!
2084! The!Fear!of!Totalitarian!Resurrection! !
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! by!Francesco!Catemario!di!Quadri!
AA!School!History!&!Theory!Studies!First!Year! 18!March!2014! Mollie!Claypool!
History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014( (
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2084(
( As(a(result(of(mass(production(E(heavily(influenced(in(the(midE20th(century( by( standardization( pioneers( pertaining( to( the( Deutscher Werkbunde,( Adolf( Loos( and(the(Bauhaus(–(architecture(is(leaping(towards(one(universally(omnipresent( ideal(reflecting(the(uneasily(forgotten(oppression(of(the(20th(century(totalitarian( regimes.( Although( this( architectural( presence( typically( manifests( itself( in( a( scenario( of( political( suppression( and( authority,( it( has( been( notably( revived( through( newfound( technology( that( has( questioned( modern( architecture’s( foremost( architectural( principle,( “form% ever% follows% function”.1(Modern( society’s( immersive(dependence(on(technological(culture(has(allowed(the(state(to(pursue( perverse( surveillance( techniques( through( a( universal( acquisition( of( conformity( with(technology.(As(a(consequence(of(societal(oppression,(invasion(of(privacy(has( evoked( a( new( architectural( style( defying( Louis( Sullivan’s( principle( E( as( form% disobeying% function( –( and( unearthing( Fascist,( Communist( and( Nazi( ideological( architecture.( ( The(etymology(of(totalitarian(architecture(derives(from(a(political(system( in(which(the(state(holds(total(authority(over(society,2(coined(by(Carl(Schmitt(as( Totalstaat(in(the(1920s.(3(((Totalitarian(suppression(can(come(under(many(forms.( Between(WWI(and(WWII(totalitarian(regimes(E(comprising(mainly(the(Fascist,( Communist(and(Nazi(ideologies(–(architecture(took(the(form(of(propaganda(in( the(profusion(of(the(state’s(overpowering(grandeur.(At(the(time(architecture(was( serving(the(state(during(war(and(power(struggle,(however(this(style’s(revival( would(be(seen(to(serve(regardless(of(the(political(condition.4(As(mentioned,(many( factors(provide(increasing(aid(in(the(rebirth(of(totalitarian(architecture(to(the( increasingly(familiar(setting(of(1984.(Through(modern(technological( development,(the(Digital(Age(is(easing(a(new(way(to(signify,(express,(produce(and( create(totalitarian(buildings(through(digital(information.(Architecture(is(calling( for(a(relinquishment(of(identity(and(an(increase(in(human(suppression(in(a( constantly(surveyed(world(where(form(no(longer(follows(function.((% (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 1(Sullivan,(Louis:(“The%tall%office%building%artistically%considered.”(Lippincott’s(Magazine.(1896.(p.(4( 2(Conquest,(Robert.(Reflections%on%a%Ravaged%Century.(2000.(p.(74( 3(Schmitt,(Carl.(The%Concept%of%the%Political.(1927.(p.(22
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4(Doordan,(Dennis(P.(TwentiethBcentury%architecture.(H.N.(Abrams,(2002.(p.(122(
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2(
History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014( ( ( It( is( important( to( understand( the( origins( of( totalitarian( architecture( in( order(to(decipher(its(language(in(the(present.(Totalitarian(architecture(is(a(style( focused( on( intimidation( –( as( seen( in( Albert( Speer’s( work( –( exercising( power( through(a(massive(scale(capable(of(hosting(tens(of(thousands(of(Germans.!! !
Figure!1:!Albert(Speer,(Cathedral(of(Light(above(the(Zeppelintribune,(1936.(
Figure!2:!Albert(Speer,(Grosse(Hall(model(with(people,(Belrin,(1939(
(
(
! Unlike( the( modern( technological( predisposition( to( surveillance( and( oppression,( cities( such( as( Rome,( Berlin( and( Moscow( had( a( heavy( political( (
3(
History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014( inclination(to(their(respective(ideologies(setting(the(scene(for(the(proliferation(of( architectural( propaganda.( Modern( totalitarianElike( architecture( alludes( to( the( Nazi(sense(of(scale(however(does(not(accommodate(a(large(population(nor(does( it( seek( propaganda( opportunity,( yet.( In( the( failed( attempt( of( “hiding”( it( as( an( excrescence( of( the( surrounding( landscape,( the( CIA( Headquarters( in( Langley( Virginia(posses(as(a(reminder(of(Albert(Speer’s(Cathedral(of(Light,(whose(facade( is( not( easily( digested.( Although( it( lacks( the( use( of( columns( and( pilasters( in( its( massive( proportions( –( alluding( to( classical( monumental( architecture( –( it( assumes( “an( architectural( ambience( of…( glittering( antiseptic( (structures)…( of( glass( and( steel( and( snow( white( concrete( and( predicated( on( the( continuing( development(of(science(and(technology”5.(( (
Figure!3:!CIA(Headquarters,(Langley,(Virginia,(1947!
(
( Like( the( Fascist( "New( Man,"( this( style( of( building( would( epitomize( totalitarian(suppression(as(it(oozed(power(and(domination.(These(buildings(were( built( to( publically( showcase( the( overwhelming( wealth( and( power( of( the( Third( Reich.( Germany( was( to( be( the( capital( of( the( world,( however( it( lacked( the( technological( capability( of( maintaining( total( control( through( surveillance,( omnipresent( in( Orwell’s( novel( and( commonly( available( now.( The( new( Reich( Chancellery( –( destination( of( most( foreign( affair( diplomats( E( demonstrated( a( deliberate( attempt( to( intimidate( diplomats( through( architecture.( However( diplomatic( intimidation( now( would( prove( less( effective( due( lack( of( desire( and( need(as(the(idea(of(a(regime(no(longer(exists(and(the(conception(of(a(new(World( War(is(far(from(reality.((
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 5(Orwell,(George(1984(New(American(Library((New(York)(1981.(p.155E156( (
4(
History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014(
Figure!4:!Reich(Chancellery,(BerlinEMitte,(Germany,(1930!
(
The( return( of( totalitarianism( is( therefore( seen( as( the( creation( of( a( new( architecture(driven(by(the(fulfillment(of(technologically(revolutionary(functional( requirements.( Through( totalitarian( architecture( where( we( will( see( the( rise( of( "networked(societies,"6(composed(merely(of(headquarters(linked(to(data(storage( facilities( where( archiEtecting( will( no( longer( be( a( process( employed( in( construction,( but( a( process( employed( in( archiEving,( consequentially( deriving( a( new(spatial(function(inconsiderate(of(its(architectural(context.((((
(
Figure! 5:! Societal( network( of( spy( architecture.( People( free( of( architectural( constraint( being( surveyed,( communication(to(an(architecture(of(massive(proportions(erected(to(store(the(data(recorded(which(is(then( distributed(to(the(totalitarian(imposing(structure(of(the(headquarters(for(content(analysis.((
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 6(Castells,(Manuel.(The%Rise%of%the%Network%Society((Malden,(WileyEBlackwell,(1996)(and(Zygmunt( Bauman,((Cambridge,(UK:(Polity(Press,(2011).(
(
5(
History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014(
Figure!6:!Google(Data(Center,(Lenoir,(North(Carolina,(2012!
(
( Basic( functions( allocated( to( architectural( forms( are( being( replaced( by( technological( measures.( What( used( to( be( an( architectural( discourse( has( now( become( a( technological( fulfillment.( The( Panopticon,( designed( to( be( the( exemplary( omnipresent( surveillance( system( by( Jeremy( Bentham,( was( built( to( function( like( an( arena( with( inverted( roles.( The( idea( of( observing( multiple( individuals( simultaneously( (function)( determined( a( circular( plan( where( the( quintessential(central(point(provided(an(ideal(360°(visibility(point((form).7(( (
Figure!7:(Willey(Reveley,(Jeremy(Bentham’s(Panopticon,(Plan(&(Section,(1791.(
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
7(Bentham,(Jeremy.(Panopticon.(In(Božovič,(1995.(p.(29–95(
(
6(
(
History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014(
Figure!8:!Gerardo(Macahdo,(Presidio(Modelo(prison,(Isla(de(la(Juventud,(Cuba,(1928.!
(
Now,( with( omnipresent( technology( such( as( cellphones,( surveillance( itself( no( longer( takes( a( required( architectural( form( to( ease( surveillance,( as( this( little( technological(advance(has(replaced(the(basic(need(for(architectural(form.(In(this( particular(case,(beyond(storing(the(incalculable(amount(of(information(acquired,( surveillance(no(longer(necessitates(a(spatial(definition,(allocating(all(it’s(input(to( one( single( monumental( headquarter( (like( the( Ministries( in( 1984) 8 .( Modern( surveillance( takes( a( digital( rather( than( physical( approach( –( acquiring( incalculable(amounts(of(information(–(therefore(needing(virtual(storage(space(in( a(physical(world,(producing(a(modern(reminder(of(fascist(scale.(( !
Figure!9:!Microsoft(Data(Center,(Dublin,(Ireland,(2013((Notice(the(size(of(the(orange(crane).!
(
( In( early( 2013( under( a( secret( operation( the( FBI( requested( that( Verizon( “shall(produce(to(the(National(Security(Agency((NSA)…(an(electronic(copy(of(the( (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 8(Helen.(Dawn%of%a%New%Day%The%New%York%World’s%Fair,(1939E1940(New(York(University(Press,( New(York(London,(1980.(p.(82E83( (
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History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014( following(tangible(things:(all(call(detail(records(or(“telephony(metadata”(created( by(Verizon(for(communications((i)(between(the(United(States(and(abroad;((ii)(or( wholly( within( the( United( States,( including( telephone( calls”.9(This( surveillance( technique(required(large(space(to(store(millions(of(phone(calls(processed(daily.(( ( The( NSA( data( center( was( constructed( with( proportions( alluding( to( totalitarian( ideals( in( order( to( store( and( monitor( these( records.( Surveillance( in( architecture( no( longer( has( to( serve( an( architectural( purpose( asserting( individuals( such( as( in( the( Panopticon.( This( is( due( to( societal( acquisition( of(( standardization(in(technological(objects.( (
Figure!10:!NSA(Data(Center,(Bluffdale,(Utah,(2013!
(
However,(with(technology(overshadowing(what(was(once(available(in(the(1920’s,( only( George( Orwell( correctly( predicted( an( omnipresent( surveillance( system( through( screens( and( devices( with( Internet( access.( These( allow( the( presence( of( ubiquitous(observes(without(constraining(buildings(to(sight(lines..10(( ( George( Orwell( described( a( future( where( teleEscreens( received( and( transmitted(Party(information(as(well(as(observing(every(move(of(the(individual.( 11(This(alarming(invasion(of(privacy(that(is(true(today(on(behalf(of(governments(–( such( as( the( American( PRISM( program( that( forced( tech( companies( to( spy( and( retrieve( data( from( millions( of( Americans( and( supplying( them( to( the( National( Security( Agency( –( was( not( a( fictional( formulation( by( Orwell( but( inspired( by( instruments( already( implemented( via( such( technology( already( existing( by( the( 1930’s.( During( the( New( York( World’s( fair( of( 1939,( “World( of( Tomorrow”,( was( exhibited(a(telephone(permitting(twoEway(visual(correspondence.12(( In(2012(a(patent(was(registered(to(enable(“a(media(content(presentation( ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
9(Federal(Bureau(of(Investigation(v.(Verizon(Communications.(13(E(80.(United(States(Foreign(
Intelligence(Surveillance(Court,(25(April(2013.(p.(1E2( 10(Hundreds(of(years(ago,(surveillance(required(a(direct(visual(line(between(the(observer(and(the( observed,(which(was(implemented(through(the(form(of(the(Panopticon.(However,(technology( allowed(for(the(observed(to(move(freely(in(space(whilst(retaining(surveillance(through(the( Internet,(satellites,(cell(phones(and(etc,(ridding(surveillance(of(architectural(constraints(as(long(as( the(central(point((headquarters)(was(preserved.(( 11(Orwell,(George(1984(New(American(Library((New(York)(1981,(p.(6( 12(Helen.(Dawn%of%a%New%Day%The%New%York%World’s%Fair,(1939E1940(New(York(University(Press,( New(York(London,(1980.(p.(82E83(
(
8(
History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014( system(presenting(a(media(content(program(comprising(an(advertisement(break,( detecting(an(ambient(action(performed(by(a(user(during(the(presentation(of(the( media(content(program,(selecting(an(advertisement(associated(with(the(detected( ambient( action,( and( presenting( the( selected( advertisement( during( the( advertisement( break.” 13 (This( breach( of( privacy( through( a( mediaEdevice( incorporated(system(detecting(people’s(behavior(E(such(as(a(television(E(could(be( the(beginning(of(the(formulation(and(mass(production(of(an(empty(and(squared( apartment(or(house(plan(to(enable(a(surveillance(system(to(have(no(blind(spots.(( (
(
Figure!11:!Left(is(a(simple(Palladian(geometry(based(plan.(The(Screen(at(the(center(surveys(the(apartment( however(is(it(hindered(as(its(line(of(vision(reaches(a(limit;(walls(and(room(provide(blind(spots.(To(the(right(is( a(Mies(van(der(Rohe(style(open(plan(alluding(to(his(Crown(Hall(the(function(of(the(surveyor((the(screens)( carried(out(efficiently(without(the(presence(of(blind(spots.(!
From(dawn(to(dusk(the(“eyes”(of(Big(Brother(will(watch(from(an(“oblong(metal( plaque( like( a( dull( mirror( which( forms( part( of( the( surface( of( the…( wall”14(as( Orwell( predicted,( relieving( everyone( of( a( private( life.( However,( in( order( to( achieve(such(a(scenario,(the(question(of(mass(production(is(quintessential(to(the( standardization(of(people’s(inhabitation(whose(function(will(no(longer(serve(the( purpose(of(the(personal(inhabitable(space,(but(a(space(designed(to(be(surveyed( that(is(inhabitable;(once(again(altering(an(architectural(form(to(impose(an(alien( function.(( (
(
Figure!12:!The(modern(Panopticon,(where(thousands(of(standardized(apartments(surveyed(refer(back(to(a( database(warehouse(in(and(then(to(headquarters(for(behavioral(regulations.((
( The( beginning( of( mass( production( is( seen( E( long( before( the( Industrial( Revolution( E( in( the( period( of( Renaissance( architecture( when( the( replication( of( (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 13(Roberts,(BrianF.,(Lemus,(Anthony(M.,(D’Argenio,(Michael(and(Relyea,(Donald(H.(Methods%and%
Systems%for%Presenting%an%Advertisement%Associated%with%an%Ambient%Action%of%a%User.%Patent( Application(20120304206,(29(November(2012.(p.(1( 14(Orwell,(George(1984(New(American(Library((New(York)(1981,(p.21(
(
9(
History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014( text( and( especially( images( was( proliferated( through( the( printing( press.( Beyond( printing(in(books,(identicality(in(architecture(was(something(yet(to(be(achieved( as(architectural(designs(and(construction(drawings(were(still(handmade(and(so( were(their(buildings.(“But(the(paradigm(of(identicality(spilled(over(from(books(to( visually( at( large,( and( prompted( a( culture( of( identical( copies( that( became( pervasive(in(the(West(well(before(the(industrial(revolution,(and(the(actual(rise(of( mechanical( mass( production”.15(Standardization( as( an( ideal( is( a( process,( which( “generates( economies( of( scale,( which( makes( cheaper( than”(16(artisanal( copies,( “the(lack(of(ornament(is(a(sign(of(power”17(and(“removal(of…(individuality”18;(as( argued( by( Adolf( Loos.( Alluding( to( architecture( of( the( mid( 20th( century,( mass( production(was(a(process(that(made(architecture(cheaper,(faster(and(bigger.(Like( printed(books(from(the(Renaissance,(social(housing(complexes(of(the(communist( and(fascist(era(were(all(images(from(the(same(print;(notionally(the(same,(for(all( and(in(all(places.19(The(utopian(dream(associated(with(Bauhaus(designed(Worker( Housing( has( been( transformed( into( a( nightmare.( This( standardization( of( architecture(subliminally(became(a(standardization(of(the(individual,(collectively( assembling(a(societal(body(of(subjugation(through(architecture,(resulting(the(loss( of(identity.(( ( ( ( With( the( “advantages”( –( according( to( Muthesiusw( and( van( de( Velde( –( of( mass(production,(during(totalitarian(Europe(block(housing(suffered(catastrophic( socialist( proliferation.( Due( to( this( there( was( an( international( dissemination( of( newly(coined(social(housing(techniques,(such(as(the(plattenbau(in(Germany(and( panelàk% in( former( Czechoslovakia,( a( construction( technique( employing( large( prefabricated,( preEstressed( concrete( slabs,( and( the( Khrushchyovka,% low( cost( concrete( or( brick( paneling( methodology( largely( employed( during( the( 1960’s( in( the(USSR.(
Figure!13:(BerlinEmarzahn,(largest(adaptation(of(Plattenbau(in(East(Germany,(1986(
(
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 15(Carpo,(Mario.(The%Alphabet%and%the%Algorithm.(Cambridge,(MA:(MIT,(2011.(Print.(p.(14E15( 16(Carpo,(Mario.(The%Alphabet%and%the%Algorithm.(Cambridge,(MA:(MIT,(2011.(Print.(p.(13(
17(Loos,(Adolf,(and(Adolf(Opel.(Ornament%and%Crime:%Selected%Essays.(Riverside,(CA:(Ariadne,(1998.(
Print.(p.(5( 18(Loos,(Adolf,(and(Adolf(Opel.(Ornament%and%Crime:%Selected%Essays.(Riverside,(CA:(Ariadne,(1998.( Print.(p.(1( 19(Eisenman,(Peter.("Folding(Is(Only(One(of(Perhaps(Many(Strategies(for(Dislocating(Vision."( Visions'%Unfolding.(Print.(p.(24(
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10(
History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014(
Figure!14:(Towering(panelĂ ks(in(Kamyk,(Prague,(1959(E(1995!
Figure!15:!Panel(Khrushchovka,(Tomsk,(Russia,(1960s(
Figure!16:!Alison(&(Peter(Smithson,(Robin(Hood(Gardens,(Poplar,(London,(1972.(
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11(
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History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014( These(dense(concentrations,(replications(and(use(of(concrete(were(canonized(in( the( 1960’s( by( Alison( and( Peter( Smithson( through( Brutalist( architecture,( and( is( still(practiced(as(a(cheap(alternative(to(block(housing(in(suburban(parts(of(large( cities,(further(increasing(vulnerability(to(totalitarian(imposition(and(surveillance( through(its(architectural(plan(( !
Figure!17:!Peter(&(Alison(Smithson,(Robin(Hood(Gardens,(London,(open(plan(perfectly(suited(for(an( Orwellian(surveillance(system,(1970.(
(
The( Brutal( architectural( implementation( and( small( confinement( of( space( per( individual( caused( a( negative( shift( in( residential( behavior.( "In( other( places( you( see( doors( painted( and( pot( plants( outside( houses,( the( minor( arts( of( occupation,( which(keep(the(place(alive.(In(Robin(Hood(you(don't(see(this(because(if(someone( were(to(put(anything(out(it(people(will(break(it."20( (( These( monumentally( brutal( concrete( structures,( like( the( British( surveillance( headquarters( and( 1984( Ministries( –( inspired( by( the( Senate( House,( London 21 (–( were( said( to( “dwarf( the( surrounding( architecture” 22 (just( as( Big( Brother(towered(above(the(Party(and(the(people.(( (
(((((((
(
Figure!18!&!19:!The(SIS(building((back(and(front(respectively),(MI6(Headquarters,(Vauxhall(Cross,(London,( 1994(
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 20(Rebuilding(Britain(for(the(Baby(Boomers,(introduced(by(Maxwell(Hutchinson,(BBC(Radio(4,(26(
November(2011(
21(The(Senate(House(is(the(University(of(London(administration(office(building,(of(gargantuan(concrete( proportions,(which(inspired(George(Orwell’s(Ministry(of(Truth(in(1984.(Stansky,(Peter((1994).(London's% Burning.(Stanford:(Stanford(University(Press.(pp.(85–86.(
22(Orwell,(George(1984(New(American(Library.(New(York,(1981.(Print.(p.211(
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12(
History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014(
! Figure!20:!Charles(Holden,(the(Senate(House,(University(of(London,(1937(
A(platonic(volume(exemplary(of(monumentality(is(the(NSA(headquarters(whose( invincible(glass(faรงade(is(so(large(it(is(lost(in(the(abyssal(reflection(of(its(immense( parking( lot,( further( emphasizing( its( size;( a( "symbol% of% the% spy% agency's% surveillance%prowess".23(Hence(the(message(conveyed(becomes(evident:((the(NSA( is(an(observer(that(cannot(be(observed.( ((
Figure!21:(NSA(Headquarters,(Fort(Meade(Maryland,(1952(
(
In(order(to(erect(such(colossal(monuments(that(remain(true(to(totalitarian(
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 23(Siobhan(Gorman((7(October(2013).("Meltdowns(Hobble(NSA(Data(Center".(The%Wall%Street% Journal.(Retrieved(19(October(2013.("The(Utah(facility,(one(of(the(Pentagon's(biggest(U.S.( construction(projects,(has(become(a(symbol(of(the(spy(agency's(surveillance(prowess,(which( gained(broad(attention(in(the(wake(of(leaks(from(NSA(contractor(Edward(Snowden."(
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13(
History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014( characteristics( and( retain( their( imposing( function,( architects( such( as( Albert( Speer( had( to( reject( architectural( aesthetics( embedded( in( ornamentation.( These( ideals,( previously( promoted( by( Adolf( Loos( had( settled( a( new( dais( for( design( approach( splitting( architecture( into( two( fundamental( ideals;( the( retrogressive( embellished( and( the( progressive( unadorned.24(According( to( Louis( Sullivan( “the( architectural( mind( lacked( this( directness,( this( simplicity,( this( singleness( of( purpose”( 25 (required( to( tackle( the( concoction( between( function( and( form( effectively( under( totalitarian( duress.( This( allows( for( the( distinction( in( the( ambiguity(between(building(and(architecture;(as(they(are(not(the(same(thing(but( related.( In( this( instance( we( must( define( the( two( terms( as( perhaps( architecture( may(result(in(building,(but(building(may(not(necessarily(be(architecture.(( If( we( define( architecture( as( the( design( process( of( shaping( the( neutral( building( block( into( a( functional,( then( building( is( the( erection( of( that( building( block.( If( we( allow( building( to( be( the( extraction( of( clay( from( soil( and( its( refinement( into( a( standard( clay( ball( (possibly( varying( in( shape( and( size),( then( architecture( shall( be( the( molding( of( this( clay( into( a( pot,( bowl( or( any( sort( of( ceramic( form( retaining( its( intended( purpose.( Architecture( and( building( may( most( certainly( coexist( in( any( shape( or( form,( however( these( can( also( exist( separately.(Building(and(architecture(may(combine(to(perform(any(architectural( style,(but(isolating(building(will(result(in(Brutalist(architecture.(( Brutalist( architecture( became( rapidly( popular( amongst( government( and( institutions(manifesting(itself(across(Britain,(France,(Germany,(Japan,(the(United( States(and(Brazil.(Examples(such(as(the(NSA,(FBI,(CIA(and(Department(of(Health( and( Human( Services( headquarters( showcase( the( typically( massive( in( character( and( fortressElike( predominance( of( the( “enormous…”( exposed( “structure( of( glittering(white(concrete”26(construction.(( (
Figure!22:!CIA(Headquarters,(Langley,(Virginia,(1947(
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(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 24(Loos,(Adolf,(and(Adolf(Opel.(Ornament%and%Crime:%Selected%Essays.(Riverside,(CA:(Ariadne,(1998.( Print.(p.(1E5( 25(Sullivan,(Louis:(“The%tall%office%building%artistically%considered.”(Lippincott’s(Magazine.(1896.(p.(
246( 26(Orwell’s(Nineteen(EightyEFour(and(Etienne(Louis(Boullee’s(Drafts(of(1784”(Journal%of%the% Society%of%Architectural%Historians,%Vol.(XLIII,(No1.((March)(1984.(p.(60E64(
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14(
History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014(
Figure!23:!J.(Edgar(Hoover(Building((FBI(Headquarters),(Pennsylvania(Avenue,(Washington(D.C.,(1975.((((( The(building(contained(260,209.9(m2(of(interior(space(in(2010.27(
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Figure!24:!Hubert(H.(Humphrey(Building((Department(of(Health(&(Human(Services),(Washington(D.C.,(1953(
These( heavily( imposing( buildings( lack( architectural( function( beyond( storing( virtual( data( possibly( monitoring( most( of( the( world( and( enslaving( people( monitoring( what( is( being( monitored,( becoming( a( monumentally( endless( repetition( of( cubicles,( corridors,( storage( and( concrete( breaking( “the( pervading( law(of(all(things(organic(and(inorganic,(of(all(things(physical(and(metaphysical,(of( all( things( human( and( all( things( superhuman,( of( all( true( manifestations( of( the( head,(of(the(heart,(of(the(soul,(that(the(life(is(recognizable(in(its(expression,(that( (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 27(Pincus,(Walter.("Hoover's(Lasting(Monument:(New(Headquarters(for(FBI."(Washington%Post.( June(9,(1971.( (
15(
History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014( form(ever(follows(function.”28(However(these(monumental(concrete(boxes(do(not( lack( architectural( expression( in( form( as( their( function( is( to( impose( power( and( intimidation(over(the(public;(as(Hitler(said("The(diplomats(sitting(in(front(of(me(.(.( .([will](learn(to(shiver(and(shake".29(( ( ( Solutions(in(the(past(have(included(attempts(from(pioneering(architectural( historian(Rudolf(Wittwoker’s( in(reintegrating(Renaissance(architecture(through( Palladian( proportions.( Wittwoker( concentrated( in( the( rebuttal( of( formalist( approaches(through(a(customarily(representation(of(Renaissance(architecture(as( pure( form, 30 (however( this( proposal( was( widely( rejected.! Shall( we( fail( to( reinvigorate(architecture! we(will(become(a(society(succumbed(to(the(quotidian( tasks(of(sleeping,(eating(and(reciting(to(a(screen(how(we(support(the(deprivation( of(privacy(in(our(lives(where(“nothing”(will(be(“our(own(except(a(few(centimeters( in( our( skulls”(31.( If( George( Orwell( was( right,( after( invasive( privacy( will( come( a( tidal( wave( of( knowledge( deprivation( (censorship)( rendering( us( incapable( of( questioning( architectonics( of( our( urban( condition.( We( will( inhabit( totems( of( ideologies(that(we(have(been(convinced(into(believing(with(a(“fake(passion(for”( its( “smooth( and( precious( surfaces” 32 (of( concrete( unornamented( monuments( enslaving( us( until( generations( prove( its( imperviousness( to( becoming( obsolete,( slowly(fading(our(memory(of(a(distant(utopian(past,(fooling(ourselves(to(believe( “it(has(never(been(another(way(–(nor(will(it(ever(be(another(way”33.(( ( ( 2084(is(not(a(due(date.(( 2084(is(merely(an(extension(of(our(succumbing(to(an(Orwellian(capital.( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
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! (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( 28(Sullivan,(Louis:(“The%tall%office%building%artistically%considered.”(Lippincott’s(Magazine.(1896.(p.4( 29(Lehrer,(Steven.(The%Reich%Chancellery%and%Führerbunker%Complex:%An%Illustrated%History%of%the% Seat%of%the%Nazi%Regime.%Jefferson,(North(Carolina:(McFarland,(2006.(p.(75( 30(Wittkower,(Rudolf.(Architectural%Principles%in%the%Age%of%Humanism.(S.l.:(Warburg(Institute,( Univ.(of(London,(1949.(Print.( 31(Orwell,(George(1984(New(American(Library.(New(York,(1981.(Print.(p.(26( 32(Studio%International,%1973,(Volume(186,(Number(957,(“Adolf(Loos:(The(New(Vision”( 33(Loos,(Adolf.(“My(School(of(Building”(in(Collected%Works.(1913.(p.(323((
(
16(
History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014(
! ! Bibliography! ! ! ( Sullivan,(Louis:(“The%tall%office%building%artistically%considered.”(Lippincott’s( ( ( (Magazine.(1896.( ( Schmitt,(Carl.(The%Concept%of%the%Political.(1927.( ( Conquest,(Robert.(Reflections%on%a%Ravaged%Century.(2000.( ( Doordan,(Dennis(P.(TwentiethBcentury%architecture.(H.N.(Abrams,(2002.( ( Orwell,(George(1984(New(American(Library.(New(York,(1981.(Print.( ( Bentham,(Jeremy.(Panopticon.(In(Božovič,(1995.( ( Helen.(Dawn%of%a%New%Day%The%New%York%World’s%Fair,(1939E1940(New(York( ( (( University(Press,(New(York(London,(1980.( ( Federal(Bureau(of(Investigation(v.(Verizon(Communications.(13(E(80.(United( ( ( (States(Foreign(Intelligence(Surveillance(Court,(25(April(2013.( ( Roberts,(BrianF.,(Lemus,(Anthony(M.,(D’Argenio,(Michael(and(Relyea,(Donald(H. ( ( (Methods%and%Systems%for%Presenting%an%Advertisement%Associated%with % % %an%Ambient%Action%of%a%User.%Patent(Application(20120304206,(29( ( ( (November(2012.( ( Carpo,(Mario.(The%Alphabet%and%the%Algorithm.(Cambridge,(MA:(MIT,(2011.(Print.( ( Loos,(Adolf,(and(Adolf(Opel.(Ornament%and%Crime:%Selected%Essays.(Riverside,(CA: ( ( (Ariadne,(1998.( (Print.( ( Eisenman,(Peter.("Folding(Is(Only(One(of(Perhaps(Many(Strategies(for(Dislocating ( ( (Vision."(Visions'%Unfolding.(Print.( ( Rebuilding(Britain(for(the(Baby(Boomers,(introduced(by(Maxwell(Hutchinson,( ( ( (BBC(Radio(4,(26((November(2011.( ( Orwell’s(Nineteen(EightyEFour(and(Etienne(Louis(Boullee’s(Drafts(of(1784”( ( ( (Journal%of%the%Society%of%Architectural%Historians,%Vol.(XLIII,(No1.( ( ( ((March)(1984.( ( Lehrer,(Steven.(The%Reich%Chancellery%and%Führerbunker%Complex:%An%Illustrated (
17(
History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014( % % %History%of%the%Seat%of%the%Nazi%Regime.%Jefferson,(North(Carolina:( ( ( (McFarland,(2006.( ( Loos,(Adolf.(“My(School(of(Building”(in(Collected%Works.(1913.( ( Siobhan(Gorman((7(October(2013).("Meltdowns(Hobble(NSA(Data(Center".(The % % %Wall%Street%Journal.(Retrieved(19(October(2013.( ( Pincus,(Walter.("Hoover's(Lasting(Monument:(New(Headquarters(for(FBI."( ( ( (Washington%Post.(June(9,(1971.( ( Wittkower,(Rudolf.(Architectural%Principles%in%the%Age%of%Humanism.(S.l.:(Warburg ( ( (Institute,(Univ.(of(London,(1949.(Print.( ( Studio%International,%1973,(Volume(186,(Number(957,(“Adolf(Loos:(The(New( ( (((((((((Vision”( ( Castells,(Manuel.(The%Rise%of%the%Network%Society((Malden,(WileyEBlackwell,(1996) ( ( (and(Zygmunt(Bauman,((Cambridge,(UK:(Polity(Press,(2011).( ( Stansky,(Peter((1994).(London's%Burning.(Stanford:(Stanford(University(Press.((
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! !
Visual!References!
( ( ( ( Figure(1:(Allgemeiner(Deutscher(Nachrichtendienst((German(Federal(Archives), ( (((((((Accession(Number:(Bild(183E1982E1130E502.( ( Figure(2:(Albert(Speer,(Berlin(Capital,(Grosse(Halle,(Model(with(people(photo(by ( (((((((Krier,(1939,(Germany.( ( ( ( (((((((<http://www.pinterest.com/pin/265149496785515305/>( ( Figure!3,!22:(https://www.cia.gov/newsEinformation/featuredEstoryE archive/2008EfeaturedEstoryEarchive/originalEheadquartersEbuilding.html( ( Figure!4:!Sammlung(von(ReproENegativen((German(Federal(Archives),(Accession( Number:(Bild(146E1987E003E09A( ( Figure!5:(Image(illustrated(by(author,(Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri.( ( Figure!6:(http://www.slashgear.com/googleEdataEcenterEhdEphotosEhitEwhereE theEinternetElivesEgalleryE17252451/( ( Figure!7:!Bowring,(John.(The%Works%of%Jeremy%Bentham.(Vol.(IV.(Edinburgh:( William(Tait,(1838E1843.(p.(172(E(173( ( Figure!8:( http://www.constitutioncampaign.org/blog/?p=13955#.UylSbKVZ9g0( ( Figure!9:(http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/161772EmicrosoftEnowEhasE oneEmillionEserversElessEthanEgoogleEbutEmoreEthanEamazonEsaysEballmer( ( Figure!10:(http://www.businessinsider.com/picturesEofEtheEnsasEutahEdataE centerE2013E6( ( Figure!11:(Image(illustrated(by(author,(Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri.(( ( Figure!12:(Image(illustrated(by(author,(Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri.( ( Figure!13:(Allgemeiner(Deutscher(Nachrichtendienst((German(Federal( Archives),(Accession(Number:(Bild(183E1987E0128E310( ( Figure!14:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kamýk,_Durychova,_věžáky.jpg( ( Figure!15:(
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19(
History(&(Theory(Studies((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((Francesco(Catemario(di(Quadri( 18/04/2014( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Panel_Khrushchev_house_in_Tomsk.jpg( ( Figure!16:(Powers,(Alan.(Robin%Hood%Gardens:%ReBVisions.(London:(Casemate(UK,( 2010.(Print.(p.(106( ( Figure!17:(Smithson,(Alison(Margaret,(and(Peter(Smithson.(1967.(Urban( Structuring:(Studies(of(Alison(&(Peter(Smithson.(London:(Studio(Vista.( ( Figure!18:( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Secret_Intelligence_Service_building_E _Vauxhall_Cross_E_Vauxhall_E_London_E_from_Millbank_24042004.jpg( ( Figure!19:(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MI6BuildingVauxhall.jpg( ( Figure!20:( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senate_House,_University_of_London.jpg( ( Figure!21:(http://www.nsa.gov/about/photo_gallery/gallery.shtml( ( Figure!23:(http://www.fbi.gov/news/galleries/stockEimages/places/fbiE headquarters/image_view_fullscreen( ( Figure!24:(Dewar,(Helen.("House(Eyes(New(HEW(Headquarters."(Washington% Post.(July(18,(1975.
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