Architectural Association London Projects Review 2020
DIPLOMA 10 DIVISION + ENGAGEMENT
DIPLOMA 10 2020
Unit Master: Carlos Villanueva Brandt Unit: Jasmine Abu Hamdan Matina Dimaraki Dessislava Dimitrova Cong Ding Shou Jian Eng Steve Kang Lito Karamitsou Minju Kim Jake Parkin Aoi Phillips Shaeron Santosa Esha Sikander Thank you to our Jurors: Kim Helmersen Jan Silberberger Graham Baldwin Elena Pascolo TanĂŠ Kinch Sandy Rompotiyoke Mark Prizeman Kevin Shepherd Susan Bone With special thanks to our collaborators: Nick Green Nichola Barrington-Leach
DIVISION + ENGAGEMENT What roles do division and engagement play in the construction, perception and experience of space? Here are 12 answers that we believe could and should influence the future policies of the relevant boroughs: 1. In Blue Borough, Aoi creates contact points that tackle the division between collective identity and policing in Lewisham. 2. Cong’s Open School literally breaks down the physical and social barriers of education with her Brixtonised open network of points. 3. Challenging the privatisation of BIDs, Dessi claims, cuts, props and inserts spaces for alternative users into the fabric of Waterloo. 4. In the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, Esha takes on Millionaire’s Row and cuts through the park with Anybody’s Street. 5. Counteracting the over curation of the city, Jake focuses interactive space in Southwark by combining and overlapping a series of disparate foci. 6. On the A12, Jasmine turns a line of division into one of engagement by proposing multiple strategies of reciprocal engagement.
7. In Clubland 2020, Lito takes on the Establishment by combining St James’ exclusivity with the membership of demonstrations that experiment with what a club should be. 8. Taking on Southwark’s claim of being the Borough of Sanctuary, Matina creates a mediating space that builds on the multicultural nature of Peckham Rye. 9. Minju uses three separate overlapping proposals to create a cross-borough association on the border between Newham and Barking. 10. In the Mat, the Flag and a Passport, between Vauxhall and Stockwell, Shaeron identifies three types of identity and uses them to experiment with a hybrid block in Stockwell Station. 11. Localism as alternative bridging lines and structures are deployed to challenge the legacy strategy of the Olympic Master Plan by SJ who ask: who’s line is it anyway? 12. In Inflating Interactions, Steve tackles six forms of division to instigate an overlap between open and gated communities.
Carlos Villanueva Brandt
CONTENTS
MATRIX
6
UNIT
8
A12
16
CITY OF SANCTUARY
22
Jasmine Abu Hamdan LIFE
Projects and Layers
DIVISION
ENGAGEMENT
Matina Dimaraki
10
12
POWER + STRUCTURES
The Methodology of Diploma 10
NOT FROM A BID TO A BOLLARD
30
LAMBETH OPEN SCHOOL
36
WHOSE LINE IS IT ANYWAY?
42
Dessislava Dimitrova
Cong Ding
Shou Jian Eng
INFLATING INTERACTIONS
50
CLUBLAND 2020
56
CROSSING THE BOROUGH DIVISION
62
CONFLICT + GROUPS
Steve Kang
Lito Karamitsou
Minju Kim
FOCUSING INTERACTIVE SPACE
70
BLUE BOROUGH
76
BELFAST
94
THE FUTURE OF LONDON
96
IDENTITY + CONTROL
Jake Parkin
Aoi Phillips
THE MAT, THE FLAG, AND A PASSPORT
82
ANYBODY’S STREET
88
Shaeron Santosa
Esha Sikander
62 Crossing the Borough Division Minju Kim
42
30
Anybody’s Street Esha Sikander
Whose line is it anyway? Shou Jian Eng
not from a BID to a bollard Dessislava Dimitrova
36
70
Focusing Interactive Space Jake Parkin
Lambeth Open School Cong Ding
82
The Mat, the Flag and the Passport Shaeron Santosa
Inflating Interactions Steve Kang
A12 Jasmine Abu Hamdan
Clubland 2020 Lito Karamitsou
88
50
16
56
22 City of Sanctuary Matina Dimaraki
76
Blue Borough Aoi Phillips
A12
Jasmine Abu Hamdan
CITY OF SANCTUARY Matina Dimaraki
NOT FROM A BID TO A BOLLARD Dessislava Dimitrova
LAMBETH OPEN SCHOOL Cong Ding
WHOSE LINE IS IT ANYWAY? Shou Jian Eng
INFLATING INTERACTIONS
Steve Kang
CLUBLAND 2020
Lito Karamitsou
CROSSING THE BOROUGH DIVISION Minju Kim
FOCUSING INTERACTIVE SPACE
Jake Parkin
BLUE BOROUGH Aoi Phillips
THE MAT, THE FLAG, AND A PASSPORT Shaeron Santosa
ANYBODY’S STREET Esha Sikander
D
CO
N
FL IC ev T Ex elo cl pm D usi en iv o CO isi n t N on TR Co OL n O tro w lL n BI ers ine D h s EX ip CH A N Re G ci E Si pro tu ci Tr atio ty FI ans n CT a IO ctio N n
MATRIX
Im a Pr ge S G oje pa RO ct ce U ion P Id S en A tity lle M gia e n LI mb ce FE er sh ip Ev er Pu yd b ay En lic R PO ga ea W gem lm ER e nt Po lit M ica as l W ter e p SP alt lan A h CE A nc Fo hor cu s Fo s r ST ma RU l / C Inf Ed TU orm u RE al In cat S te io n A rfac ss e TI oc M i E atio n
UNIT Cong Ding and Esha Sikander
This year, Dip 10 started by questioning how political and religious divisions influence the makeup of city space. An arbitrary scan was carried out in a chosen borough, with an architectural focus and a chosen division. During the process of scanning, physical structures and social variables are identified and an abstraction is created to produce a multi-layered construct. This process allows us to immerse ourselves in the city context by engaging with situations on an experiential scale, while also understanding physical context and municipal controls in both an urban and territorial scale. This abstraction of reality in the construct, creates the means to directly work and experiment with the making of the space. Our brief aimed to design a focus or a series of foci which exists between social and physical structures and reacted to a chosen division. This would work with and against relevant policies or political situations and have a direct effect on the city. A series of spatial experiments are carried out in the construct, to re-composite found variables that affect the makeup of the space. A contextual scan is constantly being redefined, and can be read through layers that encompass varying scales and the material/immaterial, from a fence to territories of policing. Contextual architectural proposals questions and assess the reciprocal relationship between division and engagement in the city, aiming to create a propositional territory of action as well as urban strategy that is transformative in varying scales. As Dip 10 we have always sought to create projects that are not just theoretical or academic, but also hope to open up avenues of real change in our given contexts, and to facilitate direct transformation.
DIVISIO Shaeron Santosa and Steve Kang Each of our projects in Diploma 10 has questioned how political and religious divides influence the urban space. This is most pertinent in Northern Ireland where city space is split between Protestant Unionists and Catholic Republicans. Divisons have manifested in the physical and continue to become a diplomatic, territorial, and physical sticking point of the Brexit process. Learning from this discordant situation, we concentrated on a chosen division in London, an architectural focus, and a borough to reassess the relationship that exists between physical and social structures. In Belfast, divisions are clearly defined by peace walls and murals, an ever-present memory of conflict. Bombs have left deep scars in Belfast and London as much as the A12 has divided the East and West of both cities. As the unit scan crosses 10 arbitrary boroughs, invisible boundaries become felt when Minju could not borrow a book from her neighbouring borough library, or when Shaeron was rejected
entry into the male prayer space of Wandsworth’s Eritrean Mosque. The booming noise of airplanes at City Airport is an incessant disruption to residents of Silver Town, just as protestors spill out of Trafalgar Square and interrupt traffic. Levels of control exist not just within the city, but also in privately administered territories. West Ham supporters require a permit to protest in the Olympic Park while bags are routinely checked in the Business Improvement District at Southbank. These security precautions can intrude on personal freedoms as when Esha was restricted from taking photographs along the privatised street of Millionaire’s Row, and Cong was denied entry to Brixton’s Evelyn Grace Academy despite numerous letters. Although divisions have arisen as a result of city infrastructure, control mechanisms and religious differences, they can also offer a potential for engagement just as Southwark has done as a sanctuary for immigrants. The unit uses found physical structures and situations to articulate the reciprocal nature of division and engagement.
ENGAGEMEN
Jasmine Abu Hamdan and Matina Dimaraki What role does engagement play in the construction, perception and experience of space? Using a chosen architectural focus as starting point, we have attempted to reassess the relationship between physical structures and situations. Through immersing ourselves into the real context of the city, we have seen that engagement plays an integral role into the city and can be redefined through a series of layers. Through the arbitrary scan of an area of the city we have identified the relevant physical and social variables. Engagement in the city has been redefined by abstracting and experimenting found variables. Engagement is redefined using an axis of inclusive or exclusive, informal or formal, prescribed or spontaneous. Abstracted variables
are used to create a series of focused icons in the city, or to tweak the reality of the city revealing social relationships in physical situations. Working with the construct’s abstraction and experimenting with this abstraction, we have proposed alternative ways of engagement by inserting new interventions in London. Engagement is proposed through overlapping spaces of identities; education is given back to the locals and the city; the street is for anybody. Public space is reclaimed by inserting right of ways into institutions, ownership is used as a tool to claim the city. Interactive spaces are the new foci for London. Can engagement on the architectural scale blur the distinction between space and the city?
LIFE
A12 A Striking Division in Belfast and Bow Jasmine Abu Hamdan
Reciprocity, Physical Division, Social Division, Economic Division, Cross-over, Spaces of Consequence, Engagement, Anchors (territories and times), Information (Control, Projection, Representation), Policy There are two A12s running through both Belfast and Bow that act as striking division lines but for different reasons. In Belfast, the A12 does the same job as the peace walls, acting as a political division, controlling the Nationalist and Unionist areas. In Bow on the other hand, there is a larger concern about what requires mediation. There are multiple layers of division: a physical division at the intersection of the A11 and A12, a social division as a result of a series of on-border faith local and franchise anchor structures, and an economic division where the A12 runs parallel to the borough line of Tower Hamlets and Newham.
counterforces. The site is anchored by the multiple social structures which are claimed within the domain of engagement. Occupying the division line itself, a series of non-prescriptive spaces would be built, linking perpendicular to the A12, establishing a self-governed space that allows the anchors to manifest their identities at a point of centrality. The next experiment explores how to use image projections to animate reciprocity. Image projections are focused both internally, in the diorama space under the flyover, and externally, spilling over from the flyover and claiming the surrounding buildings as part of the engagement. The projections are manifestations of the anchor structures, allowing them to curate and negotiate the images they experience.
The final experiment focuses on the borough scale, speculating how to establish a cross-borough dialogue The aim of the project is to counter to encourage reciprocity. Border division by activating a reciprocity. territories are usually neglected by Reciprocal engagement means both councils, so allowing anchors multiple actions and reactions that to inhabit vacant on-border borough cross over a division. It carries assets could encourage crossvarious layers of exchange from an borough dialogue. Anchor reciprocity encounter, to an event or negotiation. begins to change the territory of The project is a set of experiments urban reciprocity. attempting to test out different mechanisms of reciprocity across the The project is the antithesis of the three divisions. A12 in Belfast which is purely a mechanism of division. The first experiment is how to By experimenting with mechanisms inhabit a division line to activate of reciprocity, it speculates on how to reciprocity. This aims to inhabit the create a multi-layered focal point that neglected space under the flyover at brings together different systems at the intersection of the A11 and A12 different times. by relying on strong surrounding
Overleaf: Multi-layered reciprocity transforming Bow Flyover into a point of centrality.
Crossing under Bow Flyover: Overlays of construct and reality showing layers of reciprocal engagement. The flyover becomes a roof that acts as a common denominator for all the activities happening underneath it.
From top: approaching the Bow Flyover; occupying the division line and transforming it into an engagement line.
Left: abstraction of the site revealing the relationship between lines of division, spaces of consequence, anchor structures and cross overs. This page from top: Variables extracted from site are arranged from prescribed to spontaneous and division to engagement; Variables extracted from site are arranged along three axes, from prescribed to spontaneous, division to engagement, and vertically by scale; Testing spatial methods of reciprocity across a division line.
City of Sanctuary Reclaiming Identity through the Everyday Matina Dimaraki Everyday, divisions, ownership/ franchises, ownership/multiple , foci/ linear, exchange, timetable, actions/ refugees welcome, agents, groups
The borough of Southwark has declared to become Sanctuary; a borough that welcomes refugees and immigrants. Refugee welcome areas are informally delineated through graffiti on viaduct arches or posters on Victorian residential windows. Southwark is geographically and socially striated into the commercial Banskside, the culturally diverse area of Peckham and the conservative suburbia of Dulwich. Identity in Peckham is claimed through various layers, forming a series of foci that create engagement on the everyday scale. Can Sanctuary be mitigated in the midst of a striated borough?
Gardening/learning/cooking form a series of new foci that tone down the intensity of Rye Lane, allowing incomers to shape and practice their own identity within the city. The Home Office together with Southwark have formed a welcome guide for incomers that promotes identity within the boundaries of the UK, disregarding the diverse advantage of receiving people seeking asylum. Through a series of strategies and networks such as food banks and job centres, Southwark allocates incoming refugees and immigrants into the system, but ceases to celebrate their identity and engagement in the city. The new line of Sanctuary is the exploitation of Southwark declaration to become a borough of Sanctuary. The new line of Sanctuary is the integration of incomers into the heterogeneous context of Peckham, while forming a territory of Sanctuary.
How can a borough policy be Sanctuary is made out of the take successful if it does not address the over of multiple ownership over large scale franchises, privatised land everyday scale? owned by TFL, and everyday foci. Sanctuary is reclaimed through an artery that branches out of the linearity of Rye Lane, leading into the space within the two viaduct arches. Identity is re-claimed through a journey of mitigated identification process.
Overleaf: set of 4 drawings revealing situations of Peckham occupying the new space of Sanctuary.
From top: situations on site / moments of identity; Section cutting through Peckham rye station and the new space of Sanctuary. Incomers interact with the diverse intensity of Peckham to enter Sanctuary, while the timetabled spaces allow the two groups to interact.
This page: sanctuary is made out of the take over of / multiple ownership over large scale franchises / privatised land owned by TFL / everyday foci; Opposite: A series of sections throughout the borough reveal that Peckham is isolated from the rest of the borough.
POWER + STRUCTURES
not from a BID to a bollard Dessislava Dimitrova
Control lines, Appropriation, BID, CID, Confrontation points, New developments, Divisions, Engagement, Groups, Oasis, Opportunity, Public realm
The project is a counterproposal to the deficiencies of London’s Business Improvement Districts as quasi-governmental organisations that are given policy-making power in regards to public realm, while introducing series of invisible public/ private control systems and physical divisions. It challenges the dominant institutional control of the area, by establishing a civic network of participatory spatial invasions and spontaneous forms of engagement within the Southbank-Waterloo territory. On a social, physical and programmatic level, this new civic infrastructure, entitled CID for Civic Improvement District, is invading into existing institutions and creating key points of confrontation. These new subdivisions are forcing the BIDs to adopt a more balanced outlook between economic growth and civic improvement.
The project encourages initiatives such as Oasis and their choice of timber as form of resistance to new developments. By carving out spaces within spaces and introducing a shift to the control lines towards a combination of natural surveillance and lighting, the invasions allow for a duality of use for both citizens and participants, who would otherwise not be welcome within the institution, and are given the possibility to own, to control, to appropriate outside of BID jurisdiction. The project challenges the notion of opportunity growth areas while questioning who the advertised economic growth is for, while physically breaking the single-use areas within the BID in order to enhance social permeability and combat land-banking by establishing new types of rights of way as divisions of the current ownership lines. Breaking down institutional control requires a change of the current policy mechanisms and the restoration of local governance to set the rules and manage the space while involving the users. These become a form of bargaining capital for renegotiation of boundaries, that allows for economic growth and the existence of BIDs, without sacrificing the civic interest, while restoring power to Lambeth.
Left: Exploded construct of physical and intangible layers. Next page: (above) Civic Improvement District spine (below) Confrontation points along the spine.
Above: Insertions and invitations through reclaiming public space, shifting control lines, introducing new public rights of ways. Right: Business Improvement Districts density in London 2020.
Left: Southbank Business Improvement District management strategy for both 2014-19 and 2019-24.
Lambeth Open School How to give education back to the locals and the city (and more)? Cong Ding Education and Social Structure, Physical Structure, Line of Engagement, Education, Groups, Inclusivity, Exclusivity, Control, Brixtonisation
Attempting to unveil the situation and context of the commodified and privatised public education through Multi-Academy Trust in Lambeth, the project investigates how institutionalised divisions could be negotiated through the potential of taking down social barriers by allowing a cross-over of official and casual zones, negotiating through space and different agents, such as local authority, stakeholders and community groups, to introduce a localised and inclusive open school network for adult education in Lambeth. The council-led network defortressifies the singularity of the academy citadel, by having six geometrically scattered foci under one institutional network with five minute walk to each other, attracting different participants inclusively, opens the educational facilities towards the city and the locals, potentially within the frame of National Educational Service (NES), which would be developed after Brexit to replace programs being funded by EU Fund previously. Aiming to act both physically and socially, each spot consists of a common identifiable core with dependent surrounding structure according to the immediate urban
context integrally, along with an extension of municipal power by integrating educational space with civic service. Functioning without fence or gates but with a 24hr-open ground plane, the network extends education into the city through civic engagement. Opposing the private sector in academies by replacing it with an integrated trustee board, potentially links the authority with locals in a more grounded and sustainable way through inclusive community education. Potential negotiation such as through planning, political force and ownership exchange, between council and the network, helps situate public space back into active community use and to encourage multi-generational engagement, enhances citizenship to realise a Brixtonised educational system. If education works as a social driven force in the area encouraging locals to form a stronger connection with city and each other, should the role of education be reconsidered in planning and educational acts?
Overleaf: Individual constructs of the six points of the open school network. The core forms the commonality of the system while the attached structure that is dependant on each one’s urban condition, animates the territory of each particular spot differently, and forms an integral part of the civic fabric while leaving a certain level of permeability.
Overleaf: Drawing of the multi-layered construct with the proposed open school network. The scanned area is read and deconstructed through layers of its physical structure, social structure, education, negotiation and agents between institutions, includes varying scales from a fence to catchment areas. By engaging locally with the situations, barriers and negotiations exist in different forms along the spectrum. Vertical catchment areas after the insertion of network are plotted as an attempt of experimenting with the territory of action and social engagement.
Overleaf: Live section showing negotiation of space and active agents of different scales happen throughout the network. Users are able to create educational events under an institutionalised situation, which is the open school network, enhances local and inclusive engagement.
Whose line is it anyway? Shou Jian Eng
Power, Masterplan, Control Takeover, Access, Groups, Engagement, Structure, Ownership, Transaction, No Man’s Land The London Legacy Development Corporation (LLDC) was created to build a Post-Olympics legacy in Stratford, East London. However, the singularity of the London Stadium and the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park have failed to bridge the divisions at the edges. The project is a hybrid line of two parts: dispersed foci of shared social intensity and direct trajectories going from city to the park. Through the dispersal of tripartite sheds beyond the park, it allows for the convergence of communities outside the ownership of the LLDC. The dispersed foci are the start point of a Right of Way that cuts through developments and policy areas, resisting the overt control of the Mayoral Development Corporation. The project adds new lines to the legacy masterplan to counteract the vacuum that the Park’s intensity has caused. Rejecting the architectural, cultural and mayoral labels, the participatory lines allow for a grassroots takeover. Its neutrality provokes an alternative legacy – which ultimately asks: Who transforms the city?
Left: Catalogue of abstracted variables and plan of spatial experiments. Utilising cashier checkouts, police cordons and mayoral boundaries, the experiments explore the relationship between multi-ownership and multi-use of space. Above: Drawing of found situations and experiences in Stratford, around the Olympic Park.
Above: Three delineations of controlled spaces discovered in Stratford – an emergency, a football match day and a stabbing incident. Right: The Right of Ways from dispersed foci to the park, cutting through development and policy areas.
Drawing of the Construct World
This page from top: Section between city fabric and the shed showing the takeover by communities and grassroots groups; Individuals interviewed from communities in Belfast. Overleaf: Plan and section of the skinned shed at Bow with layers responding to site orientations and use by grassroots groups.
CONFLICT + GROUPS
Inflating Interactions Steve Kang
The site is sandwiched between the Royal Docks, a currently unused local park, and a six-lane highway, forming island conditions between the communities. In 2014 a Chinese company won the right to develop the site into an “Asian Business Boys, hair professionals and football Park�, which would provide the fans, all exist simultaneously within European headquarters for hundreds their overlapping territories, yet they of Chinese firms. This planned island do not seem to step over the line and will form another international line interact with one another. of segregation both physically and socially, between the visitors and the Foci of an international scale, such local residents. It will further enforce as The ExCel Centre and London City island conditions between the Airport provide economic boosts communities. to London due to their proximity to financial districts. Groups who use The territory of the existing park is such foci are the business travellers expanded by placing a space for local and alike who stay for short periods within the territory of the visitors. of time, leaving when their event This allows for a formal invasion of is over bringing the foci to become the boys who attend to play football redundant. Focus at a local scale such which in turn leads to more informal as a football pitch, along with other interaction between the locals and social programmes funded by the EU visitors. The proposal is designed to will be defunded after the UK leaves challenge the existing hierarchy by the EU. This results in little usable or giving an importance to the space for enjoyable space for the locals to use locals as large international institutes and interact within. currently have. Development will continue to happen. New developments should be designed to help interaction with the local communities rather than divide them further. Groups, Structures, Municipality, Focus, Sound, Space
Overleaf: Abstract Experiment - physical variables such as light and transparency were played with in abstract to create moments of interaction within the division line between groups.
Section through the proposal - As residents break into the Asian Business Park territory, the sound of airplanes translates into sound of interactions once entering the central spaces.
View at the Asian Business Park - the central spaces enable formal invasions of the locals who attend to play football in which turn leads to more informal interaction between the locals and the visitors.
View at Beckton District Park - the barriers of structures and sounds are broken with the mounds and the footbridge, enabling two communities to unify.
Previous Page: Plan - the proposal is designed to make the local space as prominent as international spaces. It is a beacon for the local within the territory of the visitors. This page: section through the Excel centre and Silvertown - Excel Centre and London City Airport dominate the site but they only get used by the visitors temporarily, which residents do not get access to.
Clubland 2020 Challenging the Barriers of Membership Lito Karamitsou
Exclusion, Division, Engagement, Membership, Groups, Permanent, Temporary, Sprawl, Control, Structure, Formal, Informal
St. James Clubland is located within the borough of Westminster. The second most expensive borough after Kensington and Chelsea. The area of St. James, Pall Mall is the manifestation of the establishment and the epitome of class division. The scanned area is read through the layers of division, groups, engagement, membership and formal vs informal. All of which include varying scales from a fence to a territory. Divisions and barriers exist in all different forms, from physical (a fence/ gate), and social (a dress code) to economic (a price) and political (a title). The context incorporates a duality of membership with a venue and membership without. Belonging in a club (so trying to preserve something vs belonging to a protest, trying to break something). Having a strong presence in the city versus hiding behind close doors. In both though there is a strong sense of allegiance and belonging. Left: an overlay of abstract experiments, a continuous process of transformation aiming to become the new club for 2020. Right: an abstract experiment which erases the layer of the city and locates the variables purely depending on the three axis that define the context.
The project is an experiment of an insertion of an inclusive structure within London’s most exclusive clubland. It aims at breaking the exclusivity and bringing in the informality of the city. It is a continuous series of experiments that are questioning what can be done to break the exclusivity in the architectural scale? Now that London is in a moment of change, can the informal layers of the city blend in and help break the barriers of exclusivity?
From top: a 1km x 1km scan or a ten minute walk from the most exclusive Clubland to the square of the people; a protest plan superimposed on the Victorian plan of Pall Mall Reform Club. How can exclusivity be broken?; Within the new Club the Victorian painting corridor acts as a viewing lens for the communal dinner. Next page: An overall view of the second most expensive Borough, the Borough of Westminster. A borough that includes the most public square and the most private club. Next spread from left: Forms and structures of membership ranging from urban sprawls to lines of suits; The proposal in its elements.
Crossing the Borough Division Association as Opportunity Minju Kim
Association, Politics, Economy, Control, Management, Association, Accessibility, Timetable, Zone, Group
Cross-association has been proven to counteract the extreme sectarianist divisions in West Belfast between Shankill and Falls. New life church defines the Localism Act established to empower success story of a Protestant church the local authority and encourage ground transforming as a place for restructuring daily spaces through individuals from ‘both sides’ outside individual experience. The main of its service hours. The church works objective of the act is after all in three scales of cross association; superseded by the power of Greater physical cross over, social shared London Authority and the Mayor’s responsibility in administration, and development plans where division individual overlap in experience. zones are targeted for excessive overlay of heavily infrastructural The three scales of cross-association projects to connect peripheral engage private/public institutions boroughs to central London. The and individuals responsible for infrastructures prove to be violent their space, their neighbourhood, divisions which resonate outside the their borough, and empowers actual ‘line’ of division to a territorial the individuals to collaboratively zone of division. aspire and facilitate what is best for the many. It creates a balanced Lee valley, TFL ring roads, brown communication between the fields, and leftover structural scars of government authorities and the the industrial revolution superimpose local individuals for the future the single line of borough division. ‘opportunity’ in the city. The singular ‘line’ of borough division develops a territorial division where GLA and the Mayor have lost their local service points are restricted ability to overlook the growing to the local taxable residences. territories of London and adhere to These restrict trajectories, access of the local propositions. It is imminent users to the services in ‘the other to reconsider infrastructural borough’. Only through institutional projects under the connotation of membership individual users are ‘connecting’ when in fact implements provided access institutions across greater physical, social divisions of the borough divisions. imbalance. The focus on the three scales altogether proposes a shift from an economic definition of opportunity, but opportunity defined through cross-borough association and encourages to seek ‘London USER _ Cross over Trajectory Overlapping trajectory of users. Barking for all’. resident is able to borrow a book from Newham Library through the Cross Borough Pass.
Belfast Division Zone, Celebratory Time of Engagement Belfast Associations (means of belonging and identifying oneself in terms of one’s origin, culture, religion)
Experiment: Points of Engagement Crossing the Division Through the scanning process, physical and social elements of engagement and division were identified. These elements were used for the abstract experiment of creating a space which transforms to a space of engagement through adjustable elements.
Top: section of Division Zone (Physical divisions) Section of Division Zone + Overlapping Timetables
Bottom from left: Cross Borough Association in three scalesPHYSICAL + SOCIAL + USER); Overlapping usage of space, Overlapping responsibility, Overlapping trajectories
Focusing Interactive Space How London Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb Jake Parkin
Conflict, Action, Conflict, Control, Development, Fiction, Groups, Opportunity, Power, Structures, Time
ground level, three civic courtyards, projected image spaces and a redrawn territory with neighbouring spaces such as the Southwark Playhouse, Ministry of Sound and Crown Court. With no set program or governing body, it is filled in and The proposal is for an alternative consumed by the city aligning with centre of social engagement in and intensifying the active enterprise Southwark. It is a social focus built quarter drawn by Southwark Council of multiple forms of focus brought to counteract the current Delancey together. Without imposing a E&C masterplan to its’ south and to prescribed condition, the intervention create a series of spaces that allow can adapt to a market, an event, an for placement instead of curation. exchange and city space at the same Currently limited ground is reclaimed time. Not only does this radicalise by creating a linear structure that is the currently separate spaces but punctured by different, displaced and it also frees spatial ties by unifying diverse user groups occupying the social and physical divisions into one space simultaneously, emphasising centre. Civic integration is facilitated the architectural and social gesture by expanding out to its neighbouring of shared ownership and creating institutions whilst unifying divided a horizontal complexity at street space by addition not demolition. level, therefore accessible and By adding space between existing non-exclusive. At an urban scale structures, it negotiates between it does what the city hall and non-exclusive social groups in GLA masterplans failed to do, by Elephant and Castle and creates providing truly public space. Learning a shared public structure with a from Belfast and the City of London, layered geometry to encourage social can focusing interactive space play a interaction. Adding four layers to greater role in counteracting the over the site: a linear physical structure at curation of the city?
Opposite page from top: The layer of conflict, drawn in red, demonstrates on the left, the troubles in Belfast, and on the right, three divisive masterplan developments. These developments are removing diversity, interaction and complexity from the borough. The project intervention is situated to the north of elephant and castle and aims to counteract that masterplan by focusing interactive space, instead of displacing it.
Focusing interactive space. A set of four drawings experienced throughout the length of the building: interacting inside, on the street and on the civic courtyards. The space strengthens diversity by combining different forms of social interaction.
IDENTITY + CONTROL
Blue Borough Spaces for the Coexistence of Identity and Policing Aoi Phillips
Control, Groups, Identity, Conflict, Control, Memory, Engagement, Interface, Ownership, Structures, Integration In response to a disconnect between collective identity and policing, the project proposes a new form of engagement with the police through a network of Contact Points in the borough of Lewisham. While designers and architects cannot change operational police tactics (beyond activism and campaigning as a citizen), this is the moment for our discipline to force a rethink of the spaces where the police and policed meet. Some of us may be familiar with the confrontational and highly controlled spaces of a police front counter. When we speculate a future of police as a public service, and the station as a non-carceral space, what should we be designing for? The last government ‘Police Buildings Design Guide’ was published in 1994 - what better time for change than now?
Over 100 of London’s publicly accessible Police Stations have closed in the past decade, and now there are less police stations than boroughs. There have been calls to reopen and reinstate this physical police presence in our communities, but there is an inevitable tension between collective identity and forces of control, and an increased police presence makes many vulnerable groups feel less safe in their own neighbourhoods. The project proposes a network of contact points that are designed to be integrated into the city fabric, with shared public spaces and an indistinct threshold. The aim is to bridge the divide between slow-building collective identity and operational police forces of immediate action through gradients of control and environment, using borough scale, systems, technology and local spaces.
Left: a series of blurred thresholds created by technology. The door is a barrier to engagement. Below: sections of the proposal with gradients of environment and control (from top: sound, temperature, public access)
From left: research of policing through the categories of Spaces, Systems and Technology; Analysis of conventional policing spaces, and an experimental model of these spaces positioned on a gradient of control. Spatial diagrams comparing burial plot permissions in Belfast and Lewisham, looking at state control over memory and expression of identity.
LAYERS OF THE CONSTRUCT Information Rights Unit PO Box 313
Sidcup Collecting data and experience DA15 0HH Email: foi@met.police.uk of the borough, relationships and www.met.police.uk Our ref: 01/FOI/20/014262 disconnections between layers reveal 30/04/2020 themselves in a spatial context. Dear Ms Phillips Freedom of Information Request Reference No: 01/FOI/20/014262 I write in connection with your request for information which was received by the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) on 28/04/2020. I note you seek access to the following information: “Please provide me with an electronic copy of all sections of the current 'Police Buildings Design Guide' document.” This is to inform you that the MPS are unable to proceed with your request as we require further information from you. Please can you clarify whether you require a copy of the Home Office Police Buildings Design Guide. Please also provide any other useful context or information to assist us in locating the requested information.
TIME Scanning journey’s mapped through the construct, as well as the overlapping routes of buses, bikes and traffic observed during scans.
REMNANT The remnants of times beyond immediate memory. The maybe be a sole lamppost or sign, or the scale of an entire building. In New Cross the construct maps the forgotten network of tram tracks burried under the road.
COMMON MEMORY Spaces of memory, shared by communities. The city is steeped in memories of individuals, and any space can mean an infinite variety of things to many people. Common memory is memory that is shared or signposted, in order that future generations understand and carry memories forward, becoming the basis of identity
After receiving your reply, your request will then be considered and you will receive a response within the statutory timescale of 20 working days. However, if the requested additional information has not been received by 01/06/2020 I will assume you no longer wish to proceed with this request and will treat it as withdrawn. Should you have any further enquiries concerning this matter, please contact me using the email address at the top of this letter, quoting the reference number for this request. Yours sincerely
IDENTITY Mapping the territories of identity allowed for geogrpahical and cultural boundaries to reveal themselves. For example postcodes and borough wards, estates boundaries and gang territories, railway lines and canals - all play a part in the idenity of individuals and groups.
Deborah Solomon Information Manager
CONTROL/ DIVISION These could be as physical as a fence, or as invisible as a jurisdiction of a council or police. Concentrations of control can provide infomation on perceptions of an area. Performance, Assurance and Governance Directorate 2 Marsham Street London SW1P 4DF
020 7035 4848 (switchboard) www.gov.uk
STRUCTURES Physical structure in the urban fabric. These have a direct impact on the ways we inhabit and use space.
Aoi Phillips Via email to: request-662576-8b79d0f3@whatdotheyknow.com
SPACE 28 May 2020
Spaces that may be space before an individual’s territory, or be used by users before claimed.
Dear Aoi Phillips Freedom of Information Request: reference FOI 58672 - (Aoi Phillips) Thank you for your email of 6 May 2020, in which you ask for a copy of the 'Home Office Police Buildings Design Guide’. Your request has been handled under Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA).
GROUPS Some groups can be mapped in physical terms
I can confirm that the Home Office Property Group (HOPG) made the decision prior to 2009 to cease publishing and updating the Police Buildings Design Guide, which was last published in 1994 to the best of our knowledge. We have completed an internet search and also a search of Home Office Document Archives and are unable to trace a copy of the full published ‘Police Buildings Design Guide’. Also, a copy of the full Design guide was not logged at The National Archives. We are aware, however, that sections 6 and 7 were updated in 2007 and a copy of the relevant section can be found at the following links: http://library.college.police.uk/docs/homeoffice/policebuildings/design-guide-section62007.pdf http://library.college.police.uk/docs/homeoffice/policebuildings/design-guide-section72007.pdf
GOVERNANCE Sum quia dolupicietur andantem fuga. Minvent endelis voluptus, aliquia dem qui con conectionsed ea etur sint, accumen empello omnia cus nustrumquis autatin cum vendel endus as dolores tiuntus, ipsapernam quam rem solecus core.
In 2015 Home Office estates matters were moved to the Ministry of Justice (MOJ). The MOJ did not received a copy of the Design Guide from the Home Office Property Group (HOPG) who were previously responsible for the guide. You may wish to be aware that in September 2019 MoJ issued a new document titled the Police Custody Design Guide on behalf of the Home Office that covers only police custody and incorporates best-practice advice on custody from the National Police Estates Group. That document is not in the public domain at this time and the Home Office have asked that it only be released to those who can demonstrate a genuine need for it in relation to police custody projects.
CONNECTIONS Da qui beatur audam vitiass iminus am, assitii scides repel ipsunti nonsendis abo.
GEOGRAPHY Da qui beatur audam vitiass iminus am, te inctatur autem assitii scides repel ipsunti nonsendis abo.
MACRO CONNECTIONS Assitii scides repel ipsunti nonsendis abo. Ut et, ad utaessim doluptamenis aut re omnietur min es mil magnam.
This page: exploded layers of Lewisham, from the material to the immaterial; Two Freedom of Information Requests to ascertain the last Police Buildings Design Guide was published in 1994.
Clockwise from above: Thresholds of control in the context of a site in Lewisham High Street. By updating existing modes of control and security, a series of blurred thresholds are created, allowing for a door-less contact point. Axonometic of integrated contact point embedded in the city block and open market. Diagrammatic model of series of spaces and thresholds which create a gradient of control. Identity and Memory mapped with territories and foci of control. A complex and tension-filled relationship is made spatial to reveal ideal sites for contact points.
The Mat, the Flag and a Passport How Should the City Support Identity? Shaeron Santosa
Allegiance and Identity can form hard divisions that pigeon-hole the city, and soft divisions like language and gender that are difficult to penetrate. The proposal speculates on how the bringing together of found identities can potentially create spaces An arbitrary 2x2km scan of Vauxhall of engagement, and ultimately exposes unique urban conditions of questions if the live realms of identity Diplomacy, Religion and Nationality can be used as a tool for city-making. in the US Embassy at Nine Elms, an By bringing together the CommuterEritrean Mosque and Little Portugal. Portuguese-Muslim-American In West Belfast, the duality of groups into a block at Stockwell, can Protestant and Catholics/ Unionists overlapping spaces of identity add to and Republicans segregates the North and South via the peace walls, the intensity of which we experience separate bus services and newspaper the city? distribution. Identity, Division, Identity, Friction, Masterplan, Structures, Policy, Structures, Everyday, Life, Time
Identity is manifested in: open space [Little Portugal, Falls Rd, Shankill Rd]; an enclosure [US Embassy, Mosque, Black Barbershop, Sinn Fein gift shop, Rangers Club, Catholic Pub]; and a body [The Queen, Donald Trump, the Ambassador, Diplomatic Courier, the Muslim lady, the Muslim man, the Ranger supporter, the old man wearing a poppy badge, the Sinn Fein supporter, the ex-IRA member].
Left: an abstraction of the new American Embassy at Nine Elms explores the layers of Identity, Control, Power and Friction. Below: construct plan - an abstraction of the city that crosses between the boroughs of Wandsworth and Lambeth, and a vestigial connection of the American Embassy to Grosvenor Square at Mayfair.
From top: Situational Elevation - the project explores the urban conditions of Diplomacy, Religion and Nationality found between Vauxhall and Stockwell in the American Embassy at Nine Elms, an Eritrean Mosque and Little Portugal. These are foci of identities that make up the spaces and experiences of the city. In addition to this, a scan of the site reveals spaces like the Ghanaian barbershop, Stockwell Underground Station and Patmore Estate that are congregation points for different groups of users. This elevation drawing reveals the overlap of situations, groups, voices and conversations that have been abstracted from the city. From left to right, an Iranian Protest at the American Embassy, a petty-crime arrest at Patmore Estate, the blasting of Ghanaian music through the speakers at the barbershop, a rejected entry into the American Visa Centre, bottlenecks at the access points of the Eritrean mosque, the peak hour crowd at Vauxhall Station, display of Portuguese flags along Little Portugal, and Fado Saturday nights manifest the live realms of the city. A section through the Iranian Protest at the American Embassy, 5 January 2020. A soft division is formed through police vehicles and presence. Protesters are pushed to the “public” curb across the street from the Embassy. Jum’ah Prayers (Friday Prayers) attract a congregation size that is tenfold the number on a normal day. Wandsworth Road is emptied out as Muslim men close their shops to attend congregation. At the Mosque, male worshippers take over the Lansdowne Community Hall and female prayer room. With the use of speakers, projectors and the placement of praying mats, sacred space is expanded. An arrest at Patmore Estate created a pool of curious onlookers. The shops along Little Portugal import a semblance of Portugal with the display of flags, football merchandise and the streaming of Portuguese melodrama on television.
This page: A breakdown of the exit pattern at the Eritrean mosque. After Jum’ah Prayers, bottlenecks are formed as men put on their shoes by the doors. These bottlenecks are exacerbated by bollards, and pools of congregation take over the sidewalk. Here, the informal space of the mosque spills out onto the street and creates a soft division between passers-by and male worshippers; Various experiments to create a hybrid block and its architectural moments. Opposite: The proposal is a hybrid-identity block in Stockwell Station. The block encompasses the tube station, a mosque with separate gendered entrances, and a Portuguese corner. The experience through the space by the different groups overlap at certain instances and situations. The proposed block formally overlaps the mosque, the Portuguese Corner and Commuter space to create intersections between different user groups. A hanging facade envelopes the building but does not touch the ground to blur the curtilage of the block. The openness absorbs the bicycle rack, flower vendor and bus stop on the sidewalk into the block itself.
Anybody’s Street Esha Sikander
Anybody’s Street is the antithesis of Millionaire’s Row through a duality of division and engagement and runs down the opposite side of the palace to be owned by the local council. The scheme of the project Anybody’s Street, quite simply, is is a government initiative, similar a line of division and engagement to the Crystal Palace Exhibition of that manifests itself as a new road Hyde Park, thus the project is not an for Kensington & Chelsea through instigating an ‘exhibition’ per say an attitude of Direct Urbanism. but somewhat the equivalent of - a The project questions the peculiar ‘People’s Palace’ with an alternative DIRECT URBANISM: A NEW ROAD FOR KENSINGTON & CHEL Left: urban scan nature of Kensington & Chelsea’s realm for urban spectatorship. in Kensington and status as the wealthiest borough in Understanding Millionaire’s Row and Chelsea; above: line of Britain, as well as the most unequal Exhibition Road as two major lines intervention borough in Britain. Hailed ‘Britain’s of control in the borough, the project very own Monaco’, it is a place attempts to detourn their variables where inequality has become a gross of exclusion to create a linear civic spectacle. Poverty lives cheek by jowl palette of inclusion. with opulent second homes for the very rich and vast outflows of rent to At 1km long, it is a linear cut in the corporate landlords. Kensington & fabric, disrupting and challenging the Chelsea it seems, is a microcosm of Royal Park through its stitching of a society at large. valuable shared surface for public ownership. The street immediately The focus point of the Very Rich cuts Kensington Palace off from the is identified as Kensington Palace rest of the Royal Parks thus creating Gardens, or more notoriously a line of division in the already ‘Millionaire’s Row’ through a scan existing pattern of striations of the of the borough. This street, Britain’s Royal Parks lump. The street rejects most expensive, is regarded as ‘one the retail of its neighbouring high of the most desirable addresses in streets through the provision of the world’ by its ground landlords, follies strictly for public services only. the Crown Estate. Aggressive This is to provoke an intense sense levels of control are identified on of community through a feeling of Millionaire’s Row, constituting a belonging by encountering different highly exclusive realm fully fit for a types of users from the borough millionaire as its name suggests. The which would also imply the diversity civic street, however, is devoid of of use of this street. Junctions any sense of community and there between Anybody’s Street and the is a feeling of isolation which comes park pathways become points of with not knowing if the buildings potential for events through the are lived in or simply investment invasion of the park. vehicles. As a reaction to this hard line of division in the borough, THE PARK
THE ROAD
THE PALACE
Control, Power, Wealth, Allegiance, Territories, Estate, Groups, Rhythm, Time, Event
1KM SCAN, Section ICEBERG STREET
MILLIONAIRE’S ROW
KENSINGTON PALACE
BOROUGH LINE
Westminster: Hyde Park
Kensington & Chelsea RBKC Borough Line ALLEGIANCE King William III
ALLEGIANCE Princess Diana Memorial ALLEGIANCE Queen Victoria
BONER’S STREET
STITCH
PARALLEL
DIMENSION
DIVISION LINE
Kensington Palace Gardens Westminster Hyde Park
Kensington & Chelsea
3
4
Green Park
St James’s Park
1 The line is a ‘stitch’ in the urban fabric, sewing a seam of contact between the borough lines of K&C and Westminster through the insertion of a shared surface.
STRIP
2
21.3m
Anybody’s Street will run parallel and adjacent to Millionaire’s Row, down the opposite side of Kensington Palace.
The road will immediately cut Kensington Palace off from the rest of the Royal Parks and adds to the existing pattern of striations that currently slice the ‘Royal Parks lump’ (inc Hyde Park, Green Park and St James’s Park).
It’s width will be widened to mirror that of Millionaire’s Row’s broad avenue.
RIGHT OF WAY
POINTS OF PUBLIC SERVICES
Bayswa
INVASION
ter Ro
ad
BOJO PRIME MINISTER
ELIZABETH CAMPBELL RBKC, COUNCILLOR
IAN MARCUS THE CROWN ESTATE
Hig
hS
tK en
sin
6 The road will be a strip cut out of the Royal Parks and given to the Council.
LLOYD GROSSMAN ROYAL PARKS CHAIRMAN
7
The road hijacks the line through the park as a new, major Right Of Way for the borough, creating an open route for traffic. The vectors of the road thus engage with the wider civic palette, bringing the life of the city into the park.
*Dominant Rhythms
Public Service Point
gto
n
8
The city use of the new street will be concentrated at its edges. Public services and community foci will be situated directly with the junctions of the city’s fabric, thus challenging the boundary division of the royal park.
9 The street remains permanently in flux, split by the vectors of the adjoining park pathways, thus immediately creating points of invasion or engagement by groups into the Royal Parks.
The design and strategy for Anybody’s Street is informed by the urban street pattern of West Belfast, which includes the duality of the Falls and Shankill Roads. Although both roads are equally as ordinary and mundane in appearance, the contrasting groups appropriate and claim their respective civic streets to engage with their opposing allegiances. Brought into sharp focus following the tragedy of Grenfell, the state of inequality with Kensington & Chelsea demands action and the project attempts to question the role of an architect in rebuilding trust between the public and local politicians. Many of these problems are not unique to Kensington & Chelsea, and are not unique to London - across the country years of neglect have broken our public services that require our dire attention.
Diversity of use by different users along ‘people’s line’
This page: Moments within the proposal: walking through Anybody’s Street. Opposite page: Duality of Millionaire’s Row with Anybody’s Street.
Type of public service would encourage social diversity of Anybody’s Street
Shou Jian Eng and Lito Karamitsou
BELFAST West Belfast is an ongoing political and religious divide. The A12, a sunken concrete highway, segregates the West from the Belfast city centre. Cut by Peace Walls and No Man’s Lands, the city is split between Loyalists and Republicans, DUP and Sinn Fein supporters. The history of past violence still defines the present, as seen and heard through murals and stories told. Memories are a significant part of West Belfast where the sense of communal identity is constantly reclaimed in the everyday spaces. From working man clubs, to the park cemeteries and libraries, they exist in a duality on both the Protestant Shankill Road and the Catholic Falls Road. Yet, the two divergent streets are not dissimilar. Windows of terraced houses on either side of the peace wall display silver vases and home decor purchased from the same shop. "Is it a tradition? Maybe it’s a trend. Yes that’s the right word. It’s all over Belfast.”
Physical division - West Belfast is a mosaic of loyalist and republican communities, cut by walls and Peace-Lines.
Groups - “The person who planted the bomb and killed my grandfather, today, his son and me are the two tour guides”Robert ex-IRA bomber
Control - “You see, all the time you are being watched… you’re being looked after because you’re not from this country.”
Social Division- “Are you going to the other side? You can't wear this shirt. Just put your coat on and zip it up. It doesn't happen often... but just in case.”
Allegiance - Allegiance here is strongly gender divided. Kids, men and women have all their separate clubs and gathering spaces.
Power - “People in this community have their contacts, maybe even family members. You ring the certain club or pub and they’ll deal with them.”
Structures - “The café is at the Shankill side while the football pitch is in the Falls. You can’t fake that.”
[1] Hodson, Pete; Titanic Struggle: Memory, Heritage and Shipyard De-industrialization in Belfast; February 2019
Engagement - Boys congregate in the park and cemetery after dark. They move from one location to another, intentionally avoiding interactions with other members of the community.
Time - “Memory in Northern Ireland is a tricky business. Two distinct and opposing sets of social memories and heritages exist. Collective (or national) memory is elusive.”[1]
Fiction - “We, the IRA, used to be able to walk to Belfast city centre, plant the bombs, and walk back out again.”
191030 - 191101 West Belfast 1x1 km area Catholic - Protestant Falls Rd - Shankill Rd 12 combined scans 10 layers
Minju Kim and Dessislava Dimitrova
FUTURE OF LONDO
challenges the notion of
opportunity
growth is for, while physically
breaking
growth areas while questioning who the advertised economic
sions of the current
ownership
BID in order to enhance rights of way as divi-
the single-use areas within the
social permeability and combat land-banking by establishing new types of
lines. These become a form of bargaining capital for renegotiation of
boundaries, that allows for economic growth and the existence of BIDs, without sacrificing the interest, while restoring power to Lambeth.
civic
The new line of Sanctuary / is the exploitation of Southwark declaration to become a borough of Sanctuary. / is the integration of incomers into the heterogeneous context of Peckham, while forming a Sanctuary.
territory
of
If education works as a social driven force in the area encouraging locals to form a stronger connection with city and each other, should the role of education be reconsidered in
planning
and educational acts?
Diploma 10 has speculatively questioned the current urban conditions of London boroughs through the themes of division and engagement. The complexity ofhasthe city is based on series of social and physical divisions that The borough of Southwark declared to become Sanctuary; a borough that welcomes refugees and immigrants. manifest in the lack of public space and access to services, the dominant Refugee welcome areas are till now informally depresence of infrastructure lineated through graffiti’s on viaduct arches or and social segregations affecting the everyday posters on victorian residential windows. life of the individual. Through the transformation of existing divisions and insertion of new interventions in the form of contact points, new rights of ways, interactive spaces we challenges the live dimension of the city. This is critical for breaking the homogeneous urban islands and establishing strategic proposals for a direct urban impact. The interventions counteract the economic opportunity growth areas and change the current mechanisms of ownership and exclusivity in order to create ‘London for All’.
ments greater physical, social divisions of
balance.
shift from an
economic
definition of oppor-
opportunity defined through cross-borough association and encour-
tunity, but
ages to seek
‘London for all’.
The infrastructures prove to be violent divisions which resonate outside the actual ‘line’ of torial
zone
division
to a terri-
of division.
The proposal is for an alternative centre of social engagement in Southwark. It is a social focus built of multiple forms of focus brought together. Learning from Belfast and the City of London, can focusing
interactive space
play a greater role in counteracting the
curation
over
of the city?
Despite the ongoing situation of boroughs segregation, a shift towards a bottom-up approach is critical to facilitate for a direct involvement of users and alternative methods of both economic and civic engagement. The current policy mechanisms require a change, where these documents restrain from collaborative interactions. Negotiations and cross-borough cooperation are essential for the empowerment of civic interest and the restoration of power of the local authorities. Series of legal frameworks of agreements will allow for a cross involvement of the local authorities to form a permanent civic formality and a basis within planning policy. This shared policy introduces a greater platform for collaboration between public and private entities which resonates beyond borough divisions.
im-
FUTURE OF LONDON
GLA and the mayor have lost their ability to overlook the growing territories of London and adhere to the local propositions. It is imminent to reconsider infrastructural projects under the connotation of ‘connecting’ when in fact imple-
An enormous thank you to CVB from the Dip10 family