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“POP Giza looks at the development of the Pyramids of Giza in current popular culture. Starting from one of the ancient wonders of the world to an isolated symbol, we will analyse the perception of these monuments through the media of art, architecture and film. ”

ARE THE PYRAMIDS LEAVING GIZA?

PREFACE N

estled in the Egyptian desert lay the vast array of pyramids, so majestic, they will take your breath away. By the pure scale and mystery, one imagines a journey into the deepest expanse of nothingness.

“[looking at bits of rubbish flying around in the wind] Yeah, you don't see that in the brochure, do you? Shitty old nappy whizzing through the air. They tend to leave that out.” Karl Pilkington, An Idiot Abroad.1 It has become apparent that, we, who have delayed visiting the pyramids have been shrouded by the spectacular ‘lie’ hidden within the complex of Giza. On arrival, one unknowingly, agrees to withold the 'illusion' of Giza thus contributing to this lie. It was only by watching the British comedy series of ‘An Idiot Abroad’ that the ‘authenticity’ of Giza was brought to light, undoctored and absolute.

Starting from the sovereign power of the sun to a mysterious overlooking force. POP Giza has generated a pronounced trend that demonstrates a public who are de-contextualising the pyramids in Giza. If the pyramids are, indeed, leaving- Where are they going thereafter? For now, we can isolate the pyramids into three themes; The architecture, the context and the geometry. These, then subdivided into the current perceptions will illustrate the present status of the pyramids whilst hinting to the progression of them in the future.

Slowly, It has become conventional for society to idolise the pyramids whilst surgically removing them from their context. The question is, have the pyramids forgotten Giza? Just as we have. POP Giza [Perception of the Pyramid]2 looks at the development of the Pyramids of Giza in current popular culture. Starting from one of the ancient wonders of the world to an isolated symbol, we will analyse the perception of these monuments through the media of art, architecture and film. It is not so much about why or who built them. It is relative to how our perception has shifted in the way we recognized them. 1 2 3

Karl Pilkington in Egypt, An Idiot Abroad , 2010. Author’s analysis, POP Giza [Perception of The Pyramid] , 2017. Meier, A. (2014). 25 Questions For Offbeat Materials Artist Jim Drain

“I suspect that most people in the world will travel through or at least wish to travel through Miami in their lifetimes. I think it is on the same level as seeing the pyramids in Giza for many people. But, Miami is slippery: It is a place that is always that distant orgiastic green light while also being a hot, tropical, and very real place.” Jim Drain, 2012.3

Are ▲The ▲ Pyramids ▲ Leaving ▲ Giza?

The Great Pyramid of Cheops [2680 - 2565 BC]. Location: Giza Necropolis Height: 146 m Area: 231 sq m Material: Granite / Baysalt / Polished Limestone.

ARCHITECTURE “A single glance. Uno intuitu. And one would have a map of the labyrinth. One would have escaped it. One would look down on it, like Icarus, from above. From the summit of the pyramid. The entire labyrinth would fit inside an optical cone. The pyramid is homologous to this optical cone, it is the very structure of vision, of theory that has at its summit the divine eye of being.” Denis Hollier 1

ourists have ventured far to see the world’s purest form of geometrical architecture. Found in the pyramid complex in Giza, The Great Pyramid of Cheops stands 146 metres high with an area of 231 sqm. This monument was known to be the highest structure, in the world for over 3,800 years.12 The Necropolis of Giza contains 6 pyramids in total: The Pyramid of Cheops, Chephren, Mycerenus, as well as three smaller pyramids for the Queens.

the deceased.3 The superstructures were built as vessels to bring the Pharaoh’s closer to the sun god Ra, with early depictions comparing them to ‘rays of light’ breaking through the cloud.4 The pyramids have been the focal of various explorers and artists. Herodotus was known as one of the first major historians to visit Egypt and account for the pyramids in 430 BC. He painted a picture which characterised Cheops as ‘wicked’ and influenced a perception of pride and greed. To this day the theory of 100,000 To this day, The Great Pyramid is the only slaves working for 12 years [ to erect the survivor of ‘the seven wonders of the angreat pyramid] have been disbarred as concient world’. It is a symbol of resilience in temporary artists and historians offered an the architectural world and a mystery to all. alternative in the form of the elite worker.5 The endless debate, considering the origins and erection, have stifled archaeologists for centuries with new theories emerging year after year. Why were they built and how? This is another question for another time. For now, we will focus on the architecture of the pyramid and the portrayal of its program. The Great Pyramid contains 3 main chambers; The King’s burial chamber; The Queen’s chamber and a subterranean chamber. These are linked by 3 stone-lined corridors, known to create a solemn passage for

1 Hollier, D. (1992). Against Architecture: the Writings of Georges Bataille. 2 Cole, E. (2014). Architectural Details: a Visual Guide to 5000 Years of Building Styles. 3 Ibid. 4 Rice, M. (2003). Egypt’s Legacy: the Archetypes of Western Civilization, 3000 to 30 BC. 5 Herodotus et al. (1875). History of Herodotus: in Four Volumes.

Are ▲The ▲ Pyramids ▲ Leaving ▲ Giza?

Asterix and Cleopatra [1963] was the sixth book in the French comic series. Its success caused it to be adapted into an animation and later a live-action film.

venture that pokes fun at Herodotus, who stated that the Pyramid of Cheops was built in 12 years by 100,000 slaves...1 To build Caesars Palace, Getafix [The Druid] concocts a potion allowing the workers to Through a whimsical parody of mishaps by work at a ‘superhuman’ speed. Buildings in an Egyptian architect, Asterix and Cleopathis era were created at considerable speed tra addresses the modern perceptions of because if architects did not deliver them Egypt and Egyptian architecture. The caron time - they were fed to the crocodiles! toon starts by making one very bold statement - that architects of the times only Although comical, there is significant culknew how to build pyramids, hence why tural value in what is portrayed in Asterix they primarily built then. When the archi- and Cleopatra. It’s image of the Eygptian tects are told to build something ‘modern’ complex mirrors a glimpse of what we they built, a rather fantastic, arrangement know today- A site filled with stalls of souof a postmodern-destructive architectures. venirs with the token ‘dodgey’ tour guide. [Previous page] The Queen, no longer enIn the comic, Our leads find themselves amoured by the pyramids, desired to form lured into The Great Pyramid with the something ‘modern’. Right here, we are takfalse pretence of a private/ exclusive tour. ing the first step away from the proposed Slowly, the architecture of the pyramid simplicity of the pyramids. The capacity of is uncovered in a multitude of routes and space wasted in the development showed chambers. The characters are shown asthat the internal planning of these supercending and descending in corridors set structures were more of an afterthought. within the structure. Eventually, they get In Asterix and Cleopatra, A local architect lost within the ‘labyrinth’ of the pyramid. is demanded to build a palace for Julius The Egyptians were known to be paraCaesar within 3 months, an impossible noid, they often developed ‘hidden’ path1

Herodotus et al. (1875). History of Herodotus: in Four Volumes.

ways and rooms to place their possessions. The burial sites were seen as a deathtrap with the internal cavities interwoven into a labyrinth as a deterant to the public. It was an exclusive yet dangerous paradox that entrapped the unwanted and the unworthy.

which plays on the psyche of an individualistic interpretation of the monuments. Each can paint only a view of what they believe the answers to be because even 4,500 years onwards we are still unclear.

What is fascinating is that, even today, parts are still being discovered. Recently, a team of archeologists from the ScanPyramids project, recorded a 100-foot-long cavity found above the grand gallery in the main pyramid.2 These structures are riddled with mysteries 2

Greshko, M. Mysterious Void Discovered in Egypt’s Great Pyramid (2017).

Are ▲The ▲ Pyramids ▲ Leaving ▲ Giza?

THE CONTEXT

Are ▲The ▲ Pyramids ▲ Leaving ▲ Giza?

he deconstruction of contextual realisation deemed by the pyramids are debatable. The pyramids, today, sit as an abstract form, dormant, waiting for intent.

the 'money making shot' of the structures. Sadly, the Sphinx faces a TGI Fridays so it is no wonder people disregard 2/3 of the context. They are making an effort to hide the souvenirs and buildings set primarily to spectate whilst acommodating spectators.

In the Reddit feed, 'I had no idea the pyramids were this close to the City' various individuals attacked the notion of putting a Pizza Hut in such close proximity to the pyramids. [Image Below]

In the cinematic world, the pyramids are primarily shown in their 'purity'. They are secluded within the desert, with a few small clusters of civilisations. It is uncommon to see a feature that interweaves the city of Giza alongside the pyramids. The movie-making industry mainly focuses on the 'mysterious' element of the pyramids, to the extent of it becoming a cliché. They are commonly considered a 'resting place' or 'dormant weapon' with an element of discovery as one unlocks ‘the massive secret’ buried within them. In every film, we see explorers The tourism has caused the city to creep revealing a 'secret switch’ and releasing the closer and closer as many try to capture pyramid from thier present manifestation.

Are ▲The ▲ Pyramids ▲ Leaving ▲ Giza?

The cult film, Stargate [ 1994], endorsed the idea of a temporary status, regarding the pyramids. The film was said to be influenced by Erich Von Daniken’s ‘Chariots of the Gods?’. Von Daniken’s theory being that extraterrestrial beings [Ancient Astronauts] were the engineers of such artefacts- the pyramids- as humans could not build such structures.1 Stargate comfortably falls into your standard american sci-fi. The interpretation is one that returns repeatedly - the elusive secret switch, which in this case is the Stargate.

Are ▲The ▲ Pyramids ▲ Leaving ▲ Giza?

as having a synonymous bound with the vessel, it alters and shifts through the

feature exposing sunlight and an internal pyramidal chamber. The Ha'tak vessel hints at the current perception of the pyramids. The premise of the film is the discovery of They are disjointed and fragmented but an ancient artefact - the Stargate - a portal ultimately remain in a ephemeral state. to a distant planet in a galaxy found on Just as the ship of Ra, they are dissociating the opposite end of the universe. What is themselves with their contextual slumber interesting, is this planet replicates the until they can be released into abstractivity. Egyptian desert. The Great Pyramid is stood singularly- without Giza. Intertwined, it is The closure of the feature shows the ship submerged in the sand. The Stargate of this attempting to leave the planet. They are planet is nestled in the pyramid which acts as trying to get home. Stargate resonates a mediator between this galaxy and Earth. It on this note - Home. It is captured within is a barren desert world where human slaves the symbol of a pyramid angled towards a were brought to build for the 'God' called Ra. sphere, above. [Image Below] This symbol is recognized as the point of origin.2 Ra, the Egyptian God of the sun, is The pyramid is pointing to this point of recognized as an alien who pursues a way origin- It is pointing towards creation. to cheat death. True to form, Ra's means of transport is indeed- the pyramid.

According to Stargate, Ra manipulates his followers into building pyramids as landing bases for his ship. The significance of the great pyramid lessens from a great monument to a base to something greater- The Ha'tak vessel. Ra is shown 1 2

Däniken Erich von (1999). Chariots of the Gods: Unsolved Mysteries of the Past. Devlin, D. and Emmerich, R. (1994). STARGATE.

Are ▲The ▲ Pyramids ▲ Leaving ▲ Giza?

THE GEOMETRY

he shape of the pyramid has been said to bring the deceased closer to God, pointing them towards the stars. From the darkness, you shine towards the light. At a spiritual level, the polyhedron is integrated into the consciousness of one’s self and soul. The base of the pyramid acting

as the body whilst the apex symbolises the harmony between the human and a higher self- God.1 This form is used for meditation, as a vessel to bring you closer to god, in tandem with the Pharaohs. Though this spiritual practice has brought people closer to the pyramids, historicists have adopted and painted a darker picture. The form, once known as a beacon of grandeur and resilient strength, has slowly transitioned into the epicentre of oppression and evil. Throughout symbolism, the pyramid shape has been portrayed as an emblem of wealth, energy and progression. Often linked to the pyramid scheme- with a central overlooking power manipulating the ‘lower’ levels. . As one of the biggest conspiracies, known today, The dollar bill is a prime example of today’s perception of the pyramid. In particular, the Great Seal of the United

Bhengu. M.J. (2014). THE SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS

“There is a theory going around that the U.S.A. was and still is a gigantic Masonic plot under the ultimate control of the group known as the Illuminati. It is difficult to look for long at the strange single eye crowning the pyramid which is found on every dollar bill and not begin to believe the story, a little. ” Thomas Pynchon, Gravity’s Rainbow2

States.2 The seal is the coat of arms featuring a bald eagle on the front with an unfinished pyramid designed on the back. The design of the seal took 3 separate committees, six years to approve before choosing our current one in 1782 which took elements of all three designs.3

founding fathers, with each element meticulously thought out. In today’s society, the public has accumulated a mass of opinions and theories regarding the ‘hidden’ meanings found within this symbol. The most popular, focusing on the unfinished pyramid with the levitating eye. According to the creators, William Barton and the Secretary The seal was designed to be riddled with of Congress [Charles Thomson] The pyrametaphors and subliminal messages, all mid symbolised “Strength and duration”.4 expressing the freedom and strength of The pyramid symbol was influenced by the The United States. It’s design, stated by the 2 Pynchon, T. (1973). Gravity’s Rainbow. 3 Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of State. (2003) Great Seal 4 Ibid.

Are ▲The ▲ Pyramids ▲ Leaving ▲ Giza?

works of John Greaves ‘Pyramidographia’ posed’ reminder that you are under ▲ their (1646). [Above right image] John Greaves ▲ influnce ▲ without ▲ even ▲ realising ▲ it. was an astronomer who believed the Great Pyramid was built to record the dimensions of the earth.1 What drives theorist crazy is the eye of the pyramid. The eye of Providence, also known as the all-seeing eye of God. To the ancient Egyptians, the right eye symbolised the sun whilst the left symbolised the moon. ‘The sun was the creative aspect of the Deity, and the eye in the triangle symbolised divine providence to them’. 2 This eye was depicted as the Deity overlooking America, shrouded in ‘rays of glory’. Today, The Eye of Providence is connected to conspiracies influenced by the Illuminati and Freemasons. #illuminaticonfirmed is the current trend moking recent allegations. These allegations being that popular culture is secretly controlled by the Illuminati. They are and have been orchestrating the media, manipulating the nation since the formation of the United States. The symbolism is a pyramid, with a central oppressing power at its apex, controlling those on the lower tiers. This decontextualized symbolism crops into the media as a ‘sup-

What are they concealing, and why are they shifting? The pyramids are a contmporary conspiracy. These geometrically powerful structures are a topical anomaly that hold the answer at their apex. The form points to the all-seeing, the divine and the almighty point of origin.

1 Greaves, J. and Churchill, A. (1744). Pyramidographia, or, a Description of the Pyramids in Egypt. 2 Hieronimus, R. and Cortner, L. (2006). Founding Fathers, Secret Societies: Freemasons, Illuminati, Rosicrucians, and the Decoding of the Great Seal.

Are ▲The ▲ Pyramids ▲ Leaving ▲ Giza?

▲

Are ▲The ▲ Pyramids ▲ Leaving ▲ Giza?

op Giza was the physical representation of this analysis. Submitted in a quick succession, one is presented with the conspiracyAre the pyramids leaving Giza? Pop Giza challenged the contextual relevance of Giza in a subliminal illimination. The video captured the essence of the shifted perception of the wanderer. The undertones pointing to the conclusion of a dexcontextualised geometry. The pyramids are advancing into isolation. As we are flooded by imagery, our awareness deviates. In a sample, the pyramids start to leave the necropolis of Giza and disband through space. Ultimately isolating themselves into self-governed entities in an voided context.

- found scattered throughout the public realm. Modern culture has severed the link in a basic instinct for purity and a desire to deconstruct Giza into a derelict abyss nestled in ‘nothingness’. Bit by bit, society removed the essence of the Great Pyramids, stripping, relocating and deconnecting the elements. Just as the parts have been removed, so shall the monuments. Through the progression of time, the subtle need to create the illusion of a secluded monument correlates with one's desire to discover and uncover. We are trying to extract the pyramids in our abstract beliefs... Creating our own idealist view of what should be rather than what is.

As a consequence of this, the pyramids have entered the metaphysical state of the Over time, there has been a rift in the enlighted. The body emerged from the earth, judgement of the Great Pyramid. From a destined to ascend towards the light of the paradoxical labyrinth of discovery- depicted sun with an ambition of ‘higher’ purpose. It in the comics of Asterix and Obelix; a is released into the intent of a monotonous dormant vessel triangulated towards the purity to surmount those who spectate. point of origin- in Sci-fi ; to an isolated conspiracist of the resilient hidden power 16

Are ▲The ▲ Pyramids ▲ Leaving ▲ Giza?

http://www.pyramidcode.com/index.html.

WORKS CITED [1] Allen, J.P. (2013). Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. Metropolitan Museum Of Art. [2] Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. Department of State. (2003) Great Seal [Online]. Available at: https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rls/dos/9087.htm. [3] Bhengu. M.J. (2014). THE SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS. [Online]. Available at: https://jbhengu.wordpress. com/2014/04/23/the-spiritual-significance-of-the-great-pyramids-of-egypt/. [4] Cole, E. (2014). Architectural Details: a Visual Guide to 5000 Years of Building Styles. Ivy Press.

[18] Lehner, M. and Manniche, L. (1998). Egyptens Pyramider: Historie, Arkæologi, Arkitektur. Gyldendals Bogklubber. [19] Mandeville, J. (2016). The Travels of Sir John Mandeville: the Version of the Cotton Manuscript in Modern Spelling ; with Three Narratives, in Illustration of It, from Hakluyt's "Navigations, Voyages &amp; Discoveries". Órbigo. [20] Meier, A. (2014). 25 Questions For Offbeat Materials Artist Jim Drain [Online]. Available at: http://www.blouinartinfo.com/news/story/838223/25questions-for-offbeat-materials-artist-jim-drain. [21] Pynchon, T. (1973). Gravity's Rainbow. Jonathan Cape.

[5] Däniken Erich von (1999). Chariots of the Gods: Unsolved Mysteries of the Past. Berkley Books.

[22] Rice, M. (2003). Egypt's Legacy: the Archetypes of Western Civilization, 3000 to 30 BC. Routledge.

[6] Devlin, D. and Emmerich, R. (1994). STARGATE. [Film] MGM/UA.

[23] Tschumi, B. (1999). Architecture and Disjunction. MIT.

[7] Dunn, J. Tour Egypt [Online]. Available at: http://www.touregypt.net/ featurestories/pyramidtravelers1.htm.

[24] Uderzo, A. (1973). Asterix and Cleopatra. Hodder.

[8] GIUSTOZZI, N.U.N.Z.I.O. (2018). COLOSSEUM BOOK. ELECTA. [9] Geiger, D. (2017). The Lonely Pyramids of Giza: Egyptian Tourism's Decline [Online]. Available at: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/04/ lonely-pyramids-giza-egyptian-tourism-falling-170418050241421.html. [10] Glancey, J. (2017). What's so Great about the Eiffel Tower?: 70 Questions That Will Change the Way You Think about Architecture. Laurence King Publishing. [11] Greaves, J. and Churchill, A. (1744). Pyramidographia, or, a Description of the Pyramids in Egypt. printed by assignment from Messrs. Churchill, for Henry Lintot and John Osborn ... [12] Greshko, M. Mysterious Void Discovered in Egypt's Great Pyramid (2017). [Online]. Available at: https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/11/ great-pyramid-giza-void-discovered-khufu-archaeology-science/. [13] Hays, K.M. (2015). Architecture Theory since 1968. The MIT Press. [14] Herodotus et al. (1875). History of Herodotus: in Four Volumes. John Murray. [15] Hieronimus, R. and Cortner, L. (2006). Founding Fathers, Secret Societies: Freemasons, Illuminati, Rosicrucians, and the Decoding of the Great Seal. Destiny Books.

IMAGE REFERENCE [1] Authors own image. [2] http://flyingscotsman.tumblr.com/post/3050168244 [3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Spelterini#/media/File:Spelterini_ Pyramids.jpg [4] Source Unkown. [5] Willis Mason West Ancient World (Noorwood: Noorwood Press, 1904) 21 [6] https://www.ancient.eu/article/124/the-great-pyramid-of-giza-lastremaining-wonder-of/ [7] Screen cap from : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dgb79paNA7w [8] Scan from : Uderzo, A. (1973). Asterix and Cleopatra. [9] Scan from: Uderzo, A. (1973). Asterix and Cleopatra. [10] Authors own image overlayed [5] [11] https://kolsteren.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/stargate_pio2. jpg?w=351&h=198 [12] http://www.goldenpyramid.travel/overnight-tour-to-cairo-by-flight/

[16] Hollier, D. (1992). Against Architecture: the Writings of Georges Bataille. The MIT Press.

[13] https://9gag.com/gag/aZgqoOV/egyptian-great-pyramids-as-seen-frompizza-hut

[17] Jennings, Sally (2009). The Pyramid Code [Documentary] Available at:

[14] Screen Cap from: Devlin, D. and Emmerich, R. (1994). STARGATE.

Are ▲The ▲ Pyramids ▲ Leaving ▲ Giza?

[Film] [15] Screen Cap from: Devlin, D. and Emmerich, R. (1994). STARGATE. [Film] [16] https://www.etsy.com/uk/listing/228985718/stargate-sg-1-homesymbol-galaxy-art?utm_source=Pinterest&utm_medium=PageTools&utm_ campaign=Share [17] Poster for: Devlin, D. and Emmerich, R. (1994). STARGATE. [Film] [18] https://maxiscomments.com/2012/08/13/hidden-secrets-of-the-dollarbill/ [19] https://epl1171.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/pyramid.png [20] Scan from: https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/rls/dos/9087.htm.

Are ▲The ▲ Pyramids ▲ Leaving ▲ Giza?

17. http://fouchtra.tumblr.com/ post/153521964831/the-eternal-moonshinepyramid-of-khafre 18. https://www.ancient.eu/article/124/thegreat-pyramid-of-giza-last-remainingwonder-of/ 19. Source Unknown. 20. https://jaebirds.tumblr.com/ post/161403122546/oasis 21. “Resting Bedouins and the Grand Pyramid, Cairo, Egypt.” 1895. Detroit Publishing Co, via wikimedia commons. 22. 1967, Shōnen Magazine: http://pinktentacle. com/2009/11/mechani-kong-and-dr-whossecret-pyramid-base/ 23. Israel in Egypt by Sir Edward John Poynter Bt PRA RWS (1839-1919). 1867. Oil on canvas, 54 x 125 inches. Private Collection.

[21] William Barton - Extracted from PDF version of Creating the Great Seal poster, part of a U.S. Diplomacy Center (State Department) exhibition on the 225th anniversary of the Great Seal. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_ Seal_of_the_United_States#/media/File:BartonGreatSealDesignReverse.jpg

24. Paul Nash, The Pyramids in the Sea, 1912 : http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/nashthe-pyramids-in-the-sea-t01821

[22] Scan from: Greaves, J. and Churchill, A. (1744). Pyramidographia, or, a Description of the Pyramids in Egypt.

26. Original source unknown.

[23] https://twitter.com/Illuminati_Stop/status/416267969598357504 [24] http://wrongsideoftheart.com/2009/01/manhattan-baby-aka-eye-of-theevil-dead-1982-italy/ [25] Author's Own Image. www.gramunion.com/alexromero.tumblr. com/146523272796

POP GIZA IMAGE REF 1. https://gfycat.com/gifs/detail/ appropriatespitefulbobolink 2. https://www.deviantart.com/art/PharaohFuneral-496747292 3. Photographium Historic Photo Archive 4. Antonio Beato- CDV back, ca 1860 : https:// www.flickr.com/photos/photohistorytimeli ne/9248106202/ 5. 6. A mosaic from the San Marco, Venice. : http://archive.is/9s6BT 7. James McAllister / National Library of New Zealand : https://www.theatlantic. com/photo/2014/04/world-war-i-in-photossoldiers-and-civilians/507329/ 8. Historical Fragments (Pyramids) by Chad Hagen : http://weandthecolor.com/ graphic-art-historical-fragments-by-chadhagen/12629 9. Cairo Time dir. Ruba Nadda (2009) “They say that if you drink water from the Nile, you will always come back...” : http://

25. http://amroali.com/2015/06/what-louisarmstrong-taught-egypt-and-the-middleeast-about-itself/ 27. Original source unknown.: https:// www.flickr.com/photos/ocean_of_ stars/3188769563 28. https://giphy.com/gifs/video-games-retropixel-3ohze1JslWBrRxa3Dy 29. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_ Spelterini#/media/File:Spelterini_Pyramids. jpg 30. Ha Schult, Pyramids People, Cairo, Giza, 2002 : http://www.haschult.de/action/ trashpeople

10. The New York Library, photographs of Egypt from 1870-1875: http://nedhardy. com/2014/05/14/vintage-photos-egypt-1870/

31. Roy Lichtenstein, Pyramids II :https:// risdmuseum.org/art_design/objects/1209_ pyramids_ii

11. The pyramids of Giza, imagined by Kircher based on traveler’s reports, from Sphinx Mystagoga (1676) : http://diglib. hab.de/wdb.php?dir=drucke/15-9-quod2f&distype=thumbs

32. Assassin's Creed Origins: https://imgur.com/ gallery/Xizyp

12. Source Unknown : https://i.pinimg. com/736x/f7/25/85f72585b1c9a8917ceae67 9a7fe1754b3--egyptian-pyramid-pyramidsegypt.jpg 13. Antonio Basoli, Africa : https://i.pinimg. com/originals/85/5c/38/855c38804304ae67c0 4fbb63780ca319.jpg 14. Original source unknown, taken 1877. 15. Maxime Du Camp, 1849-1850 via Antiquarian Auctions : http://www. dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3762212/Thebirth-travel-photography-Amazing-picturesAncient-Egypt-wowed-Victorian-worldyears-camera.html 16. View from Mena House Hotel (Carter Suite), Original Source Unknown.

33. http://carolinanitsch.com/files/email-list/ 34. Royal Collection Trust: http://www. dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2279609/ Banished-Holy-Land-notorious-sex-scandalfuture-Edvard-VII-spent-days-smokingshooting-crocodiles-drinking-coffee-returning-home-tattoo.html 35. https://hiddenincatours.com/great-pyramidof-giza-why-does-it-have-8-sides-not-4/ 36. Mikalojus Konstantinas Ciurlionis ALLEGRO - 1909: https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mikalojus_ Konstantinas_Ciurlionis_-_ ALLEGRO_-_1909.jpg 37. 1799 sketch by Napoleon: http:// anewchronology.blogspot.ch/2015/09/ 38. JIM DRAIN SATURDAY'S RANSOM :http:// www.locustprojects.org/exhibitions/pastexhibitions/2010/jim-drain.shtml

39. The Pyramids, life magazine, circa 1940's 40. Patrick Demarchelier, Vogue, 1992 : http:// scoopempire.com/1992-vogue-fashionshoot-egypt-will-make-want-go-back-time/ 41. http://rebloggy.com/post/gif-trippy-tripflower-flowers-mountains-nature-mygifegypt-pyramids-mountain-al/14178864578 41.1 history of magic by eliphas levi : http:// apertureschoolofphotography.in/history-ofmagic-eliphas-levi-levis/ 42. PYRAMIDS by René Rogge 43. Source Unknown. 44. https://andrejcie.com/2016/01/25/cairoegypt/ 45. http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/ objects/146032.html 46. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_ continue=138&v=xjDjIWPwcPU 47. Louis Kahn, Pyramids, No. 8, Egypt, 1951: http://uk.phaidon.com/agenda/architecture/ articles/2014/july/14/how-louis-kahnsdrawings-changed-his-architecture/ 48. https://www.harvardmagazine.com/sites/ default/files/img/article/%5Bsite-datemy%5D/05701l.jpg 49. Willis Mason West Ancient World (Noorwood: Noorwood Press, 1904) 21 50. Juan Mahony's 'The Digger's View. WWI in Colour : http://www.dailymail.co.uk/ news/article-3443603/Incredible-colourphotographs-Australian-troops-World-War. html 51. Original source unknown. 52. Duane Michals, I Build a Pyramid, 1978: http://www.artnet.com/artists/duanemichals/ 53. Patrick Demarchelier, Vogue, 1992 : http:// scoopempire.com/1992-vogue-fashionshoot-egypt-will-make-want-go-back-time/ 54. The Pyramids, life magazine, circa 1940's 55. Patrick Demarchelier, Vogue, 1992 : http:// scoopempire.com/1992-vogue-fashionshoot-egypt-will-make-want-go-back-time/ 56. Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014) : http:// www.davidbordwell.net/blog/2015/01/11/ exodus-gods-and-kings-and-the-myth-ofauthenticity/ 57. GIOVANNI FRANCESCO GRIMALDI, Flight into Egypt, Pre-18th Century : https://www. artsy.net/artwork/giovanni-francescogrimaldi-flight-into-egypt 58. Derek Boshier, King Edward VII Ave; Pyramids at Gezeh , 1971: http://www. artnet.com/artists/derek-boshier/kingedward-vii-ave-pyramids-at-gezeh-uUfJ_ k4p9U9SpnM5R2nEag2 59. “Stargate” by Kilian Eng 60. Assassin's Creed Origins: https:// assassinscreed.ubisoft.com/game/en-nordic/

Are ▲The ▲ Pyramids ▲ Leaving ▲ Giza?

home/ 61. Richard Misrach, White Man Contemplating Pyramids, Egypt, 1989: https://www.moma. org/collection/works/185922 62. This Is Basic - Posters, October 2008http:// www.rawcolor.nl/project/?id=201 63. Greatful Dead Poster :http://archive.org/ post/1003924/1978-dead-in-egypt-posterimages 64. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ jlascar/14793442184 65. https://epl1171.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/ pyramid.png 66. Domestication of a Pyramid, by Magdalena Jetelovà (1991) : http://socks-studio. com/2014/01/20/domestication-of-apyramid-by-magdalena-jetelova-1991/ 67. Original Source Unknown. 68. http://colortoon.com/images/egypt/sphinx/ 69. Charles Robert Cockerell (English, 1788– 1863) , Comparative height of the Great Pyramid at Giza with St. Peter's Basilica, St. Paul's Cathedral, Salisbury Cathedral, the Sphinx and the Acropolis : http://www. artnet.com/artists/charles-robert-cockerell/ comparative-height-of-the-great-pyramid-atgiz-aa-oTAjqlXWo0zV0Jw9iM5lmw2

83. http://www.evolo.us/competition/biopyramid-reversing-desertification/

138. Rinko Kawauchi: Illuminance

85. TERRA BY JONATHAN SOLTER :https:// www.threyda.com/products/terra-byjonathan-solter

110. David A Hardy 'Pyramids' , 1997.

139. Arnaldo Pomodoro 1926

111. Black Pyramid - John McCracken

140. PYRAMID SCHEME Design by dschwen

86. USA Alitalia, 1950s

112. https://magic.wizards.com/en/story/planes/ amonkhet

141. Pyramid by Jeanne Masoero :https://www. riseart.com/article/2014-06-17-styling-withart-minimal

87. Jim Sanborn, Cainville, Utah, 1995 : http:// jimsanborn.net/main.html#photos_and_ videos

114. Devany Wolfe, SERPENTFIRE PRISM PYRAMID.

89. Joseph Beuys. Ölfarben 1949-1967, 1985 :http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/beuysjoseph-beuys-olfarben-1949-1967-ar01123

114.1 Study for a Mural Based on Egyptian Motifs, No. 1, 1951, pastel and charcoal on paper : http://kahn.kimbellart.org/exhibit/ science/study-mural-based-egyptian-motifs

90. Onan's Gold Pyramid House – Wadsworth, Illinois 91. Imagination by Mariana Lisina : https:// society6.com/product/imagination975686_ print?curator=erstudiome 93. Frank Ocean – “Pyramids”

118. Kimiaki Yaegashi

93.1 Baedeker, Karl. Egypt, "Handbook for Traveling, pt.1 Lower Egypt, with the Fayum and the peninsula of Sinai

119. "JR at the Louvre." Courtesy of David Emeran via Instagram. : https://news. artnet.com/exhibitions/jr-louvre-pyramiddisappears-503423

76. Borg pyramid, Star Trek: Phase II : http:// stexpanded.wikia.com/wiki/Borg_pyramid

97. Altar Painting, 1915 - Hilma af Klint 98. Original Source Unknown. 99. James White, ‘epitaph' : https://www. designboom.com/art/james-white-neowavesci-fi-landscapes-02-24-2016/

103. Keisuke Nagatomo, Poster for K2 Exhibition, 1983

77.1 Think Thingamajig and Other Things. 78. The Temple of Death & Cenotaph for Isaac Newton / Etienne-Louis Boullée 78.1 Tent House, The Swiss Alps by Justus Dahinden, 1954

104. AUN "BLACK PYRAMID" CD (29TH CYCLE) : http://www.cycliclaw.com/index. php?route=product/product&product_ id=687 105. Alberto Burri, Nero e Oro, 1993

79. Original Source Unknown.

106. Original Source Unknown.

80. Original Source Unknown. 81. Paul Klee, Water Pyramids, 1924.

107. Damian Michaels, Energy Waves, 2005 : https://www.flickr.com/photos/ damianmichaels/5482808911

82. Dispicable Me

108. THE BERMUDA PYRAMID Design by

147. Roy Lichtenstein | Pyramid : http:// artistsbooksandmultiples.blogspot. ch/2012/09/roy-lichtenstein-pyramid.html 148. PHAZED @INSTAPHAZED: http://www.imgrum.org/med ia/1211954556710777595_744897651 149. Illustrative Typography By: T M Addison :http://www.squareinchdesign.com/ illustrative-typography-by-t-m-addison/ 150. James Turrell, the Wolfsburg Project 151. https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/ life-ieoh-ming-pei-provocateur-visionary/ 152. GIF, Cecilia Serafini, 2015 : https://www. grafik.net/category/talent/cecilia-serafini

123. Original Source Unknown.

153. Walid Siti , 'Deconstructed Pyramid' 2013 : http://www.walidsiti.com/?page_id=68

124. https://blankdesign.wordpress. com/2009/02/24/

127. Hans Arp, Der Pyramidenrock

77. https://imgur.com/gallery/c716Q

146. Stargate (1994)

122. BRUNO V. ROELS, The Sheltering Sky, 2017 : https://www.artsy.net/artwork/bruno-vroels-the-sheltering-sky

100.1 Keith Haring, Untitled, 1982 : http:// www.haring.com/!/art-work/294#.WlJQydnHIU 102. Original Source Unknown.

145. Original Source Unknown.

121. Original Source Unknown.

125. 31.media.tumblr.com

76.1 Original Source Unknown.

144. Great Pyramid At Giza by te hu : https:// www.3dartistonline.com/image/31479/ wondersgreat_pyramid_at_giza

120. Standing Figures By Lynn Chadwick : http:// www.gallery-pangolin.com/works/standingfigures/885

100. Doctor Who - Area 52 : http://tardis.wikia. com/wiki/Area_52

101. Original Source Unknown.

143. Book Market Statements: Olivier Cablat : https://unseenamsterdam.com/bookmarket-statements-olivier-cablat

116. Original Source Unknown.

92. Minions 2015

95. Amonkhet marketing art by Greg Rutkowski

142. PEDRO REYES, Floating Pyramid , 2004 : http://www.pedroreyes.net/piramideflotante. php?szLang=en&Area=work

115. http://www.saatchigallery.com/sculpture/ ArtworkDetails.php/image/851.html 117. San Cataldo Cemetery / Aldo Rossi. Photograph by Laurian Ghinitoiu

96. Scan from : Uderzo, A. (1973). Asterix and Cleopatra.

75. David Hockney (b. 1937) Great Pyramid at Giza with Broken Head from Thebes : http:// www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details. aspx?intObjectID=5652379

113. Scan from : Uderzo, A. (1973). Asterix and Cleopatra.

88. https://www.amazon.com/Monatomic-GoldFormula-Liquid-Phinheas/dp/B004A7F5NG

71. http://amroali.com/2015/06/what-louisarmstrong-taught-egypt-and-the-middleeast-about-itself/

74. https://giphy.com/gifs/cinema-running-20018MIfDIWfwrL20

137. Keith Haring, Untitled, 1984 : http://www. haring.com/!/art-work/448#.WlJbv9-nHIU

109. Original Source Unknown.

94. https://dailygifs.wordpress.com/2012/12/26/ the-louvre-pyramid-360/

73. Jean Shrimpton photographed in Egypt by David Bailey for Vogue UK, January 1972

Nicholas Tassone : https://www.threadless. com/product/1653/the_bermuda_pyramid

84. Original Source Unknown.

70. DAVID ROBERTS PYRAMIDS OF GEEZEH : http://artmight.com/Artists/DavidRoberts-1796-1864/David-Roberts-PyramidsOf-Geezeh-52665p.html

72. Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014)

Are ▲The ▲ Pyramids ▲ Leaving ▲ Giza?

154. David Hockney, House Doodle, 1984 :http:// www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/hockneyhouse-doodle-p20108

126. The Pyramid, 2014 [Poster]

155. Paul Klee, Pyramids : https:// recollectvintage.com/blogs/visual-portal/ nobrashfestivity-paul-klee-pyramids

128. "Going vertical. Glenn Sundby, Cairo, 1977

156. Original Source Unknown.

129. Pyramids, René Rogge : http://renerogge. com/portfolio/pyramids/

157. Imagine Dragons - Believer

130. Hirofumi Abe : http://www.waaterkant.com/ this-beauty-illustrations-and-graphic-designby-hirofumi-abe/ 131. http://amazingoverlord.com/infected 132. National Treasure (2004) 133. Walid Siti, 'Deconstructed Pyramid' : http:// www.walidsiti.com/?page_id=68 134. http://badcodec.tumblr.com/ 135. Pendulum (steel) for Daniel G. Cramer, 2009-2013 : http://studiomertens.de/pendel/ 136. Original Source Unknown.

158. Original Source Unknown. 159. Roy Lichtenstein | Pyramid : http:// artistsbooksandmultiples.blogspot. ch/2012/09/roy-lichtenstein-pyramid.html 160. https://giphy.com/gifs/3d-c4d-fantasy3oz8xzM6g8gUzhR0Nq 161. Screen Cap from: Devlin, D. and Emmerich, R. (1994). STARGATE. [Film] 162. Original Source Unknown. 163. amy alice thompson, See Your West : http:// www.amyalice.com/2015/#/art-syw

Are ▲The ▲ Pyramids ▲ Leaving ▲ Giza?

164. New Affiliates, Time Fears the Pyramids : https://www.new-affiliates.us/pyramidgenerator-pge/ 165. Original Source Unknown. 166. Misc. — Jack Crossing : http://diegoguevara. com/blog/2011/08/16/graphics-designed-thework-of-jack-crossing/ 167. Daft Punk Alive 2007 168. PYRAMID - Neil Krug

192. New Age Outlaws | Dylan Ettinger 193. Mirror Pyramids by Phazed : https:// society6.com/product/mirror-pyramids_ print?sku=s6-6006749p4a1v45 194. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/c9/56/1a/c956 1abc95850269c4327f392e864f98.jpg 195. Various - #Seapunk Volume 1 196. Original Source Unknown.

169. Original Source Unknown.

197. https://giphy.com/gifs/hand-drawn26AHy97gxhpOn0pb2

170. Nagaoka, Kunito, Iseki Pyxxx III : http:// collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O101365/isekipyxxx-iii-print-nagaoka-kunito/

198. Screen Cap from: Devlin, D. and Emmerich, R. (1994). STARGATE. [Film]

171. Art of Tones - Devil The Difference EP by House of Disco Records

200. Original Source Unknown.

172. Food Pyramid by Kimiaki Yaegashi : https:// society6.com/product/food-pyramid-l1s_ print?sku=s6-3576142p4a1v45 173. AGNES MARTIN, Untitled #1, 2003 : https:// www.artsy.net/artwork/agnes-martinuntitled-number-1-1 174. James Turrell Alta Hiram Butler Gallery 175. Aldo Rossi: Memorial German Opposition, 1962

199. PINK FLOYD - DARK SIDE OF THE MOON 201. lothar baumgarten El Dorado, 1968 -1976 | pyramid 202. Cai Guoqiang's "Black " in Doha Qatar: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=UZ0Sbbu20V0 203. Rudolf Mühlemann 1983 :https://www.flickr. com/photos/20745656@N00/279894776 204. Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen

176. Original Source Unknown.

205. Il Etait Une Fois L'homme by French director Albert Barille in 1978.

177. Original Source Unknown.

206. Pyramide (2016) - Daniël Lokerse

178. Original Source Unknown.

207. Original Source Unknown.

179. Original Source Unknown.

208. https://dr-pen.deviantart.com/art/Pyramidof-the-Daylight-647220848

180. Alexander Calder | Pyramids (1970) 181. https://www.thecrystalgrid.com/collections/ orgonite-energy/products/copy-of-amethystorgone-pyramid 182. Original Source Unknown. 183. James White, ‘monuments’ : https://www. designboom.com/art/james-white-neowavesci-fi-landscapes-02-24-2016/ 184. Erik Niedling Pyramidion, 2014 : http:// erikniedling.com/select 185. http://floatuniverse.com/post/147503167028/ mood-via-trillwavejpeg-aesthetic 186. https://makeagif.com/gif/piccolo-lifts-apyramid-tRFQ46 187. Original Source Unknown.

209. Paul Klee, DER CLOWN PYRAMIDAL (THE CLOWN PYRAMIDAL): http://www. sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/ lot.36.html/2014/impressionist-modern-artevening-sale-l14002 210. https://imgur.com/gallery/ZEm3pSR 211. Original Source Unknown. 212. https://www.instagram.com/p/BU2B6dIB4hf/ 213. http://pislices.ca/post/101256378091/ swirling-pyramids-141029 213.1 https://www.instagram.com/p/BVCRUhB9K2/4

Are ▲The ▲ Pyramids ▲ Leaving ▲ Giza?

221. Nihilistic Delusion : https://www.facebook. com/nihilisticdelusion1/photos/a.378907232 538791.1073741828.378009592628555/378907 192538795/?type=1&theater 222. Stuart Lippincott : https://www.behance.net/ gallery/46934975/January-Everyday-Project 223. Original Source Unknown. 224. https://www.instagram.com/casualtyofcool/ 225. https://www.instagram.com/chromadojo/ 226. https://www.instagram.com/casualtyofcool/ 227. Julian Jordan – Midnight Dancers 228. https://www.instagram.com/beeple_crap/ 229. @svrmii : https://www.instagram.com/ union_app/ 230. @burning_chalice "Journey" 231. Forgotten Land. . Made with shots from @ unsplash. : https://www.instagram.com/ graphicshot/ 232. Maroon 5 - Sunday Morning : https://www. instagram.com/p/BVSPHnPFw_D/?takenby=josecroquer_ 233. "EPIPHANY" : https://www.instagram.com/ willeshimself/ 234. Joe Maz x DiscoTech - Stomp To My Beat (Original Mix) 235. https://www.instagram.com/graphicshot/ 236. https://www.instagram.com/beeple_crap/ 237. https://www.instagram.com/beeple_crap/ 238. https://www.behance.net/gallery/47960531/ everydays-october-2016

POP GIZA MUSIC CREDIT Title: Sea Wall Artists: Hans Zimmer, Benjamin Wallfisch Album: Blade Runner 2049 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Released: 2017

214. Spider-Woman (1979), “Pyramids of Terror” : https://gfycat.com/gifs/detail/MammothTint edAntarcticgiantpetrel

188. https://www.etsy.com/listing/101797778/sthe-pyramid-n1-new-age-triangle-tee

215. https://www.instagram.com/beyond.bola/

189. New Affiliates, Time Fears the Pyramids : https://www.new-affiliates.us/pyramidgenerator-pge/

217. beeple_crap :https://www.instagram.com/ beeple_crap/

216. https://www.instagram.com/beyond.bola/

190. Keith Haring, Untitled, 1981 : http://www. haring.com/!/art-work/448#.WlJbv9-nHIU

218. https://www.behance.net/gallery/38127613/ everydays-may-2016

191. https://www.etsy.com/uk/listing/228985718/ stargate-sg-1-home-symbol-galaxyart?utm_source=Pinterest&utm_ medium=PageTools&utm_campaign=Share

219. Time Is An Illusion by sage nebulous 220. https://newhive.com/algoren/ renboys?q=%23vaporwave

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