AA Diploma 18 Unit Book 2020 by AA School

Diploma 18

History Masterplans Structures on Campus Design + Make Permitted Development Living in the forest Ruins in Progress Family Tree Beneath the Ground

A Survey of Hooke Park

vol.

Hydrology Fauna Flora The “Island” Woodland Management Life and Death of A Tree Instances of Self-Reliant Living Breaking Bread Dorset at Large

Hooke Cookbook

Previous images: 1. Ke Yang, 2019 2. Lydia Liu, 2019 3. Lydia Liu, 2019 4. Nicole Ng, 2019 5. Joyce Ng, 2019 6. Lydia Liu, 2019 Edited by Connie Lynn Tang Co-edited by Ele Mun, Nicole Ng, Andrew Robertson and Ke Yang Cover design by Ele Mun Index by Shreya Kochatta Footnotes and bibliography by Sorana-Stefana Mazilu and Alice Nobel

DIPLOMA 18

SHIDI FU SHREYA KOCHATTA SORANA-STEFANA MAZILU LYDIA CHO YING LIU ELE MUN JOYCE KA KEI NG NICOLE NG HUI MIN ALICE NOBEL ANDREW ROBERTSON CLARA SCHWARZ CONNIE LYNN TANG KE YANG LIONEL DEVLIEGER AUDE-LINE DULIÈRE MAARTEN GIELEN JAMES WESTCOTT

DISCLAIMER: While every effort has been made to properly credit and source the images and data in this book, we are still human. Please alert the editors as to any missing or incorrect information. Contact: opalisuk2019@gmail.com

prelude

Diploma 18 would like to thank the HOOKE PARK TEAM, especially ZACHARY MOLLICA and CHRISTOPHER SADD for providing us with precious information, CHARLIE, GEORGIE and TIA CORRYWRIGHT for sharing their intimate knowledge of the site, as well as MARTIN SELF, JEAN-NICOLAS DACKIW and EDWARD COE, without whom this publication would not have been possible.

PRELUDE Far from the all-too-often congested hallways of Bedford Square, Hooke Park can be seen as a space of respite. The students of the Design + Make programme, permanently based in the woodland campus, are surrounded by the very materials with which they work and they operate close to if not at the very forefront of timber construction technology. For visiting students and tutors from Bedford Square who wish to break free from a scale or method otherwise confined to that which is available within the walls of 32 to 39, it becomes a satellite testing ground. Having to go through a process of booking for accommodation and meals ahead of time, one could not however help but to often carry an aloofness, a kind of touristic attitude. For neighbours, their dogs and a horse named Bluebell, it is a place for a leisurely stroll. For at least one local cabby, an ‘alien film set’. Perhaps as important as what currently is in Hooke Park is what could have been. The many previously proposed masterplans allowed us to first understand some of the campus’ past aspirations. We then studied every one of the structures realised before sitting down for a chat with Zachary Mollica, who along with others have and will continue to see the campus’ fruition.

We’ve made our way underground before burrowing out again to study the flora and fauna that depend on the many layers that lie beneath, and we were given new perspectives on systems of care and maintenance of the ecosystem by Christopher Sadd. Georgie and Tia Corrywright give us a glimpse behind the doors of the kitchen and teach us how to make some of Hooke Park’s famously delicious dishes. These are but some of the many realities of Hooke Park’s past and present compiled into this volume before you. Diploma 18 continues to propose new forms of occupation within the campus. Whether these visions take place in the immediate or far future, many of them have managed to find a foothold while being unfettered by current limitations. How could we help identify and defend agendas for Hooke Park that do not only address the needs of visitors from Bedford Square, but also take into account local aspirations from humans and non-humans alike?

Ele Mun and Nicole Ng

prelude

for Diploma 18

21 23 31 49 103 125 145 173 217 231 239 271 297 323 363 419 457 493 511 555

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS BIOGRAPHIES BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX

596 598 600 602

INTRODUCTION HISTORY CAMPUS MASTERPLANS STRUCTURES ON CAMPUS DESIGN + MAKE PERMITTED DEVELOPMENT LIVING IN THE FOREST RUINS IN PROGRESS FAMILY TREE THE ECOSYSTEM OF HOOKE PARK BENEATH THE GROUND HYDROLOGY FAUNA FLORA THE “ISLAND” WOODLAND MANAGEMENT LIFE AND DEATH OF A TREE INSTANCES OF SELF-RELIANT LIVING BREAKING BREAD DORSET AT LARGE

table of contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AERIAL VIEW

source: Google Earth, 2017

INTRODUCTION Hooke Park is the Architectural Association’s woodland campus located in Dorset, southwest England. The 140-hectare working forest is owned and operated by the AA and contains a growing educational facility for design, workshop, construction, and landscape-focused activities. Underlying these activities is the opportunity to develop new rural architectures and an ethic of material self-sufficiency.

introduction

Hooke Park is used by the AA throughout the year for activities in three categories: visits by London-based units, the Hooke Park-based Design + Make graduate school programme and for Visiting School short courses.

HOOKE PARK Ordnance Survey, 1945-1947

source: The Francis Frith collection

HISTORY

history

In 1947, Hooke Park was cleared of 90% of its trees and was replanted as a beech and Norway spruce plantation. Today, Hooke Park is working towards the transformation of the wood from an evenage structure to a mixedage woodland of greater aesthetic and biodiversity value.

FOR AUCTION OF SALE OF HOOKE PARK ESTATE source: Messrs. Fox & Sons

TIMELINE OF HOOKE PARK

Illustrated by Connie Lynn Tang, 2019 source: Hooke Park Timeline

A 60 YEAR OLD WORKING WOODLAND

In 1947, the estate was cleared to feed the desperate post-war shortage of timber and was replanted in the early 1950s with a mixture of beech (fagus sylvetica) and Norway spruce (picea abies) with some oak and remnant fragments of alder, willow, and hazel. Beech was an important commercial species feeding the large volume UK furniture manufacturers of the time whilst Norway Spruce was the leading structural and general use timber throughout Europe.

history

The Parnham Trust purchased Hooke Park in 1983 and started the negotiation for planning permission to build an educational and residential faculty in the woods.

INHABITANTS BUILDINGS

Charlie and Georgie Corrywrig

PROTO WORKSHOP WESTMINSTER -TYPE LODGE HOUSE

HOUSES FOR HOOKE

MASTERPLANS

Edward Cullinan commission

Second Masterplan by

Richard Burton, Frei Otto and Buro Happold

Clear Cutting

TREES

2 3

First Masterplan by

Edward Cullinan Architects

Third Masterplan by

Feilden Clegg Architects

Replanting

Post War

Redwood

Replanting

EARLY HISTORY

1999

1996

1994

1993

1989

1983

Parnham Trust purchases Hooke Park

1987

J P

1951

Forestry Commission

John Makepeace purchases Parnham House

1976

S F

1949

1840s

Earl of Sandwich

Salt family Unilever Pension Fund

1946

Duke of Cleveland

1919

D E

1794

Paulet defines current Hooke Park

1660

1200 Deer Park

OWNERSHIP

TIMBER SALES

Broad leaves and Conifers

PARNHAM ERA

COURSES

Martin Self Founding Director of Design + Make programme Design + Make programme and “Hooke Park Build” visiting school Maeda workshops by Shin Egashira Regular AA unit visits

ght and family

Zachary Mollica

CARETAKER’S BIG HOUSE SHED

S.LODGE BIOMASS WOOD SAWMILL WAKEFORD TIMBER S. BOILER CHIP SHELTER HALL LIBRARY SHELTER HOUSE BARN

STRATEGIC PLAN

PARK HOUSE

Fielden Clegg Architects commission

by Andrew Freear and Elena Bartek

Fourth Masterplan by

2018

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

2012

2010

2009

2008

2007

2006

2005

2004

2003

Carlos Villanueva Brandt Architects

2001

2000

NORTH LODGE

ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION

OVERVIEW OF HOOKE PARK CAMPUS FROM DRONE FOOTAGE Ke Yang, March 2020

PROTOTYPE HOUSE WITH RICHARD BURTON, JOHN MAKEPEACE AND FREI OTTO (L-R). source: AA Photo Library

CAMPUS MASTERPLANS

Hooke Park was set up as a school for woodland industries. A range of buildings were designed that explored different aspects of timber technology in order to investigate how timber, in particular, the local forest thinnings, could be better utilised. It also aimed to create a working demonstration of how a sustainable living and working community could be established in the countryside.

campus masterplans

Ke Yang, Connie Lynn Tang

MASTERPLAN

Richard Burton, Frei Otto, Buro Happold, 1983 source: AA Archive

Realised Building

1983 Richard Burton, Frei Otto and Buro Happold Richard Burton, a former trustee, Frei Otto and Buro Happold produced the first masterplan for the woodland school. The Prototype House (1987), The Workshop (1989) and the unbuilt Communal Hall were the main fruits of this collaboration addressing the three problems of wet and round wood construction: timber in tension, timber in compression and how to get a flat floor. These were the only two buildings built from this masterplan proposal as well as Frei Otto’s only two built works in the UK. The masterplan shows the extent of the buildings envisaged by the Parnham Trust School for Woodland Industries and first described the dream of an exemplary community revolving around the education of students and public alike, deploying the unrecognised potential of building with forest thinnings.

campus masterplans

In this masterplan, The Workshop is linked to the Communal Building, the energy centre and the surrounding arcs of residences for staff and students, with all of them combining into a village.

MASTERPLAN

Cullinan Studio, 1997 source: AA Archive

ITERATIONS

Cullinan Studio, 1997

source: Amina Yusupova

Realised Building Inherited Building

1994 Cullinan Studio Following the construction of the first two buildings and their use by the forestry school, a new masterplan was commissioned to Ted Cullinan (who was a fellow student of Richard Burton at the AA). His interests were in tune with the request to develop a number of replicable dwelling prototypes that would develop the research carried out in the first two buildings, as well as provide a folio of exemplary buildings at Hooke and advertising the advantages of building in this manner. Cullinan designed and obtained planning permission for five additional houses of which Westminster Lodge was the first one, and only one, to be built out of the five exemplary designs for “Houses at Hooke”. It was intended for housing the students who would be transferred from the furniture school at Parnham to the facilities at Hooke.

campus masterplans

The building was never used due to a shortfall in students wishing to do the course.

MASTERPLAN

Feilden Clegg Architects, 1999 source: AA Archive

Inherited Building

1999 Feilden Clegg Architects A final attempt by the Parnham Trust to consolidate the development saw the commissioning of Feilden Clegg Bradley Architects to design an accommodation block that used the material agenda and applied it to the process of factory prefabrication. This was the last building to be designed for Hooke Park and it was developed in conjunction with the engineers Buro Happold who had been involved with the three former buildings. The foundation techniques used on the lodge were used again, with footings for the Park House laid in February 2001 on the clearing below the Workshop. In a clear move away from the site-crafted design basis of the three exploratory buildings, Park House developed an advanced system of offsite prefabrication using the round-wood products of Hooke Park.

campus masterplans

As part of the last master plan, extra workshop facilities were proposed on the site of the current car park. However, Parnham Trust decided that Hooke Park would be disposed of and the construction was stopped.

2009 STRATEGIC PLAN

Carlos Villanueva Brandt Architects, 2009 source: AA Archive

Realised Building Inherited Building

2009 Carlos Villanueva Brandt Architects The AA took ownership of Hooke Park in 2002. The 2008 Hooke Park Strategic Plan was put together by Andrew Freear and Elena Barthel after consultancy with an advisory group, a team of consultants, AA students, and staff. (Including the existing Hooke Park residents, AA tutors and students of Diploma 9 (2006-2007) who made proposals for the site. The 2008 Strategic Plan identified existing problems and outlined a vision of academic pedagogy and masterplanning which included ethics for sustainable development and community relationship. The plan helped set up the Design + Make programme in 2012 and provide guidance for the existing visiting workshops such as the Maeda Twisting concrete workshops from 2008 and the Summer Build Programme from 2010.

campus masterplans

The masterplan for the development of the campus was redrawn and construction restarted in 2011 for a new workshop, accommodation and teaching spaces, including the “Big Shed” Assembly Workshop, The Caretaker’s House, Student Lodges in 2012 and The Timber Seasoning Shelter in 2013.

campus masterplans

source: AA Archive

PLANNING APPLICATION DOCUMENTS FOR 2009 STRATEGIC PLAN

Carlos Villanueva Brandt Architects, West Dorset District Council, Ambios, Buro Happold & Christopher Sadd, 2009

HOOKE PARK MASTERPLAN Richard Burton, Frei Otto and Buro Happold, 1983

HOOKE PARK MASTERPLAN Cullinan Studio, 1994

NEW DEVELOPME

Feilden Clegg A

Building Footprint

Living (㎡)

Work (㎡)

Leisure (㎡)

Living (㎡)

Other (㎡)

Work (㎡)

Leisure (㎡)

Other (㎡)

Living (㎡)

Prototype House

315

Town House

Park House

522

Student House

850

Village House

180

Oak House

181

Workshop

702

Shelter

225

Autonomous House

277

Study Hall

740

Ecotechnology House

277

Westminster Lodge

229

Westminster Lodge

229

Workshop

Boiler House

Wood Storage Subtotal Total

1165

1442

0 2657

Workshop

702

Study Hall

740

Training Workshop Study Centre

Reflectory

105

Seminar Room

Saw Mill

Boiler House

Saw Mill

130

Boiler House

Subtotal

985

1442

Total

105 2662

Refectory

Wood Storage Subtotal Total

COMPARING FLOOR AREA IN DIFFERENT HOOKE PARK MASTERPLANS Ke Yang, 2019

1209

Work (㎡)

Leisure (㎡)

Carlos Villanueva Brandt, 2009

Other (㎡)

Living (㎡)

Work (㎡)

Leisure (㎡)

CURRENT CAMPUS PLAN 2020

Other (㎡)

Living (㎡)

Westminster Lodge

229

Westminster Lodge

229

New Student Houses

480

Caretaker's House

150

Teacher Houses

480

South Lodge

Caretaker's House

189

North Lodge

Work (㎡)

Leisure (㎡)

Other (㎡)

702

Workshop

702

Workshop

702

840

Offices

Big Shed

559

620

Study Centre

200

Wakeford Hall

200

Design Studio

Dark Room

Seminar Room

Foundry

New Workshops

150

Refectory

105

Refectory

105

Outdoor Cooking

210

Kitchen and Dining

Timber Shelter

184

340

Toilets

Woodchip Barn

250 54

105

2362

105 4016

Shed

500

Sawmill Shelter

Boiler House

Biomass Boiler House

550

Subtotal

Subtotal Total

1378

1272

215 3415

Total

72 550

1430

174

376

2530

Comparing the floor area of the proposed Hooke Park Masterplans to the floor area of the existing campus shows that the current area of built living space is about half of what was proposed.

campus masterplans

Architects, 1999

HOOKE PARK STRATEGIC PLAN

ENT MASTERPLAN

HOOKE PARK MASTERPLAN Richard Burton, Frei Otto and Buro Happold, 1983

HOOKE PARK MASTERPLAN Cullinan Studio, 1994

Built Existing Modified Outline Proposed Abandoned

EVOLUTION OF MASTERPLANS : BUILT AND ABANDONED PROPOSALS Ke Yang, 2019

NEW DEVELOPME

Feilden Clegg A

Carlos Villanueva Brandt, 2009

CURRENT CAMPUS PLAN 2020

campus masterplans

Architects, 1999

HOOKE PARK STRATEGIC PLAN

ENT MASTERPLAN

previous image:

AERIAL SHOT OF THE PROTOTYPE HOUSE, FIRST STRUCTURE TO BE BUILT IN HOOKE PARK Parnham Trust, 1983 source: AA Archive

STRUCTURES ON CAMPUS Shidi Fu, Andrew Robertson, Ke Yang

structures on campus

The primary structures are built works from the different eras of Hooke Park. Since the AA has inhabited this place, there are annually accumulated projects from the Design + Make programme to fill the current masterplan.

PROTOTYPE HOUSE

image: Aude-Line Dulière, 2019

PROTOTYPE HOUSE 1987

TEAM Architect Richard Burton (ABK) and Frei Otto Engineer Ted Happold and Michael Dickson (Buro Happold)

source: Hooke Park - Zachary Mollica

PLAN 1:100

structures on campus

Construction William Moorwood (ABK) and Dowding & Udall

PROTOTYPE HOUSE Parnham Trust, 1983 source: AA Archives

structures on campus

PROTOTYPE HOUSE Parnham Trust, 1983

drawn by Andrew Robertson, London, 2019

CONCRETE PIER FOUNDATIONS

structures on campus

source: AA Archives

THE WORKSHOP

image: Aude-Line Dulière, 2019

THE WORKSHOP 1989

TEAM Architect Richard Burton (ABK) and Frei Otto

source: Hooke Park - Zachary Mollica

PLAN NTS

structures on campus

Engineer Ted Happold and Michael Dickson (Buro Happold)

THE WORKSHOP

Richard Burton & Frei Otto, 1989 source: AA Archives

structures on campus

THE WORKSHOP

Richard Burton & Frei Otto, 1989

drawn by Andrew Robertson, London, 2019

CONCRETE SLAB-ON-GRADE FOUNDATION

structures on campus

source: AA Archives

WESTMINSTER LODGE

image: Aude-Line Dulière, March 2020

WESTMINSTER LODGE 1995

TEAM Architect Edward Cullinan Architects Engineer Ted Happold and Michael Dickson (Buro Happold)

source: Hooke Park - Zachary Mollica

PLAN 1:200

structures on campus

Construction William Moorwood (ABK) and Dowding & Udall

WESTMINSTER LODGE ABK Architects, 1994 source: AA Archives

WESTMINSTER LODGE ABK Architects, 1994

drawn by Andrew Robertson, London, 2019

CONCRETE PIER & SHEAR WALL FOUNDATION

structures on campus

source: AA Archives

CARETAKER’S HOUSE

image: Aude-Line Dulière, 2019

CARETAKER’S HOUSE 2012

TEAM Students AA Intermediate Unit 2 2009-10 (Schematic Design) Teaching Team Charles Walker, Martin Self Executive Architect Piers Taylor, Invisible Studio Cladding and Fit-out Design Hannah Durham Engineer Buro Happold

source: Hooke Park - Zachary Mollica

PLAN NTS

structures on campus

Contractor Greenheart Sustainable Construction

CARETAKER’S HOUSE CONSTRUCTION Invisible Studio, 2012

drawn by Andrew Robertson, London, 2019

CONCRETE FILLED STEEL PILE FOUNDATIONS

structures on campus

source: AA Archives

BIG SHED

image: Aude-Line Dulière, 2019

BIG SHED 2012 TEAM Students Nozomi Nakabayashi (Design + Make); Elena Gaider, Eyal Shaviv, Olivia Putihrai, Samuel Nelson, Sanem Alper (Diploma Unit 19) Teaching Team Martin Self, Piers Taylor, Kate Darby, Charley Brentnall Executive Architect Mitchell Taylor Workshop Engineer Atelier One, Buro Happold

source: Hooke Park - Zachary Mollica

PLAN NTS

structures on campus

Contractor Greenheart Sustainable Construction

THE BIG SHED

ABK Architects, 1994

drawn by Andrew Robertson, London, 2019

CONCRETE SLAB-ON-GRADE FOUNDATION

structures on campus

source: AA Archives

NORTH LODGE

image: Aude-Line Dulière, 2019

NORTH LODGE 2013

TEAM Students Thiago José Barros, Elizabeth Cunningham, Bojana Grebenar, Hugo Garcia Urrutia, Natalia Iliadi, Abdulla Omar Asghar Khan, Evangelia Papageorgiou, Karjvit Rirermvanich (Design & Make)

source: Hooke Park - Zachary Mollica

PLAN NTS

structures on campus

Teaching Team Martin Self, Piers Taylor, Kate Darby, Charley Brentnall

NORTH LODGE CONSTRUCTION AA Design + Make, 2013

drawn by Andrew Robertson, London, 2019

CONCRETE PAD FOUNDATION

structures on campus

source: AA Archives

TIMBER SEASONING SHELTER image: Aude-Line Dulière, 2019

TIMBER SEASONING SHELTER 2014

TEAM Students Meghan Dorrian, Kawit Ko-Udomvit, Omri Menashe, Glen Stellmacher Teaching Team Charley Brentnall, Stewart Dodd, Martin Self Workshop and Site Supervision Charlie Corrywright, Edward Coe, Jack Hawker Structural Engineer Arup Membrane Supply Architen Landrell Timber Testing Nick Gathercole, Bath University

source: Hooke Park - Zachary Mollica

PLAN 1:200

structures on campus

Foundation Construction Beacon Foundations

TIMBER SEASONING SHELTER AA Design + Make, 2014

drawn by Andrew Robertson, London, 2019

CONCRETE STRIP FOUNDATION

structures on campus

source: AA Archives

SOUTH LODGE

image: Aude-Line Dulière, 2020

SOUTH STUDENT LODGE 2014

TEAM Students Carlos Chen, Stephanie Cramer, Sarina Adelle Da Costa Gomez, Iosif Dakoronias-Marina, Elizabeth Lawrence Teaching Team Martin Self, Charley Brentnall, Stewart Dodd, Piers Taylor, Forester: Christopher Sadd

source: Hooke Park - Zachary Mollica

PLAN NTS

structures on campus

Consultants Arup, Buro Happold, BRE Centre for Innovative Construction Materials, Brooks Devlin, C&G Safety and Environmental, Oculus Building Consultancy Ltd, Peter George Electrical Contractor, Southwest Eco Systems

SOUTH LODGE

drawn by Andrew Robertson, London, 2019

CONCRETE FILLED STEEL PILE FOUNDATIONS

structures on campus

image: Aude-Line Dulière, 2019

WOODCHIP BARN

image: Aude-Line Dulière, 2020

WOODCHIP BARN 2016

TEAM Students Mohaimeen Islam, Zachary Mollica, Sahil Shah, Swetha Vegesana, Yung-Chen Yang Teaching Team Toby Burgess, Charley Brentnall, Martin Self, Emmanuel Vercruysse Workshop and Site Supervision Charlie Corrywright, Edward Coe, Jack Hawker Forester Christopher Sadd Structural Engineer Arup Robotic Developer Pradeep Devadass,

source: Hooke Park - Zachary Mollica

PLAN 1:200

structures on campus

Constuction Team Timothy Hallbery, James Vooght, Aurimas Bukauskas, Summerbuild Volunteers

WOODCHIP BARN

AA Design + Make, 2016

drawn by Andrew Robertson, London, 2019

CONCRETE SLAB-ON-GRADE FOUNDATION WITH PILES

structures on campus

image: Diploma 18, 2020, Hooke Park

SAWMILL SHELTER

image: Aude-Line Dulière, 2020

SAWMILL SHELTER 2017

TEAM Students En-Kai Kuo, Evgenia Spyridonos, Eleni McKirahan, Rolando Madrigal, Trianzani Sulshi, Paolo Salvetti, Diego Saenz Penagos Teaching Team Martin Self, Emmanuel Vercruysse, Zachary Mollica, Charley Brentnall, Jack Draper Workshop and Site Supervision Charlie Corrywright, Edward Coe, Jack Hawker Forester Christopher Sadd Engineer Arup

source: Hooke Park - Zachary Mollica

PLAN 1:100

structures on campus

Aluminium Cladding Phase 1 Design + Make Student 2017

SAWMILL SHELTER

AA Design + Make, 2017

drawn by Andrew Robertson, London, 2019

CONCRETE SLAB FOUNDATION WITH ADDITIONAL REINFORCEMENT

structures on campus

source: AA Archives

WAKEFORD HALL

image: Diploma 18, 2020

WAKEFORD HALL LIBRARY 2018 TEAM Students Aitor Almarez, Pedro Bran, Kevin Kim, Mariela Reyes, Veda Barath, Xin Tu

Teaching Team Martin Self, Emmanuel Vercruysse, Zachary Mollica, Jack Draper Workshop and Site Supervision Charlie Corrywright, Edward Coe, Jack Hawker, William Moorwood Forester Christopher Sadd Engineer Arup

PLAN 1:200

source: Hooke Park - Zachary Mollica

Ground

structures on campus

Robotic Developer Michael Arnett

WAKEFORD HALL

AA Design + Make, 2018

drawn by Andrew Robertson, London, 2019

CONCRETE SLAB-ON-GRADE FOUNDATION

structures on campus

source: AA Archives

previous image:

DESIGN+MAKE STUDENTS CONSTRUCTING ROOF OF CABIN WITH HAND CHOPPED RED CEDAR SHINGLES Aude-Line Dulière, October 2019

DESIGN + MAKE Shreya Kochatta

103 design + make

Hooke Park is home to the Design + Make course. The course aims to push forward the current research and expertise in timber technologies and fabrication methods. The students live in and around the woodland, having a rich experience of the rural life. The following chapter contains interviews with the students and tutors about their life at the woodland campus.

D18

To what extent do you think Hooke Park engages with its wider context?

Parts of the local community is hugely invested in Hooke Park. They have been walking their dogs through this place long before the AA acquired Hooke Park, and in a uniquely English way, have developed a level of ownership over the property. There is a real level of investment in the place, and in its forests, as some even join us for tree pruning! However, outside of our open days there has not been a lot of engagement with the architecture school side of Hooke Park. Only a few of our student projects have really tried to engage with the community. In a way you could uproot the forest and move the school somewhere else and it would be just the same thing, as the vernacular of Dorset has not massively influenced the development of Hooke Park.

Zachary Mollica is the warden of AA School’s Hooke Park campus and specialist lecturer to its Design + Make programme.

There are people five minutes down the road that still have no idea that we are here - whereas there are others across the world that make a pilgrimage to come to see Hooke Park. Our recent Bridport Times article was a nice opportunity to make sure that everyone knows what we do behind the unmarked gate, hidden in the woods.

Zachary talks to Ele and Andrew about Hooke Park and the technological process behind past projects.

The text is transcribed by Ele Mun and Andrew Robertson from an interview with Zachary, conducted on 11th of May 2020 over video call.

D18

We have seen quite a few people poking their heads through the doors of the workshop to get a good view of what is going on!

The inside of the workshop is a particular interest to visitors, you will be there and suddenly notice four people standing on the mezzanine who have just let themselves in. There are two formal rights-of-way through the property and neither of those come anywhere near the main campus. However, I believe the school has taken the correct approach, that the whole property is available for public use, so long as people are good to it. It is nice to offer Hooke Park as an amenity for the community.

image: Cheyne, Bridport Times March 2020

D18

What kind of relationship does Hooke have with the local planning authorities ?

In my time, it has been wholly positive and beneficial. There is a real backing for the idea of developing the campus with the students, they like the idea of it growing and using the materials here.

We also work with building control providers, fire safety officers, and other smaller groups within the various council organisations. Now that the initial outline planning permission for the campus has expired, discussions about the future will start. It is a good moment for the school to think about the next 10-20 years. D18

In your time in Hooke Park, what has been the biggest change that you have noticed in terms of forest management ?

Six year in the scale of forestry is not much time at all. Nothing massive has changed, but we are starting to see the fruits of Chris’ work. (Chris is the Head Forester of Hooke Park) There have been a few compartments that have been clear-felled and replanted with more interesting native species. There has been a continuing effort to thin, to prune and to maintain the trees that we have. Chris has certainly pushed in the last six years to know more about multi-storied forests to have a more diverse canopy. There have been a few areas that have been felled or treated in a way that is intended to increase the biodiversity of the site by providing habitats. This ranges from small interventions, like leaving dead trees, to larger ones like radically clear-cutting an area to bring light onto a stream. In short, not much has changed, but the right direction for the site is starting to emerge.

D18

You started here as a student and now you are both a tutor and the Warden of Hooke Park. Has your change in role changed your perspective on anything?

From a teaching perspective, I have tried to stick to the pedagogy that I fell in love with as a student here while working on the Woodchip Barn. On the management side, what has been unique for me has been approaching the role with my six years of experience in mind.

In some ways I feel uniquely qualified for the role, having experienced this place as a student, as a member of the academic staff and as a member of the administrative staff. I try to keep all these stakeholders in mind. D18

How do you see Hooke Park and the Design + Make programme within the pedagogical landscape of the UK ?

Within the UK it is entirely unique as an opportunity. It provides a space to explore tangible things. I refer to that quite vaguely because I think that that should apply from a Master’s of Science, to a Master’s of Architecture, to a Master’s of Arts, to everything in between. Hooke Park fundamentally should provide the space for students and tutors to engage with their projects tangibly. That does not mean that everything needs to be built, it does not mean that everything should be a building or even recognisably architecture. I think the fact that this place, whether in its landscape or its buildings should provide that opportunity to touch things and to feel that they are real, that is what is unique about Hooke Park, that is what I want to push. Design + Make exists within a general field of design and build programmes. We have certainly had synergies with Rural Studio and various programmes that are at many schools of architecture right now, but what is unique to Design + Make is that we exist in a funny middle. When we deal with experts in low-tech projects, we are the tech guys. When we deal with groups like ICD (Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart) and ETH Zurich that are heavily technological, we are the weird tree people. I think that Design + Make is uniquely trying to make the case that digital tools should enable us to use natural materials differently. Implicit in our work is a critique of the idea that digital tools have just been used to allow industrialisation to go crazy. Certainly, this is a personal agenda, but I think that our programme asks, ‘What does it mean to use digital tools in weird ways? What does it mean to use them against a material that moves every night because it is drying? What does it mean to do so in a forest that is growing?” There is an inherent absurdity to our work. I sum it up with ‘I want to live in a forest, but I’d like to do so with an iPhone.’ Hooke should not be a backwards looking place; Hooke should be a place where worlds get mashed together as we embrace the funny middle.

105 design + make

What is interesting is that the permission we have is entirely unique. Sure, there are others that are somewhat similar but to be granted the ability to build not only a building but a campus in the middle of the woodlands, in the middle of an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Dorset of all places, is exceptional. There is always an awareness in my mind that we need to make sure that we are good to them to continue receiving this level of support.

D18

What is it like permanently living in Hooke Park? Is there any stand-out moment you could share with us?

I would push back on the permanent because I will not be here forever, it is something that I know for myself. I came to Hooke six years ago expecting to be here for 16 months and aside from going home to get a visa, basically just never left. I have done that because Hooke brings together all the things I care about. It is a space I can go mountain biking in, it is a space I can build things in, it is a space where I can live with the land, with people in a way that I have always imagined wanting back home. Hooke is a place where a five-day work week does not make sense, there are weekends that you work outdoors because the weather’s there. Time seems to blur together. It is hard to believe that I have been here for six years and it is easy to understand how people like Chris, Charlie, Georgie have been here for so long. Putting the Woodchip Barn up on site is my stand-out moment. I fear that I have already accomplished what may be the most impressive structural project in my life. That was inevitably an amazing moment, along with being tasked with taking on this role. To have Eva arrive at the school and put an immense amount of trust in me to fill some big shoes left by Martin as he stepped down from the Director of Hooke Park role, was another high for me.

D18

What are your dreams for Hooke Park going forward ?

I think the biggest change needs to be an increase in numbers, I think Hooke as it is currently is great but there is so much that you could add. Looking at a grown Hooke Park, let us say a Hooke Park that has at least 16 full time students mirroring visiting groups, because what that would enable us to increase the staffing. Although all of us in Hooke as staff are, as I have described somewhere in a piece of writing recently, experts of something, there is loads of niches in the middle that exist. So I want to see Hooke grow to a space that we could have a number 2 for Chris, I want to see Hooke grow to a space that you might have a full time member of staff looking towards landscape and agriculture. I feel that the agendas are all right, we just need more energy. Hooke is a big property; we just need more physical energy. There is a level of ambition that I would love to see the AA approach Hooke with. Certainly, in the short term it would cost money, but in the long term it could be one of the things that makes the AA unique in the next decade. In a moment where renting and living in London (particularly in the face of COVID), is going to be a lot more difficult, and face a lot more questions. For the AA to use Hooke Park to answer some of those questions, that would be the dream. I do not think existing agendas should be removed or changed; they just need to be added to. We have had Master’s of Science students whose work maybe should have been Master’s of Fine Arts. I would like us to have Master’s of Fine Arts students here, to have our PhD programmes continue thinking about this space, and to look at providing writing retreats, underlining that you do not have to come to Hooke just to build something. All we really need to add to this place is energy.

“It is a good moment for the school to think about the next 10-20 years.” Zachary Mollica

“Hooke should be a place where worlds get mashed together as we embrace the funny middle.”

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Zachary Mollica

“I have done scripting and other things. Well, scripting is good, but I am not interested in standing behind computers.“

Carolina Menezes,

MSc Design + Make 2019-2020 Shreya interviewed some students in order to gain more information on the everyday routine of the Design + Make students in Hooke Park. The format for the interview was informal and they were asked to select a place where they were comfortable to talk or liked spending time. Here Carolina is sitting in the Foundry where there is a kiln and students fire ceramics.

image: Shreya Kochatta, 2019

Why did you choose this course?

I have done scripting and other things. Well, scripting is good, but I am not interested in standing behind computers. This looked interesting, you can learn about vernacular, so yeah, it made sense.

D18

Did AA play any role in your selection process?

Not really. This is a different school. You know what I mean? Like we get all these mails about parties in London, they are irrelevant. It won’t be possible for me to go from here and vice versa of course.

D18

Do you ever go for a walk in the park? Like how does the park help you in your daily life?

Well, when we were staying in Westminster Lodge, I used to go for nice walks every day. Now since we have moved to a different location not so much. I do prefer cycling to the school though.

D18

Where are you staying right now?

In a B&B on a farm. We usually share the two cars provided by the school to come here.

D18

How do you feel about having your school in the forest?

I feel privileged, lucky to be here. Like I won’t be here if I was not privileged. The forest is a resource; it is an entity – I don’t necessary feel it is for me.

D18

You have studied in an architecture school before, do you miss anything?

I miss exercising, mountains – things to play in. I suggested that we should build a skate park or ninja warrior zone for Halloween. I also miss interactions – like students who come here we never really interact with them. We sit on different tables in the canteen during lunch. You guys are amongst the first we have talked to.

D18

What about your course and your routine?

We have a very free schedule. We have seminars Tuesday and Friday. Rest of the time we are in workshop. I come here every day because it is better to be here than at home.

D18

What were you working on right now when I disturbed you, sorry about that?

It is alright. I was working on the induction build. Charlie is in till 5 pm, so I usually work till 5.

D18

What do you think about having more students at Hooke Park?

Yeah, why not. In my previous school there were just 30 students, so I am used to a small size. But if we can have more people to interact with it is obviously good. As long as they don’t take all of Charlie’s attention.

D18

Do you get to interact with the locals?

Well it as just been one month and no I haven’t interacted much. But Omar is the person who knows a lot. You should ask him.

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D18

“We are like a family here. We have fights and arguments but we still share and stay together. The drama, the fun, the quarrels are nothing short of a typical family.“

Mohammad Omar Eqbal,

M.Arch Design + Make 2019-2020 Shreya interviewed some students in order to gain more information on the everyday routine of the Design + Make students in Hooke Park. The format for the interview was informal and they were asked to select a place where they were comfortable to talk or liked spending time. Here Omar is sitting outside the workshop.

image: Shreya Kochatta, 2019

Why did you choose this course?

I have always enjoyed the making part of design more. I came across this course Design + Make, set in a forest It sounded amazing. Before this I lived in Bangalore, the IT hub of India, very noisy massive traffic, super urban. Here I feel my general health has improved.

D18

So, you love it here? Why so much?

Yes absolutely. I did my schooling and bachelors in India in Manipal University. There were set times and rules, everything was so managed. Firstly, the tutors are excellent. I can manage my time easily here and have time to do more. Also, Charlie, yes there is only one Charlie.

D18

Do you think being in a forest helps?

Yes, definitely it does. When I feel crowded by my thoughts, I take a walk. It is allowed for a change in lifestyle, I feel much healthier here. I enjoy the environment.

D18

What do you think of this school in the forest?

I feel like somehow the ecosystem works. I know coming from London you feel what do these guys do here, but trust me it is nice. Wi-Fi is good, we have 1-day Amazon delivery except for the public transport we have everything. Yes sometimes, I do feel I am sick of seeing the same faces but then I go to London, stay and party for a week and honestly, I feel thankful when I come back. How do you guys do it there?

D18

What about the connection with larger school community?

I am the student representative, so I get to go and attend meetings. I do agree there is not enough interaction but when groups like yours come to Hooke Park. We get to know about your curriculum.

D18

What about interaction with others? Like people studying different courses or the locals.

Yes, we do lack in cross-fertilization of ideas. It is just Design + Make students here. As far as locals are concerned, I have a good relationship with them. But it is just me I love to talk and inquire. I just stop while biking and talk to people, ask them what they are doing. It is fun. Yes, the old people here enjoy that (he laughs).

D18

Well, I can never do that in London. People will report me to the police.

Yes, so the main entrance-the road is public, so I meet a lot of people who come to walk their dogs, ride their horses, different animals and what not. It really is a nice place.

D18

Do you ever have classes in the open?

No, the tutor’s time is very important for us. But I do take my book and read somewhere in the forest. I have many spots in the forest.

D18

Do you have parties?

We have barbecues, they are good.

D18

Is there anything you miss here?

Not really, but something that we do miss are the lectures that happen in London. We need to request them if we want to see them. Collaboration is lacking but give it ten years, this place will boom. But that will have its own effects- bigger the group more the exploration in wood techniques, but the more commercial it becomes, the more commercial the education will be. Right now, We are like a family here. Really, we have fights, arguments, we like some people more than others. We still have to share and stay together. The drama, the fun, the quarrels are nothing short of a typical family.

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D18

Nasia Pantelidou

images: Diploma 18, Hooke Park, 2019

Shengning Zhang,

M.Arch Design + Make 2019-2020

D18

Why did you decide to go for this course?

D18

So, the forest is not a part of your daily ritual or routine? What governs your routine here?

Well for me, this provided a more hands on approach. Doing construction, working on site and living in woodlands.

The cars, lunch break at 1 pm yes.

D18

Is there anything you feel you miss as a student in a school here?

Well, ok as part of the “AA” we expect certain design rigour. Last time nobody came to our final jury. This time we have asked them to call people who understand what we are doing, give us critical feedback and just help us better.

D18

What about interaction with others? Like outside your course, with people that visit Hooke Park?

If the interaction is through a project, some share of knowledge and skills yes it would make sense. You mentioned your unit is about reuse and salvage. I think you should collaborate with some of the new students of Design + Make. That would be interesting.

Yeah, the idea of actually building it, that is why I selected this course.

D18

What do you think about the life here?

Well, one of the reasons to come here was to live in the woods. We have barbecues, do little hikes here and there. But at the same time, I know we are missing a lot of opportunities that are available at the AA in London, you now to go to lectures and visit exhibitions.

Well, yes, we get to do all of those and miss the others. But this is what I always say, ‘It feels like we are in Big Brother’ We have 10 students for a year and 5-6 staff. We work and live at the same place so there is less communication outside of this. We are forced to come to the workshop because we share two cars.

Literally, in the morning it is announced that this car is leaving. Hop in if you don’t wish to miss it.

D18

And do you get some time to take a walk? Have a relationship with the forest? Tutorials in the forest?

Well again, walks yes sometimes but our interaction with the forest is transactional. We use it to get wood for our projects. We have work, we don’t get too much time to interact with the forest. For our project- 80% of it is made of wood and yes, the wood comes from Hooke Park.

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“Our interaction with the forest is transactional. We use it to get wood for our projects. As we have to do work, we don’t get too much time to interact with the forest.”

DIPLOMA 18 AND DESIGN+MAKE STUDENTS IN THE WORKSHOP WITH CHARLIE CORRYWRIGHT image: Aude-Line Dulière, Hooke Park, March 2020

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Table Saw

CNC

Welding Station

Copy Lathe Metal Lathe 4-side Planer

Spindle Moulder

Chop Saw (Metal) Chop Saw (Portable)

Bench Grinder

Band Saw

Metal Router

Table Saw

Belt and Disc Sander Mortiser

Planer (1 or 2-side)

Horizontal boring press Pillar Drill

Standing Lathe

Hand Tools

Plunge Router

HOOKE PARK WORKSHOP Nicole Ng Hooke Park is shared by Design + Make MSc and MArch students, visiting AA units, AA summer schools, and at times local craftspeople. There are two buildings dedicated to design and production. The fabrication workshop is the original furniture school. It houses machines for wood and metalwork. The assembly workshop, also known as the Big Shed houses the robotic arm and is used to large construction and assembly project.

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Charlie and Edward are the two main workshop supervisors that provide advice and inductions for using any of the machines in the Fabrication workshop.

WOOD WORKSHOP

Handle Handle Adjustment

Adjustment Clamp

Handle

Emergency Stop Emergency Stop

Foot Switch Angle Adjustment

Spindle Power Feed Blade Unit

Adjustment Emergency Stop

Emergency Stop

Extractor

Foot Brake

Adjustment

DIGITAL FABRICATION

CATALOGUE OF HOOKE PARK’S WORKSHOP MACHINES prepared by Nicole Ng, Ele Mun and Sorana-Stefana Mazuli, 2019 source: some images from hookepark.aaschool.ac.uk

Emergency Stop

METAL WORKSHOP

Emergency St

Handle & Switch

Emergency Stop

Clamps

Adjustment

Emergency Stop

Emergency Stop (Behind)

Material insert Adjustment

Foot Brake

Material Insert

Emergency Stop

top

Adjustment

Emergency Stop

Adjustment

Emergency Stop

Switch

Handles

Speed Adjustment

Live centre (Spindle)

Dead centre

Angle adjustment

To know more about the specific function of every machine, access the workshop manual here https://issuu.com/opalisuk2019/docs/191106_hooke_park_workshop

Switch

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Handles

THE WORKSHOP AT SUNSET

image: Ele Mun, Hooke Park, March 2020

“We never really interact with students who come here. We sit at different tables in the canteen during lunch. You guys are amongst the first we have talked to”

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Carolina Menezes, MSc Design + Make 2019-2020

previous image:

WOOD CARVING TOOLS LEFT DURING A TOILET BREAK Aude-Line Dulière, October 2019

PERMITTED DEVELOPMENT This chapter explores the different possibilities of creating structures as permitted developments without the need of acquiring planning permission under different circumstances. This study is realised because Hooke Park’s planning context is unique, being situated in an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).

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Ke Yang

DIAGRAM OF POTENTIAL PERMITTED TEMPORARY STRUCTURE Ke Yang, 2019

The use of any land for any purpose for not more than 28 days in total in any calendar year, of which not more than 14 days in total may be for the purposes of: • the holding of a market; • motor car and motorcycle racing including trials of speed, and practising for these activities,

TEMPORARY STRUCTURE AS PERMITTED DEVELOPMENT General Permitted Development Order, 2015

source: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2015/596/schedule/2/part/4/crossheading/class-b-temporary-use-of-land/made

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and the provision on the land of any moveable structure for the purposes of the permitted use.

DIAGRAM OF POTENTIAL PERMITTED EXTENSION Ke Yang, 2019

An single-storey extension or addition to your house is considered to be permitted development, not requiring an application for planning permission, provided certain limits and conditions are met. • On designated land* - no cladding of the exterior. • On designated land* - no side extensions. Rear extension - No permitted development for rear extensions of more than one storey. The regime for larger single-storey rear extensions (see point 9) does NOT apply to houses on designated land. • No more than half the area of land around the “original house”* would be covered by additions or other buildings. Sheds and other outbuildings must be included when calculating the 50 percent limit. • No extension forward of the principal elevation or side elevation fronting a highway. • Materials to be similar in appearance to the existing house. • Side extensions to be single storey. Width of side extension must not have a width greater than half the width of the original house. • Side extensions to have a maximum height of four metres and width no more than half that of the original house. • If the extension is within 2m of a boundary, maximum eaves height should be no higher than 3m to be permitted development. • Single-storey rear extensions must not extend beyond the rear wall of the original house* by more than 4m if a detached house; or more than 3m for any other house. Where not on designated land (Article 2(3)) or a Site of Special Scientific Interest, this limit is increased to 8m if a detached house; or 6m for any other house. • Maximum height of a single-storey rear extension of 4m. • Maximum eaves and ridge height of extension no higher than existing house.

ADD A SINGLE-STOREY EXTENSION AS PERMITTED DEVELOPMENT Planning Portal, 2019, Illustrated by Ke Yang

source: https://interactive.planningportal.co.uk/mini-guide/extensions-single-storey/0

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* The term ‘original house’ means the house as it was first built or as it stood on 1 July 1948 (if it was built before that date). Although you may not have built an extension to the house, a previous owner may have done so. * ‘Designated land’(Article 2(3)) includes national parks and the Broads, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, conservation areas and World Heritage Sites.

DIAGRAM OF POTENTIAL PERMITTED EXTENSION Ke Yang, 2019

An two-storey extension or addition to your house is considered to be permitted development, not requiring an application for planning permission, provided certain limits and conditions are met. • On designated land extensions of more than one storey are not permitted development. • Extensions (including previous extensions) and other buildings must not exceed 50% of the total area of land around the original house. * Sheds and other outbuildings must be included when calculating the above 50% limit. • Maximum eaves and ridge height of extension no higher than existing house. If extension is within two metres of a boundary maximum eaves height should be no higher than three metres to be permitted development. • Extensions of more than one storey must not extend beyond the rear wall of original house by more than three metres or be within seven metres of any boundary opposite the rear wall of the house. • Roof pitch of extensions higher than one storey to match that of the existing house, as far as is practicable. • Materials used in exterior work to be similar in appearance to those of the exterior of the existing house. • Any upper-floor window in a wall or roof slope in a side elevation must be obscure-glazed and non-opening unless the parts which can be opened are more than 1.7 metres above the floor of the room in which it is installed. • No balconies or verandas are permitted development.

ADD A TWO-STOREY EXTENSION AS PERMITTED DEVELOPMENT Planning Portal, 2019, Illustrated by Ke Yang

source: https://interactive.planningportal.co.uk/mini-guide/extensions-two-storey/0

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DIAGRAM OF POTENTIAL PERMITTED CONSERVATORY Ke Yang, 2019

Adding a conservatory to a house is considered to be permitted development, not requiring an application for planning permission, provided these limits and conditions are met:

ADD A CONSERVATORY AS PERMITTED DEVELOPMENT Planning Portal, 2019, Illustrated by Ke Yang

source: https://interactive.planningportal.co.uk/mini-guide/conservatory/11

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• On designated land* cladding of any part of the exterior of a dwelling (and extensions/conservatories) with stone, artificial stone, pebble dash, render, timber, plastic or tiles is not permitted development. • On designated land conservatories extending beyond any side wall of the original house are NOT permitted development. • Conservatories (including previous extensions) and other buildings must not exceed 50% of the total area of land around the original house. • Conservatories forward of the principal elevation or side elevation of the original house and fronting a highway are NOT permitted development. Side conservatory must not have a width greater than half the width of the original house. Side conservatories to be single storey with a maximum height of four metres. • If conservatory (at side or rear) is within two metres of a boundary maximum eaves height should be no higher than three metres to be permitted development. • Single-storey rear extensions must not extend beyond the rear wall of the original house* by more than four metres if a detached house; or more than three metres for any other house. • Where not in designated land (Article 2(3))* or a Site of Special Scientific Interest, this limit is increased to eight metres if a detached house; or six metres for any other house. • Single-storey rear conservatory must not exceed a height of four metres. • Maximum eaves height should be no higher than the eaves of the existing house. The highest part of the conservatory should be no higher than the roof ridge line of the existing house.

DIAGRAM OF POTENTIAL PERMITTED ROOF EXTENSION Ke Yang, 2019

Loft conversion or roof extension on a house is considered to be permitted development, not requiring an application for planning permission, provided these limits and conditions are met:

* ‘Designated land’(Article 2(3)) includes national parks and the Broads, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, conservation areas and World Heritage Sites.

ROOF EXTENSION AS PERMITTED DEVELOPMENT Planning Portal, 2019, Illustrated by Ke Yang

source: https://interactive.planningportal.co.uk/mini-guide/loft-conversion/10

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• Loft conversions are NOT permitted development for houses on designated land. • To be permitted development any additional roof space created must not exceed these volume allowances: 40 cubic metres for terraced houses. 50 cubic metres for detached and semidetached houses. • Bear in mind that any previous roof space additions must be included within this volume allowance. Although you may not have created additional space a previous owner may have done so. • An extension beyond the plane of the existing roof slope of the principal elevation that fronts a highway is NOT permitted development. • Materials to be similar in appearance to the existing house. • No part of the extension to be higher than the highest part of the existing roof. • Verandas, balconies or raised platforms are NOT permitted development. • Any side-facing windows must be obscure glazed and nonopening unless the parts which can be opened are more than 1.7 metres above the floor of the room in which it is installed. • Roof extensions, apart from hip to gable ones, to be set back, as far as is practicable, at least 20cm from the original eaves. The 20cm distance is measured along the roof plane. • The roof enlargement cannot overhang the outer face of the wall of the original house. • Work on a loft or a roof may affect bats. You need to consider protected species when planning work of this type. A survey may be needed, and if bats are using the building, a licence may be required.

DIAGRAM OF POTENTIAL PERMITTED OUTBUILDING Ke Yang, 2019

Outbuildings are considered to be permitted development, not requiring an application for planning permission, provided all the conditions are met. • On designated land* outbuildings to the side of the house are not permitted development. • Outbuildings are not permitted development within the grounds of a listed building. • In national parks, the Broads, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty and World Heritage Sites the total area to be covered by any outbuildings more then 20 metres from ANY WALL of the house must not exceed 10 square metres to be permitted development. • Outbuildings are not permitted development forward of the principal elevation of the original house*. • Outbuildings and other additions must not exceed 50% of the total area of land around the original house*. Sheds and all other outbuildings and extensions to the original house must be included when calculating this 50% limit. • To be permitted development, any new building must not itself be separate, self-contained, living accommodation and must not have a microwave antenna. • Outbuildings must be single storey with a maximum eaves height of 2.5 metres and maximum overall height of 4 metres with a dual pitched roof, or 3 metres in any other case. • If the outbuildings is within 2 metres of the property boundary the whole building should not exceed 2.5 metres in height. • Balconies and verandas are not permitted development. Raised platforms such as decking are permitted development provided they are no higher than 300mm. • Containers, such as those used for domestic heating purposes, must not exceed 3,500 litres capacity to be permitted development. The other permitted development conditions which apply to outbuildings listed above also apply to containers.

OUTBUILDINGS AS PERMITTED DEVELOPMENT Planning Portal, 2019, Illustrated by Ke Yang

source: https://interactive.planningportal.co.uk/mini-guide/loft-conversion/10

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* ‘Designated land’(Article 2(3)) includes national parks and the Broads, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, conservation areas and World Heritage Sites.

DIAGRAM OF POTENTIAL PERMITTED FORESTRY BUILDING Ke Yang, 2019

The carrying out on land used for the purposes of forestry, including afforestation, of development reasonably necessary for those purposes consisting of:

FORESTRY BUILDINGS AS PERMITTED DEVELOPMENT General Permitted Development Order, 1995, Illustrated by Ke Yang

source: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1995/418/schedule/2/part/7/made

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• Works for the erection, extension or alteration of a building; • The formation, alteration or maintenance of private ways; • Operations on that land, or on land held or occupied with that land, to obtain the materials required for the formation, alteration or maintenance of such ways; • Other operations (not including engineering or mining operations).

4 12 8

1 9

13 14

planning permission no planning permission required

MAP OF STRUCTURES Ke Yang, 2019

source: Hooke Park

PLANNING PERMISSION

The buildings in AA’s Hooke Park campus can be categorised into two types: buildings that required planning permission, and buildings that did not require planning permission. Buildings in grey have planning permits to build such as the Big Shed which submitted its planning application in 2011 and completed in 2012. Buildings in pink did not require planning permission as they are used for the purposes of forestry, for example the Woodchip Barn and the Sawmill Shelter.

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1. Prototype House 2. Workshop 3. Westminster Lodge 4. Big Shed 5. Caretaker’s House 6. North Lodge 7. Timber Seasoning Shelter 8. South Student Lodge 9. Biomass Boiler House 10. Sawmill Shelter 11. Woodchip Barn 12. Wakeford Hall Library 13. The Foundry 14. Outdoor Cooking Space 15. The Darkroom

BOOK CLUB AROUND A CAMPFIRE WITH DESIGN + MAKE AND DIPLOMA 18 taken in Hooke Park in October 2019

THE HERD OF DIPLOMA 18 ARRIVING AT THE TEMPORARY CAMPSITE image: Diploma 18, October 2019

LIVING IN THE FOREST The scope of this experiment was to investigate the possibility of using overnight shelters to house students for a 1 day trip to Hooke Park. As a space to sleep, the students need to think about access, aperture and enclosure. As a temporary structure, students need to consider the construction method and respect the existing landscape, fauna and flora. Once dismantled, the shelters should leave no trace or damage.

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Sorana-Stefana Mazilu

* Distance was measured by triangulating the distance between trees from the edge of the campus to the settlement.

SETTLEMENT PLAN - DISTANCE FROM HOOKE PARK CAMPUS 145M drawn by Diploma 18, October 2019

SETTLEMENT PLAN IN HOOKE PARK FOREST 4 OCTOBER 2019

For each group, students could bring three additional components from the outside to compose their shelter. Reclaimed or reused materials were recommended, which could be sourced locally or online from eBay and Gumtree for example. A budget of 70 pounds was allocated for each shelter, however, the cost could be reimbursed by selling or reusing the components in future tasks. The Diploma 18 groups were as follows: • Group 1: Alice Nobel, Andrew Robertson, Connie Lynn Tang and Shreya Kochatta; • Group 2: Clara Schwarz, Joyce Ng and Ke Yang; • Group 3: Ele Mun, Nicole Ng and Sorana-Stefana Mazilu; • Group 4: Lydia Liu and Shidi Fu. F 2 1 T 4 3 P

F T 1 2 3 4 P

Main fireplace Tutors Camp Group 1 shelter Group 2 shelter Group 3 shelter Group 4 shelter Path to Hooke Park campus

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SETTLEMENT PLAN LEGEND

BUBBLE WRAP SHELTER AT NIGHT image: Diploma 18, October 2019

SETTLEMENT GROUP 1 ALICE, ANDREW, CONNIE AND SHREYA For the design of the shelter, we agreed on a minimalist approach with attention given to weather proofing the structure. For the primary structure, we decided to use one of the tree trunks on the site as the central column to support all the other structural elements. The flexibility of thin branches was used to create an igloo like shelter with double skin made out of bubble wrap.

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This allowed for maximum insulation and waterproofing. To avoid dampness from the forest floor the design included a platform created out of remaining bubble wrap with dry leaves infill.

INSIDE BUBBLE WRAP SHELTER image: Alice Nobel, 2019

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CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

VIEW OF SHELTER AT NIGHT image: Diploma 18, October 2019

SETTLEMENT GROUP 2 CLARA, JOYCE AND KE We developed two iterations of our shelter’s basic structure before departure: a free standing tripod structure and a tarp structure using two existing tree as main vertical supports. Once the primary structure was built, the secondary structure would be constructed out of thinner branches. Estimated length of each member was calculated in our vectorised structural model to provide us information for the actual construction.

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For insulation, we also had two options of material, reclaimed yoga mattresses or winter fleece cover, and both of them were to be woven onto the secondary structure to create a layer for insulation. In addition to this, a 3.2 by 3.2 meter extra heavy duty dust sheet was to be placed on top for waterproofing.

VIEW INSIDE SHELTER

image: Diploma 18, October 2019

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

DECONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

STEP 0

On site we found 2 parallel trees, not too far from each other, along them, we attached one main branch to hold our structure.

STEP 1

One main branch was tied up between the 2 trees.

STEP 2

Along the main branch, we attached not heavy and thin branches to create the secondary of our shelter. Our main concern was the isolation, so we first enrolled the structure with polysheets to keep us warm.

STEP 4

On top of the polysheets, we added a big dust sheet to protect us from the water.

STEP 5

On the floor, we used the trampoline material and dust sheet to avoid humidity inside.

155 living in the forest

STEP 3

A PLACE FOR GATHERING AROUND THE FIRE SITTING ADJACENT TO A TEMPORARY SHELTER CONSTRUCTED BY KE YANG, JOYCE NG AND CLARA SCHWARTZ image: Diploma 18, 2019

157 living in the forest

Because of the proximity to the camp fire, the aperture on the left side of the shelter, which is covered by fleece, can help bring warmth inside.

JOYCE FOR SCALE - VIEW INSIDE SHELTER image: Diploma 18, October 2019

159 living in the forest

DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING THE MATERIALS NEEDED AND BASIC DIMENSIONS OF THE SHELTER

SUSPENDED TRAMPOLINE SHELTER image: Diploma 18, October 2019

SETTLEMENT GROUP 3 ELE, NICOLE AND SORANA We liked the idea of using industrial ratchet straps to create a tensile structure that would elevate us in the forest. We saw the trees as a massive structural potential, something we should take advantage of. Perhaps we were envisioning an experience of waking up amongst the canopy of trees. A UFO? A 1970s housing machine prototype?

161 living in the forest

The composition of colours: holographic glitter, neon orange lines, and tan artificial blue, made for a structure that felt out of the world. But most importantly, it kept us warm and… asleep. Not because of the insulating bubble we created, but because the three of us sank to the middle of the trampoline and slept close to one another.

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

The components that are used: 1 x trampoline, 1 x tarpaulin, 5 x emergency blankets, 14 x ratchet Straps, some canvas and some rope. The straps in tension must be able to take on a load of three adult persons - the trampoline, when pulled too taut, could become damaged. The right tautness had to be found through trial and error.

163 living in the forest

STEP 0 Find available trampoline on free cycle, dismantle pack and bring on site. STEP 1 Find cluster of trees close together. Attach ratchet straps tied to trampoline in spider like formation between trees (protect tree trunk with canvas). STEP 2 Attach roof tarpaulin and net ring taken from trampoline approximately 70 cm above trampoline base (use ratchet straps in a similar manner). STEP 3 Connect roof and base with emergency blankets.

BOOK CLUB AROUND THE FIREPLACE. BOOK FOR TONIGHT: TOOLS FOR CONVIVIALITY BY IVAN ILLICH image: Diploma 18, October 2019

“It would not serve my purpose to describe in detail any fictional community of the future. I want to provide guidelines for action, not for fantasy. A modern society, bounded for convivial living, could generate a new flowering of surprises far beyond anyone’s imagination and hope... I am not proposing a Utopia, but a procedure that provides each community with the choice of its unique social arrangements.”

The fireplace is the gathering space of the camp. Once the shelters are built and the night sets in the book club starts. Tonight’s reading is “Tools for Conviviality” by Ivan Illich. The settlement is not only testing the possibility of inhabiting Hooke Park overnight but also how the community would link to the Hooke Park campus.

165 living in the forest

- Ivan Illich, Tools for Conviviality

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

The primary support for the shelter are the triangular ratchet straps holding the structure. Then we weaved a net structure with three ropes from each edge, tightening the net as we went along. Then several thick branches are laid and weaved into the net to strengthen the structure. For the insulation, a layer of fibre-glass wool is placed on top it to protect from the wind and wetness from the ground. Finally the layer of Tarpaulin is placed to separate the sleeping bags and floor build-up.

167 living in the forest

SETTLEMENT GROUP 4 LYDIA AND SHIDI

SUSPENDED PYRAMID SHELTER image: Shidi Fu, 2019

169 living in the forest

A 3M long branch is found and used as central column to support another tarpaulin to form a pyramid shape celling, while the top tarpaulin is also tied and hooked by the rope above and at three corners of the shelter. All the joints are tied with rope with flexible knots, which can be easily fixed with a branch.

previous image:

VIEW OF A RECENTLY PLANTED NORWAY SPRUCE COMPARTMENT TAKEN FROM THE DEER HIDE LOOKOUT Diploma 18, Hooke Park, October 2019

RUINS IN PROGRESS Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang

173 ruins in progress

Hooke Park’s woodland accommodates a number of built projects, produced by the Design + Make programme, visiting schools, summer workshops, and AA students. These temporary structures are either taken down or left to decompose over time. A hand-drawn exploratory map, provided by Zachary Mollica, shows the secondary structures that still exist in the woodlands.

1 2

3 5

8 6 7

9 10 11

Main Campus 12

16 15

18 17

MAP OF STRUCTURES

drawn by Ke Yang and Joyce Ng, 2019 source: Hooke Park, Zachary Mollica

Main Gate Entrance Platform Hooke Court Play Cairn From Tate Pole Barn Sawmill Shelter Woodchip Barn Watch Tower I Warden Hill Trail MakeLab Tower Ravine Bridge Centre Point Fountains Stairway to Nowhere : Arup Tower Deer Hide Concrete Stepped Sluice Watch Tower II Tri-Platform Tetrahedron Laura's Gate

AA Visiting School Participation Design + Make Students AA Student Work

175 ruins in progress

1 1 2 2 1 3 1 3 2 4 1 2 4 3 5 1 2 3 5 4 6 2 1 3 4 6 5 7 1 3 2 4 5 7 6 8 1 2 4 3 5 6 8 7 9 2 1 3 5 4 6 7 9 8 10 1 3 2 4 6 5 7 8 10 9 11 1 2 4 3 5 7 6 8 9 11 10 12 1 2 3 5 4 6 8 7 9 10 12 11 13 1 2 3 4 6 5 7 9 8 10 11 13 12 14 1 2 3 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 11 12 14 13 1 15 2 3 4 5 6 8 7 9 11 10 12 13 15 14 1 2 16 3 4 5 6 7 9 8 10 12 11 13 14 16 15 1 2 3 17 4 5 6 7 8 10 9 11 13 12 14 15 17 16 1 2 3 4 18 5 6 7 8 9 11 10 12 14 13 15 16 18 17 2 3 4 5 19 6 7 8 9 10 12 11 13 15 14 16 17 19 18 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 12 14 16 15 17 18 19 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 13 15 17 16 18 19 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 14 16 18 17 19 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 16 15 17 19 18 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 16 18 19 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 17 19 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 18 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 14 15 16 17 18 19 15 16 17 18 19 16 17 18 19 17 18 19 18 19 19

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

survey sketches drawn by Joyce Ng

177 ruins in progress

MAIN GATE

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

survey sketches drawn by Joyce Ng

179 ruins in progress

ENTRANCE PLATFORM

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

survey sketches drawn by Joyce Ng

181 ruins in progress

HOOKE COURT PLAY

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

survey sketches drawn by Joyce Ng

183 ruins in progress

CAIRN FROM TATE

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

survey sketches drawn by Joyce Ng

185 ruins in progress

POLE BARN

POLE BARN PLAN

drawn by Lydia Liu, 2019

dle

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

survey sketches drawn by Joyce Ng

189 ruins in progress

RUIN 1

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

191 ruins in progress

RUIN 2

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

193 ruins in progress

RUIN 3

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

survey sketches drawn by Joyce Ng

195 ruins in progress

BRIDGE 1

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

survey sketches drawn by Joyce Ng

197 ruins in progress

MAKELAB TOWER

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

survey sketches drawn by Joyce Ng

199 ruins in progress

CENTREPOINT FOUNTAINS

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

201 ruins in progress

STAIRWAY TO NOWHERE ARUP TOWER

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

survey sketches drawn by Joyce Ng

203 ruins in progress

DEER HIDE

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

survey sketches drawn by Joyce Ng

205 ruins in progress

CONCRETE STEPS

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

207 ruins in progress

RUIN BRIDGE

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

survey sketches drawn by Joyce Ng

209 ruins in progress

BIRD TOWER 2

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

survey sketches drawn by Joyce Ng

211 ruins in progress

TRI PLATFORM

images: Shidi Fu, Joyce Ng, Ke Yang, October 2019

213 ruins in progress

LEFT FOUNDATION FROM FIRST EXP 2 PAVILION INSTALLED IN HOOKE PARK

previous image:

ELE AND LYDIA DISCOVER THEY WERE STANDING ON THE STUMP OF AN OVERTURNED TREE Nicole Ng, Hooke Park, October 2019

FAMILY TREE

Shreya Kochatta, Connie Lynn Tang

217 family tree

The Hooke Park community started with Christopher Sadd, the head forester, who first visited Hooke Park as a student during the Parnham Era and began working on site ever since the 1980s until today.

OTHER HOOKE PARK STAKEHOLDERS

CONSULTANTS

NEIGHBOURS

Forestry Planning Advisors Engineers Hooke Parish Council Cost Consultants Environment Energy Systems West Dorset District Council Donors

Dorset Inhabitants: Trail through the forest Children for school activities

VISITING UNITS

DESIGN + MAKE

AA Diploma Units eg: Dip 11, Dip 18

16-month MArch 12-month MSc

AA Maeda

Programme by Shin Egashira

Design+Make

Hooke Park Build AA Members Visit

FAMILY TREE

Connie Lynn Tang, 2019 source: Hooke Park

CHRIS

CHARLIE

GEORGIE

ZAC

MARTIN

Christopher Sadd

Charlie Corry Wright

Georgie Corry Wright

Zachary Mollica

Martin Self

Forester

Workshop Manager and Caretaker

Catering Manager and Herbalist

Warden of Hooke Park, Studio Tutor

Design+Make Programme director

1980s Witnessed the building of the very first structure to the most recent one

1990 Course in Forest Manufacturing (by Parnham Trust)

1994 Been living on site since then

2014

Founding Director of Design+Make programme and former director of Hooke Park.

EDWARD JACK

SIMON LAURA WILL

THOMAS

Edward Coe

Jack Draper

Simon Withers

Laura Kaddey

Will Gowland

Thomas Parker

Technical Coordinator

Make Tutor

Thesis Tutor

Administrator

Technical Consultant

219 family tree

Been living on site since 1994

1. NORTH LODGE: Zachary Mollica, the Warden 2. SOUTH LODGE: Design + Make students 3. CARETAKER’S HOUSE: Charlie & Georgie Corrywright and family

RESIDENTS OF HOOKE PARK MAP Connie Lynn Tang, 2019 source: Hooke Park

PERMANENT RESIDENTS

The community has been growing with the creation of the Design + Make programme and the visiting students from Bedford Square campus (such as the visiting units and summer courses) who live temporarily in Westminster Lodge. Charlie & Georgie have been living on site since 1994 with their family, and now live in the Caretaker’s house, built in 2012. Zachary Mollica, the campus warden, and course tutor lives in the North Student Lodge constructed in 2013.

221 family tree

Students from the Design + Make programme live in the South Lodge built in 2014. They alternate on a shift basis, with each group of students staying there for a few months.

TIA AND SEAN CORRYWRIGHT IN BLUEBELLS WITH SYLVESTER THE CAT Summer 1995

image: Charlie Corrywright,1995

223 family tree

D18

Your relationship with Hooke Park has been a long one. You started here as a student and to this day. Can you expand on that a little bit?

CCW

I moved to the area in 1992 for the one year program by The Parnham Trust called Diploma in Forest Manufacturing, and then stayed in the area doing other work. And then in 1994 I heard they were talking about building Westminster Lodge, so came up back up to Hooke Park to see if I could get a job on the construction. At that time, they weren’t quite ready to start, but they did want someone living on site for security and care-taking. They offered us that position initially, so we bought an old mobile home and put it in the Woods where the Woodchip Barn now is and moved in. And then about six months after that, the construction of Westminster Lodge began and I got involved. Westminster Lodge was completed in ‘96, went dormant for maybe three or four years. And I was working elsewhere off site and care-taking the site at the same time. And then, Parnham Trust was planning to move their cabinet making operation up to Hooke Park, hence the Park House foundations. That ground to a halt in about 2002, and that’s when the AA took Hooke Park over.

D18

So having experienced both Hooke Park during Parnham era and during AA era. What changes have you experienced?

CCW

It has been a very gradual process. How the AA uses Hooke, and how we operate, has evolved over time. When AA took ownership of Hooke Park, myself and family were living on site. I had experience of workshop and its forestry, I understood the site and the buildings. And Georgie could cook, so we were invited by the AA to take on those roles, which we gladly did.

D18

How do you see the relationship between Hooke Park and the Hooke village?

CCW

I think on the whole, the village is supportive of what happens here, and are very happy to see stuff going on. Always very interested in the buildings and in the activities.

Charlie Corrywright is the Workshop Manager of AA School’s Hooke Park campus and long-term resident. Charlie talks to Shreya about his relationship with the place for 28 years. We wanted to know more about life in Hooke Park from Charlie.

The text is transcribed from an interview with Charlie, conducted over video call.

image: Design + Make website

“ As someone who likes to make stuff and help other people make stuff, its kind of a dream job really.”

D18

Continuing on that, is Hooke Park the main sort of leisure place in the area. For example, if you have to go out, do you ever go to the village to do something?

CCW

There is a sort of parish council and there are some small social events occasionally through the year. We personally don’t really participate, and most of them are slightly church connected, and we’re not religious, particularly. So yeah, we haven’t really engaged in that way too much. Right now we’re on friendly terms with most of those people, but, only in a passing way. There is not really a pub or club so there are not really nights out.

D18

Your grand-daughter, does she go to Wren’s nursery in Hooke?

CCW

No, she’s not old enough yet, she’s not quite three. We have talked about it, so possibly next year as long as we are all allowed out. Yeah, I think it would be good for her to have small children around. I think she is suffering from only having adult company at the moment.

D18

How would you describe your time in Hooke Park all these years?

CCW

I count myself as very fortunate. As someone who likes to make stuff and help other people make stuff, it’s kind of a

dream job really. So I’ve been very lucky just to be able to be in this space, and sharing with people, so there’s very little change actually. D18

Even like setting wise, would you want to add something more to it, some recreational space or any kind of space or activity? Or you know, routine of some sort?

CCW

I’m not saying a gym or sports space, but maybe some sort of indoor recreational space would benefit the site personally, and I think collectively, whether it’s table tennis or martial arts or basketball or anything, just an open indoor space for something like that would I think, bring a lot to the site.

D18

Apart from the routine defined by the canteen, the lunch time. Is there any other routine that was followed or is still followed?

CCW

Well, I guess there is one defined by me being here 9 to 5, so that’s when the machines are on. That’s when the facility is. Yeah, so there is a clear sort of routine or timetable defined by that.

D18

How do you see all these people who come to Hooke Park for a week? How do you see that interaction? Do you think it actually leaves a positive mark?

CCW

Oh definitely yes, there’s a risk of living in a bit of a bubble here. Even the Design + Make programme. I think there’s definitely layers of richness that visiting groups like yourselves bring in terms of energy and new perspectives and you know, it’s like when you have a visitor, you clean the house and you see your own home with new eyes. You see that even with design. So people who come in definitely bring that!

225 family tree

I think they are very happy to have Hooke Park as a forest on their doorsteps for walking. There have been some tentative exchanges of energy, like we did some of the road signs for Hooke Village a couple of years ago as a sort of a gift. We CNC cut them and painted them in house and then they installed them in the village. So, there’s been a few small exchanges of energy and activity which I think is fine. Each party is open to the other, but we don’t connect that often.

D18

What do you think about the expansion of Hooke Park?

CCW

Yeah, so mixed feelings really because I guess there’s a balance in there, not wanting to kill the goose that laid the Golden egg. The danger of expanding is that if it gets bigger, there’s a whole bunch of knock-ons for that like the danger of losing that intimacy. But also, there’s a promise of unknown possibilities, and I guess that’s the sort of balance when you’re talking about changes. Trying to maintain the good in a situation but bring something fresh. I guess I’m not closed to change but would hope that people would be careful about proposing change and what those changes would be.

D18

CCW

And, how would you describe that intimacy? Is it that everyone knows everyone or what exactly?

Then spiritually, or psychologically, to be able to go for a walk and hear the birds . I’m sure that’s massively enriching to life generally, but in an educational context, I think the ability to step outside the studio straight into the landscape, it’s very beneficial. A chance to reflect, or clear the head. D18

How is your weekend like? How do you spend your weekend?

CCW

So sometimes, when it’s busy in Termtime, I’m quite often working over a weekend. If not, it depends on the weather and family life, but usually we go out on a Saturday with Georgie, into town, have a coffee, watch the world go by. Just get a different perspective on people and place. If the weather is nice, we go out on the motor bike for a ride.

D18

Apart from the buildings, are there any other natural spaces which have stood out in Hooke Park for you. Some landscape or some patch of land that has been memorable?

It is a unique situation actually because it is so intimate. We do share space daily, hence the sharing meals, sharing formal professional time. The casual interactions, CCW just passing in the yard. All those things are quite rich actually. And then when you share a sort of dynamic creative space, throwing ideas backwards and forwards, there’s a real richness to that from an educational point of view, that daily interaction. It is quite weird because one gets these rich relationships forming over a year or 18 months, but then we have to wave goodbye. See the cycle start again.

D18

And how would you describe the forest as a space for learning, because it is unique in itself to have a pedagogical program in the forest?

CCW

From a practical point of view, learning about design and construction, being surrounded by your raw materials gives the chance of developing a real, innate, almost bodily understanding of the material you’re designing and working with. It’s very hard to quantify, but I think that’s really rich.

Personally, I guess the bit of forest above the Timber Seasoning Shelter which we’ve always referred to as Shady Lady Glade. I don’t know why. It’s a lovely spot. It looks across the site and then further out down to Bridport and the sea so it has a nice big open view. It always feels quite nice up there. Also, I do quite like it down towards Cedar Lodge. Its all large Douglas Fir and Spruce, its quite a magical space. There was one year when there was quite a carpet of fly agaric, the red and white spotted mushrooms all over forest floor , but they never came back. The following year there were a few, but none since then.

D18

Thank you very much for this Charlie! Hopefully we’ll see each other, I don’t think so soon, but yes. Have you found any COVID-19 cases in the area? Like in my area itself there are 1500 detected cases.

CCW

I think there are 290 in west country in total. None in Hooke yet. We are quite isolated here so incredibly lucky during this pandemic, especially now.

SEAN CORRYWRIGHT CHOPPING WOOD Winter 1998

image: Charlie Corrywright, 1998

227 family tree

forest as a space for learning, like, uh, because like it is unique in itself to have a pedagogical program in in the forest to think that it it? CW - It makes a lot of effect apart from

TIA, SEAN KALI, CHARLIE WITH STUDENTS AND TUTORS, OUTSIDE JURY – 2002 image: Charlie Corrywright, 2002

229 family tree

CROSS SECTION DRAWING OF THE ECOSYSTEM OF HOOKE PARK Diploma 18, 2019

drawn by: Alice Nobel, Andrew Robertson, Joyce Ng, Lydia Liu, Nicole Ng

THE ECOSYSTEM OF HOOKE PARK

231 ecological relations

The section drawing depicts the various systems of interdependencies that human and non-human residents in Hooke Park share. The campus is part of a woodland landscape which is an ecology that encapsulates human processes like timber production and energy generation together with natural processes such as the soil nutrient, water cycles and wildlife ecosystems.

images: Lydia Liu, Hooke Park, December 2019

BENEATH THE GROUND Lydia Liu

Hooke Park sits on bedrock from the Upper Greensand Formation and the Jurassic Period; hence the diversity of the geology on site. We can find an abundance of flint, mudstone, gault clay throughout the site, on the banks of streams, around the campus and deep in the forest. This chapter includes information from the British Geological Society as well as our site findings of various types of soil, clay and stone, and the resulting landscape characteristics.

source: British Geological Survey

BEDROCK GEOLOGY OF HOOKE PARK Chalk, Zig Zag Chalk Formation Upper Cretaceous Period 10m thick Sandstone, Upper Greensand Formation Upper Cretaceous Period 0-70m thick Mudstone, Gault Formation Jurassic Period 0-75m thick Mudstone, Frome Clay Formation Jurassic Period 45-70m thick Calcareous Mudstone, Fuller's Earth Formation Jurassic Period 2-260m thick Ooidal Limestone, Inferior Oolite Group Jurassic Period 0-106m thick Sandstone, Bridport Sand Formation Jurassic Period 0-1.2m thick

241 beneath the ground

SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS Clay-with-flints formation

5 X

source: British Geological Survey

1 Sedimentary rock with quartz and silica

2 Sedimentary rock with quartz and silica

3 Sedimentary rock with high iron content as shown by red traces

4 Sandstone

5 Mudstone

6 Calcareous mudstone with traces of iron

Sandstone

Mudstone Calcareous Mudstone Ooidal Limestone Sandstone Clay-with-flints

STONE SAMPLES TAKEN FROM HOOKE PARK

243 beneath the ground

Mudstone

source: UK Soil Observatory

clay

% Clay

% Silt

silty sandy clay clay clay loam silty clay sandy clay loam loam loam sandy silt loam sandy loa silt my loam silt sa sand loam nd

% Sand

SUBSOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF HOOKE PARK Rudaceous A sandy or gravel-rich subsoil. Freely draining acid loamy soils over rock. Soil parent material: Colluvium Soil texture: clayey loam pH: acidic Soil depth: >1m deep Argillic-Arenaceous A layered subsoil of clay, silt and sand, slowly permeable and seasonally wet Soil parent material: Sandstone Soil texture: sand to sandy loam pH: neutral Soil depth: Around 1m deep Argillaceous A clay and silt-rich subsoil. Soil parent material: Claystone/mudstone Soil texture: clayey loam pH: alkaline Soil depth: 0.5m deep

Soil parent material: Limestone Soil texture: sand to sandy loam pH: alkaline Soil depth: 0.5m deep

245 beneath the ground

Argillaceous A clay and silt-rich subsoil.

source: UK Soil Observatory

SOIL SAMPLE 1

247 beneath the ground

A small gully had been dug out for unknown purpose, by the concrete foundations of Park House. Soil with high moisture content, small aggregates and linear traces of black sediment.

source: UK Soil Observatory

SOIL SAMPLE 2

249 beneath the ground

A fallen tree leaves topsoil exposed. A compact hill of topsoil disintegrates by hand digging, into small sandy lumps with a slight green appearance.

source: UK Soil Observatory

SOIL SAMPLE 3

251 beneath the ground

At the same site, the fallen tree exposes the subsoil. The sample is taken around -1.5m, and is more clay-like and high in moisture content.

source: UK Soil Observatory

4,5

SOIL SAMPLE 4,5

253 beneath the ground

Large and small lumps of gault clay can be found at the crest of the water stream. A powerful flow of water smoothens and solidifies the large lumps of clay.

SITE PLAN SURVEY AND PROPOSAL BY THE STREAM IN HOOKE PARK drawn by Joyce Ng, December 2019

source: UK Soil Observatory

SOIL SAMPLE 6

257 beneath the ground

At the western edge of Hooke Park the landscape is generally flat and one can find plentiful small pebbles and watery clay at the base of the still stream.

source: UK Soil Observatory

RISK OF WATER EROSION GEOLOGY OF HOOKE PARK Very high. Rills1 likely to form most seasons and gullies2 form in very wet periods. High. Rills likely to form during wet periods. Sediment seen in run-off.

A gully is a landform created by running water, eroding sharply into soil, typically on a hillside. Gullies resemble large ditches or small valleys but are metres to tens of metres in depth and width. When the gully formation is in process, the water flow rate can be substantial, causing a significant deep cutting action into the soil. 2

259 beneath the ground

A rill is a shallow channel (no more than a few tens of centimetres deep) cut into soil by the erosive action of flowing water. Wikipedia. 1

source: UK Soil Observatory

SOIL RUNOFF GEOLOGY OF HOOKE PARK

261 beneath the ground

Soil run-off seen in most years during wet periods

source: UK Soil Observatory

RISK OF WIND EROSION GEOLOGY OF HOOKE PARK

263 beneath the ground

Soil is very prone to wind erosion

source: UK Soil Observatory

MASS MOVEMENT GEOLOGY OF HOOKE PARK

265 beneath the ground

Clay deposits from landslides

source: UK Soil Observatory

SOIL MOVEMENTS DUE TO WIND AND RAIN GEOLOGY OF HOOKE PARK

RISK OF WATER EROSION Very high. Rills likely to form most seasons and gullies form in very wet periods. High. Rills likely to form during wet periods. Sediment seen in run-off.

SOIL RUNOFF Soil run-off seen in most years during wet periods

RISK OF WIND EROSION Soil is very prone to wind erosion

MASS MOVEMENT

267 beneath the ground

Clay deposits from landslides

previous image:

RECENTLY DUG OUT CLAY FOUND NEAR THE WORKSHOP Lydia Liu, Hooke Park, 2019

HYDROLOGY The Woodland Trust guideline aligned with Hooke Park management plan, in the Significant Hazards and Threats section, it states that there are soil erosion occurred in many gullies, many streams, ditches and wet water-body need to be protected from accidental spills, blockage and damage for timber harvesting.

271 hydrology

Shidi Fu

PRECIPITATION

23 % EVAPORATION TRANSPIRATION

84 %

INTERCEPTION

BIOLOGICAL STORAGE

SOIL STORAGE

SURFACE STORAGE

16 %

INFILTRATION SEEPAGE

OVE R

THR OUG

LAN

H FL

GROUND STORAGE

D FL

INTER FLOW

RUNOFF

DEEP STORAGE

STRE

AM FL

BASE FLOW

HUMID LANDSCAPE DAM PLACEMENT ON SLOPE

Schematic of water storages with respect to slope, forest and dwellings Shidi Fu, London, 2020

COLD NIGHT AIR

STORAGE BERMS AND TANK A HIGH DAM WARM NIGHT AIR RIDGE FORESTS FOR CONDENDATION AND SOIL STABILISING

COLD NIGHT AIR

B WARM NIGHT AIR

COLD NIGHT AIR

HIGHEST PRACTICAL DIVERSION AND DAMS

PRODUCTION FOREST LOW DAM

IRRIGATED LANDS

COVE BOTTOMLANDS CONVEX SLOPES

CONCAVE SLOPES

‘BALDS’ HIGH MEADOW RIDGE FOREST

SLOPES > 18 DEGREE IN BEST SOILS TO BE FORESTED

BEST HOUSE SITES

LOW SLOPES STABLE SOILS CHEAP LOWER WATER STORAGE FIELDS

WATER CIRCLE IN THE WOODLAND

POINT OF INFLECTION KEY POINT

Schematic of water storages with respect to slope, forest and dwellings Shidi Fu, London, 2020

source: Permaculture - A Designers’ Manual, Bill Mollison

273 hydrology

DIAGRAM OF HOW A TREE INTERACTS WITH RAIN

FLOW ACCUMULATION SIMULATION: MODERATE RAINFALL Flow Accumulation Simulation, 2020, Shidi Fu

source: DSM & DTM Extracted from Environment Agency

Flow Accumulation Simulation, 2020, Shidi Fu

source: DSM & DTM Extracted from Environment Agency

275 hydrology

FLOW ACCUMULATION SIMULATION: HEAVY RAINFALL

STREAM 1 DESCRIPTION: Flow Accumulation: Moderate Waterlogging: Accidentally Accessibility: Easily, mostly asphalt path Vegetation: Trees and low grass Pass Through: Compartment Soil erosion: Mild

images: Shidi Fu, Hooke Park, 2020

277 hydrology

STREAM 2 DESCRIPTION: Flow Accumulation: Mild Waterlogging: Accidentally Accessibility: Easily, mostly stone path, some slopes Vegetation: Trees and low grass Pass Through: Compartment Soil erosion: Mild

images: Shidi Fu, Hooke Park, 2020

279 hydrology

STREAM 3 DESCRIPTION: Flow Accumulation: Moderate Waterlogging: Accidentally Accessibility: Difficult, off-path access Vegetation: Trees and dense grass and weeds Pass Through: Compartment Soil erosion: Moderate

images: Shidi Fu, Hooke Park, 2020

281 hydrology

STREAM 4 DESCRIPTION: Flow Accumulation: Moderate Waterlogging: Accidentally Accessibility: Difficult, off-path access Vegetation: Trees and dense grass and weeds Pass Through: Compartment Soil erosion: Moderate

images: Shidi Fu, Hooke Park, 2020

283 hydrology

STREAM 5 DESCRIPTION: Flow Accumulation: Mild Waterlogging: Accidentally Accessibility: Easily, mostly stone path, some slopes Vegetation: Trees and low grass Pass Through: Compartment Soil erosion: Mild

images: Shidi Fu, Hooke Park, 2020

285 hydrology

STREAM 6 DESCRIPTION: Flow Accumulation: High Waterlogging: Accidentally Accessibility: Relatively easily, trails Vegetation: Trees, grass and weeds Pass Through: Compartment Soil erosion: Severe

images: Shidi Fu, Hooke Park, 2020

287 hydrology

KE CHECKING OUT THE ELEVATED VIEW FROM A DEER HUNTING HIGH SEAT Ele Mun, Hooke Park, 2020

A FOX CAUGHT BY A MOTION ACTIVATED CAMERA TRAP SET UP BY JOYCE Joyce Ng, Hooke Park, 2019

TWO HUMANS, KE AND ELE, CAUGHT BY THE SAME MOTION ACTIVATED CAMERA TRAP Joyce Ng, Hooke Park, 2019

LOOK! A DEER CAPTURED TOO! Joyce Ng, Hooke Park, 2019

INITIAL CAMERA TRAP TEST Joyce Ng, 2019

FAUNA Joyce Ng, Ke Yang

297 fauna

Hooke Park’s fauna play a significant role in the wellbeing of the woodlands. It hosts a range of large animals from deer, foxes, badgers, birds, bats, squirrels and mice. There are also moths, butterflies and other types of insect species that are native to Hooke Park. Hooke Park is known to have a variety of insect species, which feed the larger animals of Hooke Park, but they have yet to be fully studied.

Issues

Spring

Issues

Spring Spring

Ford

Collects

dog

birds Issues

badger Collects

Pond Issues

birds

fox squirrels birds

bats

bees

Ford

Issues

Pond

Issues

Pond

Sinks

footpath

Ford

Issues Pond

birds wild boar Issues

Spring

Pond

Spring

Dra

Issues

Pond n

Pond

deer Pond

Pond

Issues

Collects

ANIMAL PATHS MAP

drawn by Connie Lynn Tang, Ke Yang, 2019

ANIMAL PATHS

Based on observation and information from the Hooke Park team, this speculative drawing is an attempt to map out the different animal territories.

299 fauna

Spring

deer squirrels wild boar bats badger insects birds fox dog

“When I was here in 1999, they were all young trees. But now it’s getting better. With the tawny owls, we put boxes up like chimneys and the next week they were in them! That first year we brought in about thirty chicks.” Stephen Hales, Wildlife Expert

“One of the Experimental Units were here recently and they found a bat in their room whilst staying at Westminster Lodge” Charlie Corrywright, Hooke Park’s Workshop Manager

“Wild boar was a big issue for farmers around that’s why we don’t see them anymore.” Charlie Corrywright, Hooke Park’s Workshop Manager

“At one point, it was a royal deer park owned by the king. It moved to a succession of owners then the Forestry Commission took over for 25 years and replanted the whole woodland.” Christopher Sadd, Hooke Park’s Forester

“I peeked out of the tent in the middle of the night and I noticed a glow on the ground. It must have been bioluminescent mushrooms!” James Westcott, AA Tutor

“There was a lot more wildlife in Hooke Park 20 years ago: deer and wild boar would roam into the campus.” 301 fauna

Miraj Ahmed, AA Tutor

LECTURE WITH STEPHEN HALES

Joyce Ng, photo taken during lecture in December 2019

image on screen: taken at the South West Coast Path, Nov 2019

303 fauna

Stephen Hales, a wildlife expert, has been independently monitoring the moths of Hooke Park for the last 30 years. In his lecture, he described some of the rare species that exist in Hooke Park. He also mentioned a way to measure the biodiversity of a given area is the monitoring any of the three species: Insects, Bats and Birds.

THE WILDLIFE OF HOOKE PARK Joyce Ng, 2020

drawing based on interviews and testimonials

305 fauna

The hidden side of Hooke Park is filled with wildlife from small organisms such as fungi and insects, birds and bats, to larger animals such as fox and deer. Since there has never been any formal study of Hooke Park’s wildlife, a collection of testimonies from Hooke Park staff, AA tutors and students were used to paint a more holistic picture of this hidden world.

SPECTROGRAM OF HOOKE PARK FOREST SOUNDSCAPE Ke Yang, 2019

Deer are known to overpopulate Hooke Park. The number of deer are managed to ensure and protect the trees in the woodland. They are occasionally spotted in the woodlands.

Foxes are commonly found in Hooke Park. They prey on many animals that inhabit the woodlands- birds, squirrels, and mice.

Badgers holes are commonly found in Hooke Park but the animal themselves are hardly seen wandering in the woodlands. Their main diet is insects.

Pheasants are often found in Hooke Park and can be seen and heard during the day. They are sometimes hunted.

Owls are not commonly found in Hooke Park due to the age of the trees which do not have holes for nesting. However, they are important animals to regulate the wildlife of the woodlands.

Hooke Park houses a large population of squirrels.They are hunted to regulate the wildlife of the woodlands.

307 fauna

Mice are commonly found in Hooke Park woodlands as well as campus. They could be better regulated with the presence of owls.

Nick Tomlinson is the Principal Ecologist at Nick Tomlinson Ecology. He has worked in the environmental sector for more than 20 years, specialising in bats and carrying out bat surveys for planning applications. Nick has previously worked with the Somerset Wildlife Trust, Dorset Wildlife Trust and the Bat Conservation Trust. Nick talks to Joyce about bats in the UK, the present need to protect them as well as new policies regarding bats in buildings.

The text is transcribed from a tour around Hooke Park campus and woodland on the 4th of March 2020.

If it’s been used and it’s a bat roost, then bat roosts are protected and you can’t just move them. But pragmatically, it would depend on the nature of that use. So if we have gone and checked it and we found one bat in there in one night, my personal view would be take more of a pragmatic view of it and say “Ok, its been used by a bat for one night, but actually putting it wherever somewhere else that might be would be better for bats overall” and therefore the fact that very technically speaking we are breaking the law, we would move it. On the other hand, if we found what would look like a maternity colony in there, then we wouldn’t move it because then that is the place that they want to breed. And sometimes boxes can be picked up quite quickly. The bats would know that it’s there, the challenge will be knowing whether it’s been used and how long you would want to leave past the day its in until you make that decision (to move it). Perhaps they won’t use it this year, but they could use it next year.

D18

Is there any way of telling if they are likely to come back to this particular roost?

They will come back. It’s one of the reasons that they are protected because they come back sometimes for generations and many, many generations, decades.

D18

So if I’m building a structure and I’m not really focusing on the kind of roost, if it’s going to be a maternity roost or hibernation roost for e.g, I then just need to build a structure that has a variation in temperature?

Yes, but you do want to have part of it where there is heat transmission. It is important! We do get breeding colonies of species called Natterer’s and Long Eared that are both woodland specialists, but they tend to be in the boxes that have got a little bit of light and hence heat being able to get to them. You put them right in dense conifer like that, they will very unlikely get used, although that would be a really good place to feed because Conifer stays warm later in the year. It doesn’t lose the heat. Of course, there’s no leaves but from a bat box perspective, that’s too thick. You never get any sun. So although they generate heat by clustering, the solar insulation will help them. And so they’ll go to the place where they use less energy. So if they can get in a box where they can cluster but they can get higher heat because the box in the air around it itself is warm. That’s less energy they’re using than you would have to use it to those those trees. So something in deep woodland generally isn’t as good.

And it is also quite intriguing with the buildings here. A lot of these trees I can’t see much evidence of things like woodpecker holes or natural splits in trees. Because they rely on either woodpecker’s excavated holes, splits down to weathering or lighting strikes, trees falling over, or whatever it might be, natural features that are created by the way a woodland ages. Hooke Park is quite heavily managed. So I imagine a lot of the trees that might have provided those kinds of features have been taken out, so the perfect woodland for bats is what we call minimum intervention areas.

But the felt would have to be traditional bitumen felt and not a breathable membrane. Breathable membrane is woven and when the bats land on it, they un-weave it and get their feet caught in it and die. Whereas the traditional one type 1F, the pressed nonmoving felt works. So whenever we are advising a householder it has got to be this one. It’s pressed nonwoven felt and definitely not a breathable membrane regardless of what some current suppliers are saying. These are the kind of things that are thick. So, I find bats underneath these tiles sometimes (holding up another tile).

Basically, you just leave it to be natural if a tree falls over and it snagged on another tree. You leave it because eventually it will crack it, rot and split. And that creates a placement. So, heavily managed woodlands can be quite a challenge from a bat perspective for a living. You see what I mean? Because there aren’t any natural places for them to go which could be advantageous for your box because you’re providing them something that you haven’t got out there. (Walking towards the long table by Westminster Lodge where roof tiles are laid out) Ah okay, so before we go into Westminster Lodge, I just want to show you this. I’ve been sampling roof tiles. I’m trying to use as much free material. This is me and another student, Ele, we’ve been sampling materials.

To build the box out of?

D18

Yes, so I mean, I don’t know if this is a good idea, but in a way kind of replicating a roof. And I was also able to sample slates.

So are you thinking you would use these on the roof of the box or you would somehow build the box out these?

D18

I think the structure itself is going to be timber.

Untreated timber. Preferably hardwood. Untreated because you don’t want chemicals harming the bats and softwood has got more of sappy content to it. It’s a bit sticky inside, so hardwood preferably. If you were going to use some of these on the roof, I would be looking at slate on a house build and you can incorporate this into bat house. On a house build, you would have the rafters, then you would put your felt along and you would put your batons on it, then the tiles on the baton. You could replicate that with these, especially if you are doing a bigger box.

D18

I see, that would be very relevant for me when I take on projects in the future.

Yes, so what you are doing is exceptionally timely because from a bat worker’s perspective, the biggest frustration (without wanting to be nasty about architects) is dealing with people who just say “No” or they have no concept of what it is you’re trying to do. So getting that kind of information across to people about the early stages and having a guidebook, that would be great!

309 fauna

D18

And do you know of the National Planning Policy Framework ? Basically, what NPPF says is that not only should development not negatively impact biodiversity, but it should also seek to enhance it. So the idea is, whatever you are doing, it should be enough to replace a bat box with a bat box, it should be more bat boxes. I mean that is a very simplistic view but you understand what I mean. There are some aspects of the NPPF that may hopefully become enshrined in law under what they call a net biodiversity gain. The idea is that you will be legally obliged when undertaking work on a property to implement features for biodiversity even if you had none there in the first place.

SPECTROGRAM OF ANIMAL CALLS AT NIGHT, RECORDS AND VISUALISED BY KE YANG Ke Yang, 2019

EXPLORING THE SOUNDSCAPES Ke Yang, 2019

recorded by Ke Yang

Recording 02

Recording 03

Recording 04

Recording 05

Recording 06

Recording 07

Recording 08

Recording 09

Recording 10

The richness of the woodland’s species, landscape and atmosphere has created diverse soundscapes. The songs from the calling birds, the moans from the creaking trees, the sounds of the running streams and various kinds of natural sounds are working collectively to create a unique site-specific “Biophony”.

313 fauna

Recording 01

Eurasian Wren

Mistle Thrush

Forest White Noise SPECTROGRAM OF ANIMAL CALLS AT NIGHT Ke Yang, 2019

Blue Tit

SQUIRRELS ARE REGULARLY SHOT UNDER THE WOODLAND WILDLIFE CONTROL MANAGEMENT PLAN. HERE, A DESIGN+MAKE STUDENT, CAROLINA, IS STUDYING THE BIOLOGY OF ONE OF THE DEAD SQUIRREL. image: Shidi Fu, 2019

A SALT DRIED SQUIRREL COAT HANGING IN THE DESIGN+MAKE STUDIO image: Diploma 18, 2019

previous image:

A NO-FUSS WAY TO CARRY SAMPLES THROUGH THE WOODS Lydia Liu, Hooke Park, 2019

FLORA

Ele Mun, Alice Nobel, Ke Yang

323 flora

This chapter presents the various wood species as well as some of the fungus found in in Hooke Park. Nearly all wood material used in Hooke Park’s workshop is sourced from the surrounding forest. As the woodland holds a mixture of conifers and broad-leaved trees, there is a great selection of both hardwood and softwood.

“If you go back 50-100 years wood lands were very critical for societies because you had communities...”

Christopher Sad

TREE SPECIES MAP Ele Mun, 2019

source: Hooke Park, Zachary Mollica

There are 15 mapped tree species within the boundaries of Hooke Park, the two most dominating being the beech and the Norway spruce. Each cluster succeeds in formulating its own environment, creating a plethora of different conditions to explore through the seasons.

AS - Ash

SC - Sweet Chestnut

BE - Beech

CP - Corsican pine

OA - Oak

PO - Poplar

SY - Sycamore

RC - Red cedar

NS - Norway spruce

AL - Alder

DF - Douglas fir

LA - Larch

RO - Red oak

SS- Sitka spruce

327 flora

MB - Mixed broadleaf

images and drawings by Ele Mun and Alice Nobel, 2019

Norway Spruce

Larch

Douglas Fir

Corsican Pine

Beech

Ash

Alder

~ 27 m

35 - 55 m

~ 40 m

30 - 40 m

20 - 30 m

20 - 25 m

60 - 75 m

100 m

10 m

329 flora

Red Cedar

Sycamore

Sweet Chestnut

Sitka Spruce

Red Oak

Poplar

Oak

23 - 37 m

30 - 37 m

28 - 43 m

24 - 35 m

50 - 60 m

40 - 50 m

“We are impacting the woodland by managing it” Christopher Sadd

Alder Alnus glutinosa Timber veneers, plywood, charcoal for gunpowder, clogs and piles/support systems - the alder tree is easy to work with both the hand and machine tools and is especially easy to sand down. Although severe reactions are uncommon, the alder in the Alder has interestingly been reported to cause eye, skin and respiratory irritation.

Ash Fraxinus The ash responds exceptionally well to steam bending, a process often experimented with at Hooke Park. Ash is often used for furniture, flooring, millwork, box/crates and turned objects such as tool handles.

333 flora

It has also been reported to cause skin irritation and disruption to the lung’s functions - again, severe reactions are uncommon.

Beech Fagus Timber from the beech responds well to steam-bending as well. It machines and turns well, and is often used for firewood, boats, veneer, flooring, turned objects as well as musical instruments, down to piano pinblocks.

Corsican Pine Pinus nigra maritima

335 flora

The corsican pine is good for general building work, ornament, staircases, and doors. The timber is often processed into plywood for general use. Corsican pine glues and finishes well, but is often considered inferior when compared to the scots pine.

Douglas Fir Pseudotsuga menziesii The douglas fir towers over Hooke Park. It typically machines well but has a moderate blunting effect on cutters. It accepts stains, glues, and finishes well. The timber is often used for beams, veneers, furniture, cladding, decking, and flooring.

Larch Larix

337 flora

The larch has the characteristics of hardwood and is therefore popular for cladding. It is a deciduous tree and loses its needles in the autumn. Often used for heavy carpentry, exterior, and interior joinery as well as flooring.

Norway Spruce Picea abies The norway spruce is easy to work with, particularly when there are no knots present in the grain. It holds onto Santa’s gifts for you during Christmas and is also used for musical instrument soundboards.

Oak Quercus

339 flora

The oak is good with both hand and machine tools, it responds well to steam-bending and is one of the hardest, most durable timbers available. Used for cabinetry, furniture, interior trim, flooring, and boat building, it has a signature smell that is common to most oaks.

Poplar Populus Poplar is easy to work with, but is very soft. Due to its low density, it can sometimes leave fuzzy surfaces and edges. It is used for pallets, crates, upholstered furniture frames, paper, and plywood.

Red Oak Quercus rubra

341 flora

The timber produces good results with hand and machine tools, it has moderately high shrinkage values, resulting in mediocre dimensional stability, especially in flatsawn boards. It is used for cabinetry, furniture, interior trim, flooring, and veneer.

Sitka Spruce Picea sitchensis Small trees are particularly useful for paper, while matured trees are used to make boats and ships, pallets and packing boxes. It typically takes 35 years for a faster-growing sitka spruce to be harvested.

Sweet Chestnut Castanea sativa

343 flora

The chestnut, easy to work with both hand and machine tools, although it splits easily. Therefore it is important to take extra care when nailing and screwing the wood. The tree is widely cultivated for the edible seeds which it produces and is used for furniture, veneer and carvings.

Sycamore Acer pseudoplatanus The timber is excellent for carving and works easily with machine tools, although the interlocked grain can be troublesome for machining operations. It has been largely debated as to whether or not the species is native to the UK. Sycamore is used for veneer, plywood, interior trim, pallets/ crates, flooring, furniture, tool handles, and other turned objects.

Red Cedar Thuja plicata

345 flora

The red cedar dents and scratches quite easily due to its softness. There is quite a difference between the earlywood and latewood as far as density is concerned. Used for shingles, exterior sliding, boat building, and musical instruments, the timber gives out a strong aromatic scent when worked with.

WOOD SAMPLES

images: Alice Nobel, Bedford Square London, 2019

WOOD SAMPLES FROM HOOKE PARK

347 flora

This “Sample Key Fob” is a collection of some of Hooke Park’s most used tree species: Beech, Red Cedar, Ash, Norway Spruce and Douglas Fir. The samples have been given to Bedford Square’s timber workshop. The aim is to enhance interaction between the two workshops and make London students aware of AA’s timber resources in Dorset.

THE WOODLAND’S UNSUNG HEROES

When James mentioned that he had witnessed bioluminescent fungi on the forest floor during our last camping trip, I had a heightened desire to seek out these creatures. I read about how fungi work in symbiosis with specific tree species in the book The Secret Life of Tree. It reminded me that the trees are only 60 years old while the soil is the ancient aspect of Hooke Park’s woodlands.

images and text by Joyce Ng, Hooke Park, 2019-2020

349 flora

“What we are trying to do, is to redesign and restructure the woodland in order to have many more different ages of trees” Christopher Sadd, Head Forester

image above:

NICOLE CARRYING HORSETAIL (EQUISETUM) USUALLY A SIGN OF WET SOIL Lydia Liu, Hooke Park, October 2019

“You can do whatever you want to these bracken and help me to get rid of them.” Christopher Sadd, Head Forester

drawings by Ke Yang, London, 2020

355 flora

Bracken Pteridium aquilinum is one of the world’s most successful plants and also one of the oldest, with fossil records of at least 55 million years old. It is a large fern that favours dry, acid soils and spreads as the underground rhizomes grow. Spores can be found on the outer edge under the leaves, which creates a unique linear, leaf-edge pattern.

Bracken can be found on the two sides of rides with more exposure to sunlight. Moreover, bracken growing in high density is found on the southwest-facing slopes where there is more direct sunlight. The distribution of bracken in Hooke Park has a strong connection to the distribution of tree species. Bracken stands are more likely to be found in coniferous woodland because the fell acorns will acidify the soil, which is preferred by bracken. All of the clear-cutting sites are also colonised by bracken.

Bracken Site

1m drawings by Ke Yang, London, 2020

357 flora

61 Stems

23 Stems

As a pioneer plant, bracken colonises a land after regeneration rapidly and the toxins it releases will inhibit the growth of other plant species including young trees. AERIAL VIEW OF BRACKEN AROUND THE “ARUP TOWER” image from drone footage by Ke Yang, Hooke Park, March 2020

THE MYSTERIOUS PLACE THAT WE WERE TOLD NO ONE EVER GOES TO. WE HAD TO CHECK IT OUT. image: Diploma 18, Hooke Park “Island”, 2019

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HOOKE PARK AND THE “ISLAND” sketch by Nicole Ng, 2019

THE “ISLAND”

Shreya Kochatta, Nicole Ng, Connie Lynn Tang

An unmanaged plot of woodland that is separated from the rest of Hooke Park’s woodlands is nicknamed the “island”. It is a 20acre plot surrounded by grazing fields where the AA has a right of access through them.

363 the “island”

The “island” is an example of an artificial wood when it is unmanaged and left alone.

A JOURNEY ACROSS THE FIELD INTO THE WOODLAND “ISLAND”

image: still frame from video by Nicole Ng + Connie Lynn Tang, Hooke Park “Island”, 2020

DIPLOMA 18 ENTERING THE “ISLAND” OF HOOKE PARK image: Aude-line Dulière, October 2019

367 the “island”

A SITE IN HOOKE PARK NICKNAMED THE “ISLAND”

image: Aerial shot from drone footage by Ke Yang, Hooke Park, March 2020

369 the “island”

An isolated 20 acre plot that has been nicknamed the “Island” is separated from Hooke Park’s woodland campus. It bears the physical characteristics of an island because it is surrounded by a sea of privately owned grazing fields. We have a right of access through this field in the photograph.

20 min walk

campus

“ISLAND” IN RELATION TO HOOKE PARK source: Google Satellite Imagery

LOCATION The main access route into the island is through the same main road where the entrance of Hooke Park campus is located along.

The map location is Pigs Moor Coppice/ Horse Moor Coppice Beaminster, Dorset DT8 3NX

371 the “island”

GPS COORDINATES 50 48’06.6N 2 40’21.1W 50.801843, -2.672532

OPTION 1: Legal accessible path Issues Long journey through muddy terrain

OPTION 2: Shortest access path into woodland h

p al g e

Issues Crossing field, not legal path

Hooke Park

campus entrance

ACCESS ROUTES IN THE “ISLAND” Nicole Ng + Connie Lynn Tang, 2020 source: Based on trips made in 2020

OPTION 3: Entry through Hooke Village

373 the “island”

Issues Long distance through muddy terrain

PERIMETER FENCING ALONG THE EDGE OF THE“ISLAND”

image: Still frame from video by Nicole Ng + Connie Lynn Tang, Hooke Park, 2020

375 the “island”

1850 : Existed as two different coppices

1970 : Forestry Commission plants the field

STATE OF ISLAND IN 1850 (BEFORE PLANTATION) AND 1970 (AFTER PLANTATION) source: Forestry Commission Inventory 1950

HISTORY

377 the “island”

Before being acquired as part of the Hooke estate, the island was managed as two different coppices - Horsemoor Coppice and Pigsmoor Coppice. It also had a patch of field in the middle that separated both the spaces. The plantation of the island along with its ownership has changed a lot in the 100 years. The changes have reflected on its landscape and ground conditions. The “Island” is an amalgamation of three spaces. It also changed at a different pace to the managed part Hooke Park.

MAP 1950

During the plantation of Hooke Park main

THE LANDSCAPE EXISTED AS TWO DIFFERENT SPACES

MAP 1970

In 1970s, when the Forestry commission harvested timber from the two coppices and planted additional trees in the middle. The island was then acquired by the AA as part of their Hooke Park campus. Since the last planting, it has fallen into neglect.

379 the “island”

after Forest Commission planting

SATELLITE RECORD OF THE ISLAND IN 2001

➤

381 the “island”

THE DARKEST PART OF THE “ISLAND” - A YOUNG PLANTATION WITH BRANCHES IN YOUR WAY image: Nicole Ng + Connie Lynn Tang, Hooke Park “Island”, February 2020

Woodland Management Plan

10.2

Table B

This section must be fully completed by the applicant if they wish to gain felling licence approval from the Forestry Commission. The work

10 Thinning, felling and restocking proposals See maps 5 & 6

detailed below must match the proposals set out in the plan. For details on how to complete this table, please refer to EWGS4 –

10.

11.

13.

14.

Area

% area to

Type of

% of felled area

Felling

C hange in woodland

Preferred

Restock mixture

% Estab.

Sub

(ha)

be worked

felling

comprising:

licence

type

claim

Species

by natural

C ON

type

10.1

Table A

C pt.

From

year

regen

12.

proposals

C pt. /

Standard

Woodland Regeneration for guidance and Tree Felling guidance.

Notes / Details

2.8

100

Line/selective thin

2.3

100

as above

c&d

1.1

100

Mature oak & ash Estimated volume to be harvested during work

Cpt(s)

Main Species

Total work Area

(from table 7.2)

(BL/Con)

(ha)

0.9

4.3

0.6

1.6

100

1a,b 2b

100

0.8

100

0.6

100

1.4

100

11g

0.3

100

monitor

Yr 1 - 5

100

DF/NS

Woodland Management Plan 100

0.3

100

12b

2.8

100

12c

1.9

100

5.10 C

NA-NN

UC UC

100 SS/DF/

50/25/

Fell unstable MC stand

RC /MB

20/5 130

MB along streamside

100

0.60 NA-NN

P89 AH

2.4

100

1.0

100

P2008 AH NR

40 2016/17

1.40

MXD BL 60

UC C

PAWS

0.80

Nat

P94 DF RC Select thin

2017/18

P51 C P restock with SC /Bi/Row/ SP

55 SP

12e

Select thin NS BE

P51 ROK

12d

200

Line/selective thin

560

NS/BE

As for 2a

favouring larger stems

4.30 1.60

No action in period

Heavy selective thin

______________________________________________________________________ 2e 23 DF/RC 0.80 25 11h 0.7 12a

Oak,ash,alder P 2004 Yr 6 - 10 Yr 11 – 20

SS/DF

100

No work in period.

periods (m3) Borders public road -

40/10/10/40

40 P51 BE

100

C reate open parkland feel restocking with scattered

12f

2.6

100

13a

0.5

100

13b

2.3

100

3b 3c

13c

2.5

13d

1.5

13e

0.5

1.20 70

MC 90

PAWS

0.60

Nat

2018/19

PAWS

2018/19

MC 100

100

DF 90

100

groups P80 HL MB

0.20

standards and small

45 100

P50 PO restock with AH /

P60 NS SS restock with

5095

AR in pure groups SS AR

P93 SS AR PAWS

NN 1.40

1.00

2018/19

P60 SS NS as for 13b

P50 AH WI

______________________________________________________________________ 3h DF 2.1 80 28

OK/AH/HZL

1.7

0.50

2.50

FORESTRY OPERATION SCHEDULE IN WOODLAND MANAGEMENT PLAN

Christopher Sadd, 2014 ______________________________________________________________________ source: Hooke Park Woodland Management Plan

DELAYS IN FORESTRY OPERATIONS Hooke Park Woodland Management Plan 2014-2024 Delays in forestry operation plans and a backlog of operations in the main woodland of v due to increasingly wet and difficult ground condition and a lack of manpower have left the “Island” unmanaged. Forestry operations are prioritised in the main woodland of Hooke Park. Considering that the whole site has been exceptionally wet these couple of years, a lot of the planned operations have been delayed. Highlighted in red are the thinning and felling plans for compartments in the “Island” that were meant to be executed in 2018/2019. There are currently only forestry plans for the main woodlands of Hooke Park for the next 5 years.

385 the “island”

The Hooke Park Woodland Management Plan was launched in 2014 with the support of grants from Forestry Commission through grants like the Plan Preparation Grant (PPG) and the Woodland Grant Scheme (WGS). As Hooke Park is not currently under any grant scheme, a lot of the operations including ones in the “Island” have not yet been executed.

PLAN OF THE “ISLAND”

drawn by Nicole Ng + Connie Lynn Tang, London, 2020

NORWAY SPRUCE, SITKA SPRUCE AND SCOTS PINE

100M SITE PLAN AND IDENTIFICATION OF DOMINANT TREES IN THE “ISLAND”

387 the “island”

ALDER, ASH, BEECH, LARCH, OAK & SYCAMORE

CATALOGUE OF EXISTING NATURALLY REGENERATED PLANTS IN THE “ISLAND”

1 UNIDENTIFIED

7 LORDS-AND-LADIES Arum maculatum

2 SWAN’S-NECK THYME-MOSS

3 BABY TOOTH MOSS (?)

classification: mniaceae, moss

8 UNIDENTIFIED

9 COMMON HAIR-CAP Polytrichum commune

Mnium hornum

classification: araceae, wildflowers other names: cuckoo-pint

13 UNIDENTIFIED

Plagiomnium cuspidatum

classification: polytrichaceaem, plantae

14 UNIDENTIFIED

Identification done with the help of Georgie Corrywright images: Nicole Ng + Connie Lynn Tang, Hooke Park “Island”, March 2020

15 UNIDENTIFIED

4 STINGING NETTLE Urtica dioica

5 PRIMROSE Primula vulgaris

6 PRIMROSE Primula vulgaris

10 GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE Chrysosplenium

11 COMMON TAMARISK-MOSS (?) Thuidium tamariscinum

classification: saxifragaceae

classification: thuidiaceae, plantae

12 NORWAY SPRUCE Picea abies

16 JELLY EAR/ JEWS EAR Auricularia auricula-judae

17 DOGS MERCURY Mercurialis perennis

18 HEMLOCK WATER DROPWORT (?) Oenanthe crocata

classification: fungi

classification: euphorbiaceae, plantae

classification: apiaceae, plantae

CAUTION: MILDLY POISONOUS

CAUTION: EXTREMELY POISONOUS

classification: primulaceae, wildflowers

classification: primulaceae

classification: pinaceae

389 the “island”

classification: urticaceae, wildflowers

CLIMBER GROWING ON ANCIENT WOODLAND AREA IN THE “ISLAND” image: Shreya Kochatta, Hooke Park, 2020

ECOLOGY

The ecology of the “Island” is influenced not only by the various changes in its management but also by its neighbouring landscapes. The presence of fields and River Hooke on its head, creates intersecting habitats and dynamic micro-biomes within the landscape.

391 the “island”

As a result, the ecosystem is one that consists a multitude of different microclimates. In addition to this, the unmanagement of the Island has resulted in it developing a resilient ecosystem - species that have managed to survive despite the changes. The following section talks about the various non-humans found in the landscape.

Bracket species of fungi are not allowed to grow in a managed woodland because they harm the quality of timber produced. The unmanagement of the “Island” has provided autonomy to some nonhumans. Bracket fungi on a tree branch

Moss growing on a tree bark. Bracethecyium Rutabulum is the common moss that grows in damp environments. Moss performs the function of a bio-filter in the landscape. Bracethecyium Rutabulum growing on a trunk

Scarlet elfcup only grows in extremely damp environment. These grow short but dense mycelium network underground. Scarlet Elfcup in the damp area near Hooke River

393 the “island”

drawn by Shreya Kochatta, London, 2020

DEATH SURROUNDS THIS PLACE... THE SKELETON OF A FOX FOUND AMONGST DECOMPOSED MATTER AROUND Nicole Ng, Hooke Park “Island”, 2020

FOX TERRITORIES WITHIN THE ISLAND drawn by Shreya Kochatta, London, 2020

397 the “island”

ATMOSPHERES AND MOMENTS IN THE “ISLAND” PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN DURING EXCURSIONS INTO THE “ISLAND” IN FEBRUARY 2020

images: Nicole Ng + Connie Lynn Tang, 2020

401 the “island”

Within the “Island’s” 20-acre plot, the space is a multidimensional room that exhibits many different micro-climates and atmospheric qualities. The following pages are a catalogue of atmospheres.

DENSE PLANTATION An analogue catalogue of atmospheres in the “Island” Characteristics Conifer plantation Very dark, sunlight enters space from the edges Observation notes There is a sense of interiority and monumentality to this place despite its degrading quality and its mono-cultural species and arrangement. The only light can enter this place is from the sides or the edges of this plot. It was planted more recently than the rest of the woodland as a result of overturning by a storm in the 1980s.

Identified tree species

Sitka Spruce

Picea abies Norway Spruce

403 the “island”

Identified plant species

MATURING PLANTATION An analogue catalogue of atmospheres in the “Island” Characteristics Conifer plantation Direct sunlight Observation notes It is adjacent to a broadleaf plot. It seems to receive more sunlight. Shade loving understorey/ground storey plants are observed under this canopy.

Identified tree species

Norway Spruce

R SWAMP

Asplenium scolopendrium Hart’s tongue fern

Sunlight: Full shade/ Partial shade

Soil: Loam, Chalk, Sand, Clay

Height 0.1-0.5m Spread 0.1-0.5m 5-10 years

Asplenium scolopendrium Fungus

Reriotritius Eatiam Moss

Identified plant species

Asplenium scolopendrium Hart’s tongue fern

405 the “island”

Reriotritius Eatiam Moss

SWAMP An analogue catalogue of atmospheres in the “Island” Characteristics Boggy and shaded canopy Broadleaf regeneration Observation notes The wetness of the site is the main feature of this site. The sheets of water reflects the sunlight, animating the place. Many wetland plants observed here.

THE MUD LAND Characteristics: Broadleaf Swamp - shade

Identified tree species

Beech

Identified plant species

Asplenium scolopendrium Hart’s tongue fern

Asperuptas Fugia Hart’s tongue fern

Asplenium scolopendrium Hart’s tongue fern

Asperuptas Hart’s tongu

Sunlight: Full shade/ Partial shade

Sunlight: Fu

Soil: Loam, Chalk, Sand, Clay

Soil: Loam,

Height 0.1-0.5m Spread 0.1-0.5m 5-10 years

Height 0.1-0 Spread 0.1-0 5-10 years

Bearioris busapiscit Hart’s tongue fern

407 the “island”

Ash

STREAM An analogue catalogue of atmospheres in the “Island” Characteristics Flowing water Very shaded Broadleaf regeneration Observation notes The stream is about 1m wide and it floods the banks. Many wetland plants can be found here, and because the stream is a form of a clearing/canopy gap, direct sunlight highlights the linearity of the stream.

THE STREAM Characteristics: Water

Identified tree species

Ash

Beech Asplenium scolopendrium Hart’s tongue fern

Asplenium Hart’s tong

Sunlight: Full shade/ Partial shade

Sunlight: F

Soil: Loam, Chalk, Sand, Clay

Soil: Loam,

Height 0.1-0.5m Spread 0.1-0.5m 5-10 years

Height 0.1Spread 0.15-10 years

Asplenium scolopendrium Hart’s tongue fern

409 the “island”

Identified plant species

Asplenium Hart’s tong

MOSS CARPET An analogue catalogue of atmospheres in the “Island” Characteristics Lots of direct sunlight Young broadleaves regenerated Observation notes This site is filled with young broadleaf trees. It seems like the site have been cleared by disturbances, bringing direct sunlight to this place. Young trees and moss ground cover vibrantly inhabit this place.

THE MOSS CARPET Characteristics: Broadleaf Regeneration - sunlight

Identified tree species

Alder

Ash

Beech

Sycamore Reriotritius Eatiam Moss

Voluptatem Moss

Sunlight: Full shade/ Partial shade

Sunlight: F

Soil: Loam, Chalk, Sand, Clay

Soil: Loam

Height 0.1-0.5m Spread 0.1-0.5m

Height 0.1Spread 0.1

5-10 years

Reriotritius Eatiam Moss

Voluptatem Lacea Moss

Magnatias Nusanditas Moss

411 the “island”

Identified plant species

CLEARING An analogue catalogue of atmospheres in the “Island” Characteristics Scalloped clearing on the edge of the woodland Lots of direct sunlight Observation notes The field is bounded by an edge of mixed broadleaf trees. It is starting to be occupied by heathland plants that can’t be found in the interior of the wet woodland.

THE FIELD Characteristics: clearing - sunlight

Identified tree species

Alder

Ash

Beech

Syramore Asplenium scolopendrium Hart’s tongue fern

Asplenium Hart’s tong

Sunlight: Full shade/ Partial shade

Sunlight: F

Soil: Loam, Chalk, Sand, Clay

Soil: Loam

Height 0.1-0.5m Spread 0.1-0.5m 5-10 years

Height 0.1Spread 0.1 5-10 years

Asplenium scolopendrium Hart’s tongue fern

413 the “island”

Identified plant species

Asplenium Hart’s tong

AN OVERTURNED TREE DECIDES TO SHOW OFF ITS GLORIOUS UNDERSIDE Nicole Ng, Hooke Park, 2020

GREEN AND SILKY

Nicole Ng, Hooke Park “Island”, 2020

ht and database rights 2019. Ordnance Survey 100022861.

National Forestry Inventory, 2019

source: Department of Environment, Food, Rural Affairs (DEFRA), accessed 2019

WOODLAND MANAGEMENT Nicole Ng

419 woodland management

Hooke Park is a designated Ancient Woodland because it has historically been a woodland since the 1600s. Centuries of undisturbed soils and accumulated decaying wood have created the perfect place for communities of fungi and invertebrates. These ground conditions are what make Hooke Park valuable.

WPG Management Plan

Hooke Park Date (from/to)

2014 – 2024

Date of last review [UKWAS 2.1.3]

Certificate ref: SA-FM/COC 001446 Auditors: Pryor & Rickett Silviculture, Hereford.

Woodland Management Plan Owner/tenant

Architectural Association, 34-36 Bedford Square, London WC1B 3ES.

Agent/contact

Christopher Sadd, Architectural Association, Hooke Park.

Archaeological Features

Map

01308 863 588

In Woodland

No.

Adjacent to woodland

Scheduled monument

Signed declaration Statutory declaration of tenure and management authority is of tenure rights available in the estates UKWAS file, copies of which are held in the registered parks and gardens) and agreements to London office as well as at Hooke Park. Other * public availability of the plan [UKWAS Details 1.1.3/1.1.5/2.1.2] Boundary banks. Historical feature (Inc. designed landscapes,

2.2 Woodland resource characteristics 1 Background Species compositioninformation and age class

Very little remains of the original woodland post the 1950 wholesale felling of Hooke Park though there are areas in compartments 3 and 9 that have retained these ancient semi 1.1 Location natural characteristics. Nearest town,on village near Bridport Twelve years fromor thefeature initiationBeaminster of the Forest Plan, Norway spruce and beech remain Griddominant referencespecies. The felling SY 994 the and522 restocking during this period has begun to address Total area (ha)of the age class distribution c.140 the imbalance which currently stands at 65% of 60 years old, 20% at 20 years or more and the remaining 15% of 5-10 years old of mainly conifer plantings. OtherDescription broadleaved species present are Ash, Oak, Alder, Sweet chestnut, Hazel, Hybrid 1.2 of the woodland(s) in the landscape poplar Conifers extend site to Douglas redrich cedar, Corsican pine, Hooke and ParkWillow. is an ancient woodland locatedfir, in aWestern landscape in biodiversity which Hybrid larch and Sitka spruce. is reflected in the number of nearby SAC, SSSI and SNCI comprising ancient woodland, Though diversity has significantly improved throughout the woodlands it links fen and structural acid, neutral and calcareous grasslands. The north west boundary of Hooke remains limited to stand and ride edges and young plantations were there has been the into neighbouring woodlands of the Mapperton estate that represent a significant SSSI. recruitment of ash regeneration otherlocation native trees and Hooke Park therefore occupies a and strategic within theshrubs. catchment of the Powerstock Vale but has mostly been replanted since the 1950’s. Composition Hooke Park Forest byfields Area and a network of The estate is mainly Species bounded by pasture of land comprising small hedgerows. The wood’s location on a moderate southwest slope rising steeply towards its north west boundary on top of Warren Hill makes it a prominent landscape feature Mi xed Conife- 29%

______________________________________________________________________ Mi xed Bdlf25% 1 Beech-

24%

Norwa y Spruce-

Young Pl nts MC- 10% Young Pl nts MB-

______________________________________________________________________ 5

WOODLAND MANAGEMENT PLAN

source: Hooke Park Management Plan submitted to Forestry Commission

Woodland Management Plan

Long term vision, management objectives and strategy

3.1 Long term vision Hooke Park is the rural campus for the Architectural Association, made up of the forestry estate with a collection of buildings at its core. The planned expansion will require careful consideration of how the forest and the service infrastructure responds to an increase in use. The AA sees itself as the custodian of a special place where its activities must safeguard its landscape, ecological richness, recreational and amenity value but also manage the wood as a source of timber. Refer to - Hooke Park Implementation Plan 2013-16 available on request.

3.2 Management Objectives 1. To produce a sustainable supply of fuel wood and timber. 2. To conserve and enhance the existing wildlife communities by maintaining and increasing habitat biodiversity. 3. To maintain and develop public access and recreational facilities by improving the internal landscape for those walking and using the woods. 4. To provide a facility for the AA students as a setting for projects with in situ source of timber. 5. To make a positive contribution to the local economy and landscape. 6. To maintain a robust strategy to reduce deer and squirrel numbers plus other pests. 7. Maintain and improve the infrastructure network and undertake necessary safety Woodland Management Plan work.

8 Costing Operations 3.3 Strategy It is Architectural anticipated that any net loss incurred after income, grant funding and other The Association see themselves astimber custodians of the woodlands. Careful income egtorecreation willdetail be bourne by thethe Architectural attention silvicultural will remain overriding Association. long term objective. Not only The budget is for quality the firsttimber five years of the planstudents only andasshown below as outline will this helpforecast secure good for use by the well as external projected costs andalso income. markets but it will assure a continued and reliable source of income. Though there ______________________________________________________________________ are external policy pressures to favour as much as possible the restoration of more Year 2014 2016 2017 2018 in the Total native characteristics to planting 2015 native broadleaved species the opportunity face of a changing climate to plant a range of more exotic species. Income The recent, further of the access unthinned Timber Harvesting CF expansion 8640 / track network, 11920 will help 13675 1000 stands. 35235 Public access and will 23000 continue to develop the woodlands special Timber Harvesting Th recreation 17800 18100 offering 18100 14900as a91900 place for local schools and other educational groups. AM Grant 4153 4153 4153 4153 4153 20765 Restock Grant

3237

5950

9187

Recreation

1300

1400

1500

1700

7600

____________________________________________________________________________ Total Income

35130

28553

41623

37628

21753

164687

Harvesting

12000

16000

15400

12100

11000

66500

Ground Preparation

1500

2500

2000

6000

Restocking

7160

6180

7500

400

21240

Maintenance *

2350

2450

3200

3500

3600

15100

______________________________________________________________________ 8 Expenditure

____________________________________________________________________________ Total Expenditure

23010

18450

27280

25100

15000

108840

Total Income

12120

10100

14240

12520

6750

55840

*Includes post planting, estate & recreation maintenance costs.

9 Maps Maps appended to plan: Map no./Title

Description

Hooke Park Woodland Boundary 1 Woodland Boundary & Physical Features The most recent Woodland Management Plan was submitted in 2014 which takes 2 Ecological Features effect for 10 2024. The plan describes AA's relationship to the woodlands 3 years until Constraints 4 as the "custodian ofSubcompartments this special place" and details the long term strategy for the 5 Felling Operations Year 1-5 woodland as an educational and recreational setting for both students and locals. 6

421 woodland management

Overhead costs ie insurances; salaries etc are not included in the above table .

HOOKE PARK IS DESIGNATED AS AN ANCIENT WOODLAND Despite being designated as ancient woodland, the trees at Hooke Park are only 60 years old (planted after the Second World War). Ancient Woodlands are encouraged to promote broadleaf tree regeneration, as the tree species are native to the UK.

"In the few centuries following the last ice age, most of England developed into woodland – the so called wildwood. The fragments of this once extensive woodland which still survive are our ancient woodlands, but they now cover only around 3% of England’s land area."

"Our ancient woodlands are quintessential features

Jim Knight, MP Parliamentary Under-Secretary (Rural Affairs, Landscape and Biodiversity), Ancient Woodlands Guidance Document, 2019

image: Nicole Ng, Hooke Park, 2019

423 woodland management

of England's much-loved landscapes - irreplaceable, living historic monuments which inspire us and provide us with a sense of place and history in an increasingly frenetic world"

ANCIENT WOODLAND BOUNDARY LINE (c) Crown Copyright Ancient Woodland, 2019 and database rights 2019. Ordnance Survey 100022861. source: Department of Environment, Food, Rural Affairs (DEFRA) accessed 2019

0.25

425 woodland management

0.5

PROTECTION DESIGNATIONS

Two designations protect the biodiversity and wildlife in Hooke Park’s woodlands. Ancient woodlands are defined in the UK as areas that have been continuously wooded since 1600. The designation is a conservation policy. As a habitat type, ancient woodland has no statutory protection per se, but it is explicitly mentioned in planning policy. Policy prohibits developments that damage ancient woods “unless the benefits of the development… outweigh the loss”. Site of Special Scientific Interest is a conservation designation denoting a protected area. Natural England’s objective is to achieve ‘favourable condition’ status for all SSSIs. This means that the SSSI’s habitats and features are in a healthy state and are being conserved by appropriate management. Landowners must manage land within a SSSI effectively and appropriately to conserve the special features of the site such as grazing animals, managing woodland and controlling water levels.

Grassland Maize Oilseed Rape Other Crops Spring Barley Spring Wheat Winter Wheat and Oats

DEFRA, 2019

source: Natural England, Forestry Commission, accessed 2019

427 woodland management

Site of Special Scientific Interest Ancient Woodland

Stakeholder

Interest

COMMITTEE ON CLIMATE CHANGE UK Advisory Board

Afforest

FORESTRY COMMISSION UK Authority Board

Ancient

NATURAL ENGLAND UK Authority Board

Site of S Area of

TO BE CONFIRMED

HOOKE PARISH Dorset

Rural pa Commu

TIMBER SAWMILLS BUSINESSES Dorset

Log sup

ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION Architecture school

Woodlan

CHRISTOPHER SADD Head Forester

Cultivati

RESIDENTS OF HOOKE PARK

Commu

HORACE AND ELLEN WAKEFORD BEQUEST Representative of the family whose donation created the Wakeford Bequest

Support dedicate ecologic

STAKEHOLDERS OF HOOKE PARK'S WOODLANDS AND THEIR INTERESTS Nicole Ng, London, 2019

Scale

tation (To increase forest cover from 13% to 19% by 2050)

National

Woodland

National

Special Scientific Interest

National

ark unity meeting point

Local

pplier

Local

nd campus for educational programmes

AA Community

ing woodlands from even aged to mixed aged

AA Community

unity: Work. Eat. Live

AA Community

t Hooke Park’s educational vision to be UK’s first campus ed to a hand-on, experimental approach of alternative and cally sustainable design and building

Patrons

Despite having ownership of the woodland of Hooke Park, the AA is subject to national policies and designations that define its use. The woodland is also a public space for the local community so Hooke Park has to balance the interests of its stakeholders. Conifers are more suited for the needs of Hooke Park's programmes. They grow faster and are more suitable construction material. However, under the conservation designations, native Broadleaf species are encouraged for regeneration.

429 woodland management

Outstanding Natural Beauty

Volume of Trees

Native broadleave protected by Ancie Woodland designa

All Broadleaf

Beech

Native Broadleaf (Alder,Oak)

90% 10%

conifers reach maturity

All Conifers Norway Spruce

Before 1900

1949

STRUCTURE OF THE WOODLANDS

1986

Other broadleaved species present are Ash, Oak, Alder, Sweet chestnut, Hazel, Hybrid poplar and Willow. Conifers extend to Douglas fir, Western red cedar, Corsican pine, Hybrid larch and Sitka spruce.

1999

Gradual low volume felling before broadleaves reach maturity

broadleaves reach maturity

? 50% Replanting

50%

2019

2049

Time

Hooke Park was initially planted as an even-aged structure with 90% of the woodland replanted in 1947. Over the years, Christopher Sadd, the head forester has been introducing strategies to make the woodland a more diverse structure, by felling trees prematurely and introducing experimental species into the woodland. Since 2000s, Norway spruce have been ready for felling. Trees have been felled in phases and gradually over time. 2050, 20% of Hooke Park's timber species which is beech will reach maturity. A varied strategy will be applied to manage harvesting and income generation.

431 woodland management

es ent ation

CLEARFELLING IN HOOKE PARK image: Ke Yang, 2020

433 woodland management

The aim of the woodland management plan is to fell all the remaining mature conifer stands within the next 10 years. The ideal would be to avoid any future wholesale clear felling and to develop more of a shelter wood system whereby retaining an over-storey to supply a source of natural regeneration and giving shelter to planted trees.

THINNING

In many woods, trees that are planted close together let very little light to the woodland floor. In some wood, this is good for the species living there, but in many others, it means that few herbs and shrubs can survive and the wood looks dark and uninviting. Because the trees are all competing with each other for the light they often become tall and spindly.

THINNING

Forestry Commission, 2011

source : Thinning Practice : A Silvicultural Guide

435 woodland management

Thinning removes the less healthy or less desirable trees and gives the remaining trees more space to develop. It also allows light to the woodland floor, encouraging an ‘understorey’ of small plants, shrubs, and trees to develop. The art of the forester is to change the light levels to the benefit of the understorey and ground flora, to allow the remaining trees to develop better crowns but without letting in too much wind, which may cause damage.

PRUNING

The most valuable trees for timber are those where the trunk is perfectly straight and branch free. To achieve this, the trees must either be allowed to grow extremely densely or you can remove unwanted branches with secateurs while the branches are still very small.

2 3 1

A B

Correct pruning cuts should be made as close as possible to the branch collar - do not remove the branch collar

BEFORE PRUNING

SELECTED BRANCHES TO BE PRUNED

PRUNING

Improving Your Woodland, 2015 source: Royal Forestry Society

image: Valerie Bennett for AALog, Hooke Park, February 2015

AFTER PRUNING

437 woodland management

1 UNDERCUT (do this first) 2 SECOND CUT 3 FINAL CUT (at A & B) AB EDGE OF BRANCH COLLAR

“We always thought that with climate change, the trees will grow quicker. Instead, the trees produce more leaf litter. You actually get more carbon dioxide that is released in the soil. Because the trees are growing faster, they are producing a soup from their roots that stimulates the soil to produce more carbon dioxide.” - Nigel Fisher, Conservator of Wytham Woods

DIFFERENT TYPES OF DEADWOOD FOUND IN WOODLAND

source: Illustrations from Managing deadwood in forests and woodlands practice guide

IMPORTANCE OF DEADWOOD

441 woodland management

Until the late 20th century, deadwood in managed forests was removed due to a misconception of the need to sanitise woodland to secure forest health – or simply to keep a wood looking ‘tidy’. Today it is increasingly recognised that deadwood is a vital component in the functioning forest ecosystem, supported by the fact that deadwood has been selected as the universal indicator of sustainable forest management in Europe. In addition to a wide range of plant and animal species depending on dead or dying wood for habitat or as a food source, deadwood plays important roles in carbon, nutrient, and hydrological cycles and is a key structural component influencing ecosystem processes such as erosion. Additionally, deadwood plays a part in mitigating the effects of climate change, acting as a medium-term sink for carbon. In a report by the Forestry Commission they suggested foresters engaged with felling should provide deadwood at felling time by retaining live standing trees, standing deadwood and downed trees, preferably in groups, in order to provide some ecological continuity between one forest stand and the next.

MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE

Hooke Park is as much a home to wildlife, as it is to people. Unfortunately, some wildlife is detrimental to the management of the woodland. The two animal species that are monitored in Hooke Park are deer and grey squirrels.

DEER SPOTTING TOWER IN HOOKE PARK

image: Andrew Robertson, 2019

443 woodland management

Deer eat young growing trees, which is especially problematic when trying to repopulate felled areas. Strategies that are used in Hooke Park to protect saplings include deer hunting, fencing young plantations, and protecting growing trees individually with plastic tubing.

“The deer population absolutely affects everything. It is the biggest ecosystem driver in the woodlands. We know how many deers to cull by observing the number of tree seedlings coming up ”

THE LOWER SECTION OF A TRUNK IS SUBJECTED TO DAMAGE BY DEERS SCRATCHING THEIR ANTLERS ON IT image: Nicole Ng, 2019

445 woodland management

Nigel Fisher, Conservator of Wytham Woods

FENCING TO PROTECT YOUNG PLANTATIONS image: Nicole Ng, Hooke Park, 2019

image: Nicole Ng, Hooke Park, 2019

447 woodland management

PIPING TO PROTECT INDIVIDUAL SAPLINGS

DEER SKULL FOUND JUST OUTSIDE HOOKE PARK

image: Andrew Robertson, taken at the fence of Hooke Park, 2020

“We are overpopulated with deer and they tend to do a lot of damage in a woodland environment, especially if you’re trying to establish trees where you have taken out an area of trees... We have to control the deer and the way we do that, unfortunately or fortunately, is that we have to shoot the deer. But in a controlled way.” Christopher Sadd, Head Forester

posted by huntingrum . 6 years ago

“Where I hunt we see this all the time. Heck if i find a skull ill hang it up in a tree. Just a tradition of what my dad and his friends did... no real reason just looks cool.” posted by [deleted] . 6 years ago

REDDIT THREAD ABOUT THE MEANING OF HANGING DEER SKULLS

source:https://www.reddit.com/r/Hunting/comments/22dxbf/saw_a_deer_skull_hanging_on_a_tree/

449 woodland management

“It tells deer to stay away.”

The principal Object of Management should be to secure maximum prosperity for the employer and the employee, It is to develop each man to his maximum efficiency and that maximum prosperity can only exist as a result of maximum productivity. - Frederick Winslow Taylor, The Principle of Scientific Management, 1911

WHAT DOES “MANAGEMENT” MEAN? From the origin of the word ”woodland” to the initial preservation efforts, woodland management has been largely human centric. The following timeline is based on an article by G.D. Holmes on the history of woodland management, and it shows that forests have always been a resource rather than a source. Preservation efforts were first recorded when the timber resource was decreasing at an alarming rate or when there were not enough areas left for royal hunts. The primary goal of which is to promote management of the woodlands, something further encouraged by Natural capital committee set up to put a value to the nature that Britain holds today. Management of woodland can be compared to the Fordist era book by Freidrick Winslow Taylor. We cannot help but draw parallels of how nonhumans are expected to follow an order, a rule or a principle that where maximum production is maximum prosperity. However, do the trees care if they are pruned or not? We can start to question our intentions behind the desire to manage wildlife.

451 woodland management

“All the theories used to tell us that it was b lots of trees between 60-70 years old, grow and to have a huge canopy. We now think t to keep the old trees because it is helping j as the young trees. Different cycles of woo woodland are absorbing a lot more carbon Nigel Fisher, Conservator of Wytham Woods

best to have wing really fast that it is best just as much ods in the same n dioxide.”

UNDERNEATH THE ROOTS REVEALED A WHOLE WORLD OF INSECTS, VEGETATION AND ROCK TYPES SOMETHING THAT EXCITED LYDIA TO HER BONES. Nicole Ng, Hooke Park, 2019

LIFE AND DEATH OF A TREE Nicole Ng, Clara Schwarz

image: Nicole Ng, Hooke Park, 2019

457 life and death of a tree

This chapter follows the journey of a tree, from logs to timber.

Felling trees with chainsaw

Tree felling and harvesting

Marking trees

Timber products and by-products

Saw-milling

Log stack

PROCESSES FROM TREES TO LOGS TO TIMBER drawn by Nicole Ng

Woodchip

Computerised sawmilling - putting the logs through the saw

Timber

Offcuts (sometimes used as firewood)

459 life and death of a tree

Removing logs using a winch and truck

TIMBER HARVESTING SCHEDULE Contract Ref: HP/ Thin/Oct 2017/Sherwood Estate/Owner: The Architectural Association

Wood: Hooke Park DT8 3PH

Cpts: 7a (total boundary marked in blue on attached map) Crop (Age & Species): 60yrs NS/OK Area (ha): c.7.85 (total area) Approximate Quantity: N/A General Details of Work: Selective thinning of both species. The initial work to prioritise the NS. Trees to be felled are marked with ORANGE paint (discount all old marks). A minimum of feller selection where necessary, can be carried out. Directional felling to be carried out keeping damage to main crop oaks to a minimum. Fresh windblow to be salvaged. Keep damage to the shrub and natural regeneration understorey to a minimum. Avoid damage to standing trees during skidding operations. Plan extraction so as to minimise ground damage. Any additions or revisions to these General Details will be discussed and agreed beforehand. These will be noted. Please refer to Environmental Constraint map attached. Timber Specifications to be cut in order of preference (the owner reserves the right to alter specifications at any time) Product Species D & M Log NS/DF

Size Quality 5.1m (ideal), 6.1m & 4.1m x 30cm absolute min td ub.

Pontrilas Log NS/DF

3.1/4.9m x min 16cm td

Bio chip

2 - 2.3m x 6 – no max limit cm td

Firewood

tbc

Additional specifications will be notified verbally and noted. D & M and agreed volume and spec. Tbc Extraction & Stacking/Loading Bay/s: Pontrilas logs to be stacked ‘local’ to each cpt. and adjacent to main forest track for ease of collection by lorries. Chip to be forwarded to chip barn and stacked. D & M Log to be forwarded and stacked adjacent to main drive. Site tbc. All log td’s to be presented in the stack as one face. 1/2

PREPARING THE SITE

source: Christopher Sadd, 2017, Felling contract for Sherwood Harvesters

461 life and death of a tree

Areas due for harvest are marked out a map in accordance with the woodland management plan. Individual trees are marked by Christopher Sadd in accordance with the felling contract that is provided to the contractor. This contract outlines the specifications needed for various timber products.

TIMBER HARVESTING

source: Lucas Wilson, Hooke Park

463 life and death of a tree

TRACTOR MOUNTED WINCH source: Zachary Mollica, Hooke Park

465 life and death of a tree

After felling, the harvester chops away the branches and leaves them deadwood. He connects the logs to a winch and the harvester vehicle (located on the dirt road) pulls the logs towards itself. These logs are loaded and stored at accessible locations along the dirt road.

TIMBER SAWMILL

images: Nicole Ng, Hooke Park, 2019

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After trees are felled and extracted from woodland using a winch and a forklift, they are taken here to the sawmill to be sliced. Any leftover or waste is taken to the Woodchip Barn to be used as a biofuel.

TIMBER SEASONING SHELTER

images: Nicole Ng, Hooke Park, 2019

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After going through the sawmill, the timber has to be dried. Most timber in Hooke Park is air-dried under this shelter. Air-drying can reduces the moisture content down to 20% in a few months.

Christopher Sadd is the Head Forester of Hooke Park and the longest standing member of its community. He has been working as the forester since the 1980s. His partner-in-crime is a brown Jack Russell mix named Treasure.

The Forest Commission started after the First World War, when they saw a need for somebody to intervene in restocking our woodland. The first records of Hooke Park were in the 1600s, since then it has passed through a succession of private owners.

D18

What has Hooke been used for?

At one point it was a royal deer park, owned by the king. It moved to a succession of owners, then the Forest Commission took over for 25 years and replanted the whole woodland. Afterwards, the Parnham Trust, John Makepeace, a well-known furniture maker with a group of friends and trustees, acquired the woodlands. Then the AA came along, in the 2000s, took over the management and ownership of the 150 hectares woodlands, which equates to about 350 acres in all.

D18

Do evergreen trees stay green all year round?

All year round, but in fact, evergreens are losing their leaves constantly. All of our trees are the same generation, which is not good for many reasons. One of them is that our income source, comes at one time. What we are trying to do, is to redesign and restructure the woodland in order to have a variety of tree ages: creating a more attractive woodland, not only for people but for wildlife as well. There are many benefits of having a woodland with many species. For example Norway Spruce and Beech have been used as timber for structures. The wood of the workshop and the Westminster Lodge is from the woodland here (89% of it).

D18

What are the strategies you use to manage wildlife?

We have to control certain animals in the woods, for example deer… we are overpopulated with deer and they tend to do a lot of damage in a woodland environment especially if you’re trying to establish trees where you have taken out an area of trees. Deer will come in and eat young trees. In order to control the deer we have to shoot them. We do from specific platforms to control the trajectory of the bullet.

D18

Are there any specific areas in Hooke Park that are particularly wet and windy?

Unfortunately, the whole of Hooke Park is all of those things. It is a very wet wood all year round. Because of its topography, it is sloping down. Its high points are mainly clay, which is always wet. It is not easy to find a dry spot.

Chris talks to Diploma 18 about the wildlife and the woodland of Hooke Park.

The text is transcribed by Nicole Ng and Ke Yang from a conversation with Chris in the Refectory on 23rd October 2019.

image: Diploma 18, Hooke Park Refectory after lunch, 23 October 2019

D18

Are you obliged to replant native species?

No, they can’t force you. Things have changed because up until recently you got grants to plant native species. The grant system is still keeping a close eye on what you do and you have to fight your corner. You have to convince the forest commission, but you know you can almost do what you want within reason.

D18

What is the most recent forest management plan and do you write it by yourself?

There is one written in 2014 and it goes on to 2024. It is just a document that informs people of what is going on here because anybody can access it and read it and it informs the Forestry Commission. This time I wrote it and got others to look at it as well. It’s quite easy.

D18

How does the management of the forest work together with the agenda of the school?

I think these groups go along very happily together. The people who own the woodland are yourselves, the students, particularly now Eva is trying to link this place more with London.

D18

If some people would permanently live in the woodland would they interfere with your daily activities?

Not really but, I think the specialness of woodlands is the lack of human involvement. Although, we are managing it, we are also impacting the woodland by managing it. We try to do it carefully and sensitively.

D18

Is there any strategy, expertise or approach, you would recommend for providing more accommodation at Hooke?

It’s obvious that the campus needs to grow, but it should be done very sensitively. However there is the issue of human impact, which we will need to explore how to deal with.

D18

How is thinning the forest different from felling an area of trees?

So they are 2 different processes: one, you cut down a whole area of trees 2-3 acres or 1-2 hectares, in the other, you go in and pluck out trees to encourage the growth of the ones that you leave. That’s the difference.

D18

Would you prefer we build in a structured part of the forest or a more remote area?

The structured areas where you have regular trees you could use, there’s less space to build but you could consider using the standing trees as part of your structure but again, it’s having the expertise and the knowledge - which I prefer you to have - to do the fixings to the trees without damaging the tree. Because once you start damaging the trees all sorts of diseases can set in and so on.

D18

Can you explain your everyday routine?

I’m employed 2 days a week by the AA, I used to do 5 days a week here. And then there’s the odd extra day, when they need me to work in the week. Then there’s hours in the wood marking the timber, cutting down trees, replanting, negotiating with contractors and with students.

D18

How many trees do you cut a week? Or per weeks?

Sometimes none at all, sometimes I have to cut down 5. I just push them over with a chainsaw and a machine. We have a wench and a tractor so we can actually send the wire out a long distance and just pull it down.

D18

How many contractors are you working with?

So how I understand it we have one contractor coming into the woods, and they have the job to thin and fell, as they own big machines. Machines that mean they don’t even need to touch the tree themselves. The machine will touch the tree, grab it and chop it down.

D18

And the roots as well?

No just the cutting. They have instructions of where to go in the woods and how the marking is done.

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“The campus needs to grow, but it should be done very sensitively. There is the issue of human impact, which we will need to explore how to deal with.”

3m x 10

£87 per t

Waste

3m x 3 lengths

3m x 2 lengths

Sold as Quality Timber

Sold as Fencing

£12 per length

£9 per len

Saw log sell price (Approximately £70 per tonne)

Fencing and pallet wood (Approximately £50 pe

ECONOMICS OF A HOOKE PARK TREE Nicole Ng and Andrew Robertson, 2020 source: Christopher Sadd, Hooke Park

lengths (Total 30m)

tree (approx)

3m x 1 lengths

3m x 4 lengths

Sold as Packaging

Burnt as Biomass

d sell price er tonne)

£6 per length Biomass sell price (Approximately £30-36 per tonne)

This diagram denotes the selling prices of a typical commercial cut. However, compared to the typical commercial cut, Hooke Park often woodchips the whole section of the log because there is limited demand for construction timber. There are also no streams for the commercial sale of construction quality timber to nonAA customers. Unfortunately, this means that valuable trees that have grown for 60 years would simply add up as woodchip.

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ngth

WOOD CHIPPING PROCESS AT HOOKE PARK Clara Schwarz, March 2020

HOOKE PARK’S WOOD MATERIAL FLOW arranged by Clara Schwarz

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WOODCHIP STORAGE BARN FULL

WOODCHIP STORAGE BARN NOT EMPTY

FIRST DAY OF THE YEAR, WHEN TREES ARE WOODCHIPPED

LAST DAY OF THE YEAR, WHEN TREES ARE WOODCHIPPED

images: Clara Schwarz, Hooke Park, 2020

TREE OFFCUTS Clara Schwarz

Every year, ‘dead’ trees or low value trees are turned into woodchip and the Woodchip Barn stores feedstock for the biomass boiler.

UNUSED WOOD OFFCUTS source: Woodcut by Vincent Kohler

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It can be observed that there is more woodchip produced than what is needed for the boiler house.

WOOD CHIPPING PROCESS AT HOOKE PARK Clara Schwarz, March 2020

images: Clara Schwarz, Hooke Park, 2020

FROM “DEAD/WASTE” WOOD TO WOODCHIP The structure provides long-term storage for woodchip to fuel the Biomass Boiler House. With a storage capacity of 400cu.m, the barn enables the Hooke Park estate to process and use its own timber for renewable heat production.

BEGINNING OF THE CHIPPING SESSION

4 HOURS LATER

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2 HOURS LATER

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HOOKE PARK’S WASTE WOOD

image: Clara Schwarz, Hooke Park, 2020

images: Clara Schwarz, Hooke Park, 2020

WOOD OFFCUTS

STANDARDISED SIZES source: Woodcut by Vincent Kohler

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In Hooke Park, there is a meticulous selection on the wood that is used to create structural and design innovation. There could be a potential for the use of “scrap” wood for insulation, or the innate acoustic properties of wood to enhance comfort within a space. It can be observed that there is “waste” wood compiled for use for the four stoves in the campus, more wood offcuts waiting than needed.

WOOD CHIPPING PROCESS AT HOOKE PARK Clara Schwarz, March 2020

WOODCHIPS FOR THE YEAR

images: Connie Lynn Tang, Hooke Park, 2020

INSTANCES OF SELF-RELIANT LIVING Sorana-Stefana Mazilu, Clara Schwarz

493 instances of self-reliant living

This chapter looks at how the community of Hooke Park is showcasing the possibility of self-reliance and self-sufficiency.

BEEKEEPING

image: Nicole Ng, taken behind the Timber Seasoning Shelter uphill Hooke Park, 2019

BEEKEEPING

There is a bee box right behind the Timber Seasoning Shelter. Bees are responsible for the pollination of thirty percent of our food, thus it is important to recognise the vitality of bees and honey production in our ecosystem.

495 instances of self-reliant living

Bees create their own kind of permaculture, as they have developed a system that effectively sustains itself. They store their data in the cells of the comb, and this allows them to return to flowers at the optimal time for pollen gathering. In permaculture, bee-keeping has been taken on with a more natural approach, allowing the bees to live as bees were meant to live with a minimum of beekeeping interaction. Bee-keepers will still harvest honey, but an emphasis is placed on the health of the colony above how much honey is to be taken. Bees supplement our permaculture environment by pollinating flowers.

MAINS WATER PIPES ELECTRICAL CABLE FOUL WATER PIPES BT

PLAN OF POWER SUPPLY IN HOOKE PARK drawn by Sorana-Stefana Mazilu, 2020 source: Hooke Park - Zachary Mollica

THE HEARTH OF HOOKE PARK

This section maps the water and electricity supply of the campus of Hooke Park. All the buildings in Hooke Park are heated by a central boiler installed in 2014 as part of a Design + Make project. The boiler is a 200kW Guntamatic biomass boiler located in the centre of the campus at an approximately equal distance between the refectory, workshop and Westminster Lodge.

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The central boiler performance has been calculated to supply in energy the full extent of the latest accommodation masterplan, which means approximately the double of the current calorific need. The boiler is thus currently over specified.

PLAN OF HEAT SUPPLY IN HOOKE PARK drawn by Clara Schwarz, 2020

source: Hooke Park - Zachary Mollica

THE BIOMASS BOILER HOUSE

The boiler is an experimental architectural structure designed and built using low-quality round-wood thinnings supplied from the forest and uses minimal processing to produce a low-embedded-carbon structure. The boiler house also contains a 35m3 chip store. Fuel is self-supplied from the forest. Harvested and seasoned round wood is brought to site and cut into a bulk chip. The bulk chip store, like the Biomass Boiler House, is constructed from low-value timber from the forest. The system is enclosed. All the fuel is sourced from the Hooke Park woods, the entire processing is done in house, from logs to woodchips, generating a sustainable system.

Forest

Woodchip Barn

Workshop + Shed

Timber Cutting

Models

Firewood

Logs

Woodchips

Chris Forest

Hooke Park Staff Woodchip Barn

Students Workshop + Shed

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The campus is expanding regularly and new extensions are added to the district heating system as and when new buildings go up.

PLAN - HEAT SUPPLY IN WESTMINSTER LODGE (NTS)

SECTION - HEAT SUPPLY IN WESTMINSTER LODGE (NTS) drawn by Clara Schwarz, 2020 source: Hooke Park

SAWDUST FROM WORKSHOP FOR COMPOST

KITCHEN GARDEN

WOOD OFFCUTS TO BE BURNED

STOVE IN WESTMINSTER LODGE COMMON ROOM

WOODCHIP IN WOODCHIP BARN FOR BIOMASS

BIOMASS BOILER HOUSE

images: Clara Schwarz, 2020, Hooke Park and AA Design + Make instagram

501 instances of self-reliant living

MATERIAL AND ENERGY FLOWS ON HOOKE PARK CAMPUS

WOODCHIP BARN

source: Design + Make, 2016

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The structure provides long-term storage for wood chip to fuel the Biomass Boiler House. With a storage capacity of 400cunic metres, the barn will enable the Hooke Park campus to process and use its own timber for renewable heat production.

BIOMASS BOILER HOUSE source: Design + Make, 2015

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The Biomass Boiler House building contains the boiler, woodchip store and buffer tank for the district heating system that now provides heat energy to all of the Hooke Park campus.

SUNSET OVER THE WOODCHIP BARN AND SAWMILL SHELTER Sorana-Stefana Mazilu, Hooke Park, 2020

DIPLOMA 18 EXPERIENCING A FOOD COMA FROM ERWIN’S DINNER Aude-Line Dulière, outside the refectory in Hooke Park, 2020

THE HOOKE CANTEEN, CALM, BEFORE THE STORM OF HUNGRY STUDENTS image: Connie Lynn Tang, Hooke Park refectory, 2020

BREAKING BREAD Connie Lynn Tang

“In so many cultures, that idea of breaking bread together is fundamental, it is right at the root of community and that’s what it was here” says Georgie.

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The Hooke Park canteen is the fuel of the community, and the essence of the culture on campus, it is where it all started.

HAPPY CHICKEN ROAMING AT THE HOOKE KITCHEN DOORSTEP image: Aude-Line Dulière, March 2020

THE KITCHEN

The kitchen started when the AA took over Hooke Park in 2001 and Georgie was asked if she knew anybody who could cater for the visiting students. The first ever unit to stay in the lodge was First Year students, Unit 3, then taught by Miraj Ahmed, Pierre d’Avoine and Tom Emerson. Georgie and Charlie Corrywright have been care taking Hooke Park since it was John Makepeace Furniture College, and as Miraj Ahmed says it beautifully ”they know the site intimately”.

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Georgie was cooking for her family at the time and offered to do the job. Her only condition was that she would not handle any meat and therefore the food would be vegetarian, which was accepted by the school.

GCW

I was very interested in supporting local communities and there was a lovely veg shop down the road in Beaminster. They farmed and ran the shop, so, all the food was freshly grown in the area. At the time our kids were about 7-8 to 12 and we used to sit in the canteen on our own table while the students sat on their table. There was a sense of home cooking for the family and that’s how the version of the canteen started. It was part of my philosophy and quite important for me to have food, sit together and have conversations. A moment to stop, to pause in the day, which is why the meal times were quite specific, so that everybody had a rhythm to their day. People came together for a moment to pause in the day:

Georgie Corrywright is a herbalist and a vegetarian chef. She is a longterm resident of Hooke Park and manages its catering.

Let’s sit down, let’s have a chat, let’s have some nice food, and then you feel refreshed and you go back to it.

Georgie talks to Connie about the kitchen at Hooke Park, its history and anecdotes, as well as the place of food in community and sustainable food sourcing and selfreliance. The text is transcribed from an interview with Georgie, conducted on 10th of June 2020 over video call.

In so many cultures, that idea of breaking bread together is fundamental. It is right at the root of community and that’s what it was here; it was all about homemade bread anybody who ever did any cooking had to be able to make homemade bread. D18

Could you tell us about sharing your foraging knowledge and doing workshops with people coming to Hooke Park?

GCW

It was when Jo who used to work exhibitions was interested in the idea of foraging and pushed for this initiative. Luke and Jo got married here and I did their wedding food with the help of an ex-student. At the time, I was studying herbal medicine and my dissertation was titled “Could I be self-sufficient in herbal medicine?” I set out to learn the plants in the woods. The foraging started with the bush craft courses that used to run here. I was whittling herb on the porch one day and got asked to do herbal first aid for their bush craft course. We also did a foraging workshop with some AA staff where we gathered and cooked the food, sat down together and ate it for lunch.

D18

image: Hooke Park website

Do you still get requests about foraging workshops, as you are now quite busy with your counselling work, how is the kitchen running alongside? (Georgie is a counsellor and therapist)

“I feel that Hooke Park should be, or could be, an amazing showcase for an alternative, more sustainable way of life.” Hooke Park could be an amazing showcase for an alternative and more sustainable way of life, and to me food has to be an important part of that, what we buy, what we eat. I’m not saying you don’t ever eat meat, but we need to think about what kind of meat we eat, where we source it from and how it’s produced etc. I understand that not everybody is a vegetarian which is why I’ve always advised those here for 3-4 days to have a barbecue: so that those who want to eat meat can eat meat. Also, a lovely quote from Miraj was: “A vegetarian table is an inclusive table.” Everybody can sit and eat at that table, and this was proven so beautifully when one unit came where there were some Muslims, some Jews, a vegetarian and a vegan; pretty much the whole range - and this was the first time they had ever sat and eaten together as a unit. I was really proud of that! That’s important! D18

How does Hooke Park source its food and how is it a showcase of sustainability?

GCW

All the vegetables, except for pepper and ginger that do not grow here, are sourced and grown within a 20 mile radius of Hooke Park, and then sold in the shop 4 miles down the road. Most of the chefs are good at using up and incorporating left over meals into dishes – I have a 24h rule, after that its chicken food! We always try to have as little food waste as possible. The chicken eat the waste, then produce the eggs which are used for cooking. Most of the bulk stuff is bought from a local food place that delivers and we use small supermarkets. The shopping is done with as much conscious awareness as possible.

D18

How do you curate the menu for sourcing locally and cooking with seasonal produce?

GCW

We like to think that “the garden dictates what you cook”- so the chefs open the fridge and have a look at what’s inside:”ok we’ve got carrots that need using up, let’s do something with them”. I always felt that it was the job of the cook as somebody who enjoys cooking, to come up with the menu – and to get the food on the table at the right time. Part of the fun of the job is making what you feel like exploring and enjoying just being creative.

D18

What are the logistics, what is the team like?

GCW

We have Tia who is my main cook, Erwin, Gill and Sheralyn. They all have their specialities. I used to cook a lot more but for the last few years I’ve been doing my counselling, so now I’m just managing it. All the staff are part time. For example Gill was always free on a Monday while Erwin was more flexible. The cooks have the option of working half day shifts or full day shifts, but generally people would do a whole day as it made more sense for them.

D18

Could you tell us about the kitchen garden and the permaculture workshop that ran?

GCW

It would be lovely to develop this area (referring to the empty area next to the current kitchen garden) We’ve always had this vision of a community where everybody did a bit of everything and through that understood where their food comes from. I see that there’s a lot of richness to be had in a place like Hooke Park where you do architecture, but you can also do other things and have a broad approach to education. The permaculture workshop was great, the beginnings of a communal space we can all take ownership of - the space and the environment hopefully supported and nourished by everybody. A lovely idea but often not implemented. Not everybody wants to do gardening and I understand that, you come here to do architecture. So, I don’t know how one takes that forward really. In this lockdown period, some of the Design + Make students who are living on site have been helping in the garden and it’s amazing how much work has been achieved with just a few extra pairs of hands. It doesn’t require loads of individual time. A unit of 12 people giving 1hour a week, would be incredible! Each person giving 1hour and you’ve got 12 man hours which is a day and a half of work in the garden. It’s massive. So, it’s about very small amounts of individual work but collectively it’s a huge. We could potentially get to a point where we supply the kitchen with home grown produce; salads, beans, peas and tomatoes for example.

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GCW

D18

I agree that learning about what you’re eating and where it comes from makes you more aware of the realities of the food sourcing, supply and consumption.

GCW

One thing that I have noticed over the years is that, the fact of the kitchen being vegetarian has stimulated conversation about food around the table. Over the years we’ve overheard conversations and frequently they are connected to food and what’s being eaten. I’ve always been quite excited about encouraging conversations about people’s perception of what food is. People have come to me at the end of a visit and said: ”I never knew vegetarian food could be so tasty!” That warms my heart!

D18

GCW

Yes, that would have to come into the equation as we’ve only got two little freezers for now. If we have a glut of runner beans, for example, what do you do with them? Storage and pantry space would need to be reconsidered. The kitchen is quite small for the number of people we had been serving.

D18

As you’ve been here for so long and you’ve seen so many students coming and going, did you ever get them involved in the cooking?

GCW

We held an International Food Day for the Design + Make students. Two people would help me in the kitchen for the day and they would create the menu. We’ve had a Japanese day and a Mexican day. It has been good fun, but it does take them out of their studies and conflicting interests are a bit hard to manage sometimes. Hooke Park is such a unique place, there’s so much to study here: Step out and see where you are. Place yourself in the environment that you’re in, that’s what always felt quite important!

So to carry on from that, as the kitchen garden would expand there would certainly be a need for more storage.

(LEFT TO RIGHT: OMAR, TIA AND LUIS IN THE HOOKE KITCHEN image: Georgie Corrywright, April 2019

”Let’s sit down, have a chat, have some nice food, and then, you feel refreshed and go back to it.”

“In those days, hardly anyone went there. We had a wonderful Jury on a hot summer day with a picnic lunch created by Georgie. I loved the food and so too did all our students. The vegetarian food that Georgie provided was something special we all looked forward to. The lunches and dinners were great moments of discussion about life and projects fuelled by excellent food. Even the most carnivorous of our students were totally satisfied.” Miraj Ahmed

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Georgie Corrywright

image: Diploma 18, Hooke Park refectory, 2020

“A vegetarian table is an inclusive table ” Miraj Ahmed

PERMACULTURE WORKSHOP 2012

source: AALog

GEESE IN THE VEGETABLE GARDEN image: Clara Schwarz, Hooke Park, 2019

THE KITCHEN GARDEN

Clem Blakemore, a student back in 2012, organised a Permaculture Workshop where a group of 12 students came to Hooke Park. They fenced the garden, laid out the beds and got the seeds in the ground all in one weekend. The Hooke Park Kitchen Kitchen Garden still exists today from this workshop and sometimes provides produce to the kitchen. It is not fully supplementing the meals due to its small scale. The Kitchen Garden requires maintenance and is currently taken care of mainly by Georgie. There is no regular team managing the garden and she explains in the interview how a few hours of work by a small group of students makes a big difference.

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Tomatoes, peas, courgettes, and apples are some of the produce that has been grown in the past.

KITCHEN GARDEN 2014

source: AALOG

Permaculture design also looks beyond the food production, addressing issues such as household and farm energy, habitation, structures, and waste management (there need be no waste on a farm!)

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Permaculture is a design system that sprang up during the 1970 oil crisis, as a reaction to food insecurity and the desire to be self-reliant. Combining attitude and practical application, it encompasses anything from recycling, reusing and regenerating, to simply observing.

SURVEY OF KITCHEN GARDEN - NTS

surveyed and drawn by Shreya Kochatta, 2019

Only a third of the garden gets optimum sunlight for growth. Plants grown include wild spinach, beans, strawberries, leaks, carrots, cabbage, raspberries and tomatoes in the polytunnel. GARDEN WORKLOAD: Transferring compost (early summer) - 10h total Weeding - 1h (everyday throughout the year) Seeding - 12h / week (April to June summer vegetables) Harvesting - 4h / week (August to November)

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The work is no more than 2h a week per student and only 5 students are required in the peak season.

FORAGING IN HOOKE PARK

“Could I be self-sufficient in herbal medicine?” was the topic of Georgie’s dissertation where she mapped the plants in the woods when studying herbal medicine. She expanded on the food aspect of foraging when the bush-craft courses ran in Hooke Park. She explained herbal first aid to the students and learned more skills from their exchange. Staff from the AA also did a foraging workshop in Hooke Park. They gathered in the morning and then together cooked and sat down to share lunch. In Hooke Park some of the plants you can forage are:

FORAGING IN HOOKE PARK

May 2012 and 2016

images : Sue Barr, AALog

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Wild Garlic, Hedgehog mushroom, Elderflower, Berries, Nettle, Mint, Sorrel, Watercress.

Low maintenance fruits trees: harvest calendar

b er em v No

December

Ja n

FRUIT Plum

a ry

Pear

bru Fe

Oc tob er

Apple

UM A UT

M E

Raspberries

Apr il

t gu s

BERRIES

SU M

Walnut

SP R IN

Sweet Chestnut

Hazelnut

WIN TE

NUTS

March

September

Apricot

Blackberry Mulberry Cherry

Jul

June HARVEST CALENDAR OF LOW MAINTENANCE FRUIT TREES drawn by Alice Nobel, London, 2019 Volunteer’s maintenance

Recommended Maintenance

b er em v No

December

Ja n

a ry

UM R

A UT

March

M E

s u gu

SU M

A Harvesting

Bud graft new trees

Apr

Mulching wood-chip from workshop

SP R IN

Bench graft new trees

WIN TE

September

Pruning

Planting new trees

Jul

June

y MAINTENANCE REQUIRED FOR ORCHARD drawn by Alice Nobel, London, 2019

ry bru Fe

Oc tob er

Optional Maintenance

POTENTIAL FOR ORCHARD

In Term 1, Alice, Clara and Connie researched the potential of setting up an orchard in Hooke Park for the production of fruit snacks. Fruit trees such as apple trees are low maintenance trees that can be a good alternative to a vegetable garden which can be labour intensive. Other than the harvesting season, orchards require minimum maintenance while in return providing produce. Common pests of fruit trees are deer (deer browsing), squirrels and birds (cherries) while common diseases are brown rot and apple scab. Orchards enhance habitat supply to natural enemies that help in disease and pest control and help for fruit production and pollination.

SUN

Most fruit trees require generally 6-8 hours of sunlight for good growth and fruit ripening and no trees should shade the orchard.

SOIL

Must be well drained, uncompacted and have a pH value of 6 (slightly acidic).

FROST

Avoiding frost pockets is important. Frost pockets are areas where cold air can’t escape (usually at the bottom of a slope).

WATER

The site must have easy access to a water point.

One of the few challenges of setting up and maintaining an orchard in Hooke Park could be the abundance of fruits in a short period. For this reason, fruit picking, distribution, storing and processing (eg. apple sauce, apple juice, dried apples, apple jam) have to be carefully planned and thought out when setting up a local orchard. The team has visited other community orchards for reference such as Tinker’s Bubble’s community woodland, which is around 17 miles or a 40 minute drive away from Hooke Park, and village orchards such as the Wytham Community Orchard in Oxfordshire.

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REQUIREMENTS FOR AN ORCHARD:

what I am most passionate about is the quality of the ingredients and how it affects us, how it affects the planet. It can feel all about the cost of it and that’s kind of where it ends. About vegetarian food in Hooke Park

Tia Corrywright is a vegetarian chef and long-term resident of Hooke Park. Tia talks to Connie about the value of ingredients and food, about vegetarian cooking and her journey at the Hooke Park kitchen. She also shares her food journey and recipes on her blog. (@eatthrivegrow_by_tia)

The text is transcribed from an interview with Tia, conducted on 10th of June 2020 over video call.

TCW

Cooking is something that I love to do and it is definitely my creative side - I think that everyone has something that they are creative with, like, arts or woodwork and definitely the kitchen is my creative space.

D18

What has it been like cooking for Hooke Park?

TCW

It is interesting as the Hooke Park kitchen has gone through quite a lot. It has definitely been a journey because there was a point when I was absolutely in love with working here, it was sort of the best thing in the world. And then recently it felt like it has been a bit sidelined for me as well. I guess it is because, as I’ve become more passionate about the value of the food and where we’re buying it from and everything it involves, it feels like that hasn’t been represented by the AA for example. So I guess I’ve lost a little bit of interest in it as well, as

image: Eat Thrive Grow by Tia, 2020, instagram @eatthrivegrow_by_tia

The philosophy has always been that you don’t have to be vegetarian. You don’t have to follow any particular rule but everyone can make an effort. I always say that even having a meat free meal twice a week makes a difference. I think it’s a shame that lots of people seem to promote this all-or-nothing mindset where you have to become vegan in order to do anything; no you don’t, you can make those small steps as we need everybody making small changes, which is much more doable, it’s going to have more of a positive change than a few people doing everything. We, with Georgie and Charlie, have always had this approach where we’re not forcing anyone to stop eating meat when they’re here, but for a week of your life, it really is possible to try. It is changing, thankfully. But I think there is also this assumption that you have to deny yourself of nice food if you’re a vegetarian. “What? You can still eat lasagna?” - yes, you can eat lasagna! You can still eat cake too! That’s kind of why I do my food page really (referring to her food blog) to try and show people that you can still enjoy vegetarian food. I try to think of recipes that are quite easy and inspiring to make as I think that can be off-putting, when people don’t know how to cook like lentils, for example, they just don’t even bother trying. It’s good to make people think : “I could do that! It is nice! My family will like it!” I also as much as I can let the garden dictate what I cook as it’s quite incredible to look at dishes sometimes and realise: “Wow! It all came from my garden!” Bread is very symbolic isn’t it? All across the world you kind of break bread and share it. And I think bread is quite a pivotal part of the table. And, a lot of the students have come in and asked: ”How do you make the bread? Do you make it here?” - And yes we do! That’s always really nice to hear. This is the thing, food is different everywhere you go, but it’s something that everybody enjoys. Like Georgie was saying, having a table where everyone can sit and enjoy, it is so special because it’s quite rare. That is kind of one of the biggest things that our kitchen certainly has been in the past. And so, sharing recipes sharing is always nice.

RECIPES Tia Corrywright

“I wanted to showcase meals that could be entirely grown and produced either here in the forest, or nearby. A meal that is plastic-free as well as being ethically made and nourishing. We buy our flour in bulk from UK based family run millers and it arrives in paper sacks. The pastry cases are made with 100% wholemeal flour. Our geese and chickens lay us the most beautiful eggs, but as always, when buying eggs, we make sure to buy only from free range happy hens. These could be easily made dairy free using coconut butter or oil in the pastry, and leaving out the cheese in the filling, however, I am happy to support local ethical farms and farmers where livestock welfare is paramount.

It’s wonderful to think of the ways in which we can truly begin to adapt our eating habits to be much more self-sufficient and mindful. It’s easy to forget how many miles our foods have travelled to get to our plates, and the cost and use of resources to enable us to eat certain favourite and exotic foods every day.” (about Quiche recipe on page 537)

533 breaking bread

Potatoes, onions, beans, spinach and herbs are all easy crops to grow here in the U.K.

Multiseed Bread 1lb flour 1tsp salt 1tsp sugar/molasses 1/2 pt warm water 1tbsp yeast 1tbsp oil 2tbsp mixed seeds

Combine sugar with water to dissolve Add yeast. leave until frothy Add oil Add to dry ingredients to form soft dough Leave aside for 30 mins - 1hour Knead to shape Leave until double in size

image: Tia Corrywright, 2020

535 breaking bread

Bake 35 minutes Gas 6/ 200 oC

536 logs to timber

Quiche and Potato Salad Quiche:

Preheat oven to Gas 5/ 200 oC

In bowl combine 200g floor & 100g butter Using fingertips rub together to form fine crumbs Add cold water little at a time to create a soft pastry dough Roll onto floured surface and line tart tin Line with baking parchment and fill with baking beans Bake 15 mins - remove beans then bake again 5 mins

Filling:

Whisk eggs with a little milk (oat) then pour into cases Sprinkle with sauteed ingredients (spinach, red onion, garlic) You can also add some grated cheese at this point if you like Crack black pepper on top Bake for 20 mins until golden and firm

Leave for 5-10mins after cooking before you serve

Potato Salad: Lightly boil potatoes + add dressing + chopped herbs to taste (Chives, Coriander, Parsley, Spring onions)

200ml olive oil

2tbsp mayonnaise

50ml balsamic vinegar

2tsp mustard

1tbsp honey

50ml lemon juice

image: Tia Corrywright, 2020

537 breaking bread

Dressing : whisk together ingredients

Elderflower Shortbread 2tbsp fresh elderflowers 100g butter/ margarine/ coconut oil 50g sugar 150g flour Preheat oven to 180 oC/ Gas 4 Remove flowers from stems Place in large bowl, set aside Remove as much stalk as possible Cut butter into pieces Place in bowl with other ingredients Use fingers to rub together to look like breadcrumbs Add elderflowers Push crumb mix down into a dough Press into greased baking tin

TIA AND HER DAUGHTER ELDERFLOWER PICKING images: Tia Corrywright, 2020

539 breaking bread

Bake 20 mins

HAPPY ROAMING CHICKEN HAS NOW REACHED THE SOUTH STUDENT LODGE FIREPLACE image: Diploma 18, Hooke Park, 2020

END OF TERM JURY LUNCH IN HOOKE PARK image: Connie Lynn Tang, December 2019

LUNCH IN THE FOREST

During Term 1, the unit was investigating types of settlements and practices of self-sufficiency for the construction of a temporary shelter. Each team was responsible for researching specific methods related to self-sufficiency such as heating for example. A team composed of Alice, Clara and Sorana were doing research and experimentation related to the kitchen and bath units and so organised two barbecues in the forest as a way to test a brick oven prototype. The second barbecue was hosted a the end of term Jury lunch for our guest critics which included Juliet Haysom, Mark Morris, Zachary Mollica, Charlie Corrywright, Christopher Sadd and Sophie Boone.

543 breaking bread

Stuffed peppers and apple crumble were on the menu and everyone had lunch in the “cathedral of trees” with a long table and seats specially set up for the occasion.

BARBECUE IN THE FOREST

images: Aude-Line Dulière and Connie Lynn Tang, Hooke Park, December 2019

545 breaking bread

previous image on page 546-547:

END OF TERM LUNCH SETTING IN THE “CATHEDRAL OF TREES” OF HOOKE PARK Diploma 18, December 2019 previous three images:

DORSET COUNTRYSIDE Lydia Liu, 2019

DORSET AT LARGE Ele Mun

Often left aside in discourses about Hooke Park is its wider self - Dorset.

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Diploma 18 has spent a good part of the ‘pre-covid-19’ academic year on a pilgrimage in search of an ecosystem of knowledge that lies hidden through the south-western landscape.

“Hooke, for me, it needs to balance this condition between being this ‘hyper-local’ environment (ie. all that is relevant to Hooke within the kind of boundaries of the forest) ... and the ‘regular-local’. The vernacular of Dorset hasn’t massively influenced the development of Hooke Park. ” Zachary Mollica, Warden of Hooke Park

MARCH 2020 | FREE

A MONTHLY CELEBR ATION OF PEOPLE, PLACE AND PURVEYOR

BENDING THE RULES at Hooke Park

bridporttimes.co.uk

BENDING THE RULES AT HOOKE PARK. image: Cheyne, “Bridport Times March 2020.”

“ ...there is no one to be seen. Around me sit contorted timber buildings, each one pitched at improbable angles. Rain pounds their roofs and wind tugs at their frames but these unworldly structures remain resolute...”

Jo Denbury writes about his arrival at Hooke Park. The AA’s woodland campus was featured in the March Issue of Bridport Times, distributed free-of-charge both in print and digitally at ‘bridporttimes.co.uk/digital-edition’.

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For the magazine’s readers, this becomes the first point of contact with Hooke Park ; it is worth noting some of the featured writer’s qualitative descriptions.

HOOKE PARK Words Jo Denbury Photography Katharine Davies

am stood in a wood, not far from Beaminster. The rain is horizontal, the puddles are deep and bar the occasional buffeted bird, there is no one to be seen. Around me sit contorted timber buildings, each one pitched at improbable angles. Rain pounds their roofs and wind tugs at their frames but these unworldly structures remain resolute, rooted and capable in the face of the elements. I am at the Architectural Association School of Architecture’s (AA) Hooke Park campus and have arranged to meet its Warden, Zachary Mollica. I am unsure which of the buildings he might be in, so I wander into the largest, an impressive arrangement of engineered triangles. >

48 | Bridport Times | March 2020

bridporttimes.co.uk | 49

This striking structure, known as the Big Shed, is a multi-faceted workshop built predominantly using larch sourced from the woodland in which it stands. Designed in 2011 by students of the school’s Design + Make programme with the support of then tutor Piers Taylor and programme head, Martin Self, the Big Shed is a joyous, cathedral-like space that perfectly accommodates the Park’s assembly and prototyping activities. Today, I find Martin and a fellow teacher, Jack Draper, poised around a dome of interlaced wood. I watch as they clamp sections together and with each gentle tightening of a screw, the wood slowly bending to their will. I have clearly arrived at a critical moment in this particular project’s proceedings and despite my mere presence threatening its success I am nodded in the direction of Zachary. Zachary Mollica, is a Canadian architect and maker and now Warden of the AA’s Hooke Park campus. He first arrived as a student in 2014 and never left. People come to study and teach at Hooke Park from all over the world. Most of them have left traditional architecture practices, and the associated drudgery of CAD drawings and lengthy timescales, to embrace the possibilities of working and experimenting with wood to develop new ways of building. ‘The purpose of this place is to enable design through the means of making so as not to separate the two activities,’ explains Zachary. ‘It allows the students to become stronger designers because they have a real conversation with the material that is a productive and physical experience.’ A haven for adventures in architecture, you might say. Architectural Association director Eva Franch i Gilabert, describes Hooke Park as ‘a unique place in the world of architecture education; it provides state of the art facilities for experimentation in timber construction and 350 acres of forest to teach and learn about nature, the world, and ourselves. It complements the AA’s London campus.’ Hooke Park was acquired by the Forestry Commission in 1949. At a time of faltering manufacturing output, UK furniture production remained buoyant and saw the Commission plant large numbers of Norwegian spruce, beech and oak. The eventual allure of imported mass production wooden furniture took hold and by 1982 the Forestry Commission were looking to selling the land. The visionary furniture maker John Makepeace, who, 6 years prior, had set up The School for Craftsmen in Wood at 50 | Bridport Times | March 2020

images: Cheyne, “Bridport Times March 2020.”

nearby Parnham House, purchased Hooke Park under the banner of The Parnham Trust. It was around this time that current Head Forester, Chris Sadd, joined as an apprentice, learning and watching as Hooke Park evolved from woodland to campus. As custodian of the woods, it is Chris’ job to ensure that the trees of Hooke Park continue to thrive as a living educational resource. Forest management is a fine balance of give and take, planting and felling in necessary measure. Felled timber must be treated before being passed over to the architects. Then there is clearing to be done, coppicing and planting. ‘Forestry is long-term,’ explains Chris. ‘A tree can take a lifetime to mature and markets and preferences for certain timbers can change in that time. For example, a lot of beech trees were planted as they were popular for furniture but in fact they are not so useful for architecture.’ ‘The other challenge here is a wet wood,’ explains Chris. ‘So we have a problem with stability. We try to identify the areas of instability and make an effort to plant stronger broadleaf trees in their place.’ Bio-diversity is also something close to his heart. ‘By planning the clearing of trees in parts of the park we can maintain, for example, the bird species. We make it possible for a species to move nearby and therefore not disrupt their habitat too much by forcing them to travel long distances to a new home.’ A number of members of staff — Zachary among them— live on site and there is also a boarding house for visiting students. Some will come to join the 12/16-month postgraduate Design + Make programme, while others attend shorter courses as modules within their London-based AA studies. ‘When it comes to designing, making and using your hands, timber is an exceptional material because it is so approachable and non-toxic,’ explains Zachary. ‘More importantly, in the face of the ‘Architects Declare’ and ‘Construction Declare’ climate change movements, timber needs to become the future of architecture. Not to mean that to build sustainably we need to get rid of every other material. But in a country such as this, with a long tradition of timber which it has moved away from, we need it more.’ He continues. ‘This school is a microcosm, where we can explore wood from forestry to finished product. It is also a place to discover how supplies of wood will need to change to suit the demands of architecture. It needs to change at the forest end. Here, working with Chris, we can understand the supply chain because the architecture we build here completes the circle, from forest to built form.’ > bridporttimes.co.uk | 51

52 | Bridport Times | March 2020

bridporttimes.co.uk | 53

54 | Bridport Times | March 2020

in 2010 and then director of Hooke Park. Now free of the framework dome I found him attached to on my arrival, Martin is able to join us, ‘Globally it is a unique course working intimately with wood,’ he explains, ‘The aim is to understand its character, quality and implications. To understand the energy that goes into using wood. Here, we think very carefully about architecture that respects the place and materials and about continuing the legacy John Makepeace began. An architecture school with this mix of resources teaches a lot of lessons.’ As I walk around I can’t help but think, is this the future? Building and construction play a major role in our climate breakdown, accounting for nearly 40% of our energy-related CO2 emissions alone. Martin, Zachary, Chris and the highly skilled team here at Hooke Park are working hard to inspire and educate a bold new generation of the world’s architects. Seeing the students at work, joining the dots between digital design and physical form, and all the while striving to steward the very ground that provides their material, is something to behold. For many of us, working with nature is straightforward common sense. It is a wonderful thing to imagine a global industry waking up to the possibilities, and the ideas generating from this fascinating Dorset woodland taking root. The next open day at Hooke Park will be May 2 2020, for more details please visit the Hooke Park website hookepark.aaschool.ac.uk @hookepark bridporttimes.co.uk | 55

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Carolina de Menezes is a Brazilian student attending Hooke Park on the 12-month MSc course. ‘I was interested in forestry and wanted to explore something that wasn’t just industrial design. I visited last year and felt this was the place where I should be, although it was mid-winter at the time,’ she laughs as we look at today’s weather. ‘There is a big component to the course which is about being among the trees and having a chance to be outdoors. The stuff that you learn from Chris about the seasons, how it affects the trees and ultimately the timber, makes it very real. It makes you understand the material, where it comes from and how special it is. ‘My previous work experience involved computer programming,’ she continues, ‘and so was very computer focused. I worked on design for developments and finding solutions to local problems. But now that I have come here I don’t think I am ready to work in the city. Here we have huge workshops, and space, it affects how you design.’ Then she nods towards something lurking behind a wooden screen. ‘We also have a robot.’ The robotic arm arrived in 2014 and Zachary describes it as being a ‘neutral tool’. At the end of its single, long arm you can attach any tool you might need. He enthuses: ‘so this means there is no longer the need to work with square corners and flat surfaces which is what’s usual when working with wood. Instead this robot performs like a surgeon which completely changes how you can work with wood — such as using the ‘forks’ in a tree as part of your structure.’ Much of this exciting work was initiated by Martin Self, founder of the Design + Make programme launched

HOOKE PARK Words Jo Denbury Photography Katharine Davies

“ I am unsure which of the buildings he might be in, so I wander into the largest, an impressive arrangement of engineered triangles.”

“ ... the Big Shed is a joyous, cathedral-like space...”

48 | Bridport Times | March 2020

bridporttimes.co.uk | 49

50 | Bridport Times | March 2020

“ ... with each gentle tightening of a screw, the wood slowly bending to their will.”

images: Cheyne, “Bridport Times March 2020.”

bridporttimes.co.uk | 51

“ A haven for adventures in architecture, you might say.”

“ As I walk around I can’t help but think, is this the future?” 52 | Bridport Times | March 2020

bridporttimes.co.uk | 53

“ It is a wonderful thing to imagine a global industry waking up to the possibilities, and the ideas generating from this fascinating Dorset woodland taking root.” 54 | Bridport Times | March 2020

bridporttimes.co.uk | 55

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4 5

Reclamation Yards Reclamation near Hooke Yards Park First Collaborating

Jurassic Reclamation

Glastonbury Reclamation

Wells Reclamation

South West Reclamation

Browns Antiques & Reclamation

Tobys Reclamation

Dorset Reclamation

John James Roofing

Frome Reclamation

Bath Reclamation

Hooke Park

2 3

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CRAFT-BASED COURSES AROUND Hooke Park Edwards and Eve Cob Building Kate Edwards and Charlotte Eve are professional cob and straw bale builders, material consultants and experienced teachers. They run a 1-day cob oven course as well as a 4-day complete cob building course. Their aim is to empower as many people as possible to build their own affordable and sustainable home from the earth; and educate as many people as possible about the benefits of cob and earth building. Website: http://www.cobcourses.com/

Contact: Kate Edwards 01297 444275 sheepie32@hotmail.com Address: Newcastle Cottage, Woodhouse Lane, Uplyme, Lyme Regis, DT7 3SX.

Greenwood Workshop Based in a 40-acre woodland in Purbeck, Toby teaches green woodworking courses using a pole lathe, shave horse and hand tools. The timber is extracted by horse, and is also used to produce logs and charcoal. Website: http://www.greenwoodworkshop.co.uk/

Toby Hoad 07984 488894 toby@greenwoodworkshop.co.uk

Address: outside Corfe Castle, in the Isle of Purbeck, Dorset BH20.

Other Crafts and Craftsmen Zach Watts Master Thatcher

http://dorsetmasterthatcher.co.uk/myservices.html

Robert Hurford Chariot Maker

http://www.chariotmaker.co.uk/workshop2. htm

More Organisations Dorset Coppice Group established in 1999 by a number of Dorset woodsmen who came together to form a local group in order to promote their products and services around their passion for woodland crafts. Their members range from charcoal burners to bushcrafters, wildlife artists to woodturners, toddlers to woodland veterans, including Toby Hoad from Greenwood Workshop. http://dorsetcoppicegroup.co.uk/

A directory of members: http://dorsetcoppicegroup.co.uk/map/

Common Ground - founded in 1983 by Sue Clifford, Angela King and the writer Roger Deakin to seek imaginative ways to engage people with their local environment, Common Ground has engaged in projects with Hooke Park to build the Kingcombe boardwalk, as well as with locals to create parish maps to celebrate local distinctiveness of rural villages in Dorset.

top images: Edwards and Eve Cob Building bottom images: Greenwood Workshop

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https://www.commonground.org.uk/

DIPLOMA 18’S DORSET ROUTE MAP Ele Mun, 2020

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In the following pages are some of the many organisations, people and places operating in and around Dorset. Though seemingly arbitrarily selected, these are key players that have, in one way or another, been influential in Diploma 18’s many visions for Hooke Park.

Wren’s Nursery

Hanson’s Concrete Plant

Hooke

Hooke Park

North Poorton

South Poorton 1 : 1500

HOOKE PARK’S IMMEDIATE NEIGHBOURS Ele Mun, 2020

SELECTED DESTINATIONS •

5 minutes down the road, Shreya invites the children of Wren’s Nursery, as well as Hooke Park’s other immediate neighbours on an excursion into Hooke Park’s island.

•

20 minutes south, Ele tries to remember the names and stories of the many roof tiles from Jurassic Reclamation while loading samples too heavy for anyone’s good.

Higher Kingcombe

•

35 minutes north-east, Alice and Sorana discuss strategies for waste management at Hanson’s Concrete Plant in Yeovil with its plant manager.

•

an hour south-east, Shidi and Shreya are scavenging for off-cuts in Haysom Purbeck Stone’s quarry in Swanage.

•

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Jurassic Reclamation > Haysom Purbeck Stone

Five Minutes down the Road, Hooke Park’s Immediate Neighbours

image: Ele Mun, taken on the way to Hooke Park, December 2019

For a student arriving from London, one’s experience in Hooke Park can many a time be a bit introverted. You board a train in Waterloo Station and arrive at Crewkerne to be greeted by a cab driver. Though the sight of the horizon is a nice exhalation, there is not much to be seen on the 30-minute ride. Your week in Hooke Park is spent within the boundaries of Hooke Park, bar perhaps one or two trips to pubs slightly further away. What goes on in the small village of Hooke, 5 minutes away from Hooke Park?

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“There are people five minutes down the road who still have no idea that we’re here, where as there’s people across the world that make a pilgrimage to come to see Hooke Park,” Zac tells us in an interview.

Hooke Springs Trout Farm

Wren’s Nursery Preschool

m in ut

Ho ok e

Pa r

Hooke Court Wedding Venue

THE QUIET VILLAGE OF HOOKE Ele Mun, 2020

Kids, Weddings and Trouts, of course!

Ri ke

St Giles Church Bridge Farm Poultry, Rabbits, Organic Crops, Dairy

Watermeadow House Accommodation oo

1 : 500

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D18

The school seems to organise a lot of field trips and outdoor activities. What value do you see in outdoor learning?

Well, it relates back to our ethos. So, I look after 2-4-year olds as part of the wren’s nursery and we believe that the outdoors and education, cannot exist without each-other. The outdoors is where we get most from them. Our education or lessons, I suppose is also partly guided by the children and what their interest lies in. The outdoors also I suppose allow for self-guided learning. It is where adults stand back and children, they get the freedom to make decisions and learn from it.

Amy Evans is the Nursery Manager and has worked at Wren’s Nursery since 2003.

D18

What kind of places do you usually take the children?

Well we have used a range of spaces. These includes mud flurries where we organize mud run, plain fields, water bodies – a large pond, we have a pine area, a large maze and even couple of small woodlands.

Amy talks to Shreya about the importance of outdoor learning, issues of health and safety as well as the possibility of Hooke Park’s island as an extension of the nursery. The text is transcribed from an interview over the phone conducted on the 12th of May 2020.

Yeah, I think the large woodland could be a great addition to the field trips. D18

What is the health and safety procedure you follow for these trips?

We have to risk assess every activity we undertake for the children. We do teach the students what to do, what not do and what are the consequences of not following our instructions. For example; walking near a pond and we tell them what to do if they fell in, what will happen or like how to climb a tree, till where etc. And also, it is important to give them a chance to manage themselves and for them to become aware of the dangers and sort of crossing boundaries, how much they can explore.

D18

What are absolute no-go zones for you in term of landscapes or spaces you would avoid or be vary of?

So, running water, we do go there but I suppose a boundary is must. Electrical fencing, we need to be careful in areas where there are some plantations, sort of ask the children to walk around the borders. Livestock is also something we are careful about. Children tend to learn to be careful. The other risk in a woodland is falling trees. Especially, when it is windy.

Wren’s Nursery

Hooke Park

Horse Moor Caoppice

Shreya Kolchata,2020.

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ark ke P Hoo

WREN’S NURSERY : PROXIMITY TO HOOKE PARK’S ISLAND

image: Ele Mun, Jurassic Reclamation, Feb 2020

20 Minutes South, Jurassic Reclamation

Prior to establishing the reclamation yard, Neil had been working as a roofer in Dorset for a bit over 25 years. His wealth of knowledge on roofing had been invaluable to Ele’s project.

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“... there’s a lot of people with quirky tastes around here,” Neil Forte says when asked about the many unusual garden decoratives that flank the entrance of Jurassic Reclamation, the closest material reseller from Hooke Park.

D18

The yard seems to take in a huge variety of materials - these garden fixtures are quite unusual.

We have a wide range - you never know what the next person who in is going to want. It could be roof tiles, the obvious slates. Our garden decoratives seem to sell well here where we are, there’s a lot of people with quirky tastes around here. We don’t sell roofing or building materials every day so we have to do this. Someone buys a new house and they don’t like what is in the garden, I go in and buy a job lot I prefer to do it that way - the same can be said for the building materials as well.

D18

So you’ve mostly had to dismantle and bring in these materials by yourselves ?

Yes but no - I operate the yard myself for the most part so I haven’t actually got the time driving around the world picking up materials. I can’t drive from here to Leicester to get two things then drive all the way back. We have so many ways of getting in contact with people who want to get rid of their stuff - might just be one thing, a bench up to a yard of materials. Not often exciting stuff but its good to put them back into re-use.

Witnessing first hand the volume of materials that go to waste in a span of over 25 years working as a roofer, Neil Forte had established Jurassic Reclamation in 2018. Neil brings us around the yard in Bridport, 20 minutes away from Hooke Park and talks about how it operates.

There’s a beautiful pot that we’ve just got in last week, it’s broken and most people would just chuck. Somebody else like me sees it and it’s got like another life if that makes sense. Could last for another 10 to 20 years, you never know. D18

And how do you generally tell if something is worth saving ?

The more I hate it, the more I would ask myself what use is that going to be, the better it is - so the more I hate it the better. I buy some of my stuff from people passing by on the way to the recycling centre, which is that building right over there.

The text is transcribed from two interviews with Neil, conducted on 4th of February and 5th of March 2020 at the yard.

image: Ele Mun, Jurassic Reclamation, Feb 2020

Some materials we don’t even pay for we’re doing them a favour by getting rid of it responsibly. We might just treat them to a round of drinks - basically rewarding them for not land-filling. It’s interesting, you just never know what is going to come through the door, ever. I don’t get up and start planning what I’m going to buy on any particular day. D18

Do you do any of the dismantling yourselves?

No, we don’t do them ourselves. We get most of our building materials in from smaller builders. The smaller building companies, whether they’re being selfish or not, they know they can get a reward from their

waste products. The bigger companies are a nightmare because it’s all about money - they don’t care. They just chuck them in the skip or they’re crushed on site. It’s cheaper and quicker for them to do that than to hold onto them, which is a bit of a shame.

There were a lot of roofs around the country that were incomplete because you couldn’t get the tiles - I was a contract manager for a very large roofing company at the time. We had to wait 16 weeks for the tiles.

I’m in close contact with a big roofing and building company - you would think that I get a lot of materials out of them, but I don’t. They’ve got an owner, three directors, contract managers and other employees they’re huge. It’s usually the one or two man vans for me. They don’t have a store, they can’t keep them for very long and if I buy it off of them its an extra profit on the job.

D18

Are there any materials here in the yard that you would classify as dead stock? I imagine some of the roof tiles in particular have been sitting here for quite a while.

Feel the weight of that one alone - 244 of these make up a tonne so to store and to move them about is expensive, it’s labour intensive. If you have a listed building - it’s not that common with these because it’s our newest tile (it was produced in the 60s), or at least I haven’t come across one yet, but to the right person they would be very desirable. These tiles would probably go on for another 70100 years, and yet hundred of thousands of them are destroyed regularly - they’re simply not desirable because of the way they look as well. Why have them crushed and buy a new one, wasting resource when so many of them are available ? They were very sellable around three years ago. Something happened with some of the main tile manufacturers. They all got massively behind, and then the reclaimed concrete tiles became massively desirable.

Redland Delta

D18

What happened to the manufacturers then ? Why were they so behind on production ?

I’m not so sure myself - there was a quiet time, and then all of a sudden it picked up and they just couldn’t keep up with the demand. The more behind they got (referring to Redland and Marley), what happened was that the smaller companies got busy and they as well sold all of their current stocks. The problem then was this : any new roof tile we could get our hands on after were ‘too new’, they were very soft. I was laying them and they were cracking and breaking, even from loading and unloading. It was a nation-wide tile shortage - you just couldn’t get the tiles.*

D18

And so suddenly everyone was looking for reclaimed roof tiles ?

Yes, there was a massive uplift then, it’s died down a bit now so they’re not as valuable. Most people won’t keep stuff like this (referring to the Redland Deltas), its value is minimal now and they take up a lot space in the yard. This batch came in from a job in Charmouth, eight miles that way (pointing West). He didn’t want to see them go away normally you would have to pay to get rid of them at the skip. What you call clean rubble, its is about £250 for a six or eight-yard skip. * The roof tile shortage was, as confirmed by Barry from John James Roofing and later Neil as well, caused by a fire at one of Marley’s production plants.

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I did buy a load of roof tiles the other day, not particularly nice ones. The cost is a lot more for them to get them to the ground carefully and then to load and have them brought in but he just said that he didn’t want to see them wasted. They’re very good concrete tiles and he just said ‘I don’t want to see them wasted.’ Somebody will want them somewhere, it’s up to me to find that connection.

I’ve just seen 30,000 units of a roof tile (Redland Stonewold) quite similar to these from one job go into the skip. It’s a shame, they are entirely re-usable.

most of them are terracota, some of them are glazed. They were produced in different factories and they do not work (interlock). This is hard work because when you’ve gotten in a batch that you did buy, the next five customers might come in asking for the same model but really they want the batches that you didn’t buy. Luck of the draw. D18

Must be an absolute headache for you the kinds of varieties that these roof tiles come in - I’ve heard (froom Bath Reclamation) that a lot of Clay Pantiles, even with no interlocks they don’t sit well together because the way they made them back then, they would use their thighs to get the mould.

Do you know what I’m going to agree with you on that - they are not uniform. The curvatures are very different - when you lay these on a roof they do not sit down very nicely at all. They are horrible.

Redland Stonewold

D18

Which roof tiles are the best-selling within the yard ? I suspect that it must be some of the clay tiles that are the most sellable ?

That’s right - they are the Clay Double Romans. There are so many different types, though. They look the same, but they’re not, they don’t fit together, you can’t use them on the same roof.

There’s so much room to move them. I was told that this was to let methane out in barns through the roof. They do make new batches of these and they are just as horrible. D18

The new ones vary just as much ?

They do, yes. Randomly. It must be in the mould but also in the kiln - they must have moved in the kiln, in the heat.

They are the most commonly used ones, I just can’t get enough of them. They go out very quickly. D18

Maybe there’s no way of knowing unless some kind of national roofing survey is done, but are they any roof tile’s that are specific to this region, more widely used in Dorset, for example ?

There is, they are the Clay Double Romans. I would say that they are more widely used in this area, but it’s the same everywhere else these days. A lot of the clay tiles used in the UK were originally made in Bridgwater - so unless your roof is in Bridgwater, that’s as local as it gets these days.

There was a new model (of the Clay Pantiles) that Redland made - I was one of the first roofers to use this model. The gentleman I was doing it for used to work at Redland, he then chose this roof tile for no reason apart from that it would look lovely on the property. We were one of the first big companies to use this new tile. I had problems that they weren’t sitting well. If you look one way on the roof, they look lovely. If you look the opposite way at the overlaps, they look horrendous - there are gaps. I rung up Redland for advice, they said ‘this is a brand new range, any problems you get and however you got over it could you please let us know and we’ll add it to our specifications sheet.’ I didn’t ring you for that, I rung you because I want the answer myself. As a professional I’ve rung you up for advice, for the full service and frankly you’ve just let me down. I’m not giving you my advice after I’ve spent days and lost money on that specific job, I’m not going to let you know how I got over it.

There are an awful lot of roof tiles that were imported but I don’t know their names, I’ve got some French interlocking tiles. I’ve had them for two years now and I haven’t sold one. They were surplus stock for a huge roofing job nearby - the chances of me selling them now are slim to none. One other quite widely used tile in this area are these - the Somerset 13s. They were made in and around Bridgwater. Annoyingly, there are five different types. They vary in colour,

D18

If even on the new ones you run into so many problems, why would anyone consider buying the reclaimed ones ?

It would be more for a patch repair - for if someone is taking down a chimney, that’s quite common now.

D18

So they mostly just end up in the landfill, are they usually used for anything else after ?

Usually on farmer’s gateways. A farmer would have them for free, or for a very low prive and they would use crushed concrete roof tiles to level the gateway to get machinery and the animals in and out.

They’re only sold in small quantities ; a chimney’s got to come down, wind damage, there’s probably enough here for a threemetre extension on the side of a property. That’s when reclaim comes in if its listed you would have to use the same product. As much as I didn’t like listed building people when I was on the other foot, now I quite like them because they’ll make people buy my product. I’ve spent a lot of time working on listed buildings, that was where my interest in this came in. I realised how hard it was to source for these materials.

I mean okay, there’s a use there. It’s sort of landfill, sort of not. It is still using the product for something else. D18

But it’s been down-cycled.

Yeah, that is the end of its life. When it goes into a skip, then it goes to a skip company, they then process it so it then goes back into the market as crushed concrete. It’s not brilliant because of the mix of materials - in one bag you’ll maybe get a mix of clay, a bit of concrete, it’s very cheap but not a good product.

D18

Would this have something to do with the value that the roofers see in them? For us and especially you, working with reclaimed materials we see the value in its presence here in the yard because you know it’s been saved from the skip, and now it’s your task to find them a new home. For a lot of contractors out there the value is one that’s more immediate - how much the tiles are worth if they sold them to yards like yours, and you would only really buy them if they have more potential for reuse.

Clay Pantile

Are there any additional processes you would have to go through to prepare a concrete roof tile for re-use ?

Other than removing the mortar, no, not for the concrete roof tiles. I’m not a big fan of cleaning the tiles because you don’t know what’s on there. You’ll be releasing a lot of stuff into the atmosphere. As long as the water channel is clear, they’re pretty much good to go. Whether or not they want to clean them, I leave that up to the buyer.

D18

Why is it that the concrete roof tiles are so much harder to sell, as compared to the clay ones ? With the concrete roof tiles, no one is really bothered about what’s happened to them. There’s a few listed buildings around with random concrete tiles on them but not many. Most have a natural slate roof or certainly if you go around Swanage it’s 90% stone roofs(on listed buildings), they are absolutely gorgeous.

Do you know what I’m going to agree with you on that. The market for reclaimed concrete roof tiles just isn’t there. Some of them are valuable, most of them are not. They are normally thrown from the height of the scaffolds into the skip because we’re all convinced that there is no other use for them. They’re crushed on site. It’s a shame.

D18

Seeing as you struggle to sell the Redland Deltas, for example, would you take in more when offered ?

Yes, these I struggle to find homes for. I sold some the other day and I was shocked, that’s how hard they are to sell. I sold 250 of them to a gentleman who’s travelled all the way from Cornwall so again, if I can find the person, they are there. Whether its through social media or eBay but they’ve still had to travel all the way here to make sure that they fit onto the ones they already have.

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D18

They are so strong because of that ridge, structurally you could walk all over these, they will not break. They’re very thick, aren’t they? Nearly an inch. It’s such a waste of resources to throw these out. It’s only concrete that you see here but a lot of process that goes into manufacturing this final product that you see here, that all goes to waste. They’re not produced anymore.

I just don’t know why the supermarket would use such an expensive roof covering - because of the weight load, the labour that goes in there is immense and they actually have patents on their roofs, I just think fair play to them. 99% of Morrison’s customers won’t notice - some people like myself would think, ‘that’s a lot of money you’ve spent of that roof, why did you do that?’

I get off with more than I can deal with, if I get any more of these I’ll turn them down because I just haven’t got the room, with my theory that they don’t sell so well.

Could be because it keeps the planners happy, because they’re putting up a building that will look aesthetically pleasing with its surroundings.

D18

And what happens to them if they stay for too long ?

I try to keep them for as long as possible, you never know. But at some point it wouldn’t make any sense for me to have them lying around anymore - I just haven’t got the space. When it gets to that point, I will send them to the skip. Not the best thing to do in my opinion - I might send them to a bigger yard that has that space but they will most likely end up crushed. Again, same with the Redland Deltas, there are people out there who want them, it’s just a matter of finding them, or them finding us. Morrisons Supermarket

D18

The plain tiles, they must be quite sellable, no?

Yes, they clay ones more than the concrete as usual - with the concrete you might struggle to but a new one that matches because of the way it weathers. A colleague that I’ve previously trained for six years he’s gotten his hands on a lot of those I think it was about 3,000 of them because he knows that he can buy the tild-and-a-half for the edges, he can get one that’s very close. Because these are so closely bonded you can get away with quite a variation of colour on the same roof - if you look at Morrison’s buildings (the supermarket) they look lovely, I love Morrison’s roofs. They spend a lot of money of their roofs, they could have just used some sort of sheeting, they didn’t need to worry about the tiles - I respect that.

images: Ele Mun, photographs of samples collected from Jurassic Reclamation and John James Roofing, March 2020

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Roof Tiles of Dorset

image: Ele Mun, Haysom Quarry, March 2020

An Hour South-East : Haysom Purbeck Stone

The masonry work is conducted in Purbeck, east of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage site in Dorset. The quarries within this area is particularly unique in that it consists of a large variation of stone types in the small area. It is possible to view 185 million years of sedimentary rock, deposition in 95 miles coastline.

587 dorset at large

Haysom Purbeck Stone is an 11th-generation family business specialising in the quarrying and working of Purbeck stone.

The Haysom Purbeck Stone Quarry. Covering approximately 13 acres of land, there is one major quarry for mining and is surrounded by different stone variations in different production stages.

2 3 1 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

Entrance of Haysom Purbeck Stone Quarry pit Workshop Showroom Museum

50m

Quarries in the surrounding area.

The two closest quarries to Haysom Purbeck are Swanworth Quarry and Keates Quarry Limited.

2 3

Although the quarries are close in distance, the diverse geological composition allows for the quarries to mine different types of stone from one another.

1 2 3 4 5

Haysom Quarry Swanworth Quarry Keates Quarries Ltd Worth Matravers Winspit Quarry

500m

Quarry from the South East.

Calcium carbonate Quarry wall for mining Off cuts Collected Stone

Three of the few varieties of stones collected at the quarry.

images: Diploma 18, Haysom Quarry, Nov 2019

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1 2 3 4

Mining in the quarry requires a long process of categorization. Valuable stone is collected and stored on one side of the quarry and the cut offs are stored on the other side. When mining in this particular pit is done, the cut offs will be deposited back into the hole.

Wall mounted stone saw. The quarried blocks of stone are placed on a pallet, then the saw moves along the track on the wall at a specified distance that is the desired thickness of the stone slabs. The blade of this saw was around 2 metres in diameter, which was so insane to Diploma 18 that we had to take one out of our only two group photos throughout the year right in front of it. The other one was with a pile of salt in Brussels.

Purbeck Stone paving was traditionally handtooled to create an even, attractive, and non-slip finish. Individual stones can be tooled around their edges to give them definition and to create a finish particularly appropriate for heritage and conservation projects.

Structural lintels are cut from the stone bed of Purbeck Spangle. Here Juliet mentioned the difficulty of design and build contracts to sustain a relationship between the architect and a specified material supplier.

images: Diploma 18, Haysom Quarry, Nov 2019

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The museum displays various stone tools and archaeological finds from the quarries.

Quarry Hayrom s from 4 minute >

Square & Compass

w al

Seacombe Cliff

200m

5 minutes away from Haysom Quarry is a local pub called the Square and Compass, south-east of the pub is a small route that leads to the South West Coast Path.

A man in a suit holds something up in the air, the crowd goes bonkers. It might have been a caterpillar of some kind, we are no experts on this matter.

Could the cutting and splicing of fruits into the pumpkin-headed, pineapplehaired, zucchini-lipped man shown here, for example, start to encourage an ad hoc attitude towards architecture?

images: Ele Mun, Square and Compass in Worth Matravers, Swanage, November 2019

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Find out in Volume 2.

images: Diploma 18, Worth Matravers, Swanage, October 2019

595 dorset at large

(LEFT) INSIDE WINSPIT DISUSED QUARRY, (ABOVE) DIPLOMA 18 SLOWLY WALKING UP “THE SMUGGLERS WAYS” TRAIL, SOUTH PURBECK WALK AT SUNSET

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Diploma 18 would like to extend our sincerest gratitude to the unit’s many collaborators, especially the maintenance and management team in Hooke Park. Behind every chapter is an understanding enriched by encounters with

Sam Little

. AA Graduate 2019

Arvind Roy . AA Graduate 2019 Mark Morris . AA Head of Teaching Simon Withers . AA Studio Master Ed Bottoms . AA Head of Archives Elena Luciano Suastegui . AA Landscape Urbanism Miraj Ahmed . AA Studio Master Juliet Haysom . Artist & Designer Amica Dall . Assemble Sebastien Marot . Writer

Bim Burton . The Bartlett, UCL Jack Self . The Real Review Sophie Boone . Rotor Arne Vanden Capelle . Rotor Maria Speake . Retrouvius Adam Hills . Retrouvius Peter Jurschitzka . David Chipperfield Architects Johannes Feder . David Chipperfield Architects Irene Djao-Rakitine . Djao-Rakitine Landscape Architecture Anna Falgueres . Movie Director & Production Designer John Shank . Script Writer & Production Designer

Nigel Fisher . Whytham Woods Conservator Elisa Dierickx . Flora & Fauna Philippe de Wouters . Royal Forestry Society, Belgium Amir Bouyahi . Royal Forestry Society, Belgium Jean Goovaerts . Royal Forestry Society, Belgium Nick Tomlinson . Naturalist, Bat Specialist Stephen Hales . Naturalist Jo Ferguson . Bat Conservation Trust Danielle Linton . Bat Researcher Neil Forte . Jurassic Reclamation Kate Edwards . Edwards and Eve Cob Building Hanadi Rammu . University College London Philip Powell . Museum of Natural History, Oxford Kristin Ross . The School of Architecture at Taliesin Jessica Martin . The School of Architecture at Taliesin

Jason Watts . Hanson Concrete plant in Yeovil Christopher J Smith . Mixmate Concrete

597 acknowledgments

Amy Evans . Wren’s Nursery

DIPLOMA 18 BIOGRAPHIES 2019/20

Shidi Fu is a big fan of World of Warcraft. He currently has a L.36 Undead Mage and a L.30 Worgen Druid. He also loves landscape and planning and plans to do something along those lines in the future. Shreya Kochatta is interested in the revival of unmanaged and abandoned landscapes. She has a proclivity towards dark architecture and has also designed a house for a killer. Lydia Cho Ying Liu is interested in the material aspect of the building process as a means for collective action. She is also an avid collector of rocks and has a passion for geology. Sorana-Stefana Mazilu is interested in the concrete industry’s waste management system and its potential for creating new construction techniques using surplus materials. She is a diligent follower of The Great British Bake Off and is currently trying to master the Éclair. Ele Mun continues to explore his keen interest in narratives through the written word, filmmaking, as well as architecture. He is also a self-proclaimed hoarder of all things pleasant (most recently roof tiles). Joyce KaKei Ng is an architect with a particular interest in environmentally conscious work. She also hopes to design her own narrowboat in the near future and explore England’s canals. Nicole Ng would like to further her belief and interest in the role of design education for the practice of citizenship. She aspires to be an educator and to create an architectural education network in South East Asia where she is from. She is also a lover of coconut water (the one from Innocent) and the game Overcooked (the first one).

Andrew Robertson is a designer drawn to complex problems that require elegant and unique solutions, embracing entropy in architecture and in life. Clara Schwarz wants to be a specialist in timber construction and forestry management. She also dreams of running her own designer bakery in Paris one day. Connie Lynn Tang is interested in the management of local resources and the relationship between humans and their immediate environment. She enjoys the little things in life such as the sound of birds chirping and the smell of cedar. Cheddar is her least favourite type of cheese. Ke Yang is both a lover of nature and a natural lover. He specialises in the intersection between material research, high-tech and low-tech fabrication techniques and design.

Lionel Devlieger spent a lot of time studying the material economy of the Italian Renaissance and the cultural representations that accompanied it, before deciding to turn his attention the same topic for the present age. Aude-Line Dulière is an architect. She holds a M.Arch from the Harvard Graduate School of Design and also studied in Brussels at Sint-Lucas (KU Leuven). She worked at David Chipperfield Architects between 2010-15 and has been part of the development team at Rotor in Brussels. She previously practiced on the construction and conception of movie sets across Europe. Maarten Gielen Maarten Gielen was born at the age of 42. He cofounded the collective Rotor where he currently works as light designer and deconstruction manager. He curated together with Lionel Devlieger the 2013 Oslo Architecture Triennale and was awarded the Rotterdam-Maaskant prize in 2015. James Westcott is an editor, most recently of Countryside (Taschen, 2020) and Elements of Architecture (Taschen, 2018), and the author of When Marina Abramovic Dies: A Biography (MIT Press, 2010). He is interested in ecology, climate, the neolithic, and domestication.

599 diploma 18

BIBLIOGRAPHY Denbury, Jo, “Bending the Rules at Hooke Park “, Bridport Times, 2020, page 1, available at: https://issuu.com/sherbornetimes/docs/bt0051_march_2020_issuu?fr=sMDZiYzIyNDIzNg “Concrete Reclaimer“, Colubris Cleantech, 2018, availeble at https://www.colubriscleantech.com/int/products-recycling-solutions/concrete-reclaimer “Crushed Concrete “, Superior Groundcover, 2019, available at https://www.superiorgroundcover.com/ “Interlocking Block Moulds”, Coote Engineering, available at http://www.coote.co.uk/products/lego-interconnecting/ General Permitted Development Order, “The Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (England) Order 2015 “, section Class B – temporary use of land, 2015, available at http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2015/596/schedule/2/part/4/crossheading/class-b-temporaryuse-of-land/made General Permitted Development Order, “The Town and Country Planning (General Permitted Development) (England) Order 2015 “, section “PART 7 FORESTRY BUILDINGS AND OPERATIONS”, 1995, available at http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2015/596/schedule/2/part/4/ crossheading/class-b-temporary-use-of-land/made Planning Portal, “Extensions (single storey) “, 2019, available at https://interactive. planningportal.co.uk/mini-guide/extensions-single-storey/0 Planning Portal, “Double-storey extension“, 2019, available at https://interactive.planningportal. co.uk/mini-guide/extensions-two-storey/0 Planning Portal, “Conservatory“, 2019 , available at https://interactive.planningportal.co.uk/ mini-guide/conservatory/11 Planning Portal, “Roof extension“, 2019 , available at https://interactive.planningportal.co.uk/ mini-guide/loft-conversion/10 Planning Portal, “Outbuildings“, 2019 , available at https://interactive.planningportal.co.uk/miniguide/outbuildings/0 British Geology Survey, “Geology of Britain viewer“, available at http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/ geologyofbritain/home.html UKSO, “UK Soil Observatory “, available at http://mapapps2.bgs.ac.uk/ukso/home.html Dorset Wildlife Trust, “Woodland“, available at https://www.dorsetwildlifetrust.org.uk/habitats/ woodland Woodland Trust, “Woodland Animals: British Species “, available https://www.woodlandtrust.org. uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/animals/ Sadd, Christopher, “Interview - Forest management“, October 2019 Sadd, Christopher, Forestry Commission, “WPG Management Plan “, 2014 Rackham, Oliver, “Woodlands “, published by HarperCollins UK, October 1st 2006 Forestry Commission, “Woodland Grants and Incentives Overview “,

2019, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/844836/Woodland_grants_and_incentives_overview_table_-_Nov._2019.pdf Barnes, Richard, “Planning for Ancient Woodland: Planners’ Manual for Ancient Woodland and Veteran Trees “, 2019, available at https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/media/3731/plannersmanual-for-ancient-woodland.pdf Forestry Commission, “Keepers of Time: A STATEMENT OF POLICY FOR ENGLAND’S ANCIENT & NATIVE WOODLAND “, 2005, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/ uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/778106/KeepersofTimeanw-policy.pdf Houses of Parliament - Parliamentary Office of Science & Technology, “Ancient Woodland “, 2014, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ attachment_data/file/778106/KeepersofTimeanw-policy.pdf Architectural Association School of Architecture, “AA School Receives its Largest Ever Single Gift to Develop the First UK Campus Dedicated to Design & Make Architecture “, 2010, available at https://home.aaschool.ac.uk/Downloads/press_releases/AA%20Wakeford%20Bequest Forest Research, “Tree species database”, available at http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/toolsand-resources/tree-species-database/ 1. Freear, 2. Barthel, 1. Andrew, 2. Elena, Architectural Association School of Architetcure, “Hooke Park Strategic Plan”, chapter “Chapter 4: Existing resources: a campus, woodland and local park “, 2010, 1. Kerr, 2. Haufe, 1. Gary, 2. Jens, Forestry Comission, “Thinning Practice: A Silvicultural Guide “, chapter “Chapter 3: Silviculture of thinning (even-aged stands) “, 2011, available at https:// www.forestresearch.gov.uk/documents/4992/Silviculture_Thinning_Guide_v1_Jan2011.pdf The British Deer Society, “Deterring Deer”, available at https://www.bds.org.uk/index.php/ advice-education/deterring-deer Trout, Roger, Forestry Commission Bulletin 102, section “Forest Fencing “, 2006, available at https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/research/forest-fencing/ Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, “National Planning Policy Framework “, 2019, available at https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/ system/uploads/attachment_data/file/810197/NPPF_Feb_2019_revised.pdf Conservation Service Natural, “Sites of special scientific interest: managing your land “, available at https://www.gov.uk/guidance/protected-areas-sites-of-special-scientific-interest, accessed on July 2020 Sadd, Christopher, Forestry Commission, “WPG Management Plan “, 2014 Rackham, Oliver, “Woodlands “, published by HarperCollins UK, October 1st 2006 Gilles, Clement, “The Third Landscape“, available at http://www.gillesclement.com/art-454-titThe-Third-Landscape, 2003

1. Moomaw, 2. Masino, 3. Faison, 1. William R, 2. usan A, 3. Edward K, Frontiers, “Intact Forests in the United States: Proforestation Mitigates Climate Change and Serves the Greatest Good”, 2019, available at https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2019.00027/full Forestry Memories, Forestry Memories Image Library, 2009, available at https://www.forestrymemories.org.uk/

601 bibliography

Gilles Clement, “Manifeste du Tiers Paysage“ 2004, available at http://www.gillesclement.com/ fichiers/_tierspaypublications_92045_manifeste_du_tiers_paysage.pdf

INDEX A AA Archive 32, 34, 36, 38, 41, 46, 122 AA Community 429 Accommodation 16, 37, 39, 137 Afforestation 139 Air-drying 469 Alder 327, 328, 332, 387, 411, 413, 430 Amazon delivery 110 Architectural Association 21, 217 Argillaceous 245 Argillic-Arenaceous 245 Artifical wood 363 Arup 81, 85, 89, 93, 97, 175 Ash 327, 328, 333, 347, 387, 407, 409, 411, 413, 430 Assembly 117 Atelier One 73 Autonomy 392 B Badgers 297 Barbecues 111, 543 Bath Reclamation 582 Bath University 81 Bats 135, 297, 305, 308, 309 B&B 108 Bedford Square 16, 17, 221, 347 Beech 25, 327, 328, 334, 347, 387, 407, 409, 411, 413, 430, 470 Bees 495 Big Shed 39, 117, 141, 562 Biodiversity 23, 303, 309, 427 Biofuel 467 Biomass Boiler House 141, 483, 503 Biophony 313 Bird Tower 209 Bluebell 16 Boundaries 327, 556, 573, 576 Bracken 352, 357, 358 Bracken Pteridium aquilinum 355 Branches 149, 151, 153, 155, 167, 437, 465 Brick 543 Bridport 241, 558-563, 580, 597 Bridport Times 558-563, 597 British Geological Society 239 Bubble wrap 149-51 Budget 147, 515 Buffer tank 505 Buro Happold 32, 33, 37, 41, 42, 44, 51, 57, 63, 69, 73, 85 Burton, Richard 32, 33, 35, 42, 44, 51, 57, 58, 61 C Campus 16, 17, 21, 31, 33-103, 141, 146-147, 221, 231, 239, 301, 307-308, 369, 370, 371, 372, 379, 429, 433, 470, 471, 487, 497, 499, 505, 511, 559 Carbon dioxide 438, 452 Care 17, 343, 513, 515, 523, 581 Caretaker’s House 39, 141 Carlos Villanueva Brandt Architects 38, 39, 41 Carpentry 337 Centerpoint Fountains 199 Children 571, 576 Clay 239, 245, 251, 253, 257, 470, 582, 583, 584 Climate change 438 Colluvium 245 Coe, Edward 81, 89, 93, 97

Community 33, 39, 111, 165, 217, 221, 429, 493, 511, 514, 515 Community relationship 39 Concrete 39, 247, 581, 583-584, 604, 605, 608-609 Concrete tiles 581, 583 Conifers 323, 429, 430 Construction 16, 21, 33-39, 113, 117, 145, 153, 429, 473, 543 Contractors 471, 583 Coppice 371, 567 Corrywright, Charlie 81, 89, 93, 97, 224, 227-300, 513, 543 Corsican Pine 328, 335 Cretaceous Period 241 Cullinan Studio 34-35, 42, 44 Cycling 108 D Darby, Kate 73, 77 Darkroom 141 Deadwood 465 Deciduous tree 337 Deer 297, 301-307, 443, 445, 449, 470, 531 Deer Hide 175 Royal deer park 301, 470 Density 340, 345, 357 Deposits 265, 267 Design & Make 16, 21, 39, 49, 73, 79, 83, 91, 93, 95, 99, 103, 117, 175, 221, 502, 504, 506, 516 Dickson, Michael 51, 57, 63 Diploma 9 39 Diseases 471, 531 District heating system 499, 505 Diversity 239 Dorset 21, 41, 103, 308, 347, 371, 428, 516, 555-556, 563, 566567, 569, 579, 582, 585, 587 Double skin 149, 151 Douglas Fir 328, 336, 347 Dry leaves 149 E Ebay 147 Ecosystem 17, 110, 391, 445, 495, 555 Edible seeds 343 Educational 21, 25, 421, 429 Elena Barthel 39 Enclosure 145 Energy 33, 231, 505, 525 Energy generation 231 Engineered 562 England 21, 423, 427 Environment 110, 227, 327, 392, 449, 470, 495, 516, 556, 567 Erosion 263, 267, 271, 276, 278, 280, 282, 284, 286 Even-age 23 Evergreen 470 Evans, Amy 576 Exercising 109 Exploratory map 173 Extensions 131 F Fabrication 103, 117 Fagus Sylvetica 25 Feilden Clegg Bradley Architects 37 Felling 385, 431, 458, 461, 465, 471 Fibre-glass 167 Fireplace 147, 156, 164, 165 First World War 470 Flint 239 Food 495, 513-517, 525, 529, 532

Footings 37 Forest 21, 31, 33, 108, 110-113, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 226-227, 231, 239, 272, 323, 392, 429, 470-471, 499, 533, 543, 556 Forest Commission 301, 379, 470, 471 Forester 85, 89, 93, 97, 301, 428, 470 Forestry 35, 139, 141, 384, 385 Foundation 37 Foundry 141 Foxes 297 Freear, Andrew 39 Frei Otto 32, 33, 42, 44, 51, 57, 58, 61 Fungi 305, 392, 419 Furniture school 35, 117 G Garden 501, 515-516, 523, 527, 531, 532, 579, 580 Gault clay 239, 253 Gault Formation 241 Geology 239 Greensand Formation 239, 241 Gully 247, 259 Gumtree 147 Guntamatic biomass boiler 497 H Hardwood 309, 323, 337 Harvest 461, 495 Harvester 465 Harvesting 271, 431, 458, 531 Haysom Purbeck Stone 571, 587, 588 Haysom Quarry 586, 588, 589, 591, 592, 597 Health 110, 495, 576 Heat production 503 Herbs 435, 533, 537 History 23, 25, 423, 514 Housing 35, 161 Human involvement 471 Hunted 307 Hyper-local 556 I Income generation 431 Industry 563 Innovation 486 Insect 297 Instructions 471, 576 Insulation 149, 151, 153, 167, 308 Interviews 103, 108, 304, 580 Invertebrates 419 Invisible Studio 69, 71 J Jack Hawker 81, 89, 93, 97 Jo Denbury 559 John Makepeace 470, 513 Jurassic Coast 587 Jurassic Reclamation 571, 578, 579, 580, 585, 597

Locals 109, 111, 421, 567 Log 473 logistics 515 London 21, 108, 110-111, 113, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 347, 471, 573 Low-quality 499 M Maeda Twisting concrete workshops 39 Maintenance 17, 139, 523, 531 Makelab Tower 197 Managed 17, 110, 307, 309, 377, 379, 391, 392 Marking 471 Masterplan 33, 35, 39, 49 Material 21, 37, 153, 227, 245, 309, 323, 429, 566, 579, 591 Material agenda 37 Maturity 430, 431 Metalwork 117 Mice 297, 307 Micro-biomes 391 Mitchell Taylor Workshop 73 Mixed-age 23 Moisture 247, 251, 469 Moss carpet 411 Moths 297, 303 Mollica, Zachary 15, 16, 51, 57, 63, 69, 73, 77, 81, 85, 89, 93, 97, 173-174, 221, 326, 464, 543, 556, 598, 602, 607 Mudstone 239, 241, 243, 245 N National 418, 429 Native 297, 344, 423, 429, 470 Non-humans 17, 392 Norway Spruce 25, 328, 338, 347, 387-389, 405, 430, 470 O Off-site 37 Outbuildings 129, 131, 133, 137 Outdoor learning 576 P Parnham Trust 25, 33, 37, 46, 52, 55, 122, 470 Permaculture 273, 523, 525 Permitted development 125, 127, 129, 131-141 Pheasants 307 Picea Abies 25 Planning permission 25, 35, 125, 129, 131-137, 140, 141 Plastic tubing 443 Poplar 327, 329, 340 Post-war 25 Prefabrication 37 Primary structures 49 Private ways 139 Programme 16, 21, 39, 173, 221 Prototype 35 Prototype House 33, 141 Pruning 437 Public 33, 110, 111, 429 Q

L Landfill 583 landscape 21, 145, 231, 239, 257, 313, 377, 391, 392, 555 Larch 327, 328, 337, 387 Limestone 241, 243, 245 Limitations 17 Listed building 137, 581, 583 Livestock 576

Quartz 243 R Ratchet straps 161, 167 Reclaimed yoga mattress 153 Red Cedar 329, 345, 347 Redesign 350, 470

Red Oak 329, 341 Regeneration 358, 407, 409, 423, 429 Regulate 307 Renewable 503 Replanting 431, 471 Repopulate 443 Residences 33 Resource 108, 581 Re-use 113, 583 Rills 259, 267 Roof 131, 133, 135, 137, 163, 309, 571, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584 Roof extension 135 Roof tiles 309, 571, 580, 581, 582, 583 Round wood 33 Rudaceous 245

Temporary 127, 145, 173, 543 Tension 33, 163 Testing ground 16 Thinning 435 Timber 16, 25, 31, 33, 103, 133, 231, 271, 309, 335-336, 341, 344, 345, 347, 392, 431, 437, 457, 461, 469-471, 473, 499, 503, 536, 559, 566 Timber construction 16 Timber products 461 Timber Seasoning Shelter 39, 80, 81, 83, 141, 468 Timber technology 31 Topsoil 249 Toxins 358 Tractor 471 Trampoline 160, 161, 163 Tripod structure 153

Sadd, Christopher 17, 41, 85, 89, 93, 97, 301, 324, 331, 350, 352, 384, 431, 449, 460, 461, 470, 472, 543 Salvage 113 Saplings 443 Sawmill 467, 469

Unmanaged 363, 385 Utopia 165

School 21, 31, 33, 35, 103, 108, 109, 110, 111, 113, 117, 428, 471, 513, 576 Seasons 259, 267, 327 Secondary structures 173 Sedimentary rock 587 Self-reliance 493, 514 Self, Martin 69, 73, 77, 81, 85, 89, 93, 97 Self-sufficiency 21, 543 Settlement 165 Shelters 145, 165 Army Shelter 155 Sawmill Shelter 141, 175 Shrubs 435 Silica 243 Site of Special Scientific Interest 129, 133, 427, 429 Sitka Spruce 329, 342, 387, 403 Social arrangements 165 Softwood 309, 323 Soil 231, 239, 259, 271, 357, 438 Soil erosion 276, 278, 280-284, 286 Soil nutrient 231 South Lodge 221 Species 25, 135, 297, 303, 308, 313, 323, 327, 344, 357-358, 391-392, 403-413, 423, 429-431, 435, 443, 470 Protected species 135, 271, 308, 427, 429-430 Spores 355 Squirrels 297, 307, 443, 531 Stairway to Nowhere 175 Stakeholder 428, 429 Steam-bending 334, 339 Stone 133, 239, 278, 284, 583, 587-591 Strategic Plan 39 Streams 239, 271, 313, 473 Student Lodges 39, 221 Summer Build Programme 39 Sunlight 357, 403-413, 527, 531 Sustainable development 39 Swamp 407 Sweet Chestnut 327, 329, 343 Sycamore 327, 329, 344, 387 T Tarp 153 Tarpaulin 163, 169 Taylor, Piers 69, 73, 77, 85

V Vegetation 276, 278, 280, 282, 284, 286 vernacular 108, 556 Visiting School 21, 175 W Wakeford 141, 428 Wakeford Hall Library 97,141 Walks 108, 113 Warden 221 Waste management 525, 571 Waste products 581 Watch Tower 175 Water body 271 Water cycles 231 Water logging 276, 278, 280, 282, 284, 286 Waterproofing 149, 151 Wellbeing 297 Westminster Lodge 108, 309, 470 Wetness 167, 407 Wet wood 470 Wi-Fi 110 Wildlife 231, 301, 303, 305, 307, 427, 443, 470, 567 Wild-wood 423 Winch 459, 465, 467 Wind 167, 263, 267, 435, 559, 583 Wind erosion 263, 267 Winter fleece cover 153 Wood chip 483, 503 Woodchip Barn 141, 175, 467 Woodland 16, 21, 23, 31, 33, 103, 173, 271, 301, 307, 308, 309, 313, 323, 331, 350, 357, 363, 369-372, 384-385, 403, 413, 419-421, 423, 425, 427, 429, 431, 433, 435, 437, 441, 443, 445, 447, 449, 451, 452, 461, 467, 470, 471, 516, 559, 563, 566-576 Ancient Woodland 390, 419, 424, 427, 429, 430 Woodland crafts 567 Woodland floor 435 Woodland Management 384, 385, 421 Woodland management plan 384, 420, 461 Woods 25, 113, 427, 435, 452, 470, 471, 499, 514, 529 Workshop 21, 37, 39, 109, 113, 117, 118, 224, 323, 347, 470, 497, 514, 515, 516, 523, 529 World Heritage site 587 Wren’s Nursery 570, 571, 574, 576, 577

image on this page: DIPLOMA 18 STUDENTS MAKING A COLLECTIVE DRAWING extract from timelapse, Diploma 18, December 2020 next image: FOUR DIPLOMA 18 STUDENTS HUDDLING AND WORKING TOGETHER TO KEEP WARM ON A COLD DAY IN WESTMINSTER LODGE Connie Lynn Tang, December 2020 last image: END OF TERM JURY LUNCH IN THE CATHEDRAL OF TREES Aude-Line Dulière, December 2020

Shidi Fu Shreya Kochatta Lydia Cho Ying Liu Sorana-Stefana Mazilu Ele Mun Joyce Ka Kei Ng Nicole Ng Hui Min Alice Nobel Andrew Robertson Clara Schwarz Connie Lynn Tang Ke Yang

Lionel Devlieger Aude-Line Dulière Maarten Gielen James Westcott

2019/20

Diploma 18

Slowing Down Wood Cascading The Island Surplus Concrete Modern Pilgrimage Matchmade on the Web Reinstating the Vernacular

Proposals for Hooke Park and Beyond

vol.

The Possibility of an Island at the AA Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture New Grounds Salvage Water and Soil Hooke Park SoundTrail

Hooke Lookbook

Shidi Fu

Shreya Kochatta Lydia Cho Ying Liu

Sorana-Stefana Mazilu

Alice Nobel

Ele Mun

Joyce Ka Kei Ng

Connie Lynn Tang & Nicole Ng Hui Min

Andrew Robertson

Clara Schwarz

Ke Yang

2019/20

Content Prelude

Salvage Water and Soil Modifying the Landscape of Hooke Park

The Island Salvaging a Landscape of Ruin

Reinstating the Vernacular A Material Strategy for Affordable Housing

113

4 5

Reusing Waste Concrete

165

Modern Pilgrimage Concrete Chapels

205

Surplus Concrete Saving Waste Concrete in Wet Form

241

Matchmade on the Web A Resource Exchange Platform for Roof Tiles

301

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture Carving out Spaces for Protected Bats

361

The Possibility of an Island at the AA or How to Deschool Ourselves?

425

New Grounds An Invitation for Settlement

541

Slowing Down Wood Cascading ‘Woodito’ to Reduce our Ecological Impact

573

Hooke Park SoundTrail Heard and (un)Seen

633

Index

693

Acknowledgments

700

Prelude Maybe around 4am (I don’t know, my phone was dead) on our first night in Hooke Park — tutors and students all camping up on a little plateau above the campus, hidden behind trees still thick with leaves in early October, and sheltered by a steep hill to the northeast — I stumbled out of my tent to answer the call of nature. The darkness in the forest was immediately visceral, cave-like, allencompassing. I quickly calculated that if I ventured too far from our settlement I would not be able to find my way back until dawn, or would risk blindly crashing into a shelter that a group of students had built for the night. (Their first assignment of the year.) Finding an appropriate distance, and looking out into the darkness I noticed that in fact it wasn’t completely dark. The forest floor was glowing. Was it light sweeping from a car’s headlights on the little road leading to the campus, illuminating the wood in a weird way? Nope, the light wasn’t moving, and there was no sound or sight of a car. And the strange light was faint and green, scattered in blobs and blotches across a wide area south of our settlement.

pruned, and mostly undergrowthfree forest, with trees evenly spaced and in mono-species stands, was it possible have an Avatar-like moment where the whole forest suddenly seemed alive, wanting to impart a secret to me while everyone slept? Had someone slipped some DMT into the veggie burgers we’d cooked on the campfire a few hours earlier while talking about Ivan Illich’s Tools for Conviviality and Anna Tsing’s Mushroom at the End of the World? I realized I was a privileged witness to a natural phenomenon: the glowing forest floor must be a bioluminescent fungus, feeding on rotting leaves and logs. I brought the stick back to my tent (I did manage to find it without incident), as some kind of evidence, wishing I could have documented this phenomenon on my phone. This anecdote is definitely not to say that Hooke Park, behind its “working forest” self-image and its rational, design-driven programme, harbours great mystical secrets. (Though when I told the warden about my experience the next day he did mention reports of spooky incidents up on that plateau). It’s to point out:

I crouched down to look closer, and picked up a stick. It was covered in small glowing spots. I held it closer to my eyes, unable to believe them. It felt like a borderline spiritual experience, but a very self-reflexive or self-engineered one — I knew I was “having” it as it was unfolding. Or was this a lucid dream? How, in the UK, one of the most de-natured countries in the world, and in the middle of this strictly managed, well-

a) that the tangible reality of Hooke Park is plenty mysterious already; b) how much we needed to explore the ecosystem here, human and nonhuman; c) the great untapped ecological, pedagogical, and material potential that lies in this woodland and the institution that stewards it.

We wanted to work in a very literal, grounded way: testing materials, building prototypes, even ‘preenacting’ the gatherings, events, or transgressions that our proposals, if completed, might give rise to. We were honoured to be labelled a “nonfiction diploma unit.”

…design accommodation for a nonhuman species, since the engineering of the forest eliminated the niches they’d otherwise inhabit?

Instead of camping, all of our subsequent nights in Hooke Park — students spent nearly a month there in total — were spent in the comfort of Westminster Lodge, a residential structure built in 1994 with Hooke Park timber. But our immersion in the forest and the community of Hooke Park only deepened over the course of the year.

…interrogate the economy of selling timber, the impact of clearcutting, the wisdom of feeding the forest to the biomass boiler?

Lockdown made many of the unit’s building aspirations impossible, and our next night in Hooke Park is uncertain. It is difficult to imagine the visceral, physical, and emotional experiences we’ve had this year replicated in an institution postcoronavirus. But the driving questions remained, and new ones emerged. How could we — how could architects — harness and enhance the conviviality built into this unique place? …bring unsellable roof tiles and waste concrete to the forest? …unearth seams of clay and find new ways of building with it? …harvest a rampant poisonous pest and use it as a tool for listening to the forest?

…tap into the waste-stream of wood leftover from Hooke Park’s structural experimentations?

…test the viability of tree stumps as foundations for structures that embrace their temporality? …galvanise Hooke Park’s designation as a “park” and manage its water flows to stimulate biodiversity? …discover a ruined plantation, a state of exception both within this well-managed woodland and the boundaries of architectural education, for thinking afresh?

James Westcott for Diploma 18

Diploma 18 2019/20 Shidi Fu Shreya Kochatta Lydia Cho Ying Liu Sorana-Stefana Mazilu Ele Mun Joyce Ka Kei Ng Nicole Ng Hui Min Alice Nobel Andrew Robertson Clara Schwarz Connie Lynn Tang Ke Yang Aude-Line Duliere James Westcott Maarten Gielen Lionel Devlieger

Edited by Ele Mun Co-edited by Andrew Robertson Cover design by Ele Mun Index by Shreya Kochatta

Despite our best efforts to properly credit and source the images and data in this book, we are still human. Please alert the editors as to any missing or incorrect information. Contact: opalisuk2019@gmail.com

Salvage Water and Soil Modifying Landscape of Hooke Park The project observes the increasing risk in the relationship between water and soil in HP. Through using woodland treatment as the starting point, it proposes a modified woodland developing plan concerting two perceptives - ecologically and pedagogically.

educational institution like the AA should bridge the issue between architectural and ecology, and it emphasis the care of stewardship from the students as the essential continuing forces for the maintenance of HP.

The project envisages Hooke Park as being more like a park: more accessible and inviting to the public and users from the AA. It emphasises the park-like features that enhance biodiversity, improve soil health and water management, which also make aesthetic ‘improvements’ to Hooke Park. The projects set up a few examples to gradually restore the woodland and steer its future management direction. Ecologically, it argues to increase of biodiversity and enhance the public park features, pedagogically, it looks how an

Shidi Fu

Table 2 Summary of the effects of predicted climate change on woodland and forestry. Indicative responses to changes in each environmental variable are given, but specific cases may differ from the general responses 10 Salvage Water and Soil outlined.

Variable

Beneficial effects

Detrimental effects

Atmospheric CO2

Increase in growth rate

Reduction in timber quality

Reduction in stomatal conductance and

Increase in leaf area and thus higher wind

lower water use on a leaf area basis

resistance and water use; lower light transmission also affects character of ground vegetation Possible nutrient imbalances Reduction in growth rate

Ozone pollution

Impaired stomatal function and thus increased susceptibility to drought Temperature

Longer growing season

Delayed hardening

Higher potential productivity

Risk of spring and autumn frost damage

Lower risk of winter cold damage

possibly increased

Less snow damage

Longer growing seasons reducing winter

Potential for use of species which are

soil water recharge period

not hardy at present

Reduced winter mortality of insect and mammalian pests More rapid development and increased fecundity of insect and mammal pests Potential for exotic/alien pests to spread to the UK

Rainfall

Reduced intensity of

Winter waterlogging limiting access for forest

some foliar pathogens

operations and reducing stability Root death increasing susceptibility to drought and soil-borne pathogens Summer drought-induced mortality

The Effects of Predicted Climate Change on Woodland Forestry

Facultative pathogens more damaging in stressed trees Possible increase in forest fires Increased number of deep depressions

Wind

increasing risk of wind damage, particularly in England Cloud cover

Increased potential productivity

Increased diurnal temperature range in autumn increasing risk of frost damage

Climate change and British woodland: what does the future hold?

Mature Trees Uprooted by Storm in unwell Drained Compartment in Hooke Park

The increased rainfall effect will increase the rate of soil erosion on gully banks, streams in HP, which p

Gully Stream and Soil Condition

Winter Waterlogging

Gully Soil Erosion

poses threat to the delicited relationship between soil, water.

Salvage Water and Soil

The Streampath: clothing the bank for confrontation and cohabitation of the common bed. Gilles Bruni and Marc Babarit. South Carolina Botanical Garden, Clemson University, South Carolina, U.S.A., February , 1998.

Newly installed terraced willow spilling for bank protection.

Terraced willow spilling one year later, viewed from the opposite direction.

The method of stabilising the gully banks is willow spilling. Willow Spilling is a traditional technique pr It applies wood stakes along the gully banks with half mater spacing, and then waving willow rods thro sediment runoff.

Willow Spilling Case Study

BANK TOP 16 LIVE WILLOW RODS FOR 0.6M HIGH WALL

0.6M

GROUND SURFACE

2M LONG LIVE WILLOW STAKES 1.4M

0.5M SPACING

Details of willow stakes and rods installation

50MM - 100MM

racticed in England, it is a low-maintenance green infrastructure with local materials and simple tools. ough. If using live willow, it should encourage green growth along gully bank in order to reduce

Salvage Water and Soil

Willow Spilling Site

Salvage Water and Soil

1:1 Willow Spilling Construction

Salvage Water and Soil

1:1 Willow Spilling Construction

Salvage Water and Soil

0.33

0.95

0.41

Scan Section

1.61

Scan Plan

0.44

0.74

Willow Spilling Scan

1.44

1.31

0.36

1.62

Salvage Water and Soil

1. Beech 2. Ash 6. Mixed Broadleaf

3.Norway Spruce 7. Sitka Spruce

4. Douglas Fir 5. Red Cedar

50M

Old Pond

Salvage Water and Soil

EROSION ZONE F

EROSION ZONE D

EROSION ZONE C

MAIN STREAM

EROSION ZONE A

MAIN STREAM

EROSION ZONE B ZONE B FLOW INLET POINT

Constructed Ditch Primary Gully Secondary Gully Main Stream 0

New Willow Spilling Along Soil Eroded Gully Banks in Hooke Park

200M

Woodland Restoration Plan

FREE DRAINING LOAMY SOILS

WATER CHANNEL RUNOFF

MAIN STREAM

SLOWLY PERMEABLE CLAYED SOILS

INPEDED DRAINAGE CALYED SOIL

MAIN STREAM

Constructed Ditch Primary Gully Secondary Gully Main Stream 0

200M

New Willow Wall as Buffer Dam Along Soil Eroded Gully Banks in Hooke Park

Salvage Water and Soil

Willow Spilling Intervention

Salvage Water and Soil

0.75

0.05 5.99

0.10 5.99

0.30 5.94

5.92

Willow Dam Intervention

Salvage Water and Soil

Proposing New Ponds along Erosion Gully

New Ponds

Salvage Water and Soil

Survey of Existing Tracks, Rides and Trails in Hooke Park

Salvage New Tracks and Trails

Proposing New Paths and Circulation in Hooke Park

Salvage Water and Soil

Boundary between SSSI and PAWS

Interventions between SSSI and PAWS

Salvage Water and Soil

0.73

1.16

6.50

0.12 1.27

0.86

0.12 0.57

0.72

0.57

4.73

28.51

Staircase on Slope

Salvage Brick 75mm

Rubbers and Soil Fill-in

1.21

225mm

Insulation Sheet Ground Subsoil

0.86

0.57

Salvage Water and Soil

Staircase on Slope

Salvage Water and Soil

Old Trail Restoration

Salvage Water and Soil

Drainage Gutters in the Woodland

Salvage Water and Soil

Self-Care Garden

Salvage Water and Soil

Primary Outline:

0 - 2 Years

1. Formalise first new track 2. Restore old pond near birdhouse 3. Install willow along eroded gullies

4. Create trails along NW boundary 5. Fell on cpt 9c,12c & Replant on cpt 5c,d,e

Primary Outline:

2 - 5Y

1. Connect the track gap at SE section 2. Formalise new ponds along NS gully 3. Install willow buffer dams along

Existing Tracks

Existing Ponds

Existing Tracks

Existing

Proposed New

Pond

Proposed New

Pond

Existing Tails

Replanting Cpts

Existing Tails

Replant

Proposed New

Clear Felling

Proposed New

Clear Fe

Treating Erode

Old Trail Restoration

Years

Primary Outline:

4. Neuter PAWS Restoration Site 5. Apply site for Natural England 6. Fell on cpt 12c,2d & Replant on cpt 2c,i,4f

g Ponds

5 - 10 Years

1. Extend new tracks on West section 2. Formalise new ponds along EW gully 3. Connect the trail loop around HP

4. Extend PAWS restoration site and landscape

PAWS

Existing Tracks

Existing Ponds

PAWS

Natural England

Proposed New

Pond

Natural England

ting Cpts

Existing Tails

Replanting Cpts

SSIS Sites

elling

Proposed New

Clear Felling

Treating Erode

Salvage Water and Soil

Island: salvaging a landscape

THE ISLAND Salvaging a landscape of Ruin In the few years that it has existed as a part of the park, the Island has garnered quite a few adjectives. An unmanaged woodland, a ruin, abandoned landscape, the dramatic forest to name a few. Living on the other side of the road, the Island is a patch of wood-scape owned by the Architectural Association as a part of their Hooke Park estate. Abandoned for the past 50 years, the Island today is seen as a wasteland. However, waste is nothing but an opportunity existing in the wrong space. The project argues that the island is much more than a ruin or ever a woodland.

then left as an unwant, only to allow for ecology to take over. The island is an unexpected and unintended biological reserve. The project is an attempt to realize the potential of the Island. It argues that instead of concentrating on its economic inefficiency, we could in-fact harness its pedagogical value . Using a path intervention, it tries to salvage the lost identity of the space along with arguing for a deeper understanding of the new nature that island provides.

It is part of larger version of natural environments labelled by Gilles Clement as third landscapes. These are spaces controlled intensively for long and

Shreya Kochatta

Island: salvaging a landscape of ruin

22 June, 2020

Eva Franch i Gilabert, Architectural Association, 36 Bedford Square London WC1B 3ES Dear Eva, I hope this letter finds you well. In the current world of coronavirus and lockdown, we have found ourselves adapting to various means of conversation. Zoom, Teams and hangouts have become part of our mundane lives. However, I wanted to use a more personal and compelling format to address the topic. Perhaps an epistolary form of communication to express my intent is necessary. I am writing this letter to share my thoughts regarding a unique landscape that AA owns. I believe this space – The Island as it is known, has the capacity to open a new line of enquiry. It can be a more heuristic and experience-based part of the broader pedagogical experience that the school itself is. The Island also has the potential to become a space of generosity that forges a stronger relationship between the Hooke park and the Hooke village. The purpose of this letter is not to provide a linear series of instructions or a definite way forward but to just spark conversation on this forgotten and unappreciated piece of land, I have found to be very moving. Architecture, Culture and Nature AA has always been at the forefront of radical learning. Engaging constructively with politics, crisis, community and new discoveries is part of our school’s culture. Climate awareness is one of them and Anthropocene, Post-humanism and other such fancy and complex words have entered our everyday lexicon. However, I feel, we need a deeper understanding of the term ‘nature’ that the above seem to address. In Nature’s metropolis1, William Cronon states ‘The most problematic term of all is “nature,” one of the richest, most complicated and contradictory words in the entire English language.’ What we call nature or natural landscapes can be forked into three different versions - The first (original, pre-human), the second (nature doctored to answer to needs and comforts of human) and the third – an unconscious overlap of the above two (ruined and undervalued landscapes of capitalism). The first degree or form of nature is seldom experienced. It is what must have existed many years ago and maybe exists today in locations humans cannot access easily. Second form of nature is fairly common. Hooke park, AA’s woodland campus itself is a fitting case. As diploma 18’s site for the year, we were able to understand the intense management that the landscape undergoes to look sharp and appealing to the viewers. It is a cleaned up and forced version of nature. Trees are engineered to attain the best produce and animals seen as pests are culled to control their growth. Practices in Hooke park

are a representation of the ‘nature’ known to us. The vast majority of ‘natural’ spaces that we encounter today are like Hooke park. They are territories of second-degree nature. There are various kinds of second nature but they all are similar in that in these landscapes Nature is groomed for human needs primarily – manicured gardens, controlled water bodies and managed woodlands. At this stage, I am disappointed to realize that throughout my life this artificial form of nature is all I have ever experienced not just in a reality but in mainstream representation too. Paintings, photographs and films all have been perpetuating the idea of this manicured and domesticated nature as the ‘natural’. The Island – a post-management ruin or a third landscape? Within Diploma 18’s research in Hooke park, we also investigated the Island. The Island is a 20-acre patch of land owned by the school, 15 minutes away from Hooke Park campus. Historically, the Island was a controlled coppice for long and then abandoned for next 50 years. Today, the tree plantations done 5 decades ago have failed, the ground is covered with moss and the barks have an early growth of bracket fungi. The general consensus amongst the Hooke parkers is that the Island is a ruin. It is chaotic and unstable woodland which currently has no value. However, interestingly in the Island one finds skulls of the red fox and a rangale of grazing deer. The alterations in its maintenance has resulted in a novel micro-biome formed of the unwanted, the unknown and the new. The Island is an unexpected biological reserve – one that wasn’t intended in the first place. This is why it falls into the category of third nature. A new version of nature being observed as a direct result to the intensive alterations in the environment’s fabric. Crocodiles in the waste water body of a power plant, bats in a badly design car park or species in a doomed landscape like the Island, They all form the third landscape. Third nature, third landscape and third estate: a recurring concept discussed by several thinkers. Abbé Siéyes sees the third estate as peripheral and marginalised spaces that are seen as useless today but have a strong potential to be something.2 In her book, The mushroom at the end of the world Anna Tsing presents third nature as the nature that has managed to survive despite capitalism.3 Gilles Clement designates the third landscape to sum of spaces left behind (délaissé) by man to landscape evolution – to nature alone.4 As a designer, he finds an undervalued aesthetic quality in such forfeited landscapes. The Island is also the result of devaluation and obsolescence, a profound transformation resulting from the two conditions. Third nature is of interest to us because in these evolved

On pedagogical possibilities in Island

Island: Salvaging a Landscape of Ruin

Hooke Parish

Isla

Hooke Park Proper

Site Location

A Letter to Eva

environments, there is potential to understand the ecologies of the spaces altered by human use of land – the anthropogenic ecologies. The forces of transformation in these are not governed by the Anthropos but by its unattendance. In simple words, the Island and its rich third nature upsets the current perception of exploited and contaminated spaces and provides a positive view on it. What does it mean for Architectural association to own such a space? I would like to address this question with my personal experience of the Island. When myself, Nicole5 and Connie6 decided to make the Island our site for the year, little did we know how Challenging a landscape it was. The ground conditions, the views as well as the general atmosphere changes in every few metres. It was then understood that the Island had various micro-climates – zones of different atmosphere affected due to the varying forces acting on it. Without human intervention, these forces have profound effects. Dry areas due to edge conditions on the perimeter, extremely damp forest floor near river Hooke, alien plant species due to seed migration between the Island and the woodland next to it. In addition to this, seasonal changes like heavy rainfall, strong winds, stage 3 flooding all impact the space. The place is filled with quick sands and fallen trees which then become home to small birds and insects, allow the animals to dig deep dens and enrich the soil for growth of new plants. The discontinuous and unstable environment of the Island created lasting impressions and captivating moments- moments all three of us cherished. It became our first experience of a more natural ‘nature’. The Island experience educated us a lot. For a school of architectural thinkers and designers, the Island can be a strong geographical and cultural agenda. AA through the Island, can pave the path in shifting such marginalised spaces from realm of worthlessness to the landscapes of the future. The dialectic of devaluation and renewal today is taking a central stage in many architectural discussions. A first hand demonstration of the same on a personal landscape like the Island would definitely yield a profound effect in the architectural community. Portraying the synergy of the what is done by man and how autonomous nature redefines it in its own ways. It asks a sharp question – Can we restrain the forces of engineering and domestication enough to promote evolutionary freedom? Can we redefine the function and future of a ruined landscape? Can we generate value in the Island through conviviality? And most importantly, Can we provide a more meaningful and grounded experience of nature? These spaces are especially imperative for the future generation, who can develop a much deeper and meaningful impression of nature and the wild, than I and many others like me have ever been able to. The Island futures A strong and long term possibility for the Island would be to become a pedagogical landscape for little children.

The Wrens Nursery in Hooke village is located two minutes away from the Island. For the little children (aged 2-6) of the nursery, this landscape could be a very enriching space. I talked to Amy Evans, who is one of the tutors and she showed great interest in such a collaboration. The Island will become the new kind of nature that they get used to. The experience will allow them to understand and trace the multitude of relations and forces that create such a dynamic and unusual landscape. They will inherit a culture where power and role of humans is more decentralised in a natural environment. However, this one of the many potential futures the Island can have. As a participant of Hooke park futures workshop, I am learning more about the economics of the Hooke park estate and how can we further increase its value. Our final task is to create a business plan which be pitched to the investors. Whilst collaboration with resourceful international organizations is an option, I do feel that a purposeful exchange with the immediate neighbourhood is more fruitful in the longer run. I see the future of Hooke park amongst the list of revolutionary schools like Black mountain college, Bauhaus, Open city Ritoque etc.7 A common characteristic of all these residential schools is their relationship with the community. However, at the moment, Hooke park exists in its own bubble. The exchange is limited to villagers taking a walk in the woodland. The Island can be an extension of Hooke park’s friendship with the Hooke village. There are many opportunities that this chaotic, untamed, semi- wild and neglected landscape can offer. A landscape of learning for the children of the village is only one of them. I am really willing to take responsibility and develop this further. The first step could be organizing a walk in the Island for the village community along with some members of the AA. We could also host an evening in the Island to start a dialogue and share ideas on how to make it a more meaningful and valuable asset for the school. However, for all of the above we need your support and guidance. The Island gives us a chance to truly understand nature and the self-management it practices; the Island is a landscape of learning. Today it is an introverted space with barbed wires protecting it from any transgression. It will remain a worthless patch of land unless we make some effort to consciously change its narrative. In the hope that you might find this subject as important as I do, I really look forward to hearing from you. Yours, Shreya

1. William Cronon, Nature’s Metropolis : Chicago and the Great West (New York: W.W. Norton, 1992), 11–14. In the following pages, Cronon explains the three different kinds of nature and how the term ‘nature’ has always been used loosely but needs more understanding. 2. Emmanuel Joseph, What Is the Third Estate? (New York Praeger, 1964). 3. Anna Lowenhaupt, The Mushroom At The End Of The World : On The Possibility Of Life In Capitalist Ruins (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017). 4. Gilles Clement, “Le Jardin Planétaire,” www.gillesclement. com, accessed June 17, 2020,

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Entering the island through the barbed wire boundary.

‘‘It is pretty inconvenient and there’s no services there. So, it’s a bit bulky. Don’t know what to make of it, I suppose there is no connection with the main park activities. I don’t have a personal relationship with it.’’ - Charlie Corry Wright, Workshop Manager Hooke Park Estate

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Dynamic character of the landscape

Chaotic character of the landscape Early site visit sketch was produced during a site visit just one day after the storm Dennis (February, 2020) hit the area. It depicts the dynamic and chaotic nature of the space.

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UNMANAGED ABANDONED NEGLECTED FALLOW WILD RUIN

DOMESTICATED MANAGED CURATED VALUED STABLE SAFE

Artificial Nature

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Artificial Nature

The picture clicked in Hooke park represents a second degree nature. The landscape is tamed and curated intensively through procedures like constant pruning and culling to achieve desired result.

Cycle of timber plantation

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Woodland Management

Woodland Management Woodland Management is a cyclical process starting from plantation to pruning to clear felling.

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Activities of Control

Activities of Control Wildlife engineering, species selection and many other processes are involved in woodland management.

1. Shidi Fu, Skin of a a Culled Squirrel, 2019, 2. Andrew Robertson, Headpiece of a Culled Deer, 2019, 3. Hooke Park, Pruning Workshop at Hooke Park

Housing non-humans

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Housing non-humans

Island is not controlled in a similar manner to Hooke park and therefore is seen as unmanaged. Although human’s presence is negligible, the island continues to be a home to various non-humans.

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Layers Island: of management salvaging a landscape in the island

71 BIRDS

OWLS

BATS

SPIDERS

MOTHS BUTTERFLIES RODENTS

DEER FOX MOSS

FUNGUS ANT COLONY

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Spread of moss in 1 metre square of forest floor

Moss cover

Moss Cover

Spores disposal

Germination

Leafy gametophyte

Developement of rhizoids

Due to its damp and low-sunlight ground condition, the moss covers the ground as well as the fallen and some living trees. Species Detail One of the moss found in the island is brachythecium rutabulam that spreads through transfer of spores on the ground. It encapsulates moisture in the ground and reduces soil erosion.

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Fungus Colony

Fungus create intense mycellium network below ground feeding on organic food matter. They provide nutrients back to the soil by decomposition and also act as food for animals such as deer and squirrel. Species Detail Scarlet elfcup (Sarcoscypha coccinea) are a fungus species found in extremely damp conditions in the nothern hemisphere. These were sighted in the island due to the passage of hooke river and the wet bank near it.

Island: Salvaging a Landscape of Ruin

Flight Patterns

Birds perform tree selection and have flight patterns suitable to their own needs. Their selection process for the trees is both horizontal and vertical and it tends to inform their flight patterns.

Flight patterns

Fox skull in the island Skull of the red fox (vulpes-vulpes) was found in the island, signifying to its natural death. Unlike other territories in the neighbourhood, foxes in the island are not pests that need to be culled.

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Salvaging a Landscape

Fox Territories

An extremely adaptive animal species, the fox is not particularly selective of its environment. However the soft soil and the availability of hiding spaces makes the island a comfortable space for territory creation. Species Detail Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) is found commonly in the area. Natural predators, they are both cherished and stalked in the managed parts of woodland.

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The Third Landscape

“The Third Landscape designates the sum of the space left over by man to landscape evolution, to nature alone.” - Gilles Clement

1.Alessandro Rocca, Planetary Gardens : The Landscape Architecture of Gilles Clément (Basel ; Boston: Birkhäuser, 2008).

What has managed to survive?

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What has managed to survive?

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N The issue of the highway: The AA is both the owner and the current client of the space. It takes almost 13 minutes to reach to the island passing through the highway, the field and finally transgressing through the barbed wires. Moreover, the 200 acres HP proper offers so much to the 15 full time residents , that the chance of going to the island almost never comes up.

Enlarging the Scope

Enlarging the scope: Whilst remaining under the ownership of AA, the island can open new grounds of relationship with the locals using the island. The island will find new value with the visitation from the Hooke village.

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‘We haven’t really engaged that way too much. Right now we’re on friendly terms with most of those people, but, only in a passing way.’ Charlie Corry Wright, Hooke park workshop manager

‘This piece of woodland isn’t ours and we don’t use it. I don’t think I have seen anybody using it.’ Sarah Mcconnel, Hooke park Local working at Hooke court

Relationship of Hooke park and Hooke village

Ridgeway connecting island to hooke village

The Lost wessex ridgeway

N.d., n.d., https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=17/50.80020/-2.66965&layers=N.

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“Home :: Wren’s Nursery - Hooke Court, Beaminster, Dorset,” www.wrensnursery.co.uk, accessed June 17, 2020, https:// www.wrensnursery.co.uk/.

New user: The Wren’s Nursery

New User : The Wren’s Nursery

A third landscape is an enriching space for future generation to learn about untamed nature. The local nursery of Wrens is a great user for the island.

“Education and outdoors cannot exist without each-other. It is where children get the freedom to make decisions and learn from them.” - Interview with Amy Evans, Wrens Nursery Hooke Parish

Current conditions of the island Right now the island is an introverted space. Perimetered by barbed wires and enveloped by overgrowth, the island has an unwelcoming aura. Even if it can be argued that island has a strong pedagogical value, it needs an intervention to facilitate this learning.

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Path as a physical Intervention starting an active dialogue with the third landscape

Gilles Clement, “Le Jardin Planétaire,” www.gillesclement.com, accessed June 17, 2020, http://www. gillesclement.com/cat-jardinplanetaire-tit-Le-Jardin-Planetaire.

Intervening in a third landscape

Intervening in a third landscape Wall as a device to foreground third landscape

Before the marks

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After the marks

A line in Japan, Richard long, 1979

Spiral jetty,Robert Smithson, 1970

Hadrian wall, 122 AD

Marking the Landscape

Marking the landscape

Stripping it further down to more minimal gestures within the landscape. The above examples show the effect interventions can have on a scape. The intervention assists the user in interacting with the landscape. these all create marks that become an imprint, forever changing the way we look at the otherwise plain landscape.

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From the asphalt road to the historic ridge-way in the fields, and following the path in the island.

Walking through the marks

Walking through the marks Concentrating the marks in one horizontal plane, helps in creating a continuous flow starting from the road, through the ridge-way and into the island all throughout the change in one’s immediate atmosphere.

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Damp areas on site

Intersecting Habitats

Field research

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Field Research Due to strong and variable edge effects, the micro-climate of the island is zonal. Near the Hooke river bank, the soil is extremely fertile and support strong biodiversity whereas near the fields, the effects are adverse.

Ground conditions of the island

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Palletized stack of offcuts spread throughout the site in Haysom quarry

Distance from the island to haysom quarry is 66 kilometres or 1 hour approx

Material choice for the path

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Material choice for the path

stone extracted

product cut on request

delivered to the site

offcut to the product

left on quarry for 3-4 years

sold to buyers if found

crushed to gravel for sub-layer or stone dust to mix with mortar.

Production of stone offcuts in a quarry

Juliet Haysom, Quarry offcuts, interview by Shreya Kochatta, May 15, 2020.

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River

Loose boundary for children

Spaces to sit on or rest and notice the ecology around .

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Exploring ecology near the river

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Safe path through the unpruned plantation

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A moment near the overgrown coppice

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Process of stone path building

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Analytical drawing of the various processes involved in path building

1. Secondary production (offcuts) from the Haysom stone quarry. 2. Various different batches of offcuts collected on site. 3. Involvement of public charities like Paths for all and Dry stone walling society for construction of the footpath. 4. Gradual development of the footpath based on the batches received. 5. Opening up the island for visitation. 6. Invitation to the children of Wren’s nursery.

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Bibliography

Clement, Gilles. “Le Jardin Planétaire.” www.gillesclement.com. Accessed June 17, 2020. http://www.gillesclement.com/catjardinplanetaire-tit-Le-Jardin-Planetaire. Cronon, William. Nature’s Metropolis : Chicago and the Great West. New York: W.W. Norton, 1992. Haysom, Juliet. Quarry offcuts. Interview by Shreya Kochatta, May 15, 2020. “Home :: Wren’s Nursery - Hooke Court, Beaminster, Dorset.” www.wrensnursery.co.uk. Accessed June 17, 2020. https://www. wrensnursery.co.uk/. Joseph, Emmanuel. What Is the Third Estate? New York Praeger, 1964. Lowenhaupt Tsing, Anna. The Mushroom At The End Of The World : On The Possibility Of Life In Capitalist Ruins. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017. Mariano Gómez Luque, Ghazal Jafari, and Harvard. Posthuman. Cambridge, Ma: New Geographies Lab, Harvard University Graduate School Of Design, 2017. Rocca, Alessandro. Planetary Gardens : The Landscape Architecture of Gilles Clément. Basel ; Boston: Birkhäuser, 2008. Daou, Daniel, Pablo Pérez-Ramos, and Harvard University. Graduate School Of Design. New Geographies. 08, Island. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Graduate School Of Design, 2016.

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Reinstating the Vernacular A Material Strategy for Affordable Housing My project is about rediscovering the potential of clay construction, a material that is universally found and has virtually zero embodied energy, has great material and spatial qualities, but has been rarely used in the west since modernity. Currently, a new two-layered loadbearing and insulating wall system, Cobbauge, is being developed by University of Plymouth and French partners. Having tested multiple cob mixes of clays and hemp fibres in the lab, a first Cobbauge housing prototype is underway, and will be the first in the history of cob building to comply with UK building regulations, a great promise for upscaling cob construction. By combining the abundance and cheapness of clay and hemp with a communal selfbuild framework, the efficiencies of the “flying factory”, and the inherent economies of cohousing, affordable housing can be approached from a material strategy.

A co-housing development in Bridport, Dorset is reinterpreted with a sense of generosity and flexibility to enable self-build customisations and extensions in Cobbauge, seeing the laborious building process not as a risk but as an opportunity for selforganisation and resilience. By reducing costs from outsourcing construction, additional programs such as communal kitchens and bathrooms that would have been luxurious and inaccessible for individual, low cost houses are now made possible at the community scale. From sourcing raw materials to the communal build program, to the aftercare and maintenance of the home, a self-built home is naturally embedded with a sense of ownership that incentivizes housing as a long-term process, offering a far deeper sense of ownership and participation than housing typically delivered by a developer.

Lydia Liu

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Cottages that look like they are built from structural stone are built of concrete blocks with stone cladding. Vernacular, rather than a process, has become to represent a product with an appearance.

Photos taken at St Catherine’s Flint, Dorchester, Nov 2019

Rather than accepting the industrialised and inauthentic vernacular, can we reanimate its original meaning as self-build housing using local materials, for local needs and affordability?

3. Distinguishing clay from silt in Hooke Park, clay is elastic and is suitable for cobbauge construction where as silt crumbles apart and should not be added to the material mix.

Bibliography

4. First sample of cobbauge made in Hooke Park.

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Building with Cob

Cob is an ancient building technique out of unfired clay and fibres. It has an incredibly low embodied energy and due to its high thermal mass the indoor temperature can be kept very consistent. However, it is still a niche practice in the UK, since it is very specific and laborious to build, requiring a good hat and boots for structural stability and to prevent condensation problems , and hence only for knowledgeable building owners that understand and will engage in the maintenance work. It is also very laborious, as I experienced digging and building a wall prototype, sampling the Cobbauge technique.

Photographs taken in Hooke Park, March 2020

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Give a cob house a good pair of boots and a good hat and she will last forever.

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Bowhill, Exeter. Grade I listed cob building in Devon. Moisture can penetrate into the walls from the roof or the ground due to poor surface water drainage. Abrasion impact damage is most likely to be found at the corners of buildings. “Cob cottage collapses moments after earthquake.”

Devon Live. 19 February, 2018 Historic England Conservation of Earth Buildings Historic England Building Archive

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Extracting Clay in Hooke Park Building with clay is very unstandardised. On the site of Hooke Park alone you can find two types of clay. By the concrete foundations on campus, the clay has a higher sand content, while by the stream, the clay is ‘purer’, with higher clay content, due to the downward stream of water washing away impurities in the subsoil. You can also find clayrocks, clay compacted into a solid by the rush of water in the stream.

Testing

Photographs taken in Hooke Park, March 2020

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is a two layered wall system being developed by University of Plymouth and French partners, an interregional project Funded by EU. Each layer optimizes the structural and thermal performance of cob to comply with UK building regulations. Seeing their different mixes and testing methods at their symposium, at Plymouth in January, and the various types of fibres that not only serve as insulation, but also reinforce cob mix and speed up drying process. Their best mix for a loadbearing and insulating wall is a 50cm thick wall with structural and thermal mixes using hemp straw and hemp shiv.

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Cobbauge Team with 1:1 wall prototype Internal structural layer 250mm dense cob, 2.5% hemp straw External thermal layer 250mm lightweight cob, 50% hemp shiv 20 cob mixes with various clays and fibres Thermal conduction testing with hot plate Display at Cobbauge Symposium

Photographs taken at Cobbauge Symposium, January 22nd 2020

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Why Cobbauge? For the first time, cob buildings will comply with UK Building Regulations in terms of structural and thermal performance. Moreover, it can be prefabricated in a formwork and be upscaled in production. While many contemporary rammed earth buildings use cement for stabilisation, Cobbauge uses all natural materials to create a loadbearing and insulating wall.

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Cobbauge Facebook page

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“...stabilised rammed earth is really dry pack concrete.”1

Harper, “Architectural Review Feb 2020.”

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Also, given a designed two-layered timber and mesh formwork for the 50cm thick wall, it can create various corner situations and unique window details specific to monolithic earth construction. And still, there are yet to be buildings to be built with Cobbauge...

Laundry

Toilets

Kitchen

Restaurant Exhibition space

Restaurant Offices

Activity Room

Garden Room

Library

Living Room

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Plan for a communal house in Cobbauge Two-layered timber and mesh formworks for corners and tapered edges in Cobbauge

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Reinstating the Vernacular Second Homes in Bridport Area Source: ONS 1991, 2001, 2011 census data Symondsbury Bridport Allington Bothenhampton Bradpole 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1991

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2011

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How can we implement affordable housing in Cobbauge, for the town of Bridport, Dorset?

Bridport is a town 20 minutes away from Hooke Park with a population of 7800. Its housing production is expcted to increase by 20% in the next 20 years, with three ongoing housing developments. The picturesque local vernacular has attracted many second home buyers, creating a housing crisis for the local people. Bripdort has an ageing population and the percentage of second homes are expected to increase.

There are multiple organisations working on creating more socially inclusive and ecological housing, to incorporate local materials and to provide local employment, such as Assemble’s proposition from 2019, focusing on the use of timber frames and hemp insulation.

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2 Watton Village +200 homes Bridport Co-housing +53 homes 1

3 Vearse Farm +760 homes

“There are other construction approaches which are also sustainable, such as building with cob walls, as structural elements. However, these are likely to remain, for the foreseeable future, niche products for one off build projects or extensions.”2

Crabtree, “Local Materials in Construction, Jan 2012.”

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Self-Build

Industrial Production

Local employment

Optimised production

Laborious

Monopoly of profits

Time-consuming Costs and carbon emissions in the transport of materials

Cob housing is considered a niche product and unable to be upscaled, since it is traditionally self built. But now, with Cobbauge, it is possible to build with cob on an industrial scale. Nevertheless, the potential of the material extends beyond the speed and efficiency of an industrial scale production. Since the material can be locally extracted and processed, thanks to the Flying Factory, a right balance between machine and

labour can benefit communities at a scaled economy of building, providing local employment and helping to reverse rural-urban migration. Bridport Cohousing is one of such communities. Developed by the local community land trust to create 53 affordable homes, of which the 9 self build plots are the scope of my project, and the land adjacent currently reserved for building workshops.

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Traditional self build in the UK has many strict guidelines, in order to moderate each homeowner’s individual desires and bespoke alterations to create a coherent whole.

Self-build guidelines adapted from Bridport Cohousing brief

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Instead of self build as an individual endeavour, combining efforts in a communal self build project can create a generous development with shared spaces, such as a communal house in the LILAC development in Leeds. The LILAC development is the first to use an onsite flying factory for the prefabrication of straw bale panels, and also the first in the UK to implement the Mutual Home Ownership scheme, which enables truly affordable housing because the monthly rent is based on their income rather than market prices.

LILAC. http://lilac.coop/

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Energy and Climate Change grant?

£808,855 Infrastructure grant

More Funding?

Key Partners Material Consultant Practical Training Provider Machinery and Formwork Supplier Local Hemp Supplier

Inheriting the qualities of LILAC, it is an assisted self build framework that can enable housebuilding in Cobbauge. It is only through a communal effort that is able to mediate the laborious process of an upscaled construction with cob, a material that is nonetheless free and locally found. With training provided by material experts, and machinery and formworks rented from local contractors, the assisted self build framework takes place in a temporary Flying Factory onsite, placing itself between a self built project and an industrial production in a large factory.

Business Model

£2,000,000 grant

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£46,500 Community-led project development grant £250,000 fundraised

Bournemouth Churches Housing Association

purchase self-build plots

Bridport Cohousing Equity Fund

pay monthly

Assisted Self Build

allocate shares

Sources materials onsite and locally

Members of Bridport Mutual Home Ownership Society

A temporary ‘Flying Factory’ is set up onsite, renting machinery and formwork from external contractors, With training from Cobbauge experts.

Build 20 homes on

9 self-build plots

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Proposed Site Strategy

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Transforming the existing site with 9 individual self-build plots, the community will build 20 cohousing and private homes, with the land adjacent allocated for clay extraction and the Flying Factory. The homes will require 3000m3 of clay, equivalent to 10 25m swimming pools, a massive amount but still available and accessible onsite. The blocks, each 1.5m wide, 1m high, and 50cm thick, are designed in an optimum proportion for the structural cohesion of cob,

and for the handling on a pallet truck and a small crane. After extraction, the claypit will be landscaped into a 2m deep lake and nature reserve. Clay is dug onsite and hemp is sourced from local farms. Bridport has been historically known for its hemp-farming and ropemaking industry, and though the local hemp farms have all closed, they can be revived for Cobbauge production.

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Flying Factory The raw materials are processed in the Flying Factory by the resident community. With the help of rented machinery and training from the Cobbauge team, the community are equipped with tools and skills of mixing the correct ratios for the cob mix, to organize themselves in a schedule, to build the Cobbauge blocks.

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Plan of Housing Site in Year 1 From cohousing to 2-bed homes, the housing form is designed with the behaviour of the material, and the architecture of sharing, in mind. Sharing their boundary walls reduces the labour in building and also allows for future adaptations, while the shared central courtyards follow a traditional cob typology that makes use of the thermal mass of the material, maintaining a consistent temperature in the interior open space.

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4 Private Housing converted into Cohousing Type B G/F Plan

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153 Bedrooms have timber-framed hemp partitions, a thatched roof, and a window looking into the communal courtyard.

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The Luxuries of Assisted Self Build The communal courtyard is transformed into a complete open kitchen with a cob oven and niches for cooking, seating and shelving, as residents have come together to build the additional communal feature. Thanks to the economies and ethos of a self build project that reduces costs from outsourcing construction, additional programs that would have been luxurious and inaccessible for individual, low cost houses are now made possible at the community scale.

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The Luxuries of Assisted Self Build The most luxurious extension is the communal bathroom, with the bath enveloped in a raised cob platform with a waterproof tadelakt plaster, pipes hidden in the thick wall for water heat recovery, as well as pockets in the walls for seating and shelving. Entirely self-built by the residents, the laborious building process of cob is not seen as a risk but as an opportunity for self organization and resilience.

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Plan of Housing Site in Year 5 with annexes built The architecture of the development is embedded with a sense of generosity and flexibility for the growing and shrinking needs of families over time.

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Repatching Day Cob will also gradually erode, and just like all other buildings, require maintenance. Every few years, the community will engage in the ritual of Repatching Day, patching up holes in the walls using clay dug from below their communal garden. Using all natural materials from clay, hemp and thatch, the houses can return to the ground without pollution.

From sourcing raw materials to the aftercare and maintenance of the home, self-build is naturally embedded with a sense of ownership and emotional value that incentivizes housing as a long-term process.

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Sources

Texts 1

Harper, Phineas. “Outrage. Architectural Review.” Feb 2020.

Crabtree, Tim. “Local Materials in Construction.” Jan 2012. accessed Jun 16, 2020, https://www.dorsetcommunityaction.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2019/09/Local-materials-in-construction.pdf.

Images 1-2

Photograph taken at St Catherine’s Flint, Dorchester, Nov 2019.

Photograph taken at Hooke Park, Dec 2019.

Photograph of 1:5 wall prototype, Mar 2020.

5-6

Photograph taken at Hooke Park, Mar 2020.

Historic England Building Archive. https://historicengland.org.uk/imagesbooks/archive/. accessed Jun 16, 2020.

Historic England Conservation of Earth Buildings. https://historicengland. org.uk/images-books/publications/earth-brick-terracotta-conservation/ earth-brick-terracotta-marketing-spread/. accessed Jun 16, 2020.

Devon Live. “Cob cottage collapses moments after earthquake.” Feb 19, 2018

11-12

Photographs taken at Hooke Park, Mar 2020.

13-18 Photographs taken at Cobbauge Symposium, University of Plymouth, Jan 2020 19

Cobbauge Facebook Page. https://www.facebook.com/pg/ CobBaugeProject/photos/?ref=page_internal. accessed June 16, 2020.

Map adapted from UK Ordnance Survey.

LILAC Gallery. http://www.lilac.coop/image-gallery/. accessed Jun 16, 2020.

Reusing Waste Concrete A Joint Research Project During our 4th Year at the AA we have collaborated and developed a communal project which investigates the concrete industry in the UK, specifically the waste management in concrete plants. We developed our research starting with interviews and visits to concrete plants across the UK. Our investigation revealed that there is a gap in the waste management system. We identified this as an opportunity to plug-in to the concrete waste on plants and use the surplus material. We propose a system of classifying ‘unusable concrete’ on plants and cast it into our own building modules. We have explored the potential of small surplus batches in physical models and tests and successfully developed our own concrete block formwork. We propose integrating this system in the concrete industry in order to create a new building method and product while minimizing waste costs of the concrete plants and encouraging a new method

of building with a reclaimed material. Although we explored different methods to make the surplus concrete lightweight, adding different natural aggregates in the concrete mix. Our investigation revealed that in order for our proposal to be successful we need to use ‘pure’ concrete. Our proposal is meant to integrate seamlessly in the concrete plant without increasing the workload of the staff on site. That is why we decided not to add any new aggregates into the mix. We conclude our collaborative research with the development of the concrete waste osteomorphic block and testing it physically. The model was an investigation of the potential of this waste concrete. it even explores the aesthetic quality using different concrete batches can have. From this final investigation stem our own individual projects which continue exploring waste concrete in two very different ways which are going to be illustrated in the following chapters.

Alice Nobel & Sorana-Stefana Mazilu

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Cemex

Reusing Waste Concrete

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Type: Ready-mixed concrete plant yard Location: Wembley, London Waste management: If the timing between jobs allows for it, the preferred option is to dump their waste at a O’Hara Bros. Aggregates Ltd, a crushing plant in close vicinity to the concrete plant. It is very rare that their schedule allows for this though, so what usually happens it that the waste between jobs it poured on the concrete plant in allocated pits. Once those pits are full and the waste is dried another contractor is called on site and the waste is crushed, removed from the pits and transported to O’Hara. In addition to the waste between batches there is added end-ofday wash out waste and rejected orders, so the quantity of surplus material increases significantly faster. This waste management system is extremely inefficient and expensive. Taking the waste out of the plant not only involves multiple contractors, increases air and sound pollution but is also extremely costly for the plant.

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Cemex

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“We keep the waste here and then it they crush it and send it to O’Hara (concrete crushing plant). This happens once per month.” - Alex Z, Plant Manager at Cemex

Laing O’Rourke

Type: Prefabrication factory Location: Nottinghamshire Waste management: They have a machine that separates the cementitious from the sand and the aggregates. Once it has dried, they crush it and reuse it. One of the recycling challenges in the UK is that you can’t put a lot of reused aggregates into the mixers, only 15%. Architectural concrete is sometimes coloured, the waste from these projects is unusable due to wrong colour matches, therefore they cast traffic barriers with formworks that are placed next to the casting machines.

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Laing O’Rourke

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“We can’t recycle coloured mixes so they have to go into road barriers” - Alan, Laing O’Rourke

Mixamate

Type: All-in-one concrete pumping trucks Location: London Waste management: Zero waste policy. They are a unique company that has fabricated all of their own trucks. They provide an ‘all-in-one’ service, delivery, mixing and pumping on site. Their trucks are particularly designed to be able to carry the dry components and mix them on site according to the need of the project. They can mix accurate batches as small as 1/2 m3. Having developed this extremely precise and highly designed trucks their waste is practically zero. Although, their services are very desirable in the city, where space is limited, by the design of the trucks, having to basically be a mini concrete plant on wheels, their maximum capacity of batches is also limited.

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Mixamate

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“We make our own trucks and there is no waste... These trucks are concrete factories on wheels.” - Christopher Smith, Director of Mixamate

Hanson

Type: Ready-mixed concrete plant yard Location: Yeovil Waste management: When Hanson Yeovil gets back rejected concrete they have two hours to get it out of the truck, before it damages the drum. The first option is to try to sell it to another customer. If that doesn’t work they will try giving it away to a farmer in the area. Sometimes, especially in the early mornings, it is impossible to find someone who wants it - then the next option is to give it to recycling stations/ landfill sites and pay a fee. However, worst case scenario, the waste centre isn’t open and the driver has to take it back to the yard and dump it there.

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Hanson

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“The concrete itself costs 500 pounds but bringing that back costed about 2000 pounds... the best way to reuse the concrete is before it becomes a waste product.” - Hanson Yeovil

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Reusing Waste Concrete

Concrete truck in process of loading, while the dry components are poured into the drum the entire truck is continuously sprayed with water to keep the dust down.

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The Concrete Waste Flow: Plug-in

Concrete plant

Surplus Concrete Washout drum

This is the moment where rejected or leftover concrete could be rescued and cast onto blocks instead of going to landfill.

Concrete Waste Flow

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Rejected concrete

Loaded truck

Construction site

Truck with leftovers / rejected concrete

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Waste Generated by Ready-Mix Concrete Yards

TYPE OF WASTE

WASTE PROCESS Wet concrete

FREQUENT

Daily wash-out

End of day waste

Reclaimer

The concrete waste goes into a tank to be separated into aggregates for recycling. (very expensive machine)

1st Option

Re-direct : Find Another Client

IRREGULAR

Rejected concrete waste

Concrete rejected

2nd Option

Waste Centre

- Pump doesn’t work - Miss-calculation - Miss communication

Last Option

Back to concrete yard and tipped to cure (5x the price to get rid of it)

Max. 2 h to empty the drum

Waste from Ready-Mix Concrete Yards

WASTE END FORM Dried concrete

Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA)

Only 15% RCA can go into a new mix No quality proof which makes secondary use very limited. Most commonly used in roadwork.

Used by a client for reduced price

Landfill

Crushed to aggregates and transported away

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Section through model showing the dispersion of the chosen aggregates with minimal vibration of the cast.

Lightweight concrete tests: expanded clay, pumice and wood-chip.

Natural Aggregates

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Testing Natural Aggregates We continued our research with physical tests adding different natural aggregates to the concrete mix. The aim of this investigation was to determine the possibility of achieving high performance lightweight concrete blocks while keeping the process as simple as possible. Keeping true to the aim of our project, our decision of using only natural minerals was made in order to maintain the purity of the concrete. We considered that any material that would be added should not impact the environment or quality of the material if it should ever be crushed and used again. This exploration culminated with the decision of not adding any aggregates. Any new addition to the process hinders the possibility of achieving it on site. This decision was made keeping in mind that the formworks with the wasted material should be as easy to use as possible without disturbing the work-flow of the plant.

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VERMICULITE

EXPANDED PERLITE

Raw Material: hydrous phyllosilicate mineral

Raw Material: Amorphous volcanic glass

Origin: Russia, South Africa, China, and Brazil.

Origin: China, Turkey, Greece, USA, Armenia, Northern Ireland and Hungary.

Production: needs to be crushed and flash-heated to about 1000°C so that the water inclusion between the layers of rock vaporise and expand the vermiculite size to 15-20 times bigger.

Production: Perlite rock doesn’t have the physical pours characteristics naturally and needs to be crushed and flash-heated to about 1800°C.

Use: Concrete Roof tiles, fire protection products, loosening soils

Use: In USA it has been used for concrete aggregate, in the UK more commonly used as aggregate for wall plaster

Similar properties: expanded mica

Similar properties: Similar to pumice but without the physical structure

Density: 70-160 Kg/m3

Density: 90-490 Kg/m3 (loose fill condition)

Thermal conductivity: 0.046-0.070 W(mK)

Thermal conductivity: 0.045-0.070 W(mK)

Comparison between possible natural aggregates. Source: Extract from Insulating Concrete Booklet, Alice Nobel

Natural Aggregates

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WATER WATER

SAND SAND

LIGHT LIGHT WEIGHT WEIGHT AGGREGATES AGGREGATES

CEMENT CEMENT

The The recipe recipe on on the the cement cement bag bag can can easily easily be be used used by by replacing replacing the the regular regular aggregate aggregate to to the the lightweight lightweight aggregates. aggregates. Vibrating Vibrating the the form-work form-work after after the the concrete concrete isis poured poured should should be be carfully carfully done done as as the the porous porous aggregates aggregates will will move move towards towards the the surface surface with with too too much much vibration. vibration.

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PUMICE AGGREGATE

WOOD CHIP / SAW DUST

Raw Material: Volcanic Rock

Raw Material: Wood

Origin: Volcanic rock mineral found around the world, in Europe it can be found on Island, Italy, Germany, Greece.

Origin: Wood chip available as waste material from the timber industry. Hook Park produce wood chip waste regularly.

O o

Production: Naturally created during explosive volcanic eruptions which makes it inherently environmentally friendly. The boiling lava contains air and gases which creates bubbles that gives spongy, porous mass to the cold lava stones.

Production: Natural by-product from timber industry.

P m 1 e o c

Use: As it is very lightweight it is commonly used to reduce dead loads in high buildings.

Use: Typically used in pulp production, as biomass fuel and mulch.

U o a

Similar properties: Scoria, Tuff, perlite

Similar properties: also called sawdust cement

S e

Density: 175-285 Kg/m3

Density: 90-140 kg/m3

Thermal conductivity: 0.06-0.08 W(mK)

Thermal conductivity: 0.05 W(mK)

Comparison between possible natural aggregates. Source: Extract from Insulating Concrete Booklet, Alice Nobel

Lightweight Concrete Booklet

EXPANDED CLAY

EXPANDED SHALE

Raw Material : Mud

Raw Material: sedimentary rock/ mud

Origin: Produced from small pieces of clay.

Origin: Find-grained sedimentary rock of clay minerals.

Production: The aggregates is made by heating clay to around 1,200 °C in a rotary kiln. The gases expand the material by thousand of air bubbles creating an honeycomb structure.

Production: It has to be heated to get its cellular and porous structure. When fired in a rotary kiln to 1100C, it becomes 7 times bigger than in raw form.

Use: Used in concrete mixes, geotechnical fillings water treatment and hydro-culture.

Use: Used in concrete mixes, hydro-culture, in construction of green roofs,

Similar properties: Leca®, Gravelite and Rocklite, Aglite

Similar properties: Rocklite, Haydite, Gravelite, Granulex, Liapor

Density: 260-500 Kg/m3 Thermal conductivity: 0.027-42 W(mK)

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Osteomorphic Block

Interlocking Osteomorphic Blocks

InterlockingDeveloping Osteomorphic Blocks Block the Osteomorphic We developed the shape of our blocks taking in consideration a few parameters which we wanted to achieve:

Interlocking Osteomorphic Blocks

1. The form should allow the block to be lightweight 2. The blocks should be able dry-stack 3. The shape of the blocks should allow for easy manipulation (lifting, moving, etc) 4. The form should allow flexibility in the design of the space 5. It should be easy to cast Keeping in mind the characteristics listed above our research and testing lead us to the isomorphic shape. We propose this particular shape especially because it can be dry-stacked easily and once in position the different sides of the block seal the gaps and breaks any potential outside airflow into the wall. Osteomorphic blocks are identical blocks locked within the assembly by virtue of their special geometry and mutual arrangement.

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Method of Stacking 1

Osteomorphic Block

Method of Stacking 2

We proposed and designed the isomorphic block as a first physical test of the concrete waste used as a new material. This particular form allows the blocks to be dry stacked in separate methods which also accentuate the aesthetic quality and texture, being cast from different concrete batches.

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Potential exterior view of structure made out of concrete waste blocks

Reusing Waste Concrete

Potential interior view of structure made out of concrete waste blocks

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Sources

Special thanks to Jason W, Plant Manager, Hanson Yeovil Alex Z, Plant Manager at Cemex, London Juliet Haysom, Artist, Purbeck Alan C, Laing O’Rourke, Retford Christopher J Smith, Managing Director at Mixmate Terry, Concrete truck driver at Mixmate, London

Texts

Dyskin A.V., Estrin Y., Pasternak E. (2019) Topological Interlocking Materials. In: Estrin Y., Bréchet Y., Dunlop J., Fratzl P. (eds) Architectured Materials in Nature and Engineering. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 282. Springer, p 23-49

Clarke, J. L. (1993) Structural Lightweight aggregate concrete, Glasgow: Blackie Academic & Professional Images

Mixamate - All in-One Concrete Pumping Truck, Mixamate, https://mixamate.co.uk/gallery/all-in-one-concrete-pumpingtruck/, (Accessed: 21 June 2020).

Modern Pilgrimage Concrete Chapels Borders and travel restrictions have become ever more pronounced in order to stop the global pandemic. The only ones who never stopped travelling across countries, without constraints, are truckers. The project proposes a new typology for highway architecture built out of surplus concrete. During the year-long studio work I have explored the material and its potential and investigated the trucker’s routes, specifically the resting-stops and the existing highway architecture. These structures have become totems for drivers. They are more than often highly designed, and they are seen as monuments along motorways.

The programme focuses on proposing a practical and needed architectural intervention in a context seemingly unimportant. The concrete chapels aim to stand as a proof of concept for the potential of waste materials and accentuate the necessity of a global typology that proves to be a vital component in supporting our day to day life, especially in the current climate.

This project is focused on using waste concrete in a different way. The fact that this concrete is a reused waste product opens a gateway for experimenting with casting as long as what can be done with it would have a long life span.

Sorana-Stefana Mazilu

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Modern Pilgrimage

Monuments on the Highway

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“The architectural artefact for drivers is very minimal but has huge ambitions of going across Europe. There is something very moving in that, a map of Europe without borders. This is striking because the borders solidify. It is wonderfully utopian but it is realistic because lorry drivers and deliveries are crossing borders. These roads are what Europe should be.” - Maria Giudici

Image 1 View inside the cabin of a long distance truck

“Companies have their own routes, you can’t modify it a lot so you get to know the rest stops very well. They begin to measure time. I have my favourite ones, from a normal driver you want different things from them.”

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“Companiile au rutele lor sau aplicatia care trebuie folosita, de la care nu poti modifica mult asa ca ajungi sa stii bine locurile de odihna. Popasurile incep sa masoare timpul. Am popasurile mele preferate, unde au o facilittate care imi place, dar incepi sa te uiti diferit la ele fata de soferi normali (...) - M Popescu

Monuments on the Highway

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These structures have become totems for drivers, being highly designed, they are monuments across motorways.

Image 2 Pavesi Highway Restaurant of Lainate Milan

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Modern Pilgrimage

Image 3 Exterior of Asphaltkapelle

Monuments on the Highway

Image 4 Interior of Asphaltkapelle showing integrated street light

“It is also almost a motorway chapel.” - Wilhelm Koch Inventor of the Asphaltkapelle, 1

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Modern Pilgrimage

Site 1 Menzies Road, Port Zone, Dover CT16 2HQ

Site

Site 2 Menzies Road, Port Zone, Dover CT16 2HQ

I selected two existing break stops on the truckers route. The first one is in Dover next to the boarder crossing and the second one is in Wembley. These two locations were chosen specifically for their importance on the truckers route and their relatively close connection to the concrete yard. The chapels would be poured on the yard and then moved and assembled on site, forming the new marques for the UK motorway.

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Cemex Wembley, the selected site for casting the surplus concrete The dimensions of the proposed building are in direct relationship with the space available on the platform of a lorry truck, as the elements would be casted on the plant and moved to site.

Casting in the Concrete Plant

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Modern Pilgrimage

Casting in the Concrete Yard

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Proposed site for moulds on site

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Modern Pilgrimage

Formwork

Defining the Limits of the Proposal I chose this concrete plant specifically because of its proximity to London and ‘topography’ on the plant allows for casting a larger segment, depending on the truck. Without the a pump a concrete truck can only pour concrete at an average of 1.5 m depending on truck. The plant has 2 different levels which would be ideal to set the formwork on the lower level and use the entire height available. In addition to that the form work has rebar through out and integrating lift fixings which make it possible to lift and move from plant to moving truck. Those attachments already exist in prefabricated elements.

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Image 5 Concrete finish using fabric casting technique once the fabric is removed

Fabric Casting

Image 6 Proposed method of fabric casting.

Fabric Casting Using a formwork which combines the use of fabric and solid walls creates particular finishes. The folds of the fabric and the imprints of the weight of the concrete on it would give the interior wall a soft irregular finish. The straight edge of the exterior wall, made using traditional formwork, would accentuate the contrast between the interior and exterior and define the characteristc aesthetics of this proposed new typology.

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Inside the Formwork

Making the Formwork The proposed formwork combines 2 different methods of casting concrete: traditional box casting and fabric casting. The exterior wall of the mold is made out of reclaimed wood creating a solid wall to attach steel rods needed for the fabric. The rods are filleted and have a nut and bolt system attached to the ends which supports

the fabric and forms the interior wall of the cast. The simple fixings which support the fabric make it easy to manipulate it by hand without needing special equipment. The last element of the formwork is inserting the rebar between the fabric and the wood walls of the formwork.

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Diagrams illustrating the possible elevation finish if the fabric is slack and the fixings are left in.

Possible Concrete Finishes

Diagrams illustrating the possible elevation finish if the fabric is tensed further.

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Galvanized steel filleted rod with nut and washer fixing

Possible lighting fixture installation - using the existing rods from the formwork as a ‘path’ for the circuit

Section showing water drainage for sink using ‘U‘ shape pipe, installation has to be prefabricated and situated in mould before casting.

Constructing the Interior interior

Section showing water drainage for sink using straight pipe, installation has to be prefabricated and situated in mould before casting.

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Section showing possible bench design made using fabric formwork, proposed finishes for seating is wood (integrating second material).

The Sequence of the Chapel

The Sequence of the Chapel The structure is built out of a system of interlocking elements which are cast individually and slotted in together to form rooms. This technique of forming seals and slotting in large concrete elements can be found in prefabricated elements (pipes, tunnels etc) In the formwork the rooms are essentially being casted upside down (in the cast the floor becomes the ceiling). This makes it essential for the elements to be relatively small so they can be moved in position.

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Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

The most simple combination. The room has the basic dimensions of the truck platform 4.5 x 2.1 x 1.5 m. Two elements are slotted together one on top of the other.

The height of the room is increased by adding one more element and openings sizes increase.

The building size increases, the width of the space become twice the size, 4.2 m.

The building size increases. Developing the shape further the room gains the potential to integrate multiple elements. This is the moment where the programme can also be transformed and accentuated within the space.

The Sequence of the Chapel

Stage 5 The interior elements are expanded. Surfaces like benches are cast within the fabric and other a water basin is moulded manipulating the fabric on the wall (please refer to above pages to see details of integrated sewage).

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Inside the chapel

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Sources

Texts 1

Unger, Heike, “Ein Erlebnisraum: Die Asphaltkapelle Etsdorf “, https://www.onetz.de/oberpfalz/etsdorf-freudenberg/ erlebnisraum-asphaltkapelle-etsdorf-id2915699.html, (Accessed May 2020)

Images 1

Simpson, Joshua, “Photos from Inside the Cabs of LongDistance Truckers “, https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/xd77gq/ photos-from-inside-the-cabs-of-long-distance-truckers-001, (Accessed May 2020)

Design is fine, “Design is fine. History is mine.” , https:// www.design-is-fine.org/post/141249613009/pavesi-highwayrestaurant-of-lainatemilan, (Accessed May 2020)

Asphaltkapelle, “Asphaltkapelle Etsdorf - 10 Jahre: Startseite”, https://www.asphaltkapelle.de/index.php?id=59, (Accessed May 2020)

Arro Design, “Cast in place concrete” , https://www.arrodesign. org/fabric-formed-concrete/f-f-concrete-for-architecture/ , (Accessed May 2020)

Surplus Concrete Saving Waste Concrete in Wet Form At the beginning of this year, I visited several concrete plants around London and Dorset. I have learnt that concrete waste can result in significant costs and problems for smaller concrete plants. One of the plants had a full truck of concrete rejected the week before I got there, so instead of making £500 by delivering the concrete, they lost £2000 in waste expenses. However, the most devastating effect of wasting this amount of concrete is the impact it has on the environment. 1260 kg CO2 was emitted due to this one truck. Massive amounts of concrete go to landfill each year without ever reaching the final purpose it is intended for. The waste comes in two forms, it is either as fully loaded trucks that have been rejected, or it is leftovers from jobs. This can be the result of clients ordering too

much, issues on-site, weather conditions, misunderstandings or broken pumps. The challenge with redirecting the concrete is the irregularity and time constraint. You never know when it comes back, and the truck’s drum has to be discharged within two hours after it has been poured as it will otherwise destroy the drum. This project investigates the properties of concrete waste and how a business model could make the material become a viable source on a local scale. It also looks into sustainable applications for food storage and how farmers could make use of the materials inherent properties such as its weight mass and durability.

Alice Nobel

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Island: salvaging a landscape of ruin

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Island: salvaging a landscape of ruin

Island: salvaging a landscape

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“The best way to reuse the concrete is before it becomes a waste product” Plant manager Hanson Yeovil, Jason W.

Rejected concrete from one full truck

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Island: salvaging a landscape of ruin

+1260 kg Co2 was emitted

Island: salvaging a landscape

+ £500 income became - £2000 in waste costs

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Surplus Concrete

Waste Mechanism

Type of Waste

Waste Process Wet concrete

Daily drum wash-out

Frequent Waste

Reclaimer

The concrete waste goes into a tank to be separated into aggregates for recycling. (very expensive machine)

1st Option

Re-direct : Find Another Client

Irregular Waste - Pump doesn’t work - Miss-calculation - Miss communication

Rejected or leftover concrete

2nd Option

Waste Centre

Last Option

Back to concrete plant yard and tipped to cure (5x the price to get rid of it)

Waste Mechanism

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Hanson Yeovil

Leftovers from jobs

0.5-4m3

6m3 Fully loaded Rejected trucks

8m3

Hanson has 178 static concrete plants in the UK.

* Interview 02/2020, “we had 2 rejected trucks last month which is a good month for in terms of waste“

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Surplus Concrete

Hanson FastTrack Hanson Duracrete Hanson Easyflow Hanson Colourcrete® Steel Reinforced Concrete Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete Plastic Fibre Rienforced concrete Underwater concrete Hanson Watertight concrete Bespoke concrete Powercrete® CableCem® Hanson Easy Pile®CFA Hanson Easy Pile® SP Hanson EcoPlus® Mix 8 Hanson EcoPlus® Mix 7 Hanson EcoPlus® Mix 6

Early strength concrete High performance concrete Easy pour concrete Coloured concrete Reinforced concrete Underwater concrete Waterproof concrete systems Special concretes Heat-conducting concrete Concrete for piling

Hanson EcoPlus® Mix 5 Hanson EcoPlus® Mix 4 Hanson EcoPlus® Mix 3

Sustainable concrete

Hanson EcoPlus® Mix 2 Hanson EcoPlus® Mix 1 Hanson FarmYard®

Farming concrete

Hanson FarmTank® Hanson FarmFloor®

Home use concrete

Hanson FarmFloor Plus® Hanson Farm Store® EasyWay® EasyGround® EasyGround Plus® EasyFound®

Product Range : Proprietary Concrete Hanson UK

Specifying Concrete

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Structural

C25 +

Other

varies

Non-structural

can be above C25

There are five ways of specifying concrete in the UK. Hanson specifies concrete the proprietary way, which means that they provide over thirty different products within the ready-mixed product range. There are various important parameters that are classified within each mix, such as strength class, consistence class and exposure class. To be able to make, for example, blocks or walls, the concrete does not have to be structural but it should be above C25 in strength class. The standards that have to be considered to supply concrete are BSEN206, BS8500 part 1 and BS8500 part 2. (Ready-Mixed Concrete, 2020)

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Surplus Concrete

Low cost material Concrete is a low cost building material, and we looked into the cheapest versions of it. Manufacturing on the other hand, is an expensive process. Too small objects would not make sense, we would land on almost the same price as using high standard quality proved concrete. Reusing material has to be economically viable otherwise few people would be interested in working with it.

Concrete ~ £100/1m3

Volume: 0,036m3

Volume: 0,064m3

£3.6

£64

Amounts in elements (6 m3)

300 pcs.

4 pcs.

Surplus Concrete

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Mass rather than details Some large prefabrication plants have efficient waste management; they cast simple, non-fuss elements such as traffic barriers out of their leftover concrete. What is successful with this process is that it is simple and adapted for the material at hand - it makes use of the concretes weight and mass rather than details.

Image from my visit at Laing O’Rourke Feb 2020

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Surplus Concrete

Thermal mass and energy balance Peak temperature delayed by up to six hours

30°C

up to 6-8c difference between peak external and internal temperature

15°C

External temperature Internal temperature / wood Internal temperature / concrete

Bennett, David. 2010. Sustainable Cncrete Architecture. London: RIBA Enterprises.

Thermal Mass

How can the unused concrete get a new meaningful use taking advantage of mass, weight and durability?

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Farming Sector 0101213201

456789 ÿ 978 ÿ 5 8 ÿ 67ÿ65856ÿ976 7 ÿ2ÿ 87 7 ÿ

Small scale farms can loose yield due to lack of storage facilities. Our farm food surplus and waste are surprisingly big in the UK (see diagram), with potatoes "#$%ÿ'($)*+ ÿ-.ÿ/012034ÿ56-7 being the most thrown away vegetable. Storing food in balanced temperature is the key to supply food on local scale which is important ensure a longer market period and minimize losses. Many farms can’t afford artificially refrigerated storage houses, this is both due to running cost and also because of the initial cost. Some D:1E><1F<ÿ@1ÿ9G<ÿ=:909:ÿ?<F9:3ÿ@?ÿA:Cÿ01>ÿG0?ÿA<>ÿ9:ÿ0ÿA0FHÿ:Bÿ3<@1I<?9J<19ÿ@1ÿ?9:30;< send food to a cold store warehouse @1B30?932F923<ÿ@1ÿ3<F<19ÿ4<03?K which makes them loses the local L29ÿ;3:C<3?ÿF:JJ@99<>ÿ9:ÿ9G<ÿF3:=ÿ@1ÿ9G<ÿA:1;ÿ9<3Jÿ03<ÿ23;<>ÿ9:ÿ=A2FHÿ2=ÿ9G<ÿF:230;<ÿ01> scale and also brings in a costly F0=@90Aÿ9:ÿ@J=3:I<ÿ9G<@3ÿB0F@A@9@<?ÿ9:ÿ3<>2F<ÿA:??<?MÿF29ÿF:?9?ÿ01>ÿJ0N@J@?<ÿ3<9231?K

89:30;<ÿ2=;30><ÿ<??<19@0A?ÿB:3ÿ=:909: ;3:C<3?

TOTAL ESTIMATED FOOD SURPLUS & Waste AT FARM LEVEL (000’S TONNES)

OPQ(R)+ÿ%R)+

The most wasted vegetables in the UK at farm level

868

S@?@9ÿ:23ÿT1:CÿU:CÿF<193<ÿB:3ÿ=30F9@F0AÿB03J@1;ÿ0>I@F< _R`$`R+aÿb$)c+a`ÿ$d#ÿe)RQÿa`R)$f+ VW:29ÿXK5YJÿ9:11<?ÿ:Bÿ=:909:<?ÿ;:ÿ@19:ÿ?9:30;<ÿ<0FGÿ4<03ÿ01>ÿVUZLÿ[:446 909:<?ÿ<?9@J09<? \2?9ÿ56]ÿ;:ÿ@1ÿ9:ÿCG09ÿ03<ÿF:1?@><3<>ÿ?909<^:B^9G<^039MÿJ:><31ÿ?9:3<?K 55 6 878 52658562 56789 2 6 2 72 7 9 52 57

319 ! !

66 33 POTATOES

SUGAR BEETS

CARROTS

VEGETABLES

1. “WRAP - Food Waste in Primary Production UK, 2017 2. Clarke, Adam. 2018. “Storage Upgrade Essentials For Potato Growers”. Farmers Weekly, 2018. 3. Potato Store. 2019. Image. http://growyourmint.com/ how-to-harvest-potatoes/.

ONIONS PARSNIP

Island: salvaging a landscape

257

Small farms can’t afford artificially refrigerated storage buildings

258

(Jessica Fecteau 2018)

Island: salvaging a landscape of ruin

259

During the coronavirus lockdown, our vulnerability and reliance on food storage has been exposed, together with our reliance on constant daily supplies.

260

Surplus Concrete

Surplus Concrete Blocks®

Business model The business model is based on a co-operation with a group of local concrete plants to cast blocks out of their waste. The idea is that Surplus Concrete Blocks ® is allowed to leave it’s formworks on the plant yard and in return, the truck drivers will get rid of the waste by discharging it into the formworks. Surplus concrete will empty the formworks and prepare for next fill up. They will also have a catalogue of building application for the end-client, and they are responsible for sales and logistics. The blocks can be used and reused in various energy efficient applications for cold storage for small to middle sized companies.

Business Model

Casting area on the plant yard

Casting instruction + catalogue of applications

Formworks

261

262

Surplus Concrete

Surplus Concrete Blocks Work process

SURPLUS CONCRETE

Surplus Concrete Blocks leaves formworks on the concrete plant yard with an instruction

Reaches clients through collaborations and advertisement with a catalogue of

Open old forms and prepare new forms

The plant yard store empty formworks waiting for concrete waste.

CONCRETE PLANT

CLIENT

Client orders an application from the catalogue.

Work Process

263

Small crane truck pick up blocks and deliver them to site.

Installation on site if the client wish.

If possible client can pick up blocks themselves.

Installation on site. Should require not more than a day.

The concrete plant cast blocks as rejected concrete comes in and store ready blocks until a project is ready.

Client prepares site for delivery.

264

Surplus Concrete

CASTING INSTRUCTION How to cast in surplus blocks

REJECTED ORDER Driver call the plant to inform that a batch has been rejected or that there are residuals form construction site. The concrete will be there within 2 h.

1 minutes

PREPARE Spray the inside of the empty formworks with oil based shutter release agent.

2 minutes / cast

Casting Instruction

POUR Follow Surplus Concrete Blocks chart and make sure that the batch is allowed in the form-work. Concrete strength class below C25 is not accepted.

4 minutes

COVER Cover the filled formwork with reusable impervious sheeting covers, should be in close contact to the surface. This is to keep it protected from hot sun, dry air, drying winds and frost.

2 minutes

Da te: Bat 30 ch: / Typ Sc 4 20 e:

CURE Fill in information for Surplus team: • • •

Date Rejected order information Concrete type

1 minutes

265

266

Island: salvaging a landscape of ruin

Rejected concrete is a bit like found stones. Whatever amount is available has to find its place.

Island: salvaging a landscape

267

image: European masonry 2020

268

Surplus Concrete

Formwork

> 0.1m3

(A few wheel barrows)

> 0,3m3

(Leftovers)

Medium

> 0,7m3

Large > 6-8m3

Fully loaded truck more (irregular)

Formwork

Block Outcome

Small

269

270

Surplus Concrete

Surplus Concrete : potential wall application Each concrete block preserve a historical record of the environment at the time of their formation, just like found stones.

Private garage floor West Cocker, 27.04.20

Coldharbour business park flats Sherborne 05.04.20

Wall

Lidl car park floor Yeovil, 05.05.20

271

Sherborne Abbey primary school extension Sherborne, 20.04.20

*Hypothetical concrete sources

272

Surplus Concrete

Interlocking system The blocks are half a story high and the width is based on even numbers, 400, 800 and 1600. The blocks have a cross in the bottom and a stripe on top to allow strong corners and easy stacking.

Axonometric view

400

Interlocking System

400

Block wood wall connection

Front view

400

Block hipped roof connection

Flat roof structure

Side view

400

273

274

Surplus Concrete

Make waste neutral for the plant

- £400 / m3

~ £7 / m3

Cost per cubic meter of rejected concrete1

Price/ block to become neutral

Hansons average cost to cast one cubic metere Parameters

Costs

Casting time/block for Hanson in min Average salary worker/ h

Social Costs etc 4

10 £12,00 15%

Actual cost per/h + social cost

£13,80

Working cost per Block

£2,30

Average volume CBM/Block

0,32

Cost to cast / CBM

£7,19

1. One rejected truck costed Hanson £2000 to dispose (interview Feb 2020) 2. Assumption 3. Labour cost /hour 8 - 15 GBP, www.payscale.com 4. Assumption Employers National Insurance, current minimum Pension Contributions, Employee’s Gross Pay

Economy

275

Economic possibilities for Surplus Concrete

~ £49.25

£98.50

Surplus concretes block price

Average competitors price

Surplus Concrete product cost Hanson charge their working cost for one block No cost for the storage Formwork costs/ block 1 Development cost Production related costs, assumed 1 hours work Salvage Salavge Concrete's profit and margin Surplus Concrete's price on the block Competitors price for equal block

1. Based on 1/3 of the cost of steel formwork blocks www.betonblock.com 2. Based on blocks from

£2,30 0 £0,40 £2,00 £15,00 £29,55 (60% 60% Margin) margin £49,25 £98,50

276

Surplus Concrete potential casting and storage area in Yeovil.

277

278

Surplus Concrete

Potential applications of the blocks Historical Root cellars

Natural cold storage is a somewhat lost typology. Historical evidence of root cellar and potato storage proves both small and larger structures. What is fascinating with a structure like this, is that because it is partly buried, it can hold the temperature of 2-8 degrees all year round just by the cold energy from the earth and the thickness of a material with high thermal mass such as stone or concrete. The simple stacking techniques would also allow clients that have a tractor or a small crane to construct the storage themselves easily.

Typologies

Historical Potato storages

Cold storage applications

279

280

CATALOGUE Surplus Concrete Block’s catalogue illustrates various cold storage buildings that are designed in different combinations using the six types of blocks provided by the company.The round blocks become useful for the small structures that should fit into slopes and hills, whereas the big blocks are mainly used in the larger applications for farmers.

SMALL FOOD STORAGE APPLICATIONS ROOT CELLAR Block A : Block B : Block C :

4X 0X 14 X

ROOT CELLAR Block A : Block B : Block C : Block C :

20 X 4X 12 X 4X

WINE CELLAR Block A : Block B : Block C : Block C :

34 X 10 X 0X 0X

281

282

EXTRA APPLICATIONS

STAIR Block A :

OUTDOOR BASIN Block A : 2X

STORAGE AREA

GENERAL STORAGE Block A : 73 X Block B : 10 X

283

284

LARGER FARMING APPLICATIONS

POTATO ONION STORAGE Block A : 6X Block B : 6X Block E : 95 X Block F : 1X

GRAIN STORAGE Block A : 5X Block F : 89 X

285

286

Island: salvaging a landscape of ruin

Island: salvaging a landscape

287

First potential client : Hooke Park

288

Surplus Concrete

Root Cellar Hooke Park is imagined as a first client for Surplus Concrete Blocks. The Design + Make programme is currently developing an extension of the kitchen garden and a Root cellar would be the perfect addition. What is fascinating with a structure like this, is that because it is partly buried, it can hold the temperature of 2-8 degrees all year round just by the cold energy from the earth and the thickness of the blocks. The simple block stacking also allows clients like Hooke Park, to construct it themselves, with a tractor or a small crane.

Hooke Park Proposal

Kitchen garden expansion Existing Speculative plan of garden extension

289

290

Surplus Concrete

2-8°C 274 kJ/m²K 10cm 1-11°C

2-4°C

Hooke Park proposal

291

5 3

1. Vapour Barrier All exterior surfaces that will face the earth needs cover of vapour barrier. 2. Foundation Level should be damp but above ground water. The lower layer is gravel covered with concrete pads and concrete tile slabs as this situation in clay soil. Usually it is better without the slab. Drainage pipes are also around the footings of the building. 3. Truck Small size crane truck for delivery. 4. Ventilation As fruits and vegetables gives ethylene gas ventilation is crucial and should be placed lower next to the entrance and up in the ceiling. Humidity 80-90 : degrees.1

5. Interlock Walls should be minimum 200mm and thicker gives more thermal mass and therefore also better temperature balance. Indoor temperature : 2-8C2 5. Drainage Drainage tile installed around foundation pads to avoid flooding. 6. Roof Warm roof construction in wood, with insulation above the rafters. There is a small slope for drainage. 7. Soil The depth of the construction decides the temperature inside. The temperatures in soil are based on yearly average UK temperature but it depends on the site of the cellar. The deeper the more steady temperature.

1. Hajdu-Rafis, et al. 2015. Ta Hand Om Din Jordkällare. Ebook. Malmö: Länsstyrelsen Västra Götalands län. 2. Horn, Kirsti. 2016. Handbook For Building A Root Cellar—Ebook. Vasa: Novia.

292

Surplus Concrete

Food storage duration December

Ja n

bru Fe

Oc tob er

b er em v No

SU M

M E

Apr

t gu s

SP R IN

A UT

March

September

a ry

WIN TE

Jul

June Benefits of a root cellar

Store seasonal food longer Less travels to the supermarket Possibility to store large quantities Energy saving

Hooke Park proposal

Proposed Hooke Park root cellar

293

294

Island: salvaging a landscape of ruin

Potential client : organic farm sector

Bridgewater Taunton

Yeovil Bournemouth

Concrete Plants Organic Farms

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Storage alternatives

Primitive methods

Refrigerated storage on farm

Central cold storage facility

Natural in ground storage where the farmer cover the yield with hay.

On farm cold store facility with precast concrete panels is expensive to buy and run.

Third party alternative is to send the vegetables to a central cold storage facility.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

Farmers proposal

Farmers as contractors

Surplus Concrete Blocks grain storage Surplus Concrete Blocks is an alternative where farmers could, with their own machinery, construct storage facilities with surplus blocks at a good price.

295

296

Surplus Concrete

Even the leftovers that nobody wants can be saved as long as somebody gives them a new path

Image: Oddbox (2020)

Farmers proposal

297

298

Sources

Texts 1

Hanson “Ready-Mixed Concrete”. 2020. hanson.co.uk. https://www. hanson.co.uk/en/ready-mixed-concrete. (Accessed: 08 May 2020).

Bennett, David. 2010. Sustainable Concrete Architecture. London: RIBA Enterprises.

“WRAP - Food Waste in Primary Production UK, 2017

Clarke, Adam. 2018. “Storage Upgrade Essentials For Potato Growers”. Farmers Weekly, 2018.

Hajdu-Rafis, Ann-Charlott, and Joakim Lilja. 2020. Ta Hand Om Din Jordkällare. Ebook. Malmö: Länsstyrelsen i Västra Götalands län. https://www.lansstyrelsen.se/ download/18.4da86a5a16488a299bc65da/1531728954521/2015-20. pdf.

Horn, Kirsti. 2016. Handbook For Building A Root Cellar— Sustainable Heritage Report No. 8. Ebook. Vasa: Yrkeshögskolan Novia.

Images

Potato Store. 2019. Image. http://growyourmint.com/how-toharvest-potatoes/. (Accessed: 05 June 2020).

Jessica Fecteau. 2018. Refrigerator. Image. “Pioneer Woman Ree Drummond Shows Off Her Stunning Post-Holiday Refrigerator Transformation”. 2018. people.com. https://people.com/food/ pioneer-woman-ree-drummond-home-refrigerator-organized/. (Accessed: 05 June 2020).

Stone Wall. 2020. Image. https://www.europeanstonemasonry.com/ portfolio. Oddbox (2020) Image. Surplus Vegetables, https://www.oddbox. co.uk/ (Accessed: 26 May 2020).

Island: salvaging a landscape

299

Matchmade on the Web A Resource Exchange Platform for Roof Tiles The roof tile’s many varieties must now be met with suspicion. At a closer look, this often celebrated quality is detrimental to the roof tile’s reuse process. After the roof’s undoing, these volumes are scattered all throughout the landscape - sometimes, they make it into one of the many reclamation yards in the UK, albeit in small, disparate batches. The project started (and had in many ways ended) in these literal fields of roof tiles - seemingly incompatible interlocking components are forced together, a number of them released from the curse of having to work only with its own kind. Could a resource exchange platform (a Tinder for tiles, let’s say) introduce a much needed convenience and help dissolve the bottlenecks in its reuse process? An interface that confirms to roofers and material resellers alike a matrix of compatibility across all

previously encountered roof tiles in the region is proposed. This new interface seeks opportunities in the unique pedagogical territory that Hooke Park occupies by establishing a new research wing. A new 1 to 1 laboratory is introduced, the very building of which will test and officialise new compatibilities, sets of instructions developed in parallel for the interface. The many disparate batches of roof tiles strewn throughout the UK have been given a central node as a reference point – not geographically but in the cloud. The act of sourcing becomes, ever more than before, the act of designing.

Ele Mun

304

Matchmade on the Web

BE = Beech

1 BE

Felled

Sawmill

Material Flows in Hooke Park Hooke Park succeeds in being, all at once, a home, a unique educational environment, a satellite testing ground as well as a place of respite. Even before the AA’s tenure, it has had a generosity in the giving and the receiving of ideas through the forming of alliances.

Drying

Material Flows in Hooke Park

305

60 - 75 m

100 m

24 - 35 m

35 - 55 m

~ 40 m

BE ~ 27 m

30 - 40 m

20 - 25 m

20 - 30 m

50 - 60 m

Oak

Norway Spruce

Red Cedar

23 - 37 m Sycamore

Sweet Chestnut

30 - 37 m

40 - 50 m Sitka Spruce

28 - 43 m Red Oak

Poplar

Larch

Douglas Fir

Corsican Pine

Beech

40 - 50 m

Ash

Alder 24 - 35 m Oak

Norway Spruce

~ 40 m

35 - 55 m

Perhaps the main liaison of these relationships is currently the Design & Make course. Permanently based in the campus, the students are surrounded by the very materials with which they work ; they are vigorous in their probes at timber construction technology.

Poplar

10 m

Larch

40 - 50 m

306

Matchmade on the Web

20 20

11 11 4 4

5 5

6 6

Material Resellers

Chris's Crackers Junkshop

Material Resellers

Boatbreakers Chris's Crackers Junkshop Andrews Paint Stripping Boatbreakers

Jurassic Reclamation

12 11 13 12

2 1 3 2

Glastonbury Reclamation Jurassic Reclamation Wells Reclamation Glastonbury Reclamation

14 13 15 14

Bristol Wood Andrews PaintRecycling StrippingProject Rose Green and Reclamation Bristol WoodTiles Recycling Project

4 3 5 4

South West Reclamation Wells Reclamation Browns Antiques & Reclamation South West Reclamation

16 15 17 16

Wessex Reclamation Rose Green Tiles and Reclamation Bristol Reclamation Wessex Reclamation

6 5 7 6

Tobys Reclamation Browns Antiques & Reclamation Dorset Reclamation Tobys Reclamation

18 17 19 18

Cardiff Reclamation Bristol Reclamation Theodore S&D Reclamation Cardiff Reclamation

8 7 9 8

John Roofing DorsetJames Reclamation FromeJames Reclamation John Roofing

20 19

Torfaen Salvage Theodore S&D Reclamation

Torfaen Salvage

10 9

Bath Reclamation Frome Reclamation

Hooke Park

Bath Reclamation

Hooke Park

Potential Material Flows

307

16 15

14 10

12 1

Could this willingness to collaborate extend beyond the current arsenal of just one material ? We had started by seeing a similar diagram of material flows at another scale. Lying in wait in the campus’ vicinity is a line of expertise to engage with- material resellers, as well as the long - term relationships they have formed with local builders and contractors.

Out of the many possible outcomes of these potential collaborations, the project will offer one instance. T he literal fields of roof tiles scattered throughout the country will be project’s protagonists.

Image 3 Photograph taken at John James Roofing, Mar 2020.

Production

311

In 2018 alone, the production of concrete roof tiles in the UK had an estimated total coverage of 27 million squared meters, equivalent to 7000 football fields.1 This give us an estimated 1.3 million tons of concrete every year that are, sooner or later, destined to be crushed (downcycled) or buried in landfills. Because of its clearly defined manufacturing process, they were predestined for a changeover to industrial production.2 The production process of the common roof tile is very similar to that of the brick. It follows the same procedures where the marching of raw materials culminate in the kiln. The more frost resistant the product has to be, the higher the firing temperature, hence, the higher energy consumption and CO2 emissions the process produces.3 In other words, the better the tile is expected to perform as it should, the higher its embodied energy - a fact especially relevant to the cold, moist conditions of the UK.

From flat elements to the more complex interlocking components, the roof tile would evolve and spurt into the myriad of different systems and components that these volumes come in. In their many peculiarities, they had managed to keep at least one thing in common – dismountability. Unlike bricks, floor tiles or indeed many other building elements that are cemented into place, the roof tile is assembled, to be disassembled at a time often sooner than necessary. It is said that the energy needed to remove and clean these materials after use only represents 0.5% of the energy required for manufacture.4

1 Office for National Statistics, “Monthly Statistics of Building Materials and Components.” 2 Eberhard Schunk et al., Roof Construction Manual. 3 Ecofys, et al., “Methodology for the Free Allocation of Emission Allowances in the EU.” 4 Bjørn Berge, The Ecology of Building Materials. Image 2 Greg Evans, Roof Tiles Stacked on Roof, 2015, photograph, London.

Image 3 Photograph taken at Glastonbury Reclamation, Feb 2020.

Salvage

It is no wonder that literal fields of salvaged roof tiles are so recurrent a sight upon visits to reclamation yards across the UK. It is still however an industry who’s inflows and outflows remain elusive. Perhaps not so much to the very people who manage these transactions ; Diploma 18’s pilgrimage in search of an ecosystem of knowledge hidden throughout South West England tells us this. Full transcipts of these conversations with material resellers about not just the industry but the very materials themselves can be found in Volume 1 ; we were quite fortunate that just 20 minutes away from Hooke Park sits Jurassic Reclamation – a yard who’s wealth of experiences has been crucial in the coming together of the book as well as the rest of the project. To every tile its own tale ; each documented and compiled into the catalogue - a book of tiles.

313

314

Matchmade on the Web

Clay Plain Tile

2 . 1 . 01

Clay Plain Tile

2 . 1 . 02

Triple Delta

2 . 1 . 03

Clay Triple Roman

2 . 1 . 04

Redland Stonewold

2 . 2 . 01

Stonewold Mini

2 . 2 . 02

Concrete Double Roman

2 . 2 . 03

Concrete Plain Tile

1 . 1 . 08

Marley Mendip

2 . 2 . 05

Redland Delta

2 . 2 . 09

Marley Ludlow Plus

2 . 2 . 11

Clay Pantile

1 . 1 . 01

To every tile its own tale

Some of the many tiles celebrated in the Book of Tiles.

Sourcing

315

Marley Modern

2 . 2 . 12

Redland 49

2 . 2 . 13

Redland 49

2 . 2 . 14

Marley Ludlow Plus

2 . 2 . 15

Concrete Interlocking

2 . 2 . 16

Concrete Interlocking

2 . 2 . 17

Concrete Interlocking

2 . 2 . 18

Marley Anglia

2 . 2 . 19

Clay Interlocking

2 . 2 . 25

Marley Ludlow Major

2 . 2 . 24

Clay Double Roman

2 . 2 . 25

Marley Wessex

2 . 2 . 23

Image 4 Photographs of samples collected from Jurassic Reclamation in Bridport and John James Roofing in Ringwood.

Image 5 Kendal Swart, Close up view of damanged roof, 2018, photograph.

The main bottleneck is that they only arrive in small, disparate batches. Each barely enough coverage for a ‘typical’ roof. This doesn’t allow the reuse market to access larger construction projects that require more coverage. Only small amounts of reclaimed roof tiles are sold at a time, most often for :

Repatching

This includes replacing small patches of tiles that have been damaged in a storm, or in a chimney replacement/ removal job.

Small Extensions

Small extensions, that require a smaller roof coverage, to already existing buildings.

Re-Roofing

Where possible, reclaimed roof tiles are used to re-roof older buildings to preserve its original appearance. This applies especially to listed buildings where guidelines restrict the use of a different roof tile. These three main uses entail the often tedious task of sourcing for specific roof tiles that matches the batch already at hand.

The exercise in sourcing become in a market who’s products are l unrecorded, a market who’s tran are decentralised.

Post-Salvage

While it is perhaps much easier to chart the geographies of the newly manufactured roof tile, the same cannot be said after the roof’s undoing. The tiles, if salvaged at all, do not always end up in the reclamation yard closest to its previous host. They end up in a yard that the re-roofer is in contact with, a yard that has the space and is willing to take the tiles up.

es impeded largely nsactions

319

Manufacturer

Distributor Roofer's Yards

Building ~ 10 years

~ 20 years

~ 30 years

~ 40 years

~ 50 years

Reclamation Yards

Prospective Re-User

Re-Used

320

Matchmade on the Web

Two cases, recorded in visits to Jurassic Reclamation in Bridport and John James Roofing in Ringwood, should suffice to illustrate the dilemmas for which the roof tile’s many variations can be held accountable.

The Somerset 13s ( Five Different Ones ) On the head-lap of both samples shown, the same manufacturer’s stamp. While the two samples shown had been intended to be the same exact model, they had turned out to be two out of five known variations of the Somerset 13. A series of logistical errors had caused five different production plants to use five different moulds - there are five different known variants of the Somerset 13s. Here was a mistake who’s consequential confusion would tick roofing contractors off until this day, roughly 70 years after the peak of the manufacturer’s operations. To quote Neil from Jurassic Reclamation,

“You could get one batch in and the next five customers walking in would be looking for the other four types.”

The Somerset 13s

Image 6 Photographs of samples collected from Jurassic Reclamation in Bridport.

321

322

Matchmade on the Web

The Redland Delta and a gentleman from Cornwall No less than 1600 units of the Redland Deltas had been sitting in Jurassic Reclamation for a while. Neil Forte, who owns the yard, describes the concrete roof tile as one of a good number of deadstocks - batches of roof tiles that he will probably never sell. Because of the limited space in his yard, all 11.2 tons of concrete were slated to be crushed, until a man who’s driven two and a half hours from Cornwall had bought 200 units a couple of days before Diploma 18’s visit to the yard. Prior to his arrival to Jurassic Reclamation, the man had brought a sample of the Delta ( which he had on his roof ) to three other reclamation yards in search of a small number of them for a small extension. Because they had been discontinued by Redland for a long

The Redland Deltas

323

time, and because the name of the tile was not stamped onto the back of the tile as they usually are, the man had no way of sourcing for the tile other than to bring a sample into yards and to look for a match. Neil has since decided to keep the rest of the Redland Deltas.

“ There are people out there who want them, it’s just a matter of us finding them, or them finding us.” Image 7 Photograph of a sample collected from Jurassic Reclamation in Bridport.

324

Matchmade on the Web

Extraction

Production

The moment that the roof tiles arrive into the reclamation yard, their movement becomes significantly deterred.

Industrial Waste Distributor Contractors

New Buildings

Re-Roofing

Small Extension

Re-patching

Material Flows

325

And what happens when no client is found? These batches are sent to the landfills or crushed and used, for example, to level pathways on a farmer’s gateway. Here is a form of downcycling where the roof tile looses a lot of its value for use.

Landfill

Surplus

Building

Crushed

Dismantled

Compatible

Incompatible Salvaged

Matchmaking Sourcing

326

Matchmade on the Web

Quantity Chart for Jurassic Reclamation

Clay Pantile

1.02

Marley Plain Tile

1.03

Half Eaves Tile

1.04

Clay Plain Tile

1.05

Hawkins Plain Tile

1.06

Tile-and-a-Half

1.07

Minster Plain Tile

1.08

Redland Plain Tile

1.09

Triple Delta

2.01

Redland Delta

2.02

Marley Ludlow Plus

2.03

Marley Ludlow Major

2.04

Redland 49

2.05

Russell Double Roman

2.06

Redland 50

2.07

Redland Renown

2.08

Redland Stoneweld

3.01

Spanish Slate

3.02

Brazilian Slate

400

24 m² 600

10 m²

< 1 m² 200

3 m² 500

1500

500

Tile 1.01

1000

Figures as of late February 2020

8 m²

1 m² 1000

400

16 m²

6 m²

1600

800

600

300

150

34 m²

31 m²

14 m² 750

600

200

150

82 m²

10 m² 7 m²

71 m²

73 m²

327

3500

3000

2500

2000

Quantities

Combined Coverage

5050 m² m2

combined 3200

195 m² 3000

191 m²

This however does not actually apply to every tile ; plain tiles are a lot more flexible and are therefore easier to re-use. It has long been common practice to combine different batches to deploy on a larger roof.

possible

tests to be carried out

328

Compatibility

1.06

a b c d

Matchmade on the Web1.07

Minster Plain Tile

1.08

Redland Plain Tile

1.09

Triple Delta

2.01

Redland Delta

2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05

e f g

Tile-and-a-Half

2.06

Plain Tiles 1.02 - 1.08

Matchmaking plain tiles from different batches is Marley Ludlow Plus simple as they are mostly quite similar, with variations of upLudlow to onlyMajor around 6mm Marley in length and width.

Redland 49

Plain tiles are laid such that the seam lines from one Russell Double Roman row to another do not line up ; there is leeway to leave a gap 50 to make room for Redland these small variations.

2.07

Redland Renown Matching different coloured

3.01

Spanish muchSlate of a problem.If

3.02

plain roof tiles is not that

anything, its aesthetics are quite desirable. The key is to Brazilian Slate lay them randomly. Bottom tile gives overlapping tile some leeway for differing sizes.

1 : 10 1 : 10

1 : 10

Image 8 Photograph taken at Jurassic Reclamation in Bridport.

330

Matchmade on the Web

compatible compatible compatible

w/ w/ placement specific placement w/ specific specific placement

hypothesised

c speedc dating A kind of exercise can be carried out to see whether or not the more complex d dinterlocking tiles can learn from the plain tiles in this sense and it turns out thatesome eof them can actually be made compatible. The flexibility of the plain tiles f into the becomes ftranslated anomaly towards the top-right corner of the compatibility chart. Thisgmatchmaking g is at this point, largely ad hoc - interlocks are matched together by eye and potential compatibilities hypothesised. h h In the following pages, a set of specific instructions to force i i these compatibilities.

1.01

1.01 1.01 Clay Pantile Clay Clay Pantile Pantile

1.02

1.02 1.02 Marley Plain Marley Tile Plain Tile Marley Plain Tile

1.03

1.03 1.03 Half Eaves Half Tile Eaves Tile Tile Half Eaves

1.04

1.04 1.04 Clay Plain Tile Clay Plain Clay Tile Plain Tile

1.05

1.05 1.05 Hawkins Plain Tile HawkinsHawkins Plain Tile Plain Tile

1.06

1.06 1.06 Tile-and-a-Half Tile-and-a-Half Tile-and-a-Half

1.07

1.07 1.07 Minster Plain Tile Minster Plain Minster Tile Plain Tile

1.08

1.08 1.08 Redland Plain Tile Plain Tile Redland Redland Plain Tile

1.09

1.09 1.09 Triple Delta Triple Delta Triple Delta

2.01

2.01 Redland Delta 2.01 Redland Redland Delta Delta

2.02

2.02 2.02 Marley Ludlow Marley Ludlow Marley Plus Ludlow Plus Plus

2.03

2.03 Marley Major Ludlow Major Major 2.03 Marley Ludlow Marley Ludlow

2.04

2.04 Redland 49 2.04 49 Redland Redland 49

2.05

2.05 RussellRoman DoubleRoman Roman 2.05 Russell Double Russell Double

2.06

2.06 Redland 50 2.06 Redland Redland 50 50

2.07

2.07 Redland Renown 2.07 Redland Redland Renown Renown

3.01

3.01 SpanishSlate Slate 3.01 Spanish Slate Spanish

3.02

3.02 Brazillian Slate 3.02 BrazilianBrazilian Slate Slate

Half Eaves Tiles

compatible compatible compatible

Compatibility Compatibility Compatibility

Marley Plain Tile

Clay Pantile

incompatible incompatible incompatible

1.01 1.03 1.02 1.03 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.04 1.03

Clay Plain Tile

Hawkins Plain Tile

Tile-and-a-Half

Minster Plain Tile

Redland Plain Tile

Triple Delta

Redland Delta

Ludlow Plus

Ludlow Major

Redland 49

Russell DR

Redland 50

Renowns

Spanish Slate

Brazillian Slate

331 Matrix of Compatibilities

1.04 1.04

1.05 1.05

1.06 1.06

1.07 1.07

1.08 1.08

1.09 1.09

2.01 2.01

2.02 2.02

2.03 2.03

2.04 2.04

2.05 2.05

2.06 2.06

2.07 2.07

3.01 3.01

3.02 3.02

b a

f d

g e

2.07

332

Matchmade on the Web

3.01

Compatibility

Redland Renown Spanish Slate

Marley Ludlow Major + Redland Renown

3.02

Redland Renown

Marley Ludlow Major

6 mm

Without processing, the channels on the Marley Ludlow Major are too wide, leaving a 6mm gap exposed on the top.

Brazilian Slate 2.03

2.07

Redland Renown

6 mm

333

6 mm grinded off

Matrix of Compatibilities

pin gP

Redland Renown

Ov erl ap

90°

itch

-3

0°

Marley Ludlow Major

Marley Ludlow Major Redland Renown °

22.5

Figures given are for a headlap of 100 mm. The overlapping pitch shows that the mixed roof covering is compatible with roofs with a pitch of 30° to 90 °

334

2.07 Matchmade on the Web

3.01

Compatibility

Redland Renown Spanish Slate

Marley Ludlow Major + Redland Renown 3.02

Brazilian Slate 2.03

2.07

Gaps close when 6mm is grinded off of the Marley Ludlow Major; the tiles have now been made compatible.

3.01

Re Redland 5 3.01 Sp Redland R 3.02 Br Spanish Sl

3.02

Brazilian S

2.07 336

Matchmade on the Web

2.06 2.07

Compatibility

h i

The three tiles all interlock well on all sides and are very similar in dimensions. Their profiles however differ quite a bit ; when used together they mostly have to be laid in vertical strips. The two Double Roman tiles however (Redland 50 and the Russell) may sit well atop one another.

The same can be said with some others - each with a very specific set of instructions.

2.05

Matrix of Compatibilities

Compatibility

337 2.06

2.07

3.01

3.02

30 mm grinded off new nail hole

These two tiles have compatible interlocks - the Redland Renowns are however a bit too long. This surplus of 30mm has to be grinded off of the top, for doing the same on the bottom would mean the loss of its weather check lugs. A new nail hole can be introduced to make up for the loss of its batten lugs.

338

Matchmade on the Web

Material Resellers Redland

Material Resellers Material Resellers Marley Redland Redland Russell

Marley Marley Dreadnaught

Russell Russell Sandtoft Dreadnaught Dreadnaught Plants

+ +

Sandtoft Sandtoft

Plants Plants

Matrix of Compatibilities Abacus Stone Sales Ainscough Metals Andrews Paint Stripping Architectural Salvage Source Ashwells Reclaimed Tropical Timber Bath Reclamation Blackheath Demolition & Trading Boatbreakers Brighton Rock & Reclamation Bristol Reclamation Bristol Wood Recycling Project Browns Antiques & Reclamation Cardiff Reclamation Cawarden Brick & Tile Company Cheshire Demolition & Excavation Chris's Crackers Junkshop Cleveland Steel & Tubes Latd Colchester Reclaim Community Wood Recycling Containers Direct D. Boswell & Son Daddyoaker Timber Yard DDS Demolition & Reclamation Dorset Reclamation Dulwich Reclamation English Salvage Epping Reclaim Limited Essex Stoves & Chimneys Forest Recycling Project Frome Reclamation Gallops Architectural Salvage Gary's Got It Glastonbury Reclamation Gower Reclamation Granton Trading Harvey Stone Jamb Jim Wise Demolition and Reclamation John and James Roofing JS Buyers and Sellers Jurassic Reclamation LASSCO Brunswisk House Lassco Ropewalk Liverpool Reclamation & Demolition London Reclaimed Brick Merchants Martin Edwards Reclamation Merthyr Salvage Reclamation Nostalgia & New Oldfield Reclamation Limited Portal Power Premier Reclaimed Brick Merchants ReciproCity Wirral Reclaimed Ltd. Ren-new: Materials for Renovation Retrouvius Ribble Reclamation Robert Young Antiques Ronson Reclaim Rose Green Tiles and Reclamation Rugged London Solo Wood Recycling South West Reclamation Steptoe's Yard Sure Build Timber Ltd. Symonds Salvage Limited

339 The Old Bath House The Old Slate Yard The Reclaimed Company The Vintage Floor Tile Company Theodore Sons & Daughters Reclamation Tobys Reclamation Torfaen Salvage Warehouse 701 Wells Reclamation Wessex Reclamation West 7 Reclamation West One Wood Flooring Company Ltd. West Wales Reclamation & Salvage Westland London Antiques Whitford Group Woodlands Farm Reclamation with Roof Tiles present

The Possibility of a Regional Matrix of Compatibilities Shown in the preceding pages were compatibilities that two people had managed to find in one relatively small sized yard. One could start to imagine a similar gesture exercised with all idle roof tiles, across as reclamation yards in the UK.

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"Echoes" - Live at Pompeii

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Roof Source

Upload New Tile

? Roof Source : a Matchmaker for Roof Tiles A Resource Exchange Platform for roof tiles is proposed, where resellers, roofers and just those looking to get rid of their roof tiles responsibly alike are assigned their very own Virtual Yards.

To register a tile into the user’s Virtual Yard, one would upload a number of photos of the tile taken from various angles. Similar to many existing photogrammetric processes, the interface stitches together these 2D images to extract a 3D Model of the tile.

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Activity Your Virtual Yard

Oops ! It looks like you have nothing in your virtual yard yet... ): Upload a new tile to start one !

The tile’s profile, its dimensions, interlocks, weather check lugs analysed and potentially compatible tiles searched from previous uploaded tiles across all registered virtual yards. Specifications where available are made available to the user ; one can start to refer to the tiles my name.

d with

Billy Paul - Me and Mrs Jones

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Nick Hakim - I Don't Know

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Tear The Roof Off The Sucke

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12 . 2 . 08

Russell Settle

£ 1.30 per unit 2600 units

RUSSELL Clay interlocking tiles (dark shaded colour) in good condition. Bulk Buying price can be arranged. This Yard is 249km ( 2 h 55 m ) away

Directions

Contact

Browse Yard Compatibility Our system shows that your roof tile is compatible with the Russell Settle Clay Interlocking Tile. Note : This combination has yet to be tested as previous combinations have been, as per CE standards. I agree to all terms and conditions

Explore New Compatibility

Russell Settle + Sandtoft Astley

You’ve Got a Match ! The best case scenario would be that the same tile is found elsewhere not too far away. Small batches could now get in touch with one another and are ready to be combined, deployed onto larger construction projects.

If not the same ones, potentially compatible tiles are suggested to the user. This would come with, as was seen previously, a very specific set of instructions for the user to ‘force’ this compatibility. What is needed to initiate the interface is then an initial volume

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Activity Your Virtual Yard 34 . 2 . 01

Sandtoft Astley

06/2018

£ 1.20 per tile 850 units

9 confirmed matches 12 potential compatibilities

Specifications Projects

of compatibilities for users to refer to - testing, preferably on site, on a roof, has to be done to officialise these compatibilities and to produce the instructions.

Matchmade on the Web

Yards Notified

346

Reclamation Yards

Samples Dispatched

Tested on Small Shed

Combination Officialised

Tiles Uploaded

Roof Source

Models Extracted

Compatibilities Found

Hooke Park

75%

Instructions

Documents Uploaded

Technical Specifications Report ( Declaration of Performance )

Roof Source BETA RoofSource will establish a new research wing in Hooke Park. 10 Material Resellers in its vicinity identified - we will work first with officialising compatibilities found across these 10 yards. This would of course largely be a back and forth process.

Forming a close connection with these resellers, the people most familiar with the materials themselves, will help in setting a baseline of standards from which new combinations have to be assessed by.

Adjacent to the big shed there will be a new small shed to host these new relationships. The very building of this small shed will be the testbed for these initial combinations ; a small library of instructions built in parallel to commence the interface. The roof, pitched at a number of different angles to accomodate the different tiles.

RoofSource Lab

RoofSource Lab + Storage

After its building, parts deliberately left unfinished will be used as a continual 1 to 1 laboratory. Other parts of this small shed, more permanently enclosed, will become firstly, a small warehouse, as there is currently an urgent need for an interior storage space in Hooke Park. In between the Big Shed and this new warehouse, an extension to the currently existing robot cell – a new robot lab for Hooke Park. The Small Shed stands on perhaps too privileged a site for it to be used as a warehouse indefinitely, of course. As such, it is open ended - a roof to be used as the campus sees fit. Here is a strategy not unfamiliar to the Hooke Park ethos.

352

Matchmade on the Web

Matchmade on the Web Here is a possibility that I find hard to imagine unfolding elsewhere. In the UK if not beyond, Hooke Park occupies a unique pedagogical territory - one that might risk mis-opportunity. On the part of the interface, this 1 to 1 laboratory will establish a precedent – much

like how the many existing structures in the campus has done so for timber. Perhaps what is ideal would be a kind of universal interlock for all tiles, but this might do for now. The many disparate batches of

1 to 1 Laboratory

roof tiles strewn throughout the UK have been given a central node as a reference point – not geographically but in the cloud.

353

At Last - Etta James

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Only after working on some of these images did I really realise how much a roof affects the building’s appearance. The appearance of a roof becomes informed by happenstance – the act of sourcing becomes, even more than before, the act of designing.

While not every combination will be for everyone, I’d like to believe that there is at least one for everyone, as well as at least one compatible tile for every roof tile.

358

Sources

Texts 1

Office for National Startistics. “Monthly Statistics of Building Materials and Components.” Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Energy, January 2019.

Eberhard Schunk, Hans Jochen Oster, Rainer Barthel, and Kurt Kießl. Roof Construction Manual. 1st ed. Birkhäuser Architecture, 2003.

Ecofys, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, and Öko-Institut. “Methodology for the Free Allocation of Emission Allowances in the EU ETS Post 2012.” European Commission, November 2009.

Bjørn Berge. The Ecology of Building Materials. Second Edition. Taylor & Francis, 2009.

Images 1

Photograph taken at John James Roofing, Mar 2020.

Evans, Greg. Roof tiles stacked on roof. 3 July 2015. Photograph. Park Lane, Cheam Village, London.

Photograph taken at Glastonbury Reclamation, Feb 2020.

Photographs of samples collected from Jurassic Reclamation in Bridport and John James Roofing in Ringwood. Swart, Kendal. A close up view of the damaged and broken roof tiles of a abandoned building. 8 November 2018. Photograph.

5 6

Photographs of samples collected from Jurassic Reclamation in Bridport.

Photograph of a sample collected from Jurassic Reclamation in Bridport.

Photograph taken at Jurassic Reclamation, Feb 2020.

Footnote

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture Carving Out Spaces for Protected Bats The intent of this project is to bring awareness and to gain a better understanding of why it is important to include ‘buildingreliant species’, such as bats, within the early stages of architectural practice. The exploration begins in Hooke Park as an initial site of exploration. Hooke Park is a part of the two percent of ancient woodland that still exists in the United Kingdom today. It provides a crucial habitat for a range of wildlife such as fungi, insects, bats, birds, and more. However, due to the nature of Hooke Park being both an ancient woodland and a managed one, it was revealed that the lack of natural features such as woodpecker holes and tree splits have affected the way in which bats inhabit the woodland. Bats are biodiversity indicators and are crucial for pollination, seed dispersal and pest control. They are opportunistic mammals that do

not build their own roosts. They rely on cracks, crevices and holes for shelter. With the lack of natural features, they have had to adapt by roosting within Hooke Park’s campus buildings. The relationship between bats and the Hooke Park’s architecture led to more questions about where bats choose to live within built structures, how they navigate and use the surrounding greenery. The study of the campus unravels an intricate system that seems to extend beyond Hooke Park itself. In fact, as more natural landscapes such as unmanaged, aged woodlands continue to disappear, ‘building-reliant species’ have emerged and been forced to migrate and adapt to man-made architecture in order to survive. So, how does man-made architecture today consider ‘building-reliant species’ and what more can be done to accommodate them?

Joyce Ka Kei Ng

If bats were considered in the early stages with great importance, how would the buildings differ in the way they are built? How can the unused spaces of a building serve the vulnerable building-reliant species for biodiversity gain?

363

364

A View of Hooke Park

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

Hooke Park: A Site of Exploration

365

Following the transition of ownership of Hooke Park to The Architectural Association in 2002, the woodland campus has become the place for timber design and construction. Hooke Park covers 150 hectares of land, listed both as an ancient woodland and a managed one but more often than not, students arrive at Hooke Park with the intention to create and build, making full use of the high-end facilities that are on the campus. Consequently, the rest of the woodland remains rather unexplored and undervalued. It led to the question: What is Hooke Park’s pedagogical role at the AA? And what can we learn from Hooke Park’s woodlands? Souce: Image from http://hookepark. aaschool.ac.uk/.

The students of the AA come and go, but hardly notice the wide range of inhabitants that share the woodland landscape of Hooke Park. Using a camera trap, Hooke Park’s wildlife that roam the woods day and night were revealed.

367

Video footage of Hooke Park’s wildlife captured by Joyce Ng in December 2019.

368

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

“At one point, it was a royal deer park owned by the king. It moved to a succession of owners then the Forest Commission took over for 25 years and replanted the whole woodland.” - Christopher Sadd, Hooke Park’s Forester “Wild boar was a big issue for farmers around that’s why we don’t see them anymore.” - Charles Corrywright, Hooke Park’s Workshop Manager “I peeked out of the tent in the middle of the night and I noticed a glow on the ground. It must have been bioluminescent mushrooms!” - James Westcott, AA Tutor

Hooke Park: A Site of Exploration

369

“One of the experimental units were here recently and they found a bat in their room whilst staying at Westminster Lodge” - Charlie Wright, Hooke Park’s Workshop Manager “We put nest boxes in the late 90s. It was a very young forest and there were no birds! So they put nest boxes round and now that the trees are bigger and are slowly rotting, the birds may be able find a hole. ” - Stephen Hales, Wildlife Expert “There was a lot more wildlife in Hooke Park 20 years ago: deer and wild boar would roam into the campus.” - Miraj Ahmed, AA Tutor

Selected quotes from Interviews with Charlie Wright, Christopher Sadd, Miraj Ahmed and Stephen Hales.

370

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

The Wildlife of Hooke Park

Hooke Park: A Site of Exploration

371

372

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

A Meeting with Stephen Hales

Learning from the Experts

373

Insects

Bats

Birds. Source: Photo taken by Jan-Emmanuel De Neve, Hooke Park Visitor.

374

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture Share knowledge on bats and improving biodiversity in the woodland

Share knowledge on Hooke Park’s moths and birds

Christopher Sadd

Share knowledge on moths, bat’s prey

Stephen Hales

Architectural Association, Hooke Park’s Forester

Wildlife Expert and Hooke Park’s Moth Expert Share knowledge on woodland management

Nigel Fisher

Wytham Woods Conservationist, University of Oxford

The Network of Shared Knowledge

Learning from the Experts

375

Share knowledge on bats in buildings

Nick Tomlinson

Bat Expert and Ecological Consultant

Jo Ferguson

Built Environment Manager of the Bat Conservation Trust

Share knowledge on bat research

Danielle Linton

Bat Researcher, University of Oxford

The research project began in conversation with Christopher Sadd about the interest in wildlife at Hooke Park. Shortly after, he introduced Stephen Hales who invited Nick Tomlinson to Hooke Park. Nick Tomlinson then advised to contact Jo Ferguson who worked at the Bat Conservation Trust. Meanwhile, Diploma 18 visited Wytham Woods and met with the woodland conservationist, Nigel Fisher. Through his introduction, Danielle Linton was able to assist with specific questions about bat behaviors. Learning and gathering information from all the experts created the basis of my research in this topic. However, Nick Tomlinson became the leading figure as I continued to investigate bats’ relationship with architecture. Source: Network Diagram created by Joyce Ng. Photos from the Bat Conservation Trust, University of Oxford (Wytham Woods) and Hooke Park.

376

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

This interview was intended to gain knowledge on bats and its relation to the woodlands and architecture. In total, there were six participants in this interview: NT

Nick Tomlinson, Bat Expert

Christopher Sadd, Hooke Park Forester

Stephen Hales, Wildlife Expert

Zachary Mollica, Hooke Park Warden

Aude-Line Duliere (Diploma 18 Tutor)

Joyce Ng (Diploma 18 Student)

So if you imagine these are planks basically down as a box fixed to a tree and then you can put a cavity over there. And they are meant to simulate essentially lighting strikes in wood where the branches split a part because that’s the kind of thing that Barbastelle’s like. And you can make those comparatively small scale or the big bat box that you are talking about. The difficulty is going to be whether you get the results you need in the time scales you’ve got. Say you’ve put the bat box tomorrow, the bats would have started to come out of hibernation. And you took twenty bats in a colony, they would probably hibernate in maybe a dozen, fifteen, even as many as twenty different places and they will all come back together again. When they come back together, it’s all in the early stages now, but when you come back in six weeks or so they will find your box and known it’s there, with out a shadow of a doubt. Whether they will start to use it straight away is.. that’s the bit we won’t know yet.

And it’s possible that it may not be used at all.

It’s really difficult to say. If you could design it so it’s got a bit of heat in it (solar heating), it’s got a number of different orientations, so you are not just coming in one way but you have created it so there iss air going through it. But you don’t want air moving through particularly in when they are in hibernation. Hibernation, is a special case of what we call daily torpid so that’s a bat reducing its energy by bringing its body temperature down to ambient.

Learning from the Experts

Hibernation is just an extended version of that where it goes even lower as a temperature. So during the year, if its a cold day, they’ll lower their body temperature because otherwise they are wasting heat. So if you’ve got air blowing through somewhere, that air is going to cool you further and takes heat away so they don’t like drafty places. It needs to reasonably air tight. You want a bit of humidity in there so that stops the drying out. Good flight lines and no lights or anything so we could have a look around to see what good siting might be but the difficulty is that you won’t necessarily know by the end of your project whether it’s been successful or not. JN

I have realised that and I think I’ve been seeing my project as more of a process. I don’t see the bat structure as an end result.

Ok.

Because I think I’m going to build and leave the structure here but if it is unsuccessful, there will be different places within Hooke Park where it can be placed. I’m going to pick the best site that could give it the best chance but if it doesn’t work we could try move the structure elsewhere. And there was even talk of… if it doesn’t work here then we could move the structure to the campus in London. But if I am designing for a specific species… then maybe that would change a bit (the structure)?

No, any crevice-dweller will like a crevice wherever you put it. So if you designed it along those lines, it could in theory go anywhere. It might go in straight away. You just don’t know. The way I usually describe bat boxes to people, if you imagine you live in a house and I came along and put a garden shed at the bottom of your garden, so you move out your house and into the back garden. You are not going to because your house is nicer. Bats, where they are, generally speaking, tend to stay because that’s the place that works for them ecologically speaking. That’s why bat boxes can be a bit of challenge because they have kind of found somewhere that is already good. So you need to build somewhere that is better if you see where I am

377

coming from? So we would like to think that we know a lot about bats but we don’t. And trying to say, this is how you build a box for a Barbastelle, that’s based on the fact that somebody has built that and in a few occasions it has been used by a Barbastelle but we don’t know if there is something better that would be even more useful if you see what I mean? So we know what we know but there is a lot we kid ourselves that we know. CS

Question, so I am picking up on straws here but you mentioned about moving the structure possibly. I suppose where we have got to be careful. If a bat or bats decide.. they met the structure and decide they like it there, but once a bat has gone in there and there is evidence of it, we are committed to following the law then are we?

Technically speaking, yes. If it’s been used and its a bat roost, then bat roosts are protected and you can’t just move it. But pragmatically, it would depend on the nature of that use. So if we have gone and checked it and we found one bat in there in one night, my personal Share know bat social view would be take more of a pragmatic in the wo view of it and say “Ok, its been used by a bat for one night, but actually putting it wherever somewhere else that might be would be better for bats overall” and therefore the fact that very technically speaking we are breaking the law, we would move it. On the other hand, if we found what would look like a maternity colony in there, then we wouldn’t move it because then that is the place that they want to breed. And sometimes boxes can be picked up quite quickly. The bats would know that it’s there, the challenge will be knowing whether it’s been used and how long you would want to leave past the day its in until you make that decision (to move it). Perhaps they won’t use it this year, but they could use it next year. Do you want to leave it a year to see? There is also if you look a bat’s year. For example, let’s start now. They are just coming out of hibernation now and they are in lots of individual This interview was conducted on March 4th, 2020 at Hooke Park, AA Woodland Campus. The following pages show selected excerpts from the full interview (1/11).

In the UK, there are 17 bat species and they play a crucial role in the ecosystem.

379

Bats are biodiversity indicators. Bats are pollinators. Bats are seed dispersers. Bats are pest control.

The image (from top) shows a Serotine Bat, Common pipistrelle, Soprano pipistrelle and a Nathusius pipistrelle. Source: Nottinghamshire Bat Group.

380

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

“In Britain all bat species and their roosts are legally protected by two legislations: The Wildlife Countryside Act 1981 (WCA) and The Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994

An Introduction to Bats

381

This means you may be committing a criminal offence if you: 1. Deliberately take , injure or kill a wild bat 2. Intentionally or recklessly disturb a bat in its roost or deliberately disturb a group of bats. 3. Damage or destroy a place used by bats for breeding or resting (roosts) (even if bats are not occupying the roost at the time) 4. Possess or advertise/sell/exchange a bat of a species found in the wild in the EU (dead or alive) or any part of a bat. 5. Intentionally or recklessly obstruct access to a bat roost.

Source: Bat Conservation Trust.

382

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

2 2 3

2 4 5

Bat Roost in Caves

Bat Roost in Trees

Bat Roost i

Cracks in rocks

Navigational aid

Sto

Dark tunnels

Crack in tree

Slat

Rotten hole

Behind the ivy plant

Under the tree bark

Bat Roost Typologies

An Introduction to Bats

te tiles

2 3

3 4 4 1

in Bridges

one pieces

383

Bat Roost in Houses

Bat Roost in Buildings

Barge board and roof felt

Space between downpipe

Broken tiles

Metal elements on balconies

Eaves

Quoins

Hanging tiles

Loose mortar between bricks

Porch

Wood cladding

Cellar

Bats do not build their own roosts. Instead, they are opportunistic mammals that rely on already built structures. They roost in cracks, crevice and holes of structures such as caves or quarries, trees, bridges, houses and buildings.

Source: Bat Conservation Trust.

384

Crevice-dwelling Bats (that tend to be hidden from view)

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

Access Dimensions

Roosting/Nesting Dimensions

Height of Entry

20 - 50mm (w) x 15 - 20mm (h)

Any size as long as some components of the area are crevices in the region of 20 - 30mm

2 - 7m

Greater total areas of about 1sq m would be useful for nursery (summer) roosts Male roosts contain smaller numbers of bats or even individual bats Roof dwelling bats need timber joists to roost

Crevice-dwelling Bats (that may be visible on roof timbers)

20 - 50mm (w) x 15 - 20mm (h)

Any size as long as some components of the area are crevices in the region of 20 - 30mm

Over 2m

Greater total areas of about 1sq m would be useful for nursery (summer) roosts Male roosts contain smaller numbers of bats or even individual bats Roof dwelling bats need timber joists to roost

Crevice-dwelling Bats (require flight space in certain types of roost)

20 - 50mm (w) x 15 - 20mm (h)

5m (w) x 2.8m (h) x 5m (d)

Over 2m

Not trussed, to allow flight Ideally 2.8m height, but a height of 2m may be acceptable in some circumstances To incorporate roost crevices, dimensions as above for crevice-dwelling bats

Bats that need flight space and flying access (Horseshoe bats)

Lesser horseshoe bats: 300 (w) x 200mm (h)

5m (w) x 2.8m (h) x 5m (d) Not trussed, to allow flight

Greater horseshoe bats: 400mm (w) x 300mm (h)

Bat Roost Preferences

Ideally 2.8m height, but a height of 2m may be acceptable in some circumstances

Above 5m abo ground and a from obstruct and creepers

ove away tions

An Introduction to Bats

Aspect of Roost

Temperature °C Summer

Winter

Summer nursery roosts on most southerly side or westerly aspect for solar heating. However, the risk of overheating should be considered. A location that provides a stable microclimate/regime may work better than one that heats up quickly and loses heat quickly

30 - 40 °C 0 - 6 °C (day time)

The crevice-roosting provision within the roost to be located on the south or west side for solar heating. or in the most thermally stable condition

30 - 40 °C

Rough (for grip), natural materials such as untreated timber, stone or masonary is preferred

Suitable thermal properties (reducing 24-hour fluctuations), but allowing suitable thermal gain for summer roosts

0 - 6 °C

Rough (for grip), natural materials such as untreated timber, stone or masonary is preferred Not toxic or corrosive and no risk of entanglement Suitable thermal properties (reducing 24-hour fluctuations), but allowing suitable thermal gain for summer roosts

30 - 40 °C

0 - 6 °C

The location of the flight area is not as important

The roost is most likely to be in a roof space; this should have an orientation that allows a southfacing solar gain or an L-shape to allow temperature-range choice

Materials and Other Comments

Not toxic or corrosive and no risk of entanglement

The location of the flight area is not as important

The crevice-roosting provision within the roost to be located on the south or west side for solar heating. or in the most thermally stable condition

385

30 - 40 °C

6 - 10 °C

All UK bat species fall into four different categories of bat roost preferences: There are crevice-dwelling bats like prefer to be hidden from view, crevicedwelling bats that may be visible on roof timbers, crevice-dwelling bats that require interior flight space, and bats that need flying access and interior flight space. Most speces fall into the categories of crevice-dwelling bats, apart from Horseshoe bats that need flying access and interior flight space.

Source: Designing for Biodiversity: A technical Guide for new and existing buildings by K. Gunnell, B. Murphy and Dr. C. Willamas.

386

The Case of Hooke Park

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

Bats in Hooke Park

387

Although bats are drawn to woodland landscapes, it is believed that the bats of Hooke Park forage in the woods but do not live in it. In the interview with Nick Tomlinson, he explains: “I can’t see much evidence of woodpecker holes or natural splits in these trees. Bats rely on either woodpeckers excavating holes, tree splits due to lightning strikes, trees fall, whatever it might be, natural features that are created by the way the woodland ages… heavily managed woodlands can be quite a challenge from a bat perspective for a living, which is why it is quite intriguing with the campus buildings here.”

Source: Photo taken by Ke Yang, Diploma 18 student.

388

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

Existing Roosts in Hooke Park

389

Bats in Hooke Park

N PIPE

Through conversations with Christopher Sadd and Charlie Wright, it was revealed that there are currently three known bat roosts in Hooke Park:

The Big Shed (2012)

The Caretaker’s House (2009-2010)

Westmister Lodge (1996)

390

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

Bat Roost

Stone

Slate

Source: Photo taken by Joyce Ng.

The Big Shed was designed by students of Design and Make and Diploma Unit 19 in 2012. The installation of the bat box was arranged by Christopher Sadd in 2018. There is currently no evidence of bat inhabiting the roost.

Bats in Hooke Park

391

2 3

in Bridges

pieces

e tiles

Restricted vertical distance

Placement of bat box: no optimized warmth

Perching spots for predatory birds

Appropriate height for bat roost

392

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

Source: Photo from DesignBoom.

The Caretaker’s House at Hooke Park was designed and built by Intermediate 2 from 2009-2010. According to Charlie Wright, bats could be found flying out of the roof most summers.

Bats in Hooke Park

393

Corrogated metal roof sheet PTimber beam

Insulation

Dry Wall Interior Space

394

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

Source: AA Archive

The Westminster Lodge was designed and built by Edward Cullinan Architects in 1996. There is currently evidence that a maternity colony lives under the floorboards, accessed through the boiler cupboard.

Bats in Hooke Park

Boiler Cupboard

Timber beam

Waterproofing sheet 4

Floorboard

395

396

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

In the 1600s, 8-10% of England’s land cover was ancient woodland

Decrease in natural habitats (such as unmanaged ancient woodlands)

The Emergence of Building-Reliant Species

Beyond Hooke Park

397

Massive deforestation due to demand in timber production after WWII Resulting in fragmented woodlands, loss of habitat connectivity for bats Only 2% of ancient woodland

Historical decline in UK bat populations prior Start of recorded to 1999 historical decline in UK bat population Only 2% of ancient 1970 woodland

Increase in built structure

Historically, bats lived in natural habitats such as woodlands, caves and quarries. However, UK bat populations have declined considerably over the last century. Today, they are under threat from building and development work that affects roosts, loss of habitat, the severing of commuting routes by roads and threats in the home including cat attacks, flypaper and some chemical treatments of building materials.

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Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

The RIBA Plan of Work organises the process of briefing, designing, delivering, maintaining, operating and using a building into eight stages. It is a framework for all disciplines on construction projects and should be used solely as guidance for the preparation of detailed professional services and building contracts.

Strategic Definition

Preparation and Briefing

Concept Design

Spatial Coordinati

Stage Outcome

The best means of achieving the Client Requirements confirmed

at the end of the stage

If the outcome determines that a building is the best means of achieving the Client Requirements, the client proceeds to Stage 1

ap me

to fter nd e

ntly or

d d ld has

e d am ables

– for

e ate

Projects span from Stage 1 to Stage 6; the outcome of Stag Project Brief approved by the client and confirmed that it can be accommodated on the site

Architectural Concept approved by the client and aligned to the Project Brief

Architectural and information Spa Coordinated

The brief remains “live” during Stage 2 and is derogated in response to the Architectural Concept

Photograph 4 Photograph 1

Core Tasks

Frontage of 1-2 Lincolns Inn’s Field.

during the stage

Loose bricks above the window on the northern elevation which may provide roosting opportunities for crevice-dwelling species.

Prepare Client Requirements Develop Business Case for feasible options including review of Project Risks and Project Budget

Photograph 5

Photograph 2 Slate tile pitched roof and chimney breasts.

Project Strategies might include: – Conservation (if applicable) – Cost – Fire Safety – Health and Safety Photograph 3 – Inclusive Design Underground vaults at the level. Gaps were evident –basement Planning in the concrete above the wooden – Plan for Use doors. – Procurement – Sustainability See RIBA Plan of Work 2020 Overview for detailed guidance on Project Strategies

Missing and broken slate roof tiles providing potential roosting opportunities for crevice-dwelling bat species.

Ratify option that best delivers Client Requirements Review Feedback from previous projects Undertake Site Appraisals

Missing brick at the base of the chimney providing potential roosting opportunities for crevicedwelling bat species.

Photograph 7

Prepare Architectural Concept incorporating Strategic Engineering requirements and aligned to Cost Plan, Project Strategies and Outline Specification

Slipped ridge tile on western elevation of 1 Lincolns Inn Fields providing potential access for bats into the roof void.

Undertake Feasibility Studies

Photograph 8

View inside roof void of 1 Lincolns Inn Fields with king post roof formation.

Agree Project Brief Derogations

Agree Project Budget Source Site Information including Site Surveys

Photograph 6

Undertake Design Reviews with client and Project Stakeholders

Prepare Project Programme Prepare Project Execution Plan

Undertake Desig Engineering Ana Cost Exercises to Architectural Co resulting in Spat Coordinated des to updated Cost Strategies and O Specification

Initiate Change C Procedures

Photograph 9

Prepare stage De Programme

View inside roof void of 1 Lincolns Inn Fields.

Prepare stage Design Programme

The loft space was lined with bitumen felt which was lifted in places, providing potential roosting opportunities for crevice-dwelling bat species.

No design team required for Stages 0 and 1. Client advisers may be appointed to the client team to provide strategic advice and design thinking before Stage 2 commences.

The Ecology Consultancy 1-2 Lincolns Inn Field, London /Preliminary Roost Assessment / David Chipperfield Architects

Core Statutory Processes

Prepare Project Brief including Project Outcomes and Sustainability Outcomes, Quality Aspirations and Spatial Requirements

Strategic appraisal of Planning considerations

during the stage:

Planning Building Regulations Health and Safety (CDM)

The Ecology Consultancy 1-2 Lincolns Inn Field, London /Preliminary Roost Assessment / David Chipperfield Architects

Source pre-application Planning Advice

Obtain pre-application Planning Advice

Review design ag Building Regulat

Initiate collation of health and safety Pre-construction Information

Agree route to Building Regulations compliance

Prepare and sub Planning Applic

Option: submit outline Planning Application

See Planning Note f submitting a Plannin earlier than at end o

RIBA Plan of Work: Bat Surveys Procurement Traditional Route Design & Build 1 Stage Design & Build 2 Stage

Appoint client team

Appoint design team

Management Contract Construction Management

Appoint contractor

Contractor-led

Information Exchanges

at the end of the stage

Pre-contract se

Preferr

Client Requirements

Project Brief

Project Brief Derogations

Signed off Stage

Business Case

Feasibility Studies

Signed off Stage Report

Project Strategie

Site Information

Project Strategies

Project Budget

Outline Specification

Updated Outline Specification

ion

Beyond Hooke Park

Technical Design

Manufacturing and Construction Handover

399

7 Use

ge 0 may be the decision to initiate a project and Stage 7 covers the ongoing use of the building.

d engineering atially

gn Studies, alysis and o test oncept tially sign aligned Plan, Project Outline

Control

esign

All design information required to manufacture and construct the project completed Stage 4 will overlap with Stage 5 on most projects

Develop architectural and engineering technical design Prepare and coordinate design team Building Systems information Prepare and integrate specialist subcontractor Building Systems information Prepare stage Design Programme

Manufacturing, construction and Commissioning completed

Building handed over, Aftercare initiated and Building Contract concluded

Stage 7 starts concurrently with Stage 6 and lasts for the life of the building

There is no design work in Stage 5 other than responding to Site Queries

Finalise Site Logistics Manufacture Building Systems and construct building

Hand over building in line with Plan for Use Strategy Undertake review of Project Performance

Monitor progress against Construction Programme

Undertake seasonal Commissioning

Inspect Construction Quality

Rectify defects

Resolve Site Queries as required

Complete initial Aftercare tasks including light touch Post Occupancy Evaluation

Undertake Commissioning of building

Building used, operated and maintained efficiently

Implement Facilities Management and Asset Management Undertake Post Occupancy Evaluation of building performance in use Verify Project Outcomes including Sustainability Outcomes

Prepare Building Manual Specialist subcontractor designs are prepared and reviewed during Stage 4

Building handover tasks bridge Stages 5 and 6 as set out in the Plan for Use Strategy

Adaptation of a building (at the end of its useful life) triggers a new Stage 0

gainst tions

Submit Building Regulations Application

Carry out Construction Phase Plan

Comply with Planning Conditions as required

bmit cation

Discharge precommencement Planning Conditions

Comply with Planning Conditions related to construction

for guidance on ng Application of Stage 3

Comply with Planning Conditions as required

Prepare Construction Phase Plan

Since bats became protected by the ‘The Wildlife Countryside Act 1981

Submit form F10 to HSE if (WCA)’, it has been required by law to obtain bat survey reports as part applicable Tender ER CP

Appoint contractor

ervices agreement

Appoint contractor

red bidder

Appoint contractor

of getting planning permission. Surveys need to show whether protected Appoint species are present in the area or nearby, and how they use the site. contractor

e Report

Manufacturing Information

Construction Information

Final Specifications Residual Project Strategies

Appoint Facilities Management and Asset Management teams, and strategic advisers as needed

Building Manual including Health and Safety File and Fire Safety Information Practical Completion certificate including

Feedback on Project Performance

Feedback from Post Occupancy Evaluation

Final Certificate

Updated Building Manual Trust. Bat Conservation including Health and Safety File and Fire Safety

Feedback from light touch Post Occupancy Evaluation

Source: RIBA Plan of Work.

400

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

Source: Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government.

Threat to bats: Permitted Development 2012 With the approved Premitted Development of 2012, homeowners are now allowed to renovate parts of their home without a planning permission. This could greatly affect existing roosts in the building or in the area.

Beyond Hooke Park

Source: Passivhaus Institut.

Threat to bats: ‘Passive’ House Building developments today aim to be a compact, air-sealed structure for energy efficiency. This decreases roosting opportunities for bats to find warm roosts.

401

402

The Biodiversity Net Gain

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

Biodiversity Gain in Architectural Practice

403

As recent as 2018, a new revised National Planning Policy Framework was published, in which it highlights a new proposal for all developments to have a biodiversity net gain (in both flora and fauna). This is a relatively new idea and protected species and building-reliant species are currently under revision to be included in the calculation of biodiversity net gain.

Source: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs.

404

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

Playing with the Ru with Tempora

Playing with the Ru with Exteri

Playing with the Ru with Interi

Playing with the Rules of Architecture

Biodiversity Gain in Architectural Practice

405

ules of Architecture ary Structures

ules of Architecture ior Spaces

Bats are protected species and it is true that one can see building a bat roost as a way for wildlife conservation. However, the status of bat species in the UK could be used to play with the rules or architecture and turn something temporary to permanent due to bats’ protected status. The drawing above illustrates three different approaches.

406

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

Slanted surfaces for rain runoff and sun exposure

Height of entry point at least 2m or more

Tunnel for visitors to walk through structure

Project X: A Stand-Alone Bat Roost (Proposal)

Biodiversity Gain in Architectural Practice

Tiles with max. sun exposure (South facing)

407

Roof openings

Textured surface for crawling

Interior Flight Space

Entry/Exit Point (North facing)

Human access for bat monitoring

Pale, Scented flowers

Stand alone bat structures can be built anywhere in any size. It can also play with the rule of permanence. Once a structure is built with evidence of bat inhabitation, it is illegal to disturb, harm or obstruct the bats or bat roosts. This rule can be used beyond the bat roost itself. It could be used to intervene or protect a site or an environment.

408

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

Void (stretches along structure)

Project Y: A Residence (Under Construction)

Biodiversity Gain in Architectural Practice

409

South facing Roof

Void

A four storey residence can also be considered to host a bat roost, especially if is closer to the ground near a garden. Bats are often unseen (as they come out only in the summer nights) and eat insects in the garden. They are good indicators of the well-being of a garden or environment. This project is one of the many contemporary homes which could improve on welcoming bats within the structure. **The nature of giving the anonymity to the project is to bring focus to the overall idea, rather than the design intervention itself.

410

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

Farncombe Street (Existing) Temperature Variation

Farncombe Street (Existing) Heat Flux

Exterior temperature (winter): 1 °C Interior temperature (winter): 21 °C

The Void: A Study of Temperature Variation

Biodiversity Gain in Architectural Practice

Farncombe Street (Existing) Temperature Variation

Farncombe Street (Existing) Heat Flux

Exterior temperature (summer): 30 °C Interior temperature (summer): 21 °C

411

Temperature variation in a bat roost is very important. It allows for the bat to crawl into the most comfortable and ideal space. In the winter time, bats will seek warm roosts. Therefore, voids used for bat roosts can also be studied. Is it possible to share the heat and energy used in the interior living spaces to become shared with the bat roost?

412

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

Insulation

Insu

Timber beam

Fibre cement Timber beam tile

Window

Interior flig space

The Void: A Bat Roost

Biodiversity Gain in Architectural Practice

ulation

413

Insulation

Timber beam

Interior flight space

Fibre cement tile

Roof plant

Window

ght

The void highlighted in the section of the residential project can be designed into a roost by simply creating an access point on the South facing roof. The side of this particular void is substantially larger than a typical bat box which means it could cater to species that require interior flight space.

414

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

Void in the vault arch

Project Z: An Apartment Building (Completed 2018)

Biodiversity Gain in Architectural Practice

415

Void in the vault arch (above carpark)

Taller buildings may have larger voids as part of their structure or design. This would be ideal for crevice-dwelling bats that like to fly into or fly inside their roost. In this particular project, a vault arch was designed for the lobby area. This vault is a large void of about 3 meters. This project is one of the many contemporary apartment buildings which could improve on welcoming bats within the structure. During the discussion with the lead architect about the proposed idea, he responded positively: “I’m totally for it. It is a very clever use. It is a void, it is not used for anything so we should find a positive use for it”. And when asked if a brick could be taken out as a start of a guerllia project, he said “I am fine with that. No problem”. **The nature of giving the anonymity to the project is to bring focus to the overall idea, rather than the design intervention itself.

416

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

Concrete panel Concrete panel

Void in vault arch

In-situ concrete

Concrete To Carpark

The Void in the Vault Arch: A Bat Roost

Biodiversity Gain in Architectural Practice

417

Concrete panel Concrete panel

Void in vault arch

In-situ concrete

Concrete To Carpark

As shown in the section, with a tunnel access of about 3m, the bats would be able to crawl into the vault arch to roost. Since the void is situated at the core of the building, the bat roost will fit the criteria of pitch darkness and high level of warmth. Upon speaking to the leading architect for this particular project, he was delighted to learn that actually more could have been done for bat roosts in his building.

This is the story of a bat.

Finding its way through the destroyed woodlands,

looking for a place to roost.

With a lack of woodpecker holes, the bat finds itself competing with other And when the bat finds a roost in an old wildlife. building,

human intrusion forces it to leave the roost.

So what if...

there was a bat roost in the park?

Or...

living with us,

in a roost designed within a new residential home?

Or...

even a roost

designed within the void of a tall buliding?

What more can we do with our architectural knowledge to cater to the vulnerable building-reliant creatures of the natural world?

419

Source: Animation film by Joyce Ng.

420

Embracing the Wildlife within Architecture

The Cultural and Procedural Interventions for the Integration of Building-Relient Species within Architecture Implementation of Roosts for Building-Reliant Species: Document S

PROCEDURAL BASED APPROACH

Outcome

Building Regulations

Review design against building regulations

National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF): Biodiversity Net Gain

Policy

Submit building regulations application

Revision of ‘Susta Outcome Guide’,sp on ‘Sustainable La and Biodiversity’, on work stages 2

RIBA Work Stages

Strategic Definition

Preparation and Briefing

Concept Design

Spatial Coordination

Technical Design 1B

Outcome

Client Awareness of Environmental and Ecological Importance in Building Projects

New Building Projects Client Request (ie. developer, homeowner)

Development

Adjustment in Practice. Bat consultant, Architect and Client involvement.

Client Approved: Building Design

Required Bat surveys

Outcome

Project Timeline

This diagram illustrates the interventions required in the procedural realm and the cultural realm of a new building project in order to shift the attitude in architectural design, an attitude that push architects and designers to practice inclusivity for building-reliant species.

Intervention

Outcome

Implementation of Roosts for Building-Reliant Species: Document S. An additonal ‘approved document’ as part of the building regulations should be implemented. The document will require projects to take into account voids or considered ‘useless’ spaces to become roosts for building-reliant species. The document would also include appropriate materials use and environmental conditions. 1A Outcome. An additional 1

document in the building regulations means all projects going through the building regulation application process must consider how the building design caters to buildingreliant species. 1B Outcome. An approved building regulation application proposing the implementation of roosts for building-reliant species means that the proposed ideas must be implemented in all work stages 3 and onwards. 2 Revision of ‘Sustainability Outcome Guide’,

Start of Project

CULTURAL BASED APPROACH

specifically on the Chapter of ‘Sustainable Land Use Biodiversity’, applied on work stages 1 - 7. Every work stage has sustainability outcomes which is extracted from the ‘Sustainability Outcome Guide’. However, not every work stage includes key points from the ‘Sustainable Land Use and Biodiversity’ chapter which it should. It is important that the guide is revised to highlight the importance of long term planning, fauna (which must explicitly mention building-reliant species),

Duration of Work Stages Dependent on Project

and also the need for green connectivity even if the project site show no presence of buildingreliant species. 2A Outcome. The improved requirements for sustainable outcomes means each work stage will be improved to better building-reliant species from the start to end of a building project. 3 Client Awareness of Environmental and Ecological Importance in Building Projects. The environmental and

Biodiversity Gain in Architectural Practice

421

Submit building regulations application

ainability pecifically and Use applied s 1 - 7.

Manufacturing Handover and Construction

Use

Outcome Building structure foundation, load bearing elements): 50 - 60 years

Outcome

Building skin (exterior surfaces): average 20 years

Outcome

End of Construction Start of Building Use

Bat Roost (Variation for bat species): 100+ years without disturbance

ecological awareness in the early stages of a building project is one method to help clients get on board the need to cater to building-reliant species. It would also be a chance to discuss fears and potential risks (such as legal obligations and maintenance) in order to reach a design solution that benefits the client and the local habitat. 3A Outcome. Awareness of the importance for catering to buildingreliant species will result in a change in attitude and

Building in Use 25 years

conversation within the design process. It would seek for a balance to reach human and wildlife needs. Outcome. The completed building in use would be able to fulfil the need of the client but also have acquired knowledge and responsibility of what it means to contribute, maintain and enhance biodiversity. Adjustment in Practice. Bat Consultant, Architect, and Client Involvement. Typically client and bat consultants are most involved in the early

Outcome

Building in Use 50 years

Building in Use 75 years

stages of the work whilst the architect continue to materialize the building work. However, it is important to shift this work ethic to include both the client and the bat expert throughout the the work stages. It is not enough to call for the bat expert in stage 1 for surveying and one more meeting later to install a bat box. Bats (and other building-reliant species) require more than a bat box and any voids in buildings should be consider of use to thevulnerable wildlife.

Bat consultants could offer their insight on bat roost locations, orientations, materiality, and connectivity. Wheras clients could be reassured that bats and bat roosts would not directly interfere with day-to-day lifestyles and will have very different access and navigational routes from humans using the building. Outcome. Decision making in all parts of the work stages will directly impact the final design for building-reliant species.

Building in Use 100 years

Outcome. Strategically chosen strutural elements with longer life spans. could protect bat roosts Outcome. Strategically chosen building skin elements with longer life spans could protect bat roosts for longer. Outcome. Intricate design solutions every step of the way could protect bat roosts for longer. Bats tend to roost in the same place for generations, any loss of bat roosts is detrimental to the wellbeing of bat populations in the UK.

422

Bibliography

BCT. (2018) Bats and Artificial Lighting in the UK: Bats and the Built Environment Series. Bat Conservation Trust. BCT. (2015) Bats and Buildings. Bat Conservation Trust (BCT). BCT (2006) Commissioned Report No. 160. A review of the success of bat boxes in houses. Bat Conservation Trust & Scottish Natural Heritage. Christian C. Voigt, Tigga Kingston. (2016) Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World. Springers. Dorset Bat Group. (2019) Dorset Bat Group: Bat Distribution in Dorset. Dorset Bat Group & Dorset Wildlife Trust. Dorset Bat Group. (2019) Dorset Bat Group: Bat Information Leaflet 1 & 2. Dorset Bat Group & Dorset Wildlife Trust. Garland, L., Wells, M., Markham. S. (2017) Performance of maternity bat roost structures near Bath, UK. Conservation Evidence 14, 44-45. Gunnell, K., Grant, G., Williams, C. (2012) Landscape and urban Design for bats and biodiversity. Bat Conservation Trust (BCT). Nature-Smart Cities. (2018) Nature-Smart Cities: Urban Bat Life. Avaliable at: https://naturesmartcities.com/. (Accessed 3 March 2020). Schilthuizen, M. (2018) Darwin Comes to Town: How the Urban Jungle Drives Evolution. Macmillan. Tree, I. (2019) Wilding: The Return of Nature to a British Farm. Picador. Tuttle, M., Kiser, M., Kiser, S. (2013) The Bat House Builder’s Handbook. Bat Conservation International. Wild West End. (2017) Wild West End. Avaliable at: http://www. wildwestend.london/about. (Accessed 3 March 2020).

The Possibility of an Island at the AA or How to Deschool Ourselves Agency is at the heart of being an architect. And architecture school is a critical environment for students to not only find their own agency, but to practice it. We argue for the importance of schools to translate this pedagogical need into spaces that explicitly invite actions of immediacy and intuition. Let students grow a sense of agency by having the freedom to alter, intervene and restructure their major tool of learning – that is their physical learning environment. An isolated and unmanaged woodland site in Hooke Park, nicknamed the “Island”, offers itself as a potent environment where students can test, fail and negotiate with their own thoughts. Agency is cultivated from within, rather than without. The “Island”, therefore becomes a training ground to practice agency and to sit with the consequences of what you do. No one can decide for you how you should act, and therefore live.

The forest also becomes a metaphor for our world today – increasingly unstable and indeterminant. In the “Island”, people see freedom in responding to their environment with small, immediate and meaningful gestures. New forms of engagement with each other and with the environment reveal an alternative community of learners who engage with means of mutuality and collaborative survival. We invite you to our first squat to inaugurate this space where we will assemble and celebrate the establishment of a platform. Please keep in touch @hookeisland via email connie.tang@aaschool.ac.uk, nicole-hui-min.ng@aaschool. ac.uk.

Please watch our video: https://youtu.be/rmZQynQt788

Connie Lynn Tang & Nicole Ng

426

CHAPTERS PART I AA as a pedagogical project A diagnosis of engagement in Hooke Park An anti-manifesto for the “Island” Radical pedagogies in architectural education The Island of Hooke Park

PART II An island as a space of counterculture Making an island away from institutional liabilities The Island as a legitimate facility of the AA Future: A new learning culture in the Island Now: Squat our own school

Please watch our video: https://youtu.be/rmZQynQt788

428

The Possibility of an Island in the AA

A need to re-evaluate architectural education today

Source: Photograph of an open letter in a studio in Bartlett

The architectural profession is realising that our pedagogical methodologies are becoming increasingly irrelevant. In a petition with more than 2000 signatures of students and educators, it declares that the profession is in crisis. The daily practice of architecture is at the frontlines of capital accumulation, in contrast to our social and environmental preoccupations in school.

429

In 2019, an open letter called for institutions to diversify collaborative modes of learning, re-evaluate the aesthetic dimension of our practice and decolonise our discipline.

Source: architecturaleducationdeclares.com

430

The Possibility of an Island in the AA

Slides from Hooke Park Futures workshop held between May to July 2020

431

AA School as a Pedagogical Project

Architectural Association 2020–25 Strategic Plan

Strategic Plan AA School of Architecture

Architec Associa 2020–25 Strategic Plan

TI A

Architectural Association 2020–25 Strategic Plan

Architec Associa 2020–25 Strategic Plan

Source: Screenshot of Teams discussion with AA director, Eva Franch, with 80+ AA members

School-wide conversations about pedagogy

The AA Strategic Plan series was launched in Term 3 2020 to open the dialogue to the entire community about how we envision ourselves in the next 5 years. In parallel, a workshop about the future of Hooke Park was launched for interested students to brainstorm how to make Hooke Park a financially sustainable venture.

432

The Possibility of an Island in the AA

“Islands” of pedagogical experimentation in AA’s history “A band of friends” The objective of the association was for architects to form as a band of friends. Their first meetings in the inns of Chanery, they had an experimental nature of a system of mutual aid and an advocancy for the end of self-education. Source: AA archives

Unit trips When they were first introduced, students would travel to architecturally significant sites like Rome or Athens. Less popular (but maybe more adventurous) were road trips, motorbike trips, camping trips around UK and Europe. Source: AA archives and photo library, accessed April 2020

“Soft Technologies” At the same time that Archigram was prominent, there were architects from the AA who advocated for the profession’s attention to ecological and environmental issues and “soft” technology. Architects like Colin Moorcraft and Martin Pawley resisted the dominant narratives of Archigram’s cybernetic avant-garde. Left: Recycling column by Moorcraft, September 1971 Right: Architectural Design magazine July 1972 issue guest edited by Colin Moorcraft on the issue of “Designing for Survival”.

433

AA School as a Pedagogical Project

Mount House 1944 The school evacuated to Barnet during the war. Students lived communal for once, at a time that it was usual for males and females to co-habit. Source: AA archives and photo library, accessed April 2020 384

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International Institute of Design 1970-72 Alvin Boyarsky developed his pedagogy of international diversity in his independent summer school sessions. The pedagogical experimentation influenced Boyarsky’s implementation of the unit system at the AA when he became director.

Figure 2.27

Figure 2.21

Alvin Boyarsky, “In Progress IV,” Architectural Design (April 1971)

Source: Sunwoo, Irene. Between the ‘Well-Laid Table’ and the ‘Marketplace’: Alvin Boyarsky’s 415 Experiments in Architectural Pedagogy, 2013

In Progress V, International Institute of Design Summer Session, 1971 (part 1)

Rational Technology Unit 73-4 The establishment of the Rational Technology Unit in 1973 therefore reinstated environmental design pedagogy at the AA. They conducted a wide-range of studies on the energy consumption of buildings, both historical and 421 contemporary, as well as studies of traditional and “alternative” technologies. Unit tutors Godfrey Boyle and Peter Harper. Editors of the British magazine Undercurrents, Boyle and Harper in their book championed “the growth of small-scale techniques suitable for use by individuals and communities in a wider social context of humanized production under workers’ and consumers’ control

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Figure 3.29

Derek Taylor, windmill report, Rational Technology Unit, 73-4 (1974)

Figure 3.28

Figure 3.30

Rational Technology Unit 73-4, AA unit publication (1974)

Source: Sunwoo, Irene. Between the ‘Well-Laid Table’ and the ‘Marketplace’: Alvin Boyarsky’s Experiments in Architectural Pedagogy, 2013

Wind generator, AA Windmill Workshop, 1975-76 (AA Projects Review)

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AA School as a Pedagogical Project

A tremendous capacity for engagement with Hooke Park’s workshop facilities Hooke Park has a tremendous capacity for students to engage within the campus and workshops freely. With a staff team consisting of a workshop manager, technical coordinator and robotics developer, the workshops have an established system to accommodate student projects. On the other hand, we argue that it lacks that same capacity for students to engage with its woodlands. With a forester now only working 2 days a week, it is more difficult for engagement with the woodland context.

Source: Pictures from Hooke Park’s instagram account

20 min

10 min

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The further one goes from the campus, the more difficult it is for the staff at Hooke Park to supervise and accommodate any activities.

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Any activities that are conducted in Hooke Park needs to be supervised by the staff, to ensure compliance with Health and Safety regulations. As Hooke Park is lacking in manpower capacity, most of the activity is limited within the boundaries of the campus. Approximate walking duration starting from the campus Source: Accessed October 2019, https://osmaps.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/

Source

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Handle & Switch

Emergency Stop

Clamps

Adjustment

Handle Handle Adjustment

Adjustment Clamp Emergency Stop

Emergency Stop (Behind)

Handle

Material insert Emergency Stop Emergency Stop

Adjustment

Foot Brake

Foot Switch Angle Adjustment

Spindle Power Blade Feed Unit

Material Insert

Adjustment Emergency Stop

Emergency Stop

Extractor

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Digital Fabrication

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Metal Workshop Adjustment

Emergency Stop

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A catalogue of workshop equipment prepared by Ele, Sorana and Nicole

The well equipped and very spacious workshop is the main facility that AA students use during their stay here.

Live centre (Spindle)

Dead centre

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A Diagnosis of Engagement in Hooke Park

It costs £24* per night to stay at Hooke Park. This includes per night accommodation in Westminster Lodge, a scheduled meal service as well as a room cleaning service This is the only way to stay and be at Hooke Park now. Hooke Park can sometimes feel like a resort. We are “tourists” who pay per night accommodation come to utilize the workshop and enjoy the woodland scenery.

*Information accessed in 2019. Please check updated prices.

Diploma 18’s activities in Hooke Park were a test for the elasticity of Hooke Park as a place to accommodate diverse forms of engagement and experimentation for both AA’s students and tutors

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Diploma 18 engaging with the woodlands Source: Various photographers of Diploma 18

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Diploma 18 as a test of Hooke Park’s elasticity

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Circled are things we faced difficulty and restriction in doing. Striked out are things we were not allowed The real experiences of our unit have been an opportunity to interrogate, be a litmus test for the elasticity and realities of Hooke Park as a place to accommodate experimentation for all students. Throughout the year, both students and tutors of Diploma 18 went to Hooke Park with an aspiration to be able to test our ideas. We did not only want to visit and build but to be a part of the life here.

We started the first term with the brief of designing a temporary settlement for our unit. Unable to accommodate the brief, we took more individual routes in our projects. This timeline maps how both our tutors and students were excited with ideas and an expectation of immediacy to start testing and doing, but were faced with obstacles time and time again. Image: A timeline of Diploma 18’s activities in Hooke Park

Photograph by Aude-line Dulière

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Question 1

Question 2

Can we move some of the wood under pole barn to a place in the forest just 5 min away?

Can we do the brick barbecue next to the pole barn?

Locations

Barbecue (prototype of our prototype) the final version will be more stable and safe to grill on.

Pole barn / Barbecue loc

Lunch location

The idea is to bring the food from the pole barn barbecue to a lunch meal in the forest 5 min away.

Reconstructed from request document made by Alice and Clara

A barbecue with the unit in the woods In Term 1, we had a hard time to get approval to have a barbeque fire for our jury day. Initially, we wanted it to happen in the woods. We eventually agreed on a location along the dirt track.

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Hooke Park’s internal “planning permission”

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A Diagnosis of Engagement in Hooke Park

This form is an “internal planning permission” that was created in February 2020 as a response to facilitate the conversation and negotiation with the myriad of projects from our unit. It revealed to us that Hooke Park’s capacity is heavily dependent on constant staff supervision, and hence limited by the staff-student ratio and office hours. One of our colleagues who was designing a bat roost structure was told that the structure had to go through approval in order to ensure that it fits “with the image and aesthetic of Hooke Park”. Who decides this, I would assume it should be the students? Building in Hooke Park proposal form. This form still remains confidential and not for wider circulation within the AA school community. Source: Hooke Park Management, February 2020.

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Source: Email by Connie to the warden

Pruning branches in the woods InTerm 2, we wanted to go prune some branches for a test in the “Island”. We were instructed to be at a site nearer the campus. This is the email we sent to the warden to update him that we are safe in the woods. If we were to go to the “island” the next time, it was adviced that we update him every hour.

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Source: AA Strategic Plan 2020 Vision and Mission

The school vision has a lot to do with empowering students to create their own agency. We feel that there is a contradiction in what is being said and what we can do. The ground zero of agency is to be able have a campfire, or to cut a branch.

An anti-manifesto for the “Island”

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Agency *ag-

“to drive, draw forth or out, move”, a proto-Indo-European root meaning

agentia

“a mode of exerting power or producing effect”, from Medieval Latin

agentem

“effective, powerful”

agere

“to set in motion, drive forward; to do, perform”

sense of agency “the sense that I am the one who is causing or generating an action” (Gallagher, 2000);

“the bodily experience of initiating and controlling an action” (Moore, 2016)

The Possibility of an Island in the AA

A rejection of all the n in Hooke Park led us knocked over a tree a needed permission to

Institutional liability of the AA

negotiations needed to do anything deep into the woodlands, where we and started digging, even though we o do so.

What Hooke Park is not, the “Island” can be. The “Island” can exists as a counterpoint to Hooke Park.

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Design Principles of Sea Ranch, a coastal residential development in California Source: The Sea Ranch Archives

A reference of an anti-manifesto that helped us be critical about Hooke Park and list contrapunctal principles to the existing Hooke Park experience. The Sea Ranch Principles were published by landscape architect Lawrence Halprin together with other graphic representations, summarizing the process and concept behind the design of the Sea Ranch community that distinguished it from other residential developments during the 1960s.

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An anti-manifesto for the “Island”, inspired by Sea Ranch Principles

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In April, we sat down with Kristin and Jessica, 1st and 2nd year masters students at Taliesin School of Architecture

CLT

What is the history of Taliesin school and what is it like living and studying there now?

In the 1930s, Frank Lloyd Wright moved here and he established a fellowship that had an educational program to it, so you were an apprentice. But it wasn’t only about architecture, it was about being part of the community. So it was about cooking and harvesting and being part of theater and dance and music. When you signed up to live here and study here, you were laying bricks and you were singing in the fire. It was very multidisciplinary. Now, we have in a master’s program that is accredited. It shares some of the ethos that was established there. For example, we have this thing called the Joy List in which every week you have a different task, whether that is preparing food or cleaning the dishes. We still eat together twice a day. So there is this big community involved and we live like a big family in a way. There’s not many of us. It’s about like twenty four or so. But I would say that the community involvement is a really big part of it.

[On the topic of the potential closure of Taliesin school] I think societally, we see that all around the world - schools are also slowly becoming mechanisms of profit making.

Yeah, aspects of education is missing in a lot of those scenarios, and that’s why we’ve been fighting so hard to save it. You know, it’s not only about us and our immediate futures, but we feel that we’re fighting for something. Something that is deeper, that has a heritage and that should be available to people in the future. It’s really sad to see something like this cease to be an option because there are so few opportunities to get alternative educations. It wasn’t until I discovered Taliesin, that I made this major life shift to come here and learn by doing and learn by being in nature and responding to nature and doing things in a communal setting and embracing it as this holistic lifestyle

Radical Pedagogies in Architectural Education

“AS OUR PROFESSOR CHRIS LASH SAID TO US JOKINGLY, IDEAS DON’T KEEP YOU WARM. IT’S TRUE”

that I feel like I really understood why I wanted to work. We don’t have to aspire to be starchitects. And we don’t have to be competing to make the craziest looking drawings. That’s not the point. The point is the human experience and the connections you gain and how you can interact with the natural environment in a way that isn’t destructive and really elevates the human experience of architecture while still honoring the resources that we use to create it. And, you know, I feel like it’s a whole mentality that is so rare in our global society but it is critical if we’re going to solve major issues. And, you know, it’s goes deep - what we feel that it is we’re fighting for here. It’s about what’s happening to us as individuals. But I think we all recognize that it’s about way more than that. And we wouldn’t be here if we didn’t feel that way. J

I remember a reading about Black Mountain. Education was a means and the end was the actual individual. I feel like that actually carries out very similar to how we learn here. Everything that happens in that time actually shapes you into the designer, architect or individual that you’re going to become. And, you know, it is very experiential. It’s hard to ignore the things that you are, the things that are right in front of you. Oftentimes we visit architecture like going to a cathedral or going to a church, and you’re only there for a liminal period of time. You only get to be in awe. But you don’t get to actually experience the intimacy of the architecture. Like, what does it smell like? What does it creak like? How does my high relate to the building? And,by living in an architecture, you get to experience it in this intimate way that you realize leaks everywhere. Of course, that impression is important. But personally, I’ve learned that the qualities of a building are not the first impression that is really sexy, but it’s actually the qualitative interior.

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Picnic and musical performance at the main campus building. Source: Taliesin School of Architecture.

After building completion. Source: Taliesin School of Architecture.

It is incredible that you can speak so passionately about your education and really believe deeply in your experience. We feel very grateful to be here. We’re experiencing firsthand a lot of what’s going wrong with culture in general, where other economic interests are driving the soul out of things. And we see it in our government, we see it on all these levels of society. And we’re just having this experience of it in a very personal way.

This interview was conducted online Zoom 04 May 2020.

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“We have been incredibly fortunate to experience an education which transcends the classroom. We live in shelters in the Sonoran Desert built by our colleagues and predecessors. We wake with the sun beaming over the mountain and the choir of the quails. We cook meals for each other, enjoying the bonds of communal living which have united humans throughout history and which are increasingly rare in our culture today. The experience of living fundamentally with nature and with each other, literally building the roofs over our own heads while learning current software and design methodologies, is profound and represents what it means to be a student here.” - From the statement by Taliesin students address the school’s closure

In their open letter addressing the School of Architecture at Taliesin’s closure, the student body quoted Wright’s wife, Olgivanna: “It is not enough to leave behind you monuments of buildings, you owe it to future generations to leave monuments of human beings.” Source: Photo courtesy the School of Architecture at Taliesin

Radical Pedagogies in Architectural Education

Our day-to-day experience in the Sonoran desert is kind of a form of education. I mean, yeah, it is weird to say that to someone that’s not here, but it’s part of your subconscious especially when you’re living out in the shelter. I remember I would sense time through temperature shifts, like we have this crazy temperature shift at night. It’s like a 30 degree temperature shift. So in my sleep, I knew what time it was because I was a little colder. Oh, it’s by 1:00 in the morning and I’m still in sleep. But anyhow, I would start hearing all these insects go crazy at 5:00 in the morning and I just knew, OK its 5:00 in the morning. But this sense of like physically experiencing your surroundings through the sounds of ecology are like beyond just the building. It’s kind of like osmosis, right, where like this thing is happening around you and inevitably is becoming part of the learning process without the overriding intention. It wasn’t until I read this book called Biophilia this semester that I realized, oh, there’s things that a biologist does for a living is what I’ve been unofficially doing just because it’s around me. And so, you know, when you’re in graduate school, you’re studying that doesn’t stop in the books or in the computer. And so you’re kind of like in this headspace of research and observation. And I think its mindfulness in a way.

I have a practical question about how a building project is initiated in Taliesin school. How do your projects fit with construction regulations?

There is an approval process where they do analyze for safety within the school. We are in a zoning that allows experiments in the architectural zone. So the normal codes don’t apply here. We are actually in a unique situation in terms of our flexibility to do this, because we have a zoning that allows for it. I don’t think you can do what we’re doing in the middle of Phoenix. Of course, we still do

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“I FEEL LIKE IT’S A WHOLE MENTALITY THAT IS SO RARE IN OUR GLOBAL SOCIETY, BUT IT IS CRITICAL IF WE’RE GOING TO SOLVE MAJOR ISSUES. IT GOES DEEP WHAT WE FEEL THAT IT IS WE’RE FIGHTING FOR HERE.” have to adhere through the process of creating construction documents to save construction protocols NN

Could you tell us about how the school’s Shelter program came about in the Sonoran desert landscape?

The appeal of the program in the 30s was for young architects. It was during the time of the depression in America. So it was like to entice young architects with this idea that they too can build architecture. The kind of idea of the dwelling unit is that they would study here and they would design their way they live. When you go to your shelter process, you either you choose a site and it’s either an empty pod or it’s an existing one. You either choose to renovate an existing shelter, demolish an existing shelter or you choose an empty slate.

Another interesting point to make is that there is some kind of natural selection happening that determines how shelters are preserved. So the ones that are the most successful as living environments are the ones that are the best maintained. There is some kind of trial by fire in terms of success of shelter as a living dwelling. Some might be more sculptural and maybe less geared towards comfort but nonetheless some really stand out in terms of desirability. Those are the ones people really improve and maintain.

This interview was conducted online Zoom 04 May 2020.

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Celebrating the completion of a new shelter “Icarus” with a meal. Source: Taliesin School of Architecture.

Yeah, they’re kind of interesting thing is that through the years there’s always the favorites and they’re the ones that are a little bit more comfortable and have more semblance of a home. Those are liked more than the ones that are a little bit more exposed or to expose.

For example, in the last few years, there’s been some that were built in the last few years. And never to this day occupied and like, they look cool, but people have tried living in them and they just couldn’t. NN

It feels like the shelters in this landscape capture the wealth of knowledge, throughout the history of Taliesin education. And I think it’s nice because, it’s not like transferring knowledge through a book, through words or through a Dezeen article, but I think it’s a really nuanced way of sharing architectural wisdom. You both described it really beautifully also. We like the shelters very much, but then the way you guys are describing it, it’s like, oh wow, actually it’s way more valuable than a showcase of shelters in the desert.

The thesis program is also designed in a way that you live in it for two months after you construct it. But I think in a way that’s the most profound part of the process. Our professor Chris Lash said jokingly, that ideas won’t keep you warm. Its true. I think there’s a lot to actually learn from the decisions you make and how they affect immediately the quality of life. And I think that’s something that’s so removed from architecture is this kind of responsibility that you are responsible for the quality of life of the person who was inhabiting the space or passing through that space. And that’s a huge responsibility to consider. And it’s a really beautiful responsibility to have. And it’s often one that you don’t get to experience, right?

I think is a relationship that would be beneficial to so many architects to have had earlier in their careers and also what you learn about building and construction by actually doing

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“LEARNING HERE IS LIKE OSMOSIS. YOU’RE KIND OF IN THIS HEADSPACE OF RESEARCH AND OBSERVATION. AND I THINK ITS MINDFULNESS IN A WAY.”

Students and staff are responsible for the preparation of meals. Photo source: Taliesin School of Architecture.

something, it kind of provides an opportunity for young architects to have these like critical experiences early on. So it’s formative and you’re not, you know, 20 or 30 years in your career before you get to actually see something, realized that you conceived of. NN

A lot of the projects done in schools are mainly focus about the idea or the argument. About how convincing you are and how much you can problematize something and solve it. It becomes a problem-solution situation. But architecture could be more simple that that.

You can make these forms that are really nice to look at and have these projects represent them in a way, that’s great. But at the end of the day, architecture in my opinion is in the field of tectonics. It’s about how the materials interact and how they come together and how the structure is made that actually gives value to that. And that needs to be considered like first and foremost with the ideas. It’s not like you can post rationalize a structure into something. I think we’re all guilty of that. I do that all the time. But like it’s kind of like catching yourself in that moment.

Yeah, exactly. The learning is in being mindful of making certain decisions and self-evaluating whether you are okay with whatever actions you’re trying to do.

I think that an architecture school especially, but also in the practice at large, there’s become such like a circular drive to intellectualize everything. And I mean the first school I went to I felt like I was involved in a kind of a competition to come up with the craziest idea. And it was all about the concept and that’s arguably fine in an academic setting. But I felt like we were having conversations that didn’t matter outside the walls of the classroom and we were putting aside the actual human experience of what it means to be in a space and the need to have some sort of like competitive academic agenda compromise the simplicity of just trying to make the best space for the best use in the most responsible and ethical way. And I think one of the things that I’ve really reconnected with here is the idea being humble is not bad. There’s nothing wrong with just simply wanting to make a space that is nice to be in and that interacts well with its surroundings. In terms of like where we’re going, I don’t feel like driving farther into that sort of like over intellectualized conceptual realm is actually going to help us solve the real problems that we’re facing and elevate the human experience of what we’re building. So, I feel like liberated in a sense through having had this education to say like, I don’t need this to be about my ego. Well, you can’t separate ego with design. [everyone laughs]

This interview was conducted online Zoom 04 May 2020.

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“Learning by Doing” pedagogies

Outlaw Builders Studio, 1971 The “living-learning experience” began with a crash course in foraging for mushrooms, collecting mussels at a nearby beach, and scavenging redwood from disused Petaluma chicken coops. With the recycled building material, students built sleeping platforms and tree houses, a kitchen, a collective meeting and drafting studio, and a shower and composting toilet. A design unit building in the woods Source: UC Berkeley Environmental Design Archives

Valparaiso School: Open City Group Open City was founded in 1971 and was inspired by a radical approach to architectural research, teaching and practice that used poetry as an inspiration to build, by lifelong collaboration between Chilean architect Alberto Cruz and Argentinian poet Godofredo Iommi. A ‘brief’ is determined by a poem composed on site, then teachers and students work collaboratively to give structural form to the poem. Structures and performances inspired by poetry. Source: Pérez, Fernando Oyarzún and Perez de Arce, Rodrigo. Valparaíso School: Open City Group.

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Center for Alternative Technology Adapted a disused quarry to form an experimental community working towards self-sufficiency. CAT has researched experimental construction and energy generation techniques, constructing a number of windmills, and utilising active and passive solar systems. Activities in CAT when it first started in 1973 Source: Center for Alternative Technology website

Black Mountain College 1933-1957 BMC was ideologically organized around John Dewey’s principles of education, which emphasized holistic learning and the study of art as central to a liberal arts education. It revolved around 20th-century ideals about the value and importance of balancing education, art, and cooperative labor, students were required to participate in farm work, construction projects, and kitchen duty as part of their holistic education. Theatre Piece No.1 by John Cage Source: Molesworth, Helen. Leap Before You Look: Black Mountain College, 1933-1957

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A site model hangs in the Refectory. Source: AA Photo Library

In the refectory, a site model of Hooke Park hangs on the wall, reflecting our common understanding of Hooke Park, as a 350 acre working woodland with the campus at the heart of it.

The “Island” of Hooke Park

20 min walk

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20 acre

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330 acre

campus

Woodland Compartment Plan (Hooke Park) 2014-2024. Prepared by Christopher Sadd.

However, Hooke Park has a bit of a lost brother...

A site nicknamed, the “Island”

An isolated 20 acre plot that has been named the “island” because firstly it bears the physical characteristics of an “island”. It is separated from Hooke Park’s woodland campus and surrounded by a sea of privately owned grazing fields. We have a right of access through this field.

Image source: Ke Yang

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Image source: Ke Yang

The woodlands in Hooke Park are managed and cared for to ensure that quality timber is produced at its economic maturity.

The “Island” of Hooke Park

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Image source: Shreya Kochatta

Compared to the timber plantations of Hooke Park, the “island” is really left to its own devices of overgrowth and decay because it hasn’t been managed since 60 years ago. What is most

interesting is that the human is not the driving force. Instead, weather occurrences are the forces that undo the initial plantations which has left it in a state of ruin.

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The reason why the “Island” is in this particular condition is that many of the planned operations haven’t been executed. It is mainly due to a backlog of operations and a lack of manpower on the main campus. This map indicates the areas planned for felling in the next 5 years where the “Island” is not a part of. Map of forestry operations for the next 5 years. Source: Andrew Robertson, interview with Chris Sadd

The increased frequency of wet seasons in Hooke Park means that many forestry operations are delayed. Nothing is planned in the “Island” for the next five years, at the very least.

PART II

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CHAPTERS PART I AA as a pedagogical project A diagnosis of engagement in Hooke Park An anti-manifesto for the “Island” Radical pedagogies in architectural education The Island of Hooke Park

Please watch our video: https://youtu.be/rmZQynQt788

AN ISLAND IS

Utopia by Thomas More

Island by Aldous Huxley

Always Coming Home by Ursula K. Le Guin

The Tempest by William Shakespeare

Slave Island by Pierre de Marivaux

Desert Island by Gilles Deleuze

Walden Two by B.F Skinner

Lord of the Flies by William Golding

Walden or Life in the Woods by Henry David Thoreau

The Possibility of an Island by Michel Houellebecq

A WASTELAND A MARGINALIZED SPACE HAS NO ECONOMIC VALUE A DISUSED PLANTATION HIDDEN FROM SURVEILLANCE FALLOW LAND UNCLAIMED AN OUTLAW AREA A STATE OF EXCEPTION A PLACE OF NEW RULES UTOPIA

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An Island as a Space of Counterculture

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1. Breaking the barricades of an abandoned military base 2. Homes are built by hands and with whatever material within reach. 3. Meeting festival held about minority rights

In 1971, a brigade of young squatters and artists took over a 84-acre abandoned military base on the edge of town and proclaimed it a “free zone” beyond the reach of Danish law. Around 900 individuals who inhabit the area are a self governing community who refuse to pay taxes to the Danish government, run their own businesses and schools, live without cars on unpaved roads, build their own houses, restaurants and civil buildings and even have their own currency.

An Island as a Space of Counterculture

CHRISTIANIA Image source: Google Earth Satellite, accessed December 2019

Christiania’s citizens and businesses are divided into 14 self-governing districts. Decision making is primarily organised through monthly meetings – a General Meeting, which includes all residents, and Area Meetings, which include those who live in a particular district. All decisions are made according to direct, consensus democracy, meaning they have to be agreed upon by everyone.

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“Think about it that I am ultim lamp suddenly falls down and Suddenly then, they would ch done the health and safety tes my Senior Management team that.

And if they could show that if proper documentation, then I liable and maybe I’ll end up in - Eva Franch i Gilabert, School Director, during an open tutorial

An Island as a Space of Counterculture

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Source: Transcribed from a tutorial with Eva in January

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Making an Island Away from Institutional Liabilities

Higher education quality assurances Health and safety assurances

Looking beyond the institution, there is a possible criticism of society in general – that we are increasingly becoming more bureaucratic or more professional. That really translates into the way people and organisations hold accountability to one another through liability policies and compliances. This really translates to a society of people taking less risks or being extra safe for the sake of it.

Another point is that many of these compliances originates from the context of being an educational institution in London. They have been extended to the operations of Hooke Park and further into its woodlands. But really, the woodlands have quite different protocols already in place, mainly about enjoyment, use and protection.

Timeline of the many obligations we complied to as a Higher Ed institution

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Making an Island Away from Institutional Liabilities

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Subsection (6)

No duty is owed by virtue of this section to any person in respect of risks willingly accepted as his by that person Subsection (6A)

No duty by virtue of this section to any person in respect of—a risk resulting from the existence of any natural feature of the landscape, or any river, stream, ditch or pond whether or not a natural feature Subsection (6B)

For the purposes of subsection (6A) above, any plant, shrub or tree, of whatever origin, is to be regarded as a natural feature of the landscape. Image: Occupier’s Liability Act 1984: Duty of care to visitors outlined in legislation

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The Possibility of an Island in the AA

UK Law

such as Occupier’s Liability Act

Bedford Estates

The act does not impose any obligation on an occupier to a visitor who willingly accepts risks on natural features

Architectural Association UK Law

such as Occupier’s Liability

Users do things through a process of permission and risk assessment

Architectura Association

Individual

Existing situation (Bedford Square)

Users could be made aware of potential dangers and risks through warnings by the school

Proposed liability framework

In Bedford Square, our liberties are li with Bedford Estates and being in th a stricter duty of care to users of the than the woodland landscape in Dor

Making an Island Away from Institutional Liabilities

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Ski Operator Immunity (State Law)

as skiing is an inherent and obvious risk

Ski slope operator

y Act

Individual

al n

Release of Liability Case study: Extreme sport operators

Individual

Release of Liability for the “Island”

imited by our lease he city. The school has ese building premises rset.

Case study: Extreme sport operators

Take ski slope operators as an example. Both the operator and the skier recognize the inherent risks involved in the sport and hence have legal mechanisms that clarify the liabilities. In some countries, the state provides immunity to extreme sport operators.

496

The Possibility of an Island in the AA

A declaration of personal responsibility and liability

Making an Island Away from Institutional Liabilities

Students and educators would be relieved from the institution’s liability by writing up and signing a self-declared personal responsibility and liability waiver form.

497

Image: Release of liability waiver form

499

“To the degree that he masters his tools, he can invest the world with his meaning; To the degree that he is mastered by his tools, the shape of the tool determines his own self−image. Convivial tools are those which give each person who uses them the greatest opportunity to enrich the environment with the fruits of his or her vision. Industrial tools deny this possibility to those who use them and they allow their designers to determine the meaning and expectations of others.” - Ivan Illich, Tools of Conviviality

Source: goodreads.com

Inspired by Ivan Illich’s proposition of convivial tools, the “Island” is an open tool that allows for more experiential engagement than the current skill-based learning in Hooke park

Illich criticised the institution of education as a system of bureaucracy and the cult of professionalism. He argued against the institutionalisation of learning and believed that schooling meant a monopoly over social control. He also put forward a vision of a society of convivality.

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The Possibility of an Island in the AA

DIGITAL

Academic Events ↓ Core studies

↓ Final Tables

↓ External

Examination

HTS Writing Prizes and Dennis Sharp Award

Final Tables Foundation

Third Year ARB/RIBA Part 1 Closed Door

ETS Exhibition

Final Tables First Year

Third Year ARB/RIBA Part 1 Staff + Examiners

Final Tables Second Year

Third Year ARB/RIBA Part 1 Examinations

Final Tables Third Year

Fifth Year ARB/RIBA Part 1 Closed Door

↓ Jury Week Foundation Final Juries

Experimental Final Jury Week

Diploma Final Jury Week

Final Tables Fourth Year

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↓ Honours

Presentations

Fifth Year ARB/RIBA Part 1 Staff + Examiners

Key Contacts

Fifth Year ARB/RIBA Part 1 Examinations

↓ Offices

↓ AA Life AA Lecture Hall

Student Affairs

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↓ Making

Spring Open Jury

DPL

AV Department

Writing Centre

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AA Dorset

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Wood and Metal Workshop

IT Support

Student Care Centre

Human Resources

↓ AA Life

Model Making Shop

Computer Lab

Open Tutorials

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↘ Staff

A A

Laboratories

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