, p. 39 (The (see Fig. 4). Similarly, they de-territorialise and B Derudder, of M Global Hoyler, J Architecture Networking Technologies, decentralise economic activity by intermediating the Huang & F Witlox, p. 116 115 Table Garcia) 23.2 – Global D Linda administration of power and dominion between the State 112 Global Networks: Urban Analysis: A Survey of CitiesCities, in Globalization, Linked p. 42 (D L which is local, and corporate entities which are by Garcia) p. 247 116 113 comparison omniscient. As constituents of a global The Production of 3, Figure 3 (Chapter Firms and their Global in Space (First published network, they are therefore also functionally French La Production Service as Networks) – Global de l'espace, 1974,Cities, Henri p. Networks: Linked interdependent and cannot operate as the harbingers of Lefebvre), translated 108 (Firms 1991, and Their power without the interrelation the global network affords by Donald NicholsonGlobal Service Networks, Smith, 24 D R F Peter Jp. Taylor, them.112 Figures 5 and 6 are hence illustrative of how a 117 Thesis XIIJ–VH Lefebvre, Walker and metropolis–in this instance, London–might be more related Beaverstock) p. 26 118 114 H Lefebvre, 8 Table 11.1 –p. Global to the global network of world-cities as averse to its own 119 Urban Analysis: A Survey Investigation Report: AX001-1-2/02, May 2004, of Cities in Globalization, local abstraction of domestic ties, in terms of economic, edited by P J Taylor,für P Ni, BFU – Bundesstelle political, cultural and social reproductive exchanges. Flugunfalluntersuchung B Derudder, M Hoyler, J (German Huang & Federal F Witlox,Bureau p. 116 The city, as an industrial appendage of the State in its 115 of Aircraft Accidents Table 23.2 – Global production of economic value–along with its various Investigation) Urban Analysis: A Survey 120 TU-154M, Passengers: of Cities in Globalization, infrastructural mechanisms of social and exchange-based Asylguzhin, Ildar (b. 1988), p. 247 116 Fig. 4 – The GAWC Index functions–posits of London’s Relations113 the The Production of Asylova, Lena (b. 1992), communicational continued Achmetov, (b. in Space (FirstArsen published consolidation of this repetitive form of urban advancement FrenchBasyrov, as La Production 1987), Yelena (b. 1977), Biglow, BulatHenri (b. de l'espace, 1974, on a global scale. This momentous phenomenon of global Lefebvre), 1991,Wener translated 1987), Waleev, (b. proportions becomes the staple of contemporaneity, and 1987), Wojtko, Alexandra by Donald NicholsonSmith, p. 24 (b. 1989), Gasisova, effectively ‘neutralises whatever resists it by castration or 117 Albina (b. XII 1987), Thesis – H Lefebvre, Gimayeva, Lejsyan (b. p. 26 crushing.’116 If ‘(Social) space is a (social) product,’117 then 118 115 1987), Grigoriev, H Lefebvre, p. Zhanna 8 – Global Urban Analysis: A Survey of Cities in Globalization, p. 247 Table 23.2 by the same reasoning we can deduce the infrastructures 119 (b.Investigation 1987), Dinislamov, Report: Dinis (b. 1988),May Dietyarov, AX001-1-2/02, 2004, of global connectivity are justified logistical outcomes of Kirill 1987), Yefremov, BFU (b. – Bundesstelle für an inherently logistics-oriented socio-economic condition. Flugunfalluntersuchung Igor (b. 1987), Zhijanbayeva, Gulnas (b. (German Federal Bureau Therefore, the activation of 29 these spaces is straddled by of Aircraft Accidents 1990), Kaloyeva, D (N/A), Kaloyeva, K (N/A), Investigation) the divisive, potentially violent might, and awesome weight 120 TU-154M, Passengers: Kaloyeva, S (N/A), Kosova, of the State which exercises sovereignty in enabling these Darya (b. 1986), Asylguzhin, Ildar Kostenko, (b. 1988), Oxana (N/A), Asylova, LenaLitvinov, (b. 1992), international exchanges. The articulation of these Stanislav (b.Arsen 1992), Achmetov, (b. economic performances, as situated in space, effectively Mambetova, Leysyan 1987), Basyrov, Yelena(b.(b. 1987), 1977), Masagutov, Biglow, BulatArsen (b. invent divides, or separations, sub-territories, intra(b. 1986), Melnichug, 1987), Waleev, Wener (b. 109 1987), Wojtko, Alexandra Mikhail (b. 1986), Global Urban Analysis: Anational Survey of Cities in Globalization, 2011, edited by Peterare J Taylor, Pengfei Ni, Ben Derudder, frontiers, programs which self-contained and Michael Hoyler, Jin Munchenkova, (b.Witlox, p. 48 (The Global City Process Score, Pengfei Ni, Peter J Taylor and Ben Derudder) (b. 1989), Gasisova, Huang andMaria Frank apparently isolated from the civic populous, which in Albina 110(b. 1987), Global Networks: Linked Cities, p.118 (Hierarchies of Dominance Among World Cities: A Network Approach, David Smith and Michael Gimayeva, Lejsyan (b. essence posit ‘society as a whole continues in subjection Timberlake) 1987), Grigoriev, Zhanna 118 111 political – Global that Networking is, to state power.’ (b. 1987), Dinislamov, Global Networks: Linked to Cities, p. 39 (Thepractice Architecture of Technologies, D Linda Garcia) Dinis 112 (b.Global 1988),Networks: Dietyarov, Linked Cities, p. 42 (D L Garcia) Kirill (b. 113 1987), Yefremov, Figure 3 (Chapter 3, Firms and their Global Service Networks) – Global Networks: Linked Cities, p. 108 (Firms and Their Global Service Igor (b. 1987), Networks, Peter J(b. Taylor, D R F Walker and J V Beaverstock) Zhijanbayeva, Gulnas 110

Architecture as a Lead-distinction

1990), Kaloyeva, D (N/A), Kaloyeva, K (N/A), Kaloyeva, S (N/A), Kosova, Darya (b. 1986), Kostenko, Oxana (N/A), Litvinov, Stanislav (b. 1992), Mambetova, Leysyan (b. 1987), Masagutov, Arsen (b. 1986), Melnichug, Mikhail (b. 1986), Munchenkova, Maria (b.

is sliding sideways and almost enveloped in the large fireball with only the aircraft's nose and right wing-tip exposed.’ – EC8431809, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites /default/files/images/30414 3main_EC8431809_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:25 UTC ‘In this photograph the B720 is seen making a practice close approach over the prepared impact site. The wing openers, designed to tear open the wings and spill the fuel, are clearly seen on the ground just at the start of the bed of rocks.’ – EC8431672-A, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites /default/files/ec84-3167a.jpg, Accessed: 07-122018 04:48 UTC ‘In this photograph the B720 is seen during the moments of initial impact. The left wing is digging into the lakebed while the aircraft continues sliding towards wing openers.’ – ECN-31803, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites /default/files/images/30416 7main_ECN31803_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:24 UTC ‘The B-720 is seen viewed moments after impact and just before hitting the wing openers.’ – EC84-31805, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites /default/files/images/30411 6main_EC8431805_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:25 UTC ‘Moments after hitting and sliding through the wing openers the aircraft burst into flame, with a spectacular fireball seen emanating from the right inboard engine area.’ – EC84-31806, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites /default/files/images/30412 8main_EC8431806_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:25 UTC ‘The B-720 after impact and sliding through the wing openers is becoming enveloped in a fireball. The right wing appears to be folding over as the aircraft continues to slide.’ – ECN31808, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites /default/files/images/30418 0main_ECN31808_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:25 UTC

Chapter 3 Reconciliation

1987), Murtasin, Ajrat (b. 1968), Murtasin, Ildar (b. 1994), Musagitova, Elina (b. 1990), Neljubina , Elena (b. 1987), Nisametdinova, Gulnas (b. 1988), Novikova, Valeryia (b. 1987), Pospelova, Ekaterina (b. 1973), Pushkhievova, Yevgeny (b. 1990), Savchuk, Veronika (b. 1987), Savchuk, Vladislav (b. 1989), Savchuk, Irina (b. 1964), Solovyov, Sergey (b. 1990), Subkhanulov, Marat (b. 1986), Sultanbekova, Liana Maratovna (b. 1988), Sultanov, Marcel (b. 1989), Sufijanova, Julia (b. 1988), Tukayeva, S (N/A), Uraslin, Ruslan (b. 1987), Uraslin, Karina (b. 1986), Fedotova, Soya (b. 1988), Fedotova, Sofiya (b. 1987), Khammatov, Artur (b. 1991), Channanova, Alina (b. 1990), Khasanova, G (N/A), Chismatullina, Linara (b. 1987), Shagimuchametov, Dinar (b. 1987), Shizlivskaya, A (N/A), Shizlivskaya, W (N/A), Shizlivskaya, L (N/A), Shizlivskaya, Yu (N/A), Mechikov, Maxim (b. 1987), Yuldachbaeva, Irina (b. 1988), Yusupov, Ruslan (b. 1982); TU-154M Crew: Gross, Alexander (b. 1950), Grigoryev, Oleg (b. 1962), Itkulow, M (b. 1961), Charlow, S (b. 1951), Gusev, A (N/A), Walejew, O (b. 1964), Rachmatullin, M (b. 1950), Pensin, L (b. 1958), Bagina, O (b. 1957), Biljalowa, G (b. 1967), Kuleshova, T (b. 1966), Jakschidavletov, A (b. 1971) – Passagierliste Flug 2937 der verunglückten Tu-154 der Bashkirian Airlines, 03-07-2002, Russland-Aktuell, http://www.aktuell.ru/russla nd/hintergrund_information /passagierliste_flug_2937_ der_verunglueckten_tu_15 4_der_bashkirian_airlines_ 5.html, Accessed: 06-112018 13:46 UTC; B757-200, Crew: Phillips, Paul (N/A), Campioni, Brant (N/A) – British Pilot ‘Tried to Avert Disaster’, 02-07-2002 14:02 UTC, BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ uk/2081653.stm, Accessed: 06-11-2018 19:28 UTC 121 Pilot in Command (Captain) 122 ‘For the purposes of air traffic management (ATM), the airspace is divided into a number of disjoint sections. A pair of controllers is assigned to each sector, and they are in communication with every plane in their sector, for the purpose of safely and efficiently directing

Service Networks) – Global Networks: Linked Cities, p. 108 (Firms and Their Global Service Networks, Peter J Taylor, D R F Walker and J V Beaverstock) 114 Table 11.1 – Global Urban Analysis: A Survey of Cities in Globalization, edited by P J Taylor, P Ni, B Derudder, M Hoyler, J Huang & F Witlox, p. 116 115 Table 23.2 – Global Urban Analysis: A Survey of Cities in Globalization, p. 247 116 The Production of Space (First published in French as La Production de l'espace, 1974, Henri Chapter 3 Lefebvre), 1991, translated Chapter 3 by Donald NicholsonReconciliation Smith, p. 24 Reconciliation 117 Thesis XII – H Lefebvre, p. 26 118 H Lefebvre, p. 8 119 Investigation Report: Abbreviated Terms: Abbreviated Terms: AX001-1-2/02, May 2004, BFU – Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung ACC – Area Control Centre ACC – Area Control Centre (German Federal Bureau ADAPT – Data Acquisition Processing and Transfer System of Aircraft Accidents ADAPT – Data Acquisition Processing and Transfer System Investigation) AIS – Aeronautical Information Services 120 TU-154M, Passengers: AIS – Aeronautical Information Services Asylguzhin, Ildar (b. 1988), ANS – Air Navigation Services ANS – Air Navigation Services Asylova, Lena (b. 1992), ATC – Air Traffic Controller Achmetov, Arsen (b. ATC – Air Traffic Controller 1987), Basyrov, Yelena (b. ATCO – Air Traffic Control Officer ATCO – Air Traffic Control Officer 1977), Biglow, Bulat (b. ATM – Air Traffic Management 1987), Waleev, Wener (b. ATM – Air Traffic Management 1987), Wojtko, Alexandra ATS – Air Traffic Services (b. 1989), Gasisova, ATS – Air Traffic Services CALM – Computer Assisted Landing Management System Albina (b. 1987), CALM – Computer Assisted Landing Management System Gimayeva, Lejsyan (b. DARTS – Departure and Arrival Traffic Management System 1987), Grigoriev, Zhanna DARTS – Departure and Arrival Traffic Management System (b. 1987), Dinislamov, FAB – Functional Airspace Block FAB – Functional Airspace Block Dinis (b. 1988), Dietyarov, PIC – Pilot in Command Kirill (b. 1987), Yefremov, PIC – Pilot in Command Igor (b. 1987), SES – Single European Sky SES – Single European Sky Zhijanbayeva, Gulnas (b. SESAR – Single European Sky ATM Research Programme 1990), Kaloyeva, D (N/A), SESAR – Single European Sky ATM Research Programme Kaloyeva, K (N/A), SOA – Service Oriented Architecture Kaloyeva, S (N/A), Kosova, SOA – Service Oriented Architecture STCA – Short-term Conflict Alert Darya (b. 1986), Kostenko, STCA – Short-term Conflict Alert Oxana (N/A), Litvinov, SWIM – System Wide Information Management Stanislav (b. 1992), SWIM – System Wide Information Management Mambetova, Leysyan (b. TACO – Tower Approach Communication System TACO – Tower Approach Communication System 1987), Masagutov, Arsen TBO – Trajectory-Based Operations (b. 1986), Melnichug, TBO – Trajectory-Based Operations Mikhail (b. 1986), TCAS – Traffic Collision Avoidance Systems TCAS – Traffic Collision Avoidance Systems Munchenkova, Maria (b. UTC – Coordinated Universal Time 1987), Murtasin, Ajrat (b. UTC – Coordinated Universal Time 1968), Murtasin, Ildar (b. 1994), Musagitova, Elina (b. 1990), Neljubina , Elena (b. 1987), Part 9 (Scenario 3) – Überlingen, 2002119 Nisametdinova, Gulnas (b. Part 9 (Scenario 3) – Überlingen, 2002119 1988), Novikova, Valeryia (b. 1987), Pospelova, Ekaterina (b. 1973), 21:35:32 UTC +1, July 1st, 2002; Bashkirian Airlines Flight 21:35:32 UTC +1, July 1st, 2002; Bashkirian Airlines Flight Pushkhievova, Yevgeny (b. 2937 collides mid-air (at exactly 34,890 ft.) with DHL Flight 1990), Savchuk, Veronika 2937 collides mid-air (at exactly 34,890 ft.) with DHL Flight (b. 1987), Savchuk, 611 over German territory in Swiss controlled airspace. Vladislav (b. 1989), 611 over German territory 120 in Swiss controlled airspace. fatalities. The collision results in 71120 Savchuk, Irina (b. 1964), The collision results in 71 fatalities. Solovyov, Sergey (b. Flight 2937 was a Tupolev TU-154M with a holding 1990), Subkhanulov, Marat Flight 2937 was a Tupolev TU-154M with a holding (b. 1986), Sultanbekova, capacity for 166 seated passengers, registered RAcapacity for 166 seated passengers, registered RALiana Maratovna (b. 1988), 85816, piloted by Alexander M Gross (PIC121) and Oleg P Sultanov, Marcel (b. 1989), 85816, piloted by Alexander M Gross (PIC121) and Oleg P Sufijanova, Julia (b. 1988), Tukayeva, S (N/A), Uraslin, Grigoriev (First Officer), who between them had 20,570 119(b. 1987), Uraslin, Ruslan May 2004, BFU – Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung (German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accidents 119 Investigation Report: AX001-1-2/02, hours combined flying experience–6,367 hours Karina (b. 1986), Investigation Report: AX001-1-2/02, May 2004, BFU –total Bundesstelle für Flugunfalluntersuchung (German Federal of Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Investigation) Fedotova, Soya (b. 1988), Investigation) 120 which were TU-154Ms. plane wasArsen a chartered flight Asylguzhin, Ildar (b.on 1988), Asylova, Lena The (b. 1992), Achmetov, (b. 1987), Basyrov, Yelena (b. 1977), Biglow, 120 TU-154M, Fedotova, Sofiya (b.Passengers: 1987), TU-154M, Passengers: Asylguzhin, Ildar (b. 1988), Asylova, Lena (b. 1992), Achmetov, Arsen (b. 1987), Basyrov, Yelena (b. 1977), Biglow, carrying 57 Alexandra civilians en-route from Domodedovo Bulat (b.Artur 1987), (b. 1987), Wojtko, (b. 1989), Gasisova, Albina (b. 1987), Gimayeva, Lejsyan (b. 1987), Grigoriev, Khammatov, (b. Waleev, Wener (b. 1987),Alina Waleev, Wener (b. 1987), Wojtko, Alexandra (b. 1989), Gasisova, Albina (b. 1987), Gimayeva, Lejsyan (b. 1987), Grigoriev, 1991),Bulat Channanova, Zhanna (b. 1987), Dinislamov, Dinis (b. 1988), Dietyarov, Kirill (b. 1987), Yefremov, Igor (b.Prat 1987), Zhijanbayeva, Gulnas (b. 1990), Kaloyeva, D International Airport, Moscow to Igor El (b. International Zhanna (b. 1987), Dinislamov, Dinis (b. 1988), Dietyarov, Kirill (b. 1987), Yefremov, 1987), Zhijanbayeva, Gulnas (b. 1990), Kaloyeva, D (b. 1990), Khasanova, (N/A), Kaloyeva, G K (N/A), Kaloyeva, S (N/A), Kosova, Darya (b. 1986), Kostenko, Oxana (N/A), Litvinov, Stanislav (b. 1992), Mambetova, Leysyan (N/A),(N/A), Chismatullina, Kaloyeva, K (N/A), Kaloyeva, S (N/A), Kosova, Darya (b. 1986), Kostenko, Oxana (N/A),B757-200 Litvinov, Stanislav (b. 1992), Mambetova, Leysyan Airport, Barcelona. Flight 611 was Boeing cargo (b. 1987), Masagutov, Arsen (b. 1986), Melnichug, Mikhail (b. 1986), Munchenkova, Maria (b. 1987), Murtasin, Ajrat 67 (b. 1968), Murtasin, Ildar (b. Linara(b. (b.1987), 1987),Masagutov, Arsen (b. 1986), Melnichug,A9C-DHL, Mikhail (b. 1986),piloted Munchenkova, Paul Maria (b. 1987), Murtasin, Ajrat (b. 1968), Murtasin, Ildar (b. registered Phillips (PIC) and 1994), Musagitova, 1990), Neljubina , Elena (b. 1987), Nisametdinova,by Gulnas (b. 1988), Novikova, Valeryia (b. 1987), Pospelova, Shagimuchametov, Dinar Elina (b.jet, 1994), Musagitova, Elina (b. 1990), Neljubina , Elena (b. 1987), Nisametdinova, Gulnas (b. 1988), Novikova, Valeryia (b. 1987), Pospelova, (b. 1987), Shizlivskaya, A Pushkhievova, Ekaterina (b. 1973), Yevgeny (b. 1990), Savchuk,Officer), Veronika (b. 1987), Savchuk, Vladislav (b. 1989), Savchuk, Irina (b. 1964), BrantYevgeny Campioni whoSavchuk, between them had (b. 1973), Pushkhievova, (b. 1990),(First Savchuk, Veronika (b. 1987), Vladislav (b. 1989), Savchuk, Irina (b. 1964), (N/A),Ekaterina Shizlivskaya, W Solovyov, Sergey (b. 1990), Subkhanulov, Marat (b. 1986), Sultanbekova, Liana Maratovna (b. 1988), Sultanov, Marcel (b. 1989), Sufijanova, hours total (N/A),Solovyov, Shizlivskaya, L (b. 1990),18,546 Sergey Subkhanulov, Marat (b. combined 1986), Sultanbekova, Lianaflying Maratovnaexperience–4,321 (b. 1988), Sultanov, Marcel (b. 1989), Sufijanova, Julia (b. 1988), Tukayeva, S (N/A), Uraslin, Ruslan (b. 1987), Uraslin, Karina (b. 1986), Fedotova, Soya (b. 1988), Fedotova, Sofiya (b. 1987), (N/A),Julia Shizlivskaya, (b. 1988),Yu Tukayeva, Shours (N/A), Uraslin, Ruslan (b. 1987), on Uraslin, Karina (b. 1986),plane Fedotova, Soyaoriginated (b. 1988), Fedotova, Sofiya (b. 1987), of which were B757s. The had Khammatov, Artur (b. 1991), Channanova, Alina (b. 1990), Khasanova, G (N/A), Chismatullina, Linara (b. 1987), Shagimuchametov, Dinar (b. (N/A), Mechikov, Maxim

Chapter 3 Reconciliation

Freedom and Mobility

Fig. 7 Control Strip for B757-200 (Flight 611)124

Fig. 8 Control Strip for TU-154M (Flight 2937)125

Department, https://www.ivao.aero/traini ng/documentation/books/S tudent_Airspace_structure. pdf, Accessed: 06-112018 16:12 UTC, p. 1 124 Investigation Report: AX001-1-2/02, BFU, p. 36 125 Investigation Report: AX001-1-2/02, BFU, p. 36 126 European ATM Master Plan: The Roadmap for Delivering High Performing Aviation for Europe (Executive View, Edition 2015), 2015, Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR), p. 5 127

https://www.eurocontrol.int /dossiers/single-europeansky, Accessed: 10-112018 17:02 UTC 128 Commission Implementing Decision of 08-10-2012 on the adoption of the European Unionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s position on the approval of a modification to the European Air Traffic Management Master Plan, Brussels, 08-10-2012 C(2012) 6943 final, European Commission, p. 8 129 A Blueprint for the Single European Sky: Delivering on safety, environment, capacity and cost-effectiveness, February 2013, International Air Travel Association (IATA), Association of European Airlines (AEA), European Regions Airline Association (ERA), p. 14 130 Evaluation of Functional Airspace Block (FAB) Initiatives and their contribution to Performance Improvement, October 2008, Eurocontrol Performance Review Commission, https://www.eurocontrol.int /sites/default/files/publicati on/files/prc-evaluation-offabs-high-qualitygraphics.pdf, Accessed: 08-11-2018 17:02 UTC, p. ii 131 At present, FAB initiatives include North European FAB (NEFAB): Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Norway; DenmarkSweden: Denmark,

Paul (N/A), Campioni, Brant (N/A) – British Pilot ‘Tried to Avert Disaster’, 02-07-2002 14:02 UTC, BBC News, Grigoriev (First Officer), who between them had 20,570 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/ uk/2081653.stm, hours combined total flying experience–6,367 hours of Accessed: 06-11-2018 19:28 UTC which were on TU-154Ms. The plane was a chartered flight 121 Pilot in Command carrying 57 civilians en-route from Domodedovo (Captain) 122 ‘For the purposes of air International Airport, Moscow to El Prat International traffic management (ATM), Airport, Barcelona. Flight 611 was Boeing B757-200 cargo the airspace is divided into a number of disjoint jet, registered A9C-DHL, piloted by Paul Phillips (PIC) and sections. A pair of controllers is assigned to Brant Campioni (First Officer), who between them had each sector, and they are 18,546 hours combined total flying experience–4,321 in communication with every plane in their sector, hours of which were on B757s. The plane had originated for the purpose of safely at Maṭār al-Baḥrayn al-dwalī International Airport, Bahrain, and efficiently directing traffic.’ – Airspace stopped over in Orio al Serio International Airport, Sectorisation Using Constraint Programming, Bergamo, Italy, and was en-route to Brussels-National May 2011, Peter Jägare, International Airport, Brussels. The Air Traffic Controller http://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2 (ATC) at Area Control Centre (ACC) Zurich in command of :428131/FULLTEXT01.pdf, Accessed: 06-11-2018 both planes at the time of the collision was Peter Nielsen, 15:13 UTC, p. 4; ‘Air Traffic a licensed ATC since 1994, who had been licensed to Control in core Europe reaches the limits of work at ACC Zurich since February, 1996. available airspace 5) since the usual operation of automatically correlated At the time of the collision, ACC Zurich, based at capacities. Therefore, new flight targets was not possible. roles are introduced to Kloten Airport, Zurich, was undergoing Sectorisation122 shift workload away from the executive (radar) 124 work that was to 611) modify and simplify Fig. 7 – Control Strip fornecessary B757-200 (Flight controller, who operates at operational flows across the 4 upper airspace sectors the limit and is the capacity bottleneck, controlled by Swiss airspace authorities (ACC Zurich and towards a more planning ACC Geneva, but also the Control Zones123 of the airports oriented but yet adaptive control function – the Multi at Zurich, Geneva, Bern-Belp and Lugano-Agno) Sector Planner. This Multi Sector Planner will be commencing at 21:00 UTC +1 on the night of July 1st, responsible for the 2002, scheduled to last approximately 6 hours. This meant expeditious flow through several sectors. The new the ATM/AIS Data Acquisition Processing and Transfer role will execute a set of System (ADAPT), Multiradar Tracker, Tower Approach actions on both, airspace and traffic flows to reduce Communication System (TACO), Computer Assisted workload for the sector team or balance workload Landing Management System (CALM), and Departure and Fig. 8 – Control Strip for TU-154M (Flight 2937)125 between sectors, so that Arrival Traffic Management System (DARTS) had their overall centre capacity is increased… In the normal operation in some way impaired. This also resulted research for improvements in the Control Centre’s Short-term Conflict Alert automated of the ATM system, there is a paradigm shift ongoing warning system (STCA) temporary deactivation, and which integrates asynchronous and meant the Air Traffic Controllers were operating on a fallsynchronous air traffic back mode, wherein minimum air traffic flows were spaced services. That consists of a number of operational and further apart than usual (7 Nautical Miles, as opposed to technical improvements at 5) since the usual operation of automatically correlated the boundaries between the deterministic and the flight targets was not possible. stochastic parts of the system. In simple words it In addition, a bypass telephone system at the Zurich 122 124 of disjoint sections. A pair of controllers is assigned to means that ‘Forflow the and purposes of air traffic management (ATM), is divided into 611) a number Fig. 7 – Control Strip the forairspace B757-200 Control Centre–the ATS (Flight ground-ground Telephone capacity management each sector, and they are in communication with every plane in their sector, for the purpose of safely and efficiently directing traffic.’ – Airspace becomes more tactical on System–was technically defective, meaning Sectorisation Using Constraint Programming, Maytemporarily 2011, Peter Jägare, http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:428131/FULLTEXT01.pdf, one side; and air traffic Accessed: 15:13 UTC, p. 4; ‘Air Control core Europe reaches limits of available airspace capacities. Therefore, new roles control becomes06-11-2018 more attempts toTraffic warn theinACC Zurich bythethe radar controller at are on introduced strategic the otherto shift workload away from the executive (radar) controller, who operates at the limit and is the capacity bottleneck, towards a Upper Area Control Centre Karlsruhe, who had been side.’ more – Airspace Design planning oriented but yet adaptive control function – the Multi Sector Planner. This Multi Sector Planner will be responsible for the Process for Dynamic alerted STCA were Apart theto reduce workload for the expeditious flow through several sectors.by The his new role will execute a setunsuccessful. of actions on both, airspace and from traffic flows Sectorisation, 2007, sector team or balance workload sectors, so that overall centre capacity is would increased… In the research improvements of the ATM ATCbetween Radar System, Peter Nielson, have had atforhis Rüdiger Ehrmanntraut, system, there is a paradigm shift ongoing which integrates asynchronous and synchronous air traffic services. That consists of a number of Eurocontrol Experimental disposal Control Strips for all flights managed across his Centre (EEC), Brétigny sur operational and technical improvements at the boundaries between the deterministic and the stochastic parts of the system. In simple words it Orge,means Francethat Stuart control space. These areonfail-safes in traffic the control event that more flight flow and capacity management becomes more tactical one side; and air becomes strategic on the other side.’ – McMillan, Eurocontrol Airspace Design Dynamic Sectorisation, 2007, Rüdiger Ehrmanntraut, Eurocontrol Experimental Centre (EEC), Brétigny sur Orge, at the intersection points across air corridors Maastricht Upper AreaProcess forseparation France Stuart McMillan, Eurocontrol Maastricht Upper Area Control (MUAC), Maastricht, Netherlands, Control (MUAC), cannot be ensured. These strips are divided into sections Maastricht, Netherlands, 125 https://www.eurocontrol.int/eec/gallery/content/public/documents/conferences/2007_DASC_Dallas/Airspace-Design-Process-for-DynamicFig. 8 – Control Strip for TU-154M (Flight 2937) which illustrate flight plan data, flight path data and https://www.eurocontrol.int Sectorisation-V2.0.pdf, Accessed: 06-11-2018 15:21 the UTC, p. 1 /eec/gallery/content/public 123 ‘A control zone named CTR or known as controlled trafficcode. region is a They controlled also airspace,show normally around airport, which extends from the flight transponder the anentry, /documents/conferences/2 surface to a specified upperintersection limit, established toand protectdeparture air traffic operating to and from airport.’ Structure: Version 1.3, 29-09-2015, 007_DASC_Dallas/Airspac points, asthatwell as– Airspace respective IVAO HQ Training Department, https://www.ivao.aero/training/documentation/books/Student_Airspace_structure.pdf,69 Accessed: 06-11-2018 16:12 e-Design-Process-fortimes, for each flight into, over and out of the Controlled Dynamic-SectorisationUTC, p. 1 V2.0.pdf, Accessed: 06Airspace. As the sole Air Traffic Control Officer (ATCO) 11-2018 15:21 UTC, p. 1 123 working the night-shift on July 1st, 2002, Peter Nielson was ‘A control zone named CTR or known as responsible for the configuration of all flight levels ranging 32 controlled traffic region is

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Freedom and Mobility

Plate 33 Cockpit Heads-Up (HUD)

Plate 34 City Airport, SAAB Digital Air Traffic Control Tower, Hampshire, UK

ryohin-keikaku-partyphoto, Accessed: 08-102018 16:29 UTC Covilh%C3%A3-1.jpg, Plate 30 – 2007, Andreas Accessed: 16-10-2018 Gursky, 15:59 UTC https://kunstmuseumbasel. ch/storage/11_gurskyPlate 29 – Narita frankfurt_db295f9b.jpg, International Airport Terminal 3, 08-10-2018 Nikken Sekkei Accessed: 15:25 UTC + Ryohin Keikaku + PARTY, Plate 31Archdaily, 17-042017 23:00, – https://www.airlinequality https://www.archdaily.com/ .com/wp620345/naritacontent/uploads/2014/08/I international-airportMG_5050-1.jpg, terminal-3-nikken-sekkeiAccessed: 10-10-2018 ryohin-keikaku20:23 UTC party/552fe8bbe58ecead0 Plate 32 b000052-narita– https://www.hahninternational-airportairport.de/image_view.asp terminal-3-nikken-sekkeix?id=513415, Accessed: ryohin-keikaku-party10-10-2018 20:22 UTC photo, Accessed: 08-10Plate 16:29 33 2018 UTC – http://www.leblogfinance. Plate 30 – 2007, Andreas com/files/2017/04/Rockwel Gursky, l-Collins-HGS.jpg, https://kunstmuseumbasel. Accessed: 05-11-2018 ch/storage/11_gursky02:18 UTC frankfurt_db295f9b.jpg, Plate 34 – Accessed: 08-10-2018 https://www.nats.aero/wp15:25 UTC content/uploads/2017/05/C Plate 31 ontrol-centre0223a.jpg, – https://www.airlinequality Accessed: 08-10-2018 .com/wp18:36 UTC content/uploads/2014/08/I Plate 35 MG_5050-1.jpg, –Accessed: https://s5o.ru/storage/sim 10-10-2018 ple/ru/edt/e4/ab/a7/42/rue 20:23 UTC 73181135a8.jpg, Plate 32 06-12-2018 Accessed: – https://www.hahn03:37 UTC airport.de/image_view.asp Plate 36 x?id=513415, Accessed: –10-10-2018 https://ocdn.eu/pulscms20:22 UTC transforms/1/1Plate 33 gktkqTURBXy8yY2Y0NDZ – http://www.leblogfinance. kZWJjNWZmNTY1NTIyMT com/files/2017/04/Rockwel E3NWVkMzIyMjgxMS5qcG l-Collins-HGS.jpg, VnkpUCzQPAAMLDlQIAz Accessed:Accessed: 05-11-201806QPAwsM, 02:18 UTC 12-2018 03:38 UTC Plate 34 – Plate 37 – Stansted https://www.nats.aero/wpAirport, UK, content/uploads/2017/05/C https://nats.aero/blog/wpontrol-centre0223a.jpg, content/uploads/2016/03/1 Accessed: 08-10-2018 60125n_1209.jpg, 18:36 UTC 08-10-2018 Accessed: Plate 18:26 35 UTC –Plate https://s5o.ru/storage/sim 38 – ple/ru/edt/e4/ab/a7/42/rue https://saabgroup.com/glo 73181135a8.jpg, balassets/corporate/media Accessed: 06-12-2018 -news-press03:37 UTC stories/stories/2017/2017Plate 36 03/digital-control-room–2340x1316.jpg, https://ocdn.eu/pulscmsAccessed: transforms/1/108-10-2018 18:37 UTC gktkqTURBXy8yY2Y0NDZ Plate 39 – kZWJjNWZmNTY1NTIyMT https://static.standard.co.u E3NWVkMzIyMjgxMS5qcG VnkpUCzQPAAMLDlQIAz QPAwsM, Accessed: 0612-2018 03:38 UTC Plate 37 – Stansted Airport, UK, https://nats.aero/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2016/03/1 60125n_1209.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:26 UTC Plate 38 – https://saabgroup.com/glo balassets/corporate/media -news-pressstories/stories/2017/201703/digital-control-room2340x1316.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:37 UTC Plate 39 – https://static.standard.co.u

Process for Dynamic alerted by his STCA were unsuccessful. Apart from the Sectorisation, 2007, ATC Radar System, Peter Nielson, would have had at his Rüdiger Ehrmanntraut, Eurocontrol Experimental disposal Control Strips for all flights managed across his Centre (EEC), Brétigny sur Orge, France Stuart control space. These are fail-safes in the event that flight McMillan, Eurocontrol separation at the intersection points across air corridors Maastricht Upper Area Control (MUAC), cannot be ensured. These strips are divided into sections Maastricht, Netherlands, which illustrate the flight plan data, flight path data and https://www.eurocontrol.int /eec/gallery/content/public flight transponder code. They also show the entry, /documents/conferences/2 007_DASC_Dallas/Airspac intersection and departure points, as well as respective e-Design-Process-fortimes, for each flight into, over and out of the Controlled Dynamic-SectorisationV2.0.pdf, Accessed: 06Airspace. As the sole Air Traffic Control Officer (ATCO) 11-2018 15:21 UTC, p. 1 123 working the night-shift on July 1st, 2002, Peter Nielson was ‘A control zone named CTR or known as responsible for the configuration of all flight levels ranging controlled traffic region is a controlled airspace, from 1,000 to 60,000 ft. in ACC Zurich’s jurisdiction. normally around an airport, The aircraft in question, were also equipped with which extends from the surface to a specified Traffic Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS), which all of upper limit, established to the pilots were trained to operate. The TCAS is a warning protect air traffic operating to and from that airport.’ – system which is functionally independent of ground Airspace Structure: Version 1.3, 29-09-2015, navigational equipment, aircraft navigational equipment IVAO HQ Training and even of the pilots themselves. It utilises its own Department, https://www.ivao.aero/traini independent computational systems to rapidly assess the ng/documentation/books/S flight paths of neighbouring aircraft in order to advise the tudent_Airspace_structure. pdf, Accessed: 06-11pilots of contradictory trajectories. It generates a Collision 2018 16:12 UTC, p. 1 124 Investigation Report: Avoidance Logic through the constant surveillance of the AX001-1-2/02, BFU, p. 36 125 airspace 40 NM in front, 15 NM behind, 20 NM either side Investigation Report: AX001-1-2/02, BFU, p. 36 of, and, 9,000 ft. above and below the aircraft, with 126 European ATM Master Plan: 124 TheInvestigation Roadmap forReport: AX001-1-2/02, BFU, p. 36 calculations based on opposing neighbouring aircraft 125 Delivering High Performing Investigation Report: AX001-1-2/02, BFU, p. 36 slant ranges, bearings, closure rates, altitude changes Aviation for Europe (Executive View, Edition and vertical speed. The aircraft collided when contrary 2015), 2015, Single information between the ATCO and TCAS was European Sky ATM 33 Research (SESAR), p. 5

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127

https://www.eurocontrol.int /dossiers/single-europeansky, Accessed: 10-112018 17:02 UTC 128 Commission Implementing Decision of 08-10-2012 on the adoption of the European Union’s position on the approval of a modification to the European Air Traffic Management Master Plan, Brussels, 08-10-2012 C(2012) 6943 final, European Commission, p. 8 129 A Blueprint for the Single European Sky: Delivering on safety, environment, capacity and cost-effectiveness, February 2013, International Air Travel Association (IATA), Association of European Airlines (AEA), European Regions Airline Association (ERA), p. 14 130 Evaluation of Functional Airspace Block (FAB) Initiatives and their contribution to Performance Improvement, October 2008, Eurocontrol Performance Review Commission, https://www.eurocontrol.int /sites/default/files/publicati on/files/prc-evaluation-offabs-high-qualitygraphics.pdf, Accessed: 08-11-2018 17:02 UTC, p. ii 131 At present, FAB initiatives include North European FAB (NEFAB): Estonia, Finland, Latvia,

miscommunicated to the pilots of the respective aircraft, causing them to either comply with, disregard, or fail to receive instructions from ACC Zurich. In the case of the TU-154M, its TCAS generated a ‘traffic, traffic’ warning at 21:34:42 UTC +1, indicating incoming traffic on a coinciding trajectory with its flight path. Peter Nielsen, at 21:34:49 UTC +1, then instructed the plane to sharply descend to 35,000 ft. because of incoming traffic, however, this descent instruction was not acknowledged by the pilots. At 21:34:56 UTC +1, the TCAS issues a Resolution Advisory (RA) and instructs the pilots to ‘climb, climb’ warning of imminent collision on their descent path, however, the pilots obeyed the descent instruction ordered to them by ACC Zurich and continued descending at an even steeper rate. At 21:35:24 UTC +1, the TCAS instructs the pilots to ‘increase climb’, at which point the pilots override Neilsen’s instructions and begin manoeuvres to climb abruptly, colliding with the B757-200 exactly 7 seconds later. In the case of the B757-200, Its TCAS issued a ‘traffic, traffic’ warning at 21:34:42 UTC +1 (the exact same time as the Tupolev). At 21:34:56 UTC+1, the aircraft’s TCAS issues an RA instruction to ‘descend, descend’, 2 seconds later the pilots actuate descent manoeuvres. 14 seconds later, at 21:35:10 UTC +1 the TCAS issues another RA to ‘increase descent, increase descent’, after which a steeper descent of 2,600 ft. per minute is performed by the 71 pilots. At 21:35:19 UTC +1 the crew reports the TCAS Resolution Advisory to ACC Zurich, which fails to acknowledge a receipt of confirmation. 2 seconds before the collision, the steering column of the plane is advanced

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 35 Vitaly Kaloyev, Russian National who murdered Air Traffic Controller Patrick Nielsen in 2004

Plate 36 Vitaly Kaloyev, Russian National who murdered Air Traffic Controller Patrick Nielsen in 2004

https://www.archdaily.com/ .com/wp620345/naritacontent/uploads/2014/08/I international-airportMG_5050-1.jpg, terminal-3-nikken-sekkeiAccessed: 10-10-2018 ryohin-keikaku20:23 UTC party/552fe8bbe58ecead0 Plate 32 b000052-narita– https://www.hahninternational-airportairport.de/image_view.asp terminal-3-nikken-sekkeix?id=513415, Accessed: ryohin-keikaku-party10-10-2018 20:22 UTC photo, Accessed: 08-10Plate 16:29 33 2018 UTC – http://www.leblogfinance. Plate 30 – 2007, Andreas com/files/2017/04/Rockwel Gursky, l-Collins-HGS.jpg, https://kunstmuseumbasel. Accessed: 05-11-2018 ch/storage/11_gursky02:18 UTC frankfurt_db295f9b.jpg, Plate 34 – 08-10-2018 Accessed: https://www.nats.aero/wp15:25 UTC content/uploads/2017/05/C Plate 31 ontrol-centre0223a.jpg, –Accessed: https://www.airlinequality 08-10-2018 .com/wp18:36 UTC content/uploads/2014/08/I Plate 35 MG_5050-1.jpg, – https://s5o.ru/storage/sim Accessed: 10-10-2018 ple/ru/edt/e4/ab/a7/42/rue 20:23 UTC 73181135a8.jpg, Plate 32 Accessed: 06-12-2018 – https://www.hahn03:37 UTC airport.de/image_view.asp Plate 36 x?id=513415, Accessed: –10-10-2018 https://ocdn.eu/pulscms20:22 UTC transforms/1/1Plate 33 gktkqTURBXy8yY2Y0NDZ – http://www.leblogfinance. kZWJjNWZmNTY1NTIyMT com/files/2017/04/Rockwel E3NWVkMzIyMjgxMS5qcG l-Collins-HGS.jpg, VnkpUCzQPAAMLDlQIAz Accessed:Accessed: 05-11-201806QPAwsM, 02:18 UTC 12-2018 03:38 UTC Plate 34 – Plate 37 – Stansted https://www.nats.aero/wpAirport, UK, content/uploads/2017/05/C https://nats.aero/blog/wpontrol-centre0223a.jpg, content/uploads/2016/03/1 Accessed: 08-10-2018 60125n_1209.jpg, 18:36 UTC Accessed: 08-10-2018 Plate 35 18:26 UTC – https://s5o.ru/storage/sim Plate 38 – ple/ru/edt/e4/ab/a7/42/rue https://saabgroup.com/glo 73181135a8.jpg, balassets/corporate/media Accessed: 06-12-2018 -news-press03:37 UTC stories/stories/2017/2017Plate 36 03/digital-control-room– https://ocdn.eu/pulscms2340x1316.jpg, Accessed: transforms/1/108-10-2018 18:37 UTC gktkqTURBXy8yY2Y0NDZ Plate 39 – kZWJjNWZmNTY1NTIyMT https://static.standard.co.u E3NWVkMzIyMjgxMS5qcG VnkpUCzQPAAMLDlQIAz QPAwsM, Accessed: 0612-2018 03:38 UTC Plate 37 – Stansted Airport, UK, https://nats.aero/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2016/03/1 60125n_1209.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:26 UTC Plate 38 – https://saabgroup.com/glo balassets/corporate/media -news-pressstories/stories/2017/201703/digital-control-room2340x1316.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:37 UTC Plate 39 – https://static.standard.co.u

exactly 7 seconds later. In the case of the B757-200, Its TCAS issued a ‘traffic, traffic’ warning at 21:34:42 UTC +1 (the exact same time as the Tupolev). At 21:34:56 UTC+1, the aircraft’s TCAS issues an RA instruction to ‘descend, descend’, 2 seconds Reconciliation later the pilots actuate descent manoeuvres. 14 seconds later, at 21:35:10 UTC +1 the TCAS issues another RA to ‘increase descent, increase descent’, after which a steeper descent of 2,600 ft. per minute is performed by the pilots. At 21:35:19 UTC +1 the crew reports the TCAS Resolution Advisory to ACC Zurich, which fails to acknowledge a receipt of confirmation. 2 seconds before the collision, the steering column of the plane is advanced all the way forward to its lock-out position. Upon collision the vertical stabiliser of the Boeing intersects the fuselage of the Tupolev and slices the plane in two, after which it begins to disassemble as its various sections plummet to the ground below. The Boeing, is subsequently left uncontrollable and also begins its rapid descent towards impact. The wreckage of the respective planes was spread over a total area of 350 km2 predominantly in the vicinity of the German threshold of Lake Constance, near the city of Überlingen.

Part 10 (Resolution) – Single European Sky The management of airspace, as such, across international territories–especially in high-density areas of regional transit such as Europe–has warranted the implementation of an advanced system of intergovernmental cooperation to digitally integrate and standardise a common mode of operation (primarily across EU member states) with 34 which to further economise the efficient, safe exploitation of existing and projected airspace, in the process maximising the prevention of disasters such as the Uberlingen mid-air collision from ever reoccurring in the future. The conceptual legislative framework for realising this ambition is known simply as the Single European Sky. It was initialised by the European Commission in 1999, and is driven by a research counterpart known as the Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) Programme,126 established in 2004 to strategize the technological and procedural obstacles which need to be overcome in order to successfully implement a pan-European modus of Air Traffic Management.127 Essentially, the transformation of European airspace is primarily concerned with transgressing the concept of airspace and moving towards 4-dimensional trajectory management,128 which necessitates a range of collaborative interventions across virtually every sector pertaining to movement across the airways; subsequently calling for each new infrastructural advancement to be fully standardised and interoperable129 across the European assemblage of states. Fig. 9 – Diagram of FAB delineation (to be drawn)130

An essential managerial hurdle in the efficient orchestration of European airspace is the disjunctive

2015), 2015, Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR), p. 5

127

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Fig. 9 Diagram of FAB delineation130

Improvement, October airways; subsequently calling for each new infrastructural 2008, Eurocontrol Performance Review advancement to be fully standardised and interoperable129 Commission, across the European assemblage of states. https://www.eurocontrol.int /sites/default/files/publicati on/files/prc-evaluation-ofFig. 9 – Diagram of FAB delineation (to be drawn)130 fabs-high-qualitygraphics.pdf, Accessed: 08-11-2018 17:02 UTC, p. ii 131 At present, FAB An essential managerial hurdle in the efficient initiatives include North European FAB (NEFAB): orchestration of European airspace is the disjunctive Estonia, Finland, Latvia, condition of air sovereignty organised according to EU Norway; DenmarkSweden: Denmark, member-state boundaries, wherein notions of StateSweden; Baltic individuality are reluctant to yield the abandonment of FAB: Poland, Lithuania; FAB Europe Central such ideals in order to fully realise the inevitability of (FABEC): France, Germany, Belgium, globalisation. To circumvent this impedance, European Netherlands, Luxembourg airspace is undergoing a transformative process of and Switzerland; FAB Central Europe (FABCE): regional sectorisation, wherein Functional Airspace Czech Republic, Slovak Blocks131 (FABs) have been devised to proficiently Republic, Austria, Hungary, Croatia, integrate air navigation services regardless of national Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Danube: borders.132 These FABs are defined according to Bulgaria and Romania; operational requirements whereby air navigation services Blue MED: Italy, Malta, Greece, Cyprus, as well as are prioritised in a performance-driven system, rather than Egypt, Tunisia, Albania a sovereign-territorial one. Coordinating this operational and Jordan as observers; FAB UK-Ireland: United 126 overhaul reinforces the for Aviation a Europe-wide synergy of 2015), 2015, Single European ATM Master Plan: The Roadmap for Delivering Highneed Performing for Europe (Executive View, Edition Kingdom and Ireland; ATM Research (SESAR), p. 5 functional bodies; conceptualised as System SouthEuropean West FABSky (SWFAB): air-related 127 and Spain. Portugal https://www.eurocontrol.int/dossiers/single-european-sky, Accessed: 10-11-2018 17:02 UTC 132 Wide Information Management (SWIM) that is predicated 128 Commission Implementing Decision of 08-10-2012 on the adoption of the European Union’s position on the approval of a modification to the https://www.eurocontrol.int on the of a Service European Air Traffic Management Masterutilisation Plan, Brussels, 08-10-2012 C(2012) 6943Oriented final, EuropeanArchitecture Commission, p. 8 /articles/functional129 133 A Blueprint for the Single(SOA) European Sky:to Delivering on safety, environment, capacity and cost-effectiveness, February 2013, International Air airspace-block-fab, exploit mainstream technologies and funnel Accessed: Travel10-11-2018 Association (IATA), Association of European Airlines134 Regions Airline Association (ERA), p. 135 relevant information (AEA), to European relevant airspace constituents 14 17:39130 UTC Evaluation of Functional Airspace Block (FAB) Initiatives and their contribution to Performance Improvement, October 2008, Eurocontrol 133 in real-time as, and when, required. Specifically, Performance Review Commission, https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/publication/files/prc-evaluation-of-fabs-high-quality-graphics.pdf, https://www.eurocontrol.int 17:02 UTC, p. ii Trajectory-Based Operations (TBO) are forecast to /swim,Accessed: Accessed:08-11-2018 10-11131 At present, FAB initiatives include North European FAB (NEFAB): Estonia, Finland, Norway; Denmark-Sweden: 2018 21:18 UTC dynamically reduce air congestion byLatvia, allowing aircraft to Denmark, Sweden; 134 Such as: FAB: Poland, Lithuania; FAB Europe Central (FABEC): France, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg and Switzerland; FAB Central Baltic Aeronautical bypass airspace sectorisation, flight paths can Europe Information (FABCE): Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Austria, Hungary, Croatia,whereby Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Danube: Bulgaria and (resulting from the be tailored to exploit air corridors onand a Jordan capacity-adjusted Romania; Blueand MED: Italy, Malta, Greece, Cyprus, as well as Egypt, Tunisia, Albania as observers; FAB UK-Ireland: United Kingdom assembly, analysis and Ireland; South West FAB (SWFAB): Portugal and formatting of aeronautical basis, instead ofSpain. adhering to more rigid stages of climb, data);132 Flight Trajectory (the https://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/functional-airspace-block-fab, Accessed: 10-11-2018 17:39 UTC descent, and static waypoint transit. This will shift the detailed route of the aircraft defined in four paradigm of air traffic control from the preoccupation of dimensions (4D), so that the position of the aircraft individual flights to the management of flow-centric 35 is also defined with optimisation.136 In conjunction, disseminating and respect to the time component); Aerodrome decentralising physically situated Air Traffic Management Operations (the status of to non-local Common Support Services137–which in part different aspects of the airport, including entail the inclusion of virtual Control Towers–aims to approaches, runways, taxiways, gate and aircraft fashion a ‘more flexible, scalable interface between the turn-around information); system infrastructure and [Air Navigation Service] Meteorological Information (on the past, current and operations’138 across the provision of on-demand future state of earth's navigational amenities. atmosphere relevant for air traffic); Air Traffic Flow (the Inasmuch as the technological advancements of the network management information necessary to present age warrant, by will or necessity, the understand the overall air reconfiguration and reconceptualization of sovereign traffic and air traffic services situation); territory in the transformative process of globalisation, the Surveillance (positioning subtleties of articulating this newly emerging space can information from radar, satellite navigation already be traced and felt in all industries of scale systems, aircraft datalinks, etc.); Capacity and pertaining to the continued expansion of major urban Demand (information on settlements. The exceptional non-space of transit, whose the airspace user-needs of services, access to primary domain is the ephemerality of airspace, is not airspace and airports and discounted by these reformative phenomena. The the aircraft already using it) – framework of a Single European Sky seeks to resolve the https://www.eurocontrol.int /swim, Accessed: 10-11deficiencies inherent in our factional approach 75 to 2018 21:18 UTC 135 managing the logistical burdens of globalised servicesPilots (taking off, navigating and landing the delivery. Like any complex operation of logistical aircraft); Airport Operations proportions, airspace, and the innumerable support subCentres (managing departures, surface

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Plate 37 Stanstead Air Traffic Control Tower

Plate 38 SAAB Digital Air Traffic Solutions ‘Remote Tower’

frankfurt_db295f9b.jpg, 02:18 UTC Accessed: 08-10-2018 Plate 34 – 15:25 UTC https://www.nats.aero/wpPlate 31 content/uploads/2017/05/C –ontrol-centre0223a.jpg, https://www.airlinequality .com/wpAccessed: 08-10-2018 content/uploads/2014/08/I 18:36 UTC MG_5050-1.jpg, Plate 35 10-10-2018 Accessed: – https://s5o.ru/storage/sim 20:23 UTC ple/ru/edt/e4/ab/a7/42/rue Plate 32 73181135a8.jpg, –Accessed: https://www.hahn06-12-2018 airport.de/image_view.asp 03:37 UTC x?id=513415, Accessed: Plate 36 10-10-2018 20:22 UTC – https://ocdn.eu/pulscmsPlate 33 transforms/1/1–gktkqTURBXy8yY2Y0NDZ http://www.leblogfinance. com/files/2017/04/Rockwel kZWJjNWZmNTY1NTIyMT l-Collins-HGS.jpg, E3NWVkMzIyMjgxMS5qcG Accessed: 05-11-2018 VnkpUCzQPAAMLDlQIAz 02:18 UTCAccessed: 06QPAwsM, Plate 34 03:38 – 12-2018 UTC https://www.nats.aero/wpPlate 37 – Stansted content/uploads/2017/05/C Airport, UK, ontrol-centre0223a.jpg, https://nats.aero/blog/wpAccessed: 08-10-2018 content/uploads/2016/03/1 18:36 UTC 60125n_1209.jpg, Plate 35 08-10-2018 Accessed: – https://s5o.ru/storage/sim 18:26 UTC ple/ru/edt/e4/ab/a7/42/rue Plate 38 – 73181135a8.jpg, https://saabgroup.com/glo Accessed: 06-12-2018 balassets/corporate/media 03:37 UTC -news-pressPlate 36 stories/stories/2017/2017– https://ocdn.eu/pulscms03/digital-control-roomtransforms/1/1- Accessed: 2340x1316.jpg, gktkqTURBXy8yY2Y0NDZ 08-10-2018 18:37 UTC kZWJjNWZmNTY1NTIyMT Plate 39 – E3NWVkMzIyMjgxMS5qcG https://static.standard.co.u VnkpUCzQPAAMLDlQIAz QPAwsM, Accessed: 0612-2018 03:38 UTC Plate 37 – Stansted Airport, UK, https://nats.aero/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2016/03/1 60125n_1209.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:26 UTC Plate 38 – https://saabgroup.com/glo balassets/corporate/media -news-pressstories/stories/2017/201703/digital-control-room2340x1316.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:37 UTC Plate 39 – https://static.standard.co.u

services situation); territory in the transformative process of globalisation, the Surveillance (positioning subtleties of articulating this newly emerging space can information from radar, satellite navigation already be traced and felt in all industries of scale systems, aircraft datalinks, pertaining to the continued expansion of major urban etc.); Capacity and Demand (information on settlements. The exceptional non-space of transit, whose the airspace user-needs of services, access to primary domain is the ephemerality of airspace, is not airspace and airports and discounted by these reformative phenomena. The the aircraft already using it) – framework of a Single European Sky seeks to resolve the https://www.eurocontrol.int deficiencies inherent in our factional approach to /swim, Accessed: 10-112018 21:18 UTC managing the logistical burdens of globalised services135 Pilots (taking off, navigating and landing the delivery. Like any complex operation of logistical aircraft); Airport proportions, airspace, and the innumerable support subOperations Centres (managing systems which enable it must be technologically departures, surface 133 movements, gates and revolutionised in order https://www.eurocontrol.int/swim, Accessed: 10-11-2018 21:18to UTCkeep up with the encroaching arrivals); 134 Airline Operations pace of high-volume flows; thisand encompasses all facets ofTrajectory (the detailed Such as: Aeronautical Information (resulting from the assembly, analysis formatting of aeronautical data); Flight Centres (building route of the aircraft in four dimensions (4D), including so that the position the aircraft is also with respect to the schedules, planning flightdefined administration, theof policing anddefined securization of time component); routings and fuel uplift, Aerodrome Operations (the status of different aspects of the airport, including approaches, runways, taxiways, gate and aircraft turn-around this protected space of highly charged organised activity. ensuring passenger information); Meteorological Information (on the past, current and future state of earth's atmosphere relevant for air traffic); Air Traffic Flow (the connections and network information necessary to understand the overall air traffic and air traffic services situation); Surveillance (positioning minimizing themanagement impact of information from radar, satellite navigation systems, aircraft datalinks, etc.); Capacity and Demand (information on the airspace user-needs of delays); Air Navigation Service Providers services, access to airspace and airports and the aircraft already using it) – https://www.eurocontrol.int/swim, Accessed: 10-11-2018 21:18 UTC 135 (organising and (ANSPs) Pilots (taking off, navigating and landing the aircraft); Airport Operations Centres (managing departures, surface movements, gates and managing the airspace arrivals); Airline Operations Centres (building schedules, planning flight routings and fuel uplift, ensuring passenger connections and minimizing over a country and with Air impactto ofmanage delays); Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSPs) (organising and managing the airspace over a country and with Air Traffic Trafficthe Services Services to manage air traffic passing through air traffic passing through their airspace); Meteorology Service Providers (providing weather reports and forecasts); Military their airspace); Operations Centres (planning missions, blocking airspace to conduct training operations, fulfilling national security tasks) – Meteorology Service https://www.eurocontrol.int/swim, Accessed: 10-11-2018 21:18 UTC Providers (providing 136 ATM Master Plan, SESAR, p. 15 weather European reports and 137 ‘Services forecasts); Military that provide ATM capabilities in the same form to consumers that might have otherwise carried them out themselves, thus reducing Operations Centres enabling economies of scale, facilitating synergies and improving safety.’ – European ATM Master Plan, SESAR, p. 19 fragmentation, 138 (planning missions, European ATM Master Plan, SESAR, p. 19 blocking airspace to conduct training operations, fulfilling national security tasks) – https://www.eurocontrol.int 36 /swim, Accessed: 10-112018 21:18 UTC 136 European ATM Master Plan, SESAR, p. 15 137 ‘Services that provide ATM capabilities in the same form to consumers that might have otherwise carried them out themselves, thus reducing fragmentation, enabling economies of scale, facilitating synergies and improving safety.’ – European ATM Master Plan, SESAR, p. 19 138 European ATM Master Plan, SESAR, p. 19

Reconciliation

138

EC84-31806, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites /default/files/images/30412 8main_EC8431806_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:25 UTC ‘The B-720 after impact and sliding through the wing openers is becoming enveloped in a fireball. The right wing appears to be folding over as the aircraft continues to slide.’ – ECN31808, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites /default/files/images/30418 0main_ECN31808_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:25 UTC

Epilogue Growth and Consumption

Plate 39 London Skyline, UK

Plate 40 Manhattan Skyline, New York, USA

transforms/1/1gktkqTURBXy8yY2Y0NDZ kZWJjNWZmNTY1NTIyMT E3NWVkMzIyMjgxMS5qcG VnkpUCzQPAAMLDlQIAz QPAwsM, Accessed: 0612-2018 03:38 UTC Plate 37 – Stansted Airport, UK, https://nats.aero/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2016/03/1 60125n_1209.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:26 UTC Plate 38 – https://saabgroup.com/glo balassets/corporate/media -news-pressstories/stories/2017/201703/digital-control-room2340x1316.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:37 UTC Plate 39 – https://static.standard.co.u k/s3fspublic/thumbnails/image/2 018/01/05/10/jasonhawkes -2777.jpg, Accessed: 0511-2018 01:05 UTC Plate 40 – https://cdn.voxcdn.com/uploads/chorus_i mage/image/52294261/zo ning_map_main.0.0.jpeg, Accessed: 05-11-2018 01:00 UTC ‘Following its controlled impact on posts imbedded in the lakebed, the B-720 is sliding sideways and almost enveloped in the large fireball with only the aircraft's nose and right wing-tip exposed.’ – EC84k/s3fs31809, Controlled Impact public/thumbnails/image/2 Demolition, 1984, NASA 018/01/05/10/jasonhawkes and FAA, Accessed: 05-2777.jpg, https://www.nasa.gov/sites 11-2018 01:05 UTC /default/files/images/30414 Plate 40 – https://cdn.vox3main_EC84cdn.com/uploads/chorus_i 31809_full.jpg, Accessed: mage/image/52294261/zo 22-10-2018 15:25 UTC ning_map_main.0.0.jpeg, Accessed: 05-11-2018 ‘In thisUTC photograph the B01:00 720 is seen making a practice close approach ‘Following its controlled over the prepared impact impact on posts imbedded site. The wing openers, in the lakebed, the B-720 designed to tear open the is sliding sideways and wings and spill the fuel, almost enveloped in the are clearly seen on the large fireball with only the ground just at the start of aircraft's nose and right the bed of rocks.’ – EC84wing-tip exposed.’ – EC8431672-A, Controlled 31809, Controlled Impact Impact Demolition, 1984, Demolition, 1984, NASA NASA and FAA, and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites https://www.nasa.gov/sites /default/files/ec84-3167/default/files/images/30414 a.jpg, Accessed: 07-123main_EC842018 04:48 UTC 31809_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:25 UTC ‘In this photograph the B720 is seen during the ‘In this photograph the Bmoments of initial impact. 720 a The is leftseen wingmaking is digging practice close approach into the lakebed while the over thecontinues preparedsliding impact aircraft site. The wing wing openers.’ openers, towards designed to tear open the – ECN-31803, Controlled wings and spill the fuel, Impact Demolition, are clearly seen on 1984, the NASA and ground justFAA, at the start of https://www.nasa.gov/sites the bed of rocks.’ – EC84/default/files/images/30416 31672-A, Controlled 7main_ECNImpact Demolition, 1984, 31803_full.jpg, Accessed: NASA and FAA, 22-10-2018 15:24 UTC https://www.nasa.gov/sites /default/files/ec84-3167‘The B-720 is seen viewed a.jpg, Accessed: 07-12moments after impact and 2018 04:48hitting UTC the wing just before openers.’ – EC84-31805, ‘In this photograph the BControlled Impact 720 is seen during the Demolition, NASA moments of 1984, initial impact. and left FAA, The wing is digging

Epilogue Epilogue Growth and Consumption Growth and Consumption The exponential growth of cities, of urban sprawl and of population magnitude have induced symptomatic responses of increasing multi-scalar technical complexity. As a result, our modus of exponential consumption implies a serial mitigation of how these freedoms to consume (i.e. to move, to operate and to live) are administrated. This ties in directly to issues and conceptions of sovereignty, multilateral definitions and exchanges of identity, and the metastable social relations emergent in an exponentially globalising world. The question remains, how then, do we preserve the intricacies of our metastable, globalised environment, without contradicting or undermining our individualised notions of personality? 8,855

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The Autopsies of Architecture, Volume 1: A New Framework for Architecture, 2011, Patrick Schumacher (Chapter: Aviation Security After Four Decades, It’s Time Bibliography for a Fundamental Review), Aviation Security, 2012, Brian Michael Jenkins, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/j.ctt1q60kx.2, Accessed: 13-09-2018 15:28 UTC Aviopolis: A Book About Airports, 2004, Gillian Fuller and Ross Harley A Blueprint for the Single European Sky: Delivering on safety, environment, capacity and cost-effectiveness, February 2013, International Air Travel Association (IATA), Association of European Airlines (AEA), European Regions Airline Association (ERA) Border as Method, or the Multiplication of Labor, 2013, Sandro Mezzadra and Brett Neilson Border Watch: Cultures of Immigration, Detention and Control, 2012, Alexandra Hall 39

Borderscaping: Imaginations and Practices of Border Making, 2015, edited by Chiara Brambilla, Jussi Laine, James W Scott and Gianluca Bocchi British Pilot ‘Tried to Avert Disaster’, 02-07-2002 14:02 UTC, BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2081653.stm, Accessed: 06-11-2018 19:28 UTC Commission Implementing Decision of 08-10-2012 on the adoption of the European Union’s position on the approval of a modification to the European Air Traffic Management Master Plan, Brussels, 08-10-2012 C(2012) 6943 final, European Commission Corrections & Collections: Architectures for Art and Crime, 2013, Joe Day The Courage of Hopelessness: Chronicles of a Year of Acting Dangerously, 2017, Slavoj Žižek Crash of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17, Hrabove, Ukraine, 17 July 2014, The Hague, October 2015, Dutch Safety board, https://eenvandaag.avrotros.nl/fileadmin/editorial/docs/re portmh17crashen.pdf, Accessed: 23-10-2018 18:22 UTC Crimes of Peace: Mediterranean Migrations at the World’s Deadliest Border, 2015, Maurizio Albahari Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, 1975, Michel Foucault, translated by Alan Sheridan (1977)

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Freedom and Mobility

board, https://eenvandaag.avrotros.nl/fileadmin/editorial/docs/re portmh17crashen.pdf, Accessed: 23-10-2018 18:22 UTC Crimes of Peace: Mediterranean Migrations at the Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Deadliest Border, 2015, Maurizio Albahari Biblography Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, 1975, Michel Foucault, translated by Alan Sheridan (1977) European ATM Master Plan: The Roadmap for Delivering High Performing Aviation for Europe (Executive View, Edition 2015), 2015, Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) Evaluation of Functional Airspace Block (FAB) Initiatives and their contribution to Performance Improvement, October 2008, Eurocontrol Performance Review Commission, https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/publication/fi les/prc-evaluation-of-fabs-high-quality-graphics.pdf, Accessed: 08-11-2018 17:02 UTC Global Networks: Linked Cities, 2002, edited by Saskia Sassen Global Urban Analysis: A Survey of Cities in Globalization, 2011, edited by Peter J Taylor, Pengfei Ni, Ben Derudder, Michael Hoyler, Jin Huang and Frank Witlox 40 Heterotopia and the City: Public Space in a Postcivil Society, 2008, edited by Michiel Dehaene and Lieven De Cauter https://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/functional-airspaceblock-fab, Accessed: 10-11-2018 17:39 UTC https://www.eurocontrol.int/dossiers/single-european-sky, Accessed: 10-11-2018 17:02 UTC https://www.eurocontrol.int/swim, Accessed: 10-11-2018 21:18 UTC ICAO Annex 2, SERA, Air Navigation Order and Rules of the Air Regulations 2015 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Consolidation (Correct to 4 February 2015), 04-02-2015, ICAO, https://www.caa.co.uk/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id =4294972788, Accessed: 22-11-2018 21:57 UTC International Terrorism: A Chronology, 1968-1974; A Report prepared for Department of State and Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, (R-1597DOS/ARPA) March 1975, Brian M Jenkins and Janera Johnson, https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a008354.pdf, 89 Accessed: 22-11-2018 14:23 UTC Introduction to Systems Theory: Niklas Luhmann, 2013, edited by Dirk Baecker, translated by Peter Gilgen (First

Freedom and Mobility

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Freedom and Mobility

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Passagierliste Flug 2937 der verunglückten Tu-154 der Bashkirian Airlines, 03-07-2002, Russland-Aktuell, http://www.aktuell.ru/russland/hintergrund_information/pa ssagierliste_flug_2937_der_verunglueckten_tu_154_der_ bashkirian_airlines_5.html, Accessed: 06-11-2018 13:46 UTC Passenger Profiling, Imperfect Screening, Airport Security, Nicola Persico and Petra E Todd, The American Economic Review, Vol. 95, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the One Hundred Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, Philadelphia, PA, January 7-9, 2005 (May, 2005) Recommended Security Guidelines for Airport Planning, Design, and Construction, (April) 2017, PARAS (Program for Applied Research in Airport Security), https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e299/c8feced0c584cc4 2ca28d1309c7689859f0a.pdf, Accessed: 13-09-2018 14:45 UTC Prison Architecture: Policy, Design and Experience, 2000, edited by Leslie Fairweather and Seán McConville The Production of Space (First published in French as La Production de l'espace, 1974, Henri Lefebvre), 1991, translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith Real Estates: Life Without Debt, 2014, edited by Fulcrum (Jack Self, Shumi Bose) Scale and Diversity of the Physical Technosphere: A Geological Perspective, The Anthropocene Review, Jan Zalasiewicz, 2016 State / Space: A Reader, 2003, edited by Neil Brenner, Bob Jessop, Martin Jones and Gordon Macleod Technology as a Geological42Phenomenon: Implications for Human Well-being, A Stratigraphical Basis for the Anthrophocene, 2Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 301-309, C N Waters, J A Zalasiewicz, M Ellis, A M Snelling, 2014 What is an Apparatus? and Other Essays, 2006, Giorgio Agamben, translated by David Kishik and Stefan Pedatella (Originally published in Italian as Che cos’è un dospositivo?), 2009

Image Bibliography

Plate 1 – ‘Vor der Passkontrolle in Wien-Schwechat warteten die Passagiere, als palästinensische Terroristen sie am 27. Dezember 1985 angriffen’ (Passengers waited in passport control in Vienna Schwechat when Palestinian terrorists attacked them on December 27, 1985), Warum Terroristen immer wieder Flüghafen angreifen, Sven Felix Kellerhof, Welt, https://www.welt.de/img/geschichte/mobile153564083/56 51629617-ci23x11-w1920/Terror-at-Schwechatairport.jpg, Accessed: 12-11-2018 00:16 UTC Plate 2 – ‘A man comforts a woman on the roof of a building in Brooklyn, New York, after the collapse of the World Trade Center towers on September 11, 2001.’ – Robert Clark; This Never Before Seen Photo Captures Grief of 9/11, Daniel Stone, National Geographic, 09-092016, https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/proof/ 2016/09/a-new-photo-and-tender-side-of-sept-11/, Accessed: 05-11-2018 01:48 UTC Plate 3 – https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crashboeing-777-2h6er-near-moskovske-298-killed, Accessed: 23-10-2018 13:55 UTC Plate 4 – Crime Without Punishment, Jérôme Sessini, World Press Photo, https://www.worldpressphoto.org/collection/photo/2015/s pot-news/j%C3%A9r%C3%B4me-sessini, Accesed: 2310-2018 13:40 UTC Plate 5 – https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada39556910, Accessed: 11-11-2018 04:57 UTC Plate 6 – https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xwW0VfkFljE/maxresdefault.jpg, Accessed: 04-11-2018 22:55 UTC 97

Plate 7 – John Hinde Collection, Elmar Ludwig, https://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/sites/default/files/ Butlin%27s%20Ayr%2C%20The%20Old%20Time%20Bal lroom%2C%20Elmar%20Ludwig.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-

Freedom and Mobility

39556910, Accessed: 11-11-2018 04:57 UTC Plate 6 – https://i.ytimg.com/vi/xwW0VfkFljE/maxresdefault.jpg, Accessed: 04-11-2018 22:55 UTC Image Bibliography Plate 7 – John Hinde Collection, Elmar Ludwig, https://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/sites/default/files/ Butlin%27s%20Ayr%2C%20The%20Old%20Time%20Bal lroom%2C%20Elmar%20Ludwig.jpg, Accessed: 22-102018 16:41 UTC Plate 8 – John Hinde Collection, David Noble, https://thephotographersgallery.org.uk/sites/default/files/ Butlin%27s%20Minehead%2C%20The%20Regency%20 Show%20Bar%2C%20David%20Noble.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 17:04 UTC Plate 9 – ‘A video showing facial recognition software in use at the headquarters of the artificial intelligence company Megvii in Beijing.’ – Inside China’s Dystopian 44 Dreams: A.I., Shame and Lots of Cameras, Paul Mozur, New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/08/business/chinasurveillance-technology.html 06-12-2018 02:32 UTC Plate 10 – Denver International Airport, https://media.cntraveler.com/photos/5b5f2dd99e04040d 7a2f9139/master/pass/airport-busy-tsa-quiet-skiesGettyImages-670570760.jpg, Accessed: 03-10-2018 16:45 UTC Plate 11 – Stansted Airport, UK, https://static.competitionline.com/upload/images/4/f/5/f/4/ 5/7/0/4f5f45703266ecd16e3f31b901883cb7_1.jpg, Accessed: 10-10-2018 20:50 UTC Plate 12 – Schiphol Airport, Netherlands, 1994, Andreas Gursky, https://media.timeout.com/images/101554557/image.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 15:21 UTC Plate 13 – L’Eclisse,1963, Michelangelo Antonioni, https://s3.amazonaws.com/criterion-production/carouselfiles/e4a756425b83aab939b0a8544ebc2b9e.jpeg, Accessed: 08-201-2018 20:38 UTC Plate 14 – O’Hare International Airport, Chicago, https://stuckattheairport.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/12/Sheep-at-ORD-2.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 15:00 UTC Plate 15 – https://cdnimage.travelandleisure.com/sites/default/files/styles/1600 99 x1000/public/1447344697/airplane-etiquetteLEGROOM1115.jpg?itok=g57tT-Hb, Accessed: 04-112018 22:54 UTC

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 14 – O’Hare International Airport, Chicago, https://stuckattheairport.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/12/Sheep-at-ORD-2.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 15:00 UTC Image Bibliography Plate 15 – https://cdnimage.travelandleisure.com/sites/default/files/styles/1600 x1000/public/1447344697/airplane-etiquetteLEGROOM1115.jpg?itok=g57tT-Hb, Accessed: 04-112018 22:54 UTC Plate 16 – https://thedesignair.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/caleconomy-2.jpg, Accessed: 04-11-2018 23:07 UTC Plate 17 – Terminal 2 Landseite, Fraport AG Fototeam Andreas Meinhart, https://www.fraport.com/content/fraport/en/ourcompany/media/media-center/photo-library/frankfurtairport/facilities.html, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:16 UTC Plate 18 – Terminal 3, Copenhagen Airport, Vilhelm Lauritzen Architects, https://www.vla.dk/en/project/terminal-3-koebenhavnslufthavn/, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:18 UTC 45 Plate 19 – The VIPs, 1963, Anthony Asquith

Plate 20 – The Terminal, 2004, Steven Spielberg Plate 21 – Amsterdam Schiphol 18R, 4 Hours of Arrivals Composite at Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam 2015, Michael Kelley, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5779b3d0e4fcb59 9cea68669/577bfc98ebbd1aa40ee85107/57f73ee3c534 a5052aa4573a/1516638401543/Amsterdam+Schiphol+1 8R+%28Polderbaan%29.jpg?format=2500w, Accessed: 08-10-2018 15:27 UTC Plate 22 – Stansted Airport, UK, https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iJepF XuVmqfs/v0/-1x-1.jpg, Accessed: 09-10-2018 16:54 UTC Plate 23 – http://whartonmagazine.com/wpcontent/uploads/2018/10/GettyImages453073545_master.jpg, Accessed: 16-10-2018 15:16 UTC Plate 24 – https://cdn-images1.medium.com/max/2000/1*PzjDHA7hOc4HvlY9Alm8A.jpeg, Accessed: 09-10-2018 18:27 UTC Plate 25 – North Terminal, Gatwick Airport, UK, 101 http://www.infrastructureintelligence.com/sites/default/files/field/image/GATWICK -JMilstein 15.jpg, Accessed: 03-10-2018 20:12 UTC

Freedom and Mobility

UTC Plate 24 – https://cdn-images1.medium.com/max/2000/1*PzjDHA7hOc4HvlY9Alm8A.jpeg, Accessed: 09-10-2018 18:27 UTC Image Bibliography Plate 25 – North Terminal, Gatwick Airport, UK, http://www.infrastructureintelligence.com/sites/default/files/field/image/GATWICK -JMilstein 15.jpg, Accessed: 03-10-2018 20:12 UTC Plate 26 – Heathrow Airport, London, https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/pictures/2000x2000fit /7/1/9/3043719_gatwickjeffmilstein02.jpg, Accessed: 0810-2018 16:11 UTC Plate 27 – https://techaeris.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/05/05468483-photo-googledatacenter.jpg, Accessed: 16-10-2018 15:44 UTC Plate 28 – https://afasiaarchzine.com/wpcontent/uploads/2016/07/Carrilho-da-Gra%C3%A7a-.Data-Centre-Portugal-Telecom-.-Covilh%C3%A3-1.jpg, Accessed: 16-10-2018 15:59 UTC Plate 29 – Narita International Airport Terminal 3, Nikken Sekkei + Ryohin Keikaku + PARTY, Archdaily, 17-042017 23:00, https://www.archdaily.com/620345/naritainternational-airport-terminal-3-nikken-sekkei-ryohinkeikaku-party/552fe8bbe58ecead0b000052-naritainternational-airport-terminal-3-nikken-sekkei-ryohinkeikaku-party-photo, Accessed: 08-10-2018 16:29 UTC 46

Plate 30 – 2007, Andreas Gursky, https://kunstmuseumbasel.ch/storage/11_gurskyfrankfurt_db295f9b.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 15:25 UTC Plate 31 – https://www.airlinequality.com/wpcontent/uploads/2014/08/IMG_5050-1.jpg, Accessed: 1010-2018 20:23 UTC Plate 32 – https://www.hahnairport.de/image_view.aspx?id=513415, Accessed: 1010-2018 20:22 UTC Plate 33 – http://www.leblogfinance.com/files/2017/04/RockwellCollins-HGS.jpg, Accessed: 05-11-2018 02:18 UTC Plate 34 – https://www.nats.aero/wpcontent/uploads/2017/05/Control-centre0223a.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:36 UTC 103

Plate 35 – https://s5o.ru/storage/simple/ru/edt/e4/ab/a7/42/rue731 81135a8.jpg, Accessed: 06-12-2018 03:37 UTC

Freedom and Mobility

Plate 33 – http://www.leblogfinance.com/files/2017/04/RockwellCollins-HGS.jpg, Accessed: 05-11-2018 02:18 UTC Plate 34 – https://www.nats.aero/wpImage Bibliography content/uploads/2017/05/Control-centre0223a.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:36 UTC Plate 35 – https://s5o.ru/storage/simple/ru/edt/e4/ab/a7/42/rue731 81135a8.jpg, Accessed: 06-12-2018 03:37 UTC Plate 36 – https://ocdn.eu/pulscms-transforms/1/1gktkqTURBXy8yY2Y0NDZkZWJjNWZmNTY1NTIyMTE3N WVkMzIyMjgxMS5qcGVnkpUCzQPAAMLDlQIAzQPAws M, Accessed: 06-12-2018 03:38 UTC Plate 37 – Stansted Airport, UK, https://nats.aero/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2016/03/160125n_1209.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:26 UTC Plate 38 – https://saabgroup.com/globalassets/corporate/medianews-press-stories/stories/2017/2017-03/digital-controlroom-2340x1316.jpg, Accessed: 08-10-2018 18:37 UTC Plate 39 – https://static.standard.co.uk/s3fspublic/thumbnails/image/2018/01/05/10/jasonhawkes2777.jpg, Accessed: 05-11-2018 01:05 UTC Plate 40 – https://cdn.voxcdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/52294261/zoning _map_main.0.0.jpeg, Accessed: 05-11-2018 01:00 UTC

Cover – ‘Following its controlled impact on posts imbedded in the lakebed, the B-720 is sliding sideways and almost enveloped in the large fireball with only the aircraft's nose and right wing-tip exposed.’ – EC8447 31809, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/images/304143m ain_EC84-31809_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:25 UTC Preface – ‘In this photograph the B-720 is seen making a practice close approach over the prepared impact site. The wing openers, designed to tear open the wings and spill the fuel, are clearly seen on the ground just at the start of the bed of rocks.’ – EC84-31672-A, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/ec84-3167-a.jpg, Accessed: 07-12-2018 04:48 UTC 105

Chapter 1 – ‘In this photograph the B-720 is seen during the moments of initial impact. The left wing is digging into the lakebed while the aircraft continues sliding towards wing openers.’ – ECN-31803, Controlled Impact

Freedom and Mobility

Preface – ‘In this photograph the B-720 is seen making a practice close approach over the prepared impact site. The wing openers, designed to tear open the wings and spill the fuel, are clearly seen on the ground just at the start of the bed of rocks.’ – EC84-31672-A, Controlled Bibliography Impact Demolition,Image 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/ec84-3167-a.jpg, Accessed: 07-12-2018 04:48 UTC Chapter 1 – ‘In this photograph the B-720 is seen during the moments of initial impact. The left wing is digging into the lakebed while the aircraft continues sliding towards wing openers.’ – ECN-31803, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/images/304167m ain_ECN-31803_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:24 UTC Chapter 2 – ‘The B-720 is seen viewed moments after impact and just before hitting the wing openers.’ – EC8431805, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/images/304116m ain_EC84-31805_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:25 UTC Chapter 3 – ‘Moments after hitting and sliding through the wing openers the aircraft burst into flame, with a spectacular fireball seen emanating from the right inboard engine area.’ – EC84-31806, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/images/304128m ain_EC84-31806_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:25 UTC Epilogue – ‘The B-720 after impact and sliding through the wing openers is becoming enveloped in a fireball. The right wing appears to be folding over as the aircraft continues to slide.’ – ECN-31808, Controlled Impact Demolition, 1984, NASA and FAA, https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/images/304180m ain_ECN-31808_full.jpg, Accessed: 22-10-2018 15:25 UTC

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