URBAN VIBRATION

urban vibration abigail jones design thinking fall 2013

professor derek hoeferlin teaching assistant ashley hoolihan washington university in st louis sam fox school of design + visual arts

the street defines the boundaries and limits of the city; it is the grid by which all other locations within the city are established. the streetscape embodies localized architectural, transportational, cultural, and urbanistic ideas within the larger framework of the metropolis. in saint louis, the street can be viewed as the generator of the city—a city defined not by its individual buildings but by its neighborhoods, districts, and main pedestrian thoroughfares. the investigation delves into the fluid aspects of the activated streetscape which speak to larger ideas of the cycles of occupation and movement within the city over time. from this understanding a new architecture is created which responds to and accommodates the constant ux of urban vibration in saint louis. a selected site on south grand boulevard builds off the momentum of a neighborhood in transition to increase occupation and distinguish a new urban destination. a combined daytime marketplace and nighttime entertainment hub responds to the current streetscape vibration with a fluctuating architecture which draws from its urban context to create a nucleus of activity in the city.

1

contents introduction

5

streetscape analysis

19

streetscape precedent studies

51

site investigation

69

programmatic proposal

91

building precedent studies

115

bibliography

131

3

introduction major urban corridors of saint louis: washington avenue delmar loop cherokee street grand boulevard

5

delmar loop

washington avenue

grand boulevard

1928 1935

1917

urban corridors in the evolution of saint louis saint louis has always been a city developed through its streets. the development of saint louis expanded westward from its bridges and ports. through this development, certain corridors evolved as centers of industry, transit, and culture as the city became a hub of activity in the midwest. neighborhoods grew outward from these focal streets, creating a large city comprised of a variety of diverse districts. the driving force behind the expansion was the streetcar system, an extensive transit entity with multiple lines eventually reaching the extremes of the urban fabric. street life centered around the transit lines, and corridors of high pedestrian trafďŹ c emerged as urban destinations. several corridors in particular- washington avenue, the delmar loop, cherokee street, and grand boulevard- evolved due to their prime placement on the trolley line and have continued to maintain their statuses as economic and cultural hubs with highly activated streetscapes.

7

delmar loop

washington avenue

grand boulevard

cherokee street

investigation streetscape analysis the mood, atmosphere, and cultural richness of the urban corridors are all qualities which cannot be defined; however, the examination of the quantifiable aspects of the occupation and architecture of the streetscape can give insight into the makings of an activated sidewalk culture. this investigation looks into the vibrational cycle of occupation; the relation between and quantity of urban objects within the typical corridor block; and the spatial plansection relationships between buildings and the streetscape. an in-depth analysis of these qualities, along with a comparison of street typologies set a basis of design for streetscapes aimed toward pedestrian activation, cultural value, and economic growth.

9

washington avenue loft district developed from the late nineteenth into the early twentieth century, washington avenue was comprised mainly of large warehouse buildings which served saint louis’s garment industry. pedestrians crowded its ample sidewalks while streetcars, automobiles and buses shared the street. as an inland extension of the high-traffic eads bridge, washington became a main thoroughfare through the city. following the second world war the area became deserted, and recent efforts since the late 1990s have repurposed this corridor to a pedestrian haven. fashion warehouses have been renovated to loft-style housing featuring boutiques, restaurants, bars and nightclubs along the street level.

11

delmar loop entertainment hub developed in the twentieth century, the loop was the culminating point on multiple streetcar lines and the place where streetcars would “loop around” to return downtown. the loop has maintained its status as a cultural center for young and old alike since its days as a “teenager hangout” in the 1950s. revitalization and urban infill of the area beginning in the 1970s has turned this corridor into an arts and entertainment hub with multiple theaters, galleries, and concert venues mixed in among its numerous restaurants, bars and boutiques. outdoor cafes and the st louis walk of fame further establish the loop as a pedestrian-centered street.

13

cherokee street shopping district cherokee street emerged as a major mercantile center in saint louis in the late nineteenth century as two streetcar lines crossed in the area and brought many saint louis residents through on a daily basis. despite economic fluctuations over the years, cherokee street’s twelve blocks of independently owned establishments have remained a fixture of commerce and culture in saint louis. cherokee street has also reached an elevated cultural status within the city for its famous antique row, where past and present mix in a unique array of shopping and activity. this district has and continues to be home to the majority of saint louis’s latino population, making it a melting pot of traditions and cultures within the city.

15

grand boulevard restaurant row grand boulevard has always been a major north-south thoroughfare in the city. while north grand is home to famed entertainment venues such as the fox theatre and powell concert hall, in recent years south grand has emerged as a prominent dining district in an up-and-coming neighborhood. a variety of restaurants with outdoor seating and a pedestrian-friendly street design draw visitors from around the city and immediate neighborhood alike. the surrounding residential areas house a diverse population and is one of the most ethnically mixed neighborhoods in the city. this cultural milieu is reflected in the breadth of cuisine and small, independently-owned shops and businesses which line south grand boulevard.

17

streetscape analysis quantifying the streetscape: occupational vibration urban objects pedestrian architecture

19

stillness

activity

stillness

vibration a periodic motion about an equilibrium position over time, these corridors within the city have experienced cycles of occupation, vacancy, and re-occupation as rejuvenation of these historic districts progressed. currently, pedestrian occupation throughout the day follows a periodic cycle from a state of stillness through moments of high traffic and activity. the duration and levels of occupation of these periods give insight to the design behind the streetscape as a space constantly in ux of movement and occupation. the street must be designed to accommodate its maximum capacity while not feeling empty when still.

21

vacancy

occupation

short interval

long interval

occupancy level

:03

:06

:18

:24

:27

:48

:51

:54

vibration washington avenue september, 6:00 pm

23 1:03

1:06

1:24

1:27

1:39

1:42

1:45

vacancy

occupation

short interval

long interval

occupancy level

:03

:15

:18

:27

:30

:33

:54

:5

57

vibration delmar loop september, 5:00 pm

25 1:03

1:06

1:12

1:30

1:33

1:39

vacancy

occupation

short interval

long interval

occupancy level

:03

:06

:18

:24

:27

:48

:51

vibration cherokee street october, 7:00 pm

27 1:03

1:06

1:24

1:27

1:39

1:45

1:48

vacancy

occupation

short interval

long interval

occupancy level

:03

:12

:27

:30

:42

:51

vibration south grand blvd november, 12:00 pm

29 :57

1:09

1:12

1:27

1:33

1:48

interactive physical interaction occurs between occupants and the object

marker delineates, repeats, and breaks down the street

visual attractor visual points of interest and/or information

urban objects infrastructure of the streetscape the streetscape, designed for occupation, generally exists in a state of emptiness but for its infrastructural objects. these objects contribute to the emotive aspects, spatial boundaries and visual stimulation of the urban corridor. there are four main types of objects present in the streetscape: interactive, visual attractor, marker, and atmospheric. when examined outside of their exact purpose, the relationships between these objects begin to break down the scale of the street into the rhythm of the pedestrian experience. a quantification of the number of each type of object per block creates a basis of comparison between the different corridors.

atmospheric contributes illumination or other atmospheric qualities to the outdoor space 31

number of objects (per typical block)

5

10

15

20

urban objects washington avenue

object distribution

33 25

30

35

40

45

number of objects (per typical block)

5

10

15

20

urban objects delmar loop

object distribution

35 25

30

35

40

45

number of objects (per typical block)

5

10

15

20

urban objects cherokee street

object distribution

37 25

30

35

40

45

number of objects (per typical block)

5

10

15

20

urban objects cherokee street

object distribution

39 25

30

35

40

45

pedestrian architecture sidewalk space the single most vital piece of the pedestrian street experience is that of the sidewalk. sidewalk materials, joint spacing, slopes, clear width and curb heights all contribute to the way in which occupants move, stop, enjoy or trip as they navigate the streetscape. vertical boundaries in the street contribute to a pedestrian’s sense of openness, claustrophobia, and light in the sidewalk space, making the plan-sectionelevation relationships crucial to the overall experience of the outdoor rooms. lighting, foliage, signage and visibility are also important factors.

41

t.o. first level 22’-6�

facade details

facade material

street lighting

sidewalk material

sidewalk/facade relationship

pedestrian architecture washington avenue

t.o. parapet 75’

t.o. parapet 65’

18’

40’

18’

typical street section

43

storefront typology t.o. first level 12’-4�

facade material

street lighting

sidewalk material

sidewalk/facade relationship

pedestrian architecture delmar loop

t.o. parapet 48’ t.o. parapet 35’

20’

50’

20’

typical street section

45

storefront typology

t.o. first level 9’-8� facade material

street lighting

sidewalk material

sidewalk/facade relationship

pedestrian architecture cherokee street

t.o. parapet 45’

t.o. parapet 32’

15’

55’

15’

typical street section

47

storefront typology

t.o. first level 10’-6�

facade material

street lighting

sidewalk material

sidewalk/facade relationship

pedestrian architecture south grand blvd

t.o. parapet 35’-6”

15’

50’

15’

typical street section

49

precedent studies streetscape typologies: narrow street tall building wide street skywalk underground covered street

51

narrow street

tall building

wide street

skywalk

precedent studies streetscape typologies a variety of streetscape typologies exist around the world due to historic development and modern innovation. each type fosters a unique brand of street culture, giving identity to the cities in which it exists. a look into the spatial relationships and cultural impact of these typologies establishes a base of comparison for the street conditions in saint louis as well as providing insight into how a streetscape can be developed to help a city form or revitalize its identity.

underground

covered street

53

covered street merrakech

narrow street seville

skywalk minneapolis

underground tokyo

tall building new york city

precedent studies streetscape typologies

wide street beijing

precedent studies narrow street typology - seville the medieval narrow street typology was developed around pedestrian movement and occupation. the narrow streets coupled with proportionally taller buildings blocks direct sunlight into the street, keeping pedestrian pathways cool in the hot climate. the traditional balconies provide a connection to building interiors, allowing the street space to expand into the buildings and blur the boundary between public and private realms. public street life is very active, with outdoor cafes, markets, and gatherings being an integral part of daily life.

57

precedent studies tall building typology - new york city the tall building typology is a postindustrialization phenomenon reflecting a movement toward urban density. this typology provides equal street allocation for pedestrian and automobile paths. ground level storefront glazing allows the street to expand into buildings, promoting a constant flux of people between the interior and the street. building setback ordinances allow sunlight to penetrate all the way down to the street, providing natural light and creating open expanses of visual access within the city grid.

59

precedent studies wide street typology - beijing the modern development of the automobilecentric wide street typology is a reflection of a culture focused on ownership and self-reliance. the street is designed for the automobile with pedestrian paths, if present, serving as an afterthought. there is a lack of street culture and interaction, with people moving from one destination to another in their own private vehicles and not actively occupying the street. often this typology will feature crossover bridges instead of on-street crosswalks to allow for the unimpeded flow of vehicular traffic.

61

precedent studies skywalk typology - minneapolis the city skywalk typology elevates the pedestrian walkway above the street, layering paths of movement and separating the pedestrian and the automobile. these skywalks allow for a network of indoor pedestrian movement between buildings, requiring public access spaces within connecting buildings. in this typology, interactions occur within the enclosed environment of walkways and public spaces, making a new relationship between interiors and the street.

63

precedent studies underground typology -tokyo the underground typology layers movement below the street, typically in connection with underground rail systems. this system allows pedestrians to move unhindered by automobile traffic and street crossings, bringing the crosswalk and even movement along entire city blocks below ground level. the network of underground systems allow for even more pedestrian movement as it provides an entire second streetscape. the main drawback of this type of system is the difficulty of bringing natural light into the subterranean spaces.

65

precedent studies covered street typology -marrakesh the covered street typology provides a distinctive indoor-outdoor experience of the public street. the covered street can be created in interstitial spaces between buildings, and does not require a significant amount of infrastructure. these covered streets are generally occupied as markets and spaces of public gathering. light is brought into the spaces through perforations in the “roof�material. the space transforms throughout the period of a single day, changing from a wide empty corridor to a bustling, intimate marketplace. vendors set up and take down their stalls every day, making the covered marketplace a constantly changing streetscape.

67

site investigation occupancy cycles site selection: south grand

69

delmar loop

euclid avenue lindell blvd laclede’s landing washington avenue market street the grove

south grand blvd cherokee street

delmar loop

laclede’s landing

euclid avenue

washington avenue

lindell blvd

market street

site investigation areas of high occupancy + movement in saint louis to create a building which internalizes the vibration of the streetscape, a site must be located along a high occupancy street which is a nucleus for activity within its neighborhood. here the new building can draw from the cycles of occupation to create a new, successful establishment within the city. ideally, this site is easily accessible by multiple modes of transit, including automobiles, the metro, bicycles, and easy pedestrian access. the site investigation looks into cycles of occupancy to determine where a new building will most effectively embody the constant ux of urban vibration in the city.

the grove

cherokee street

south grand blvd 71

delmar loop

euclid avenue

lindell blvd

laclede’s landing

washington avenue

market street

the grove

cherokee street

south grand blvd

site investigation daily occupancy cycles

occupancy increase

south grand blvd

south grand is a dinner destination, but occupancy drops off sharply afterwards due to an absence of evening activities. to reach optimal occupancy the street needs to create nighttime occupation and increase daytime activity.

a new building will intensify the momentum by injecting an aspect of nightlife as well as provide program to draw more people during the daytime hours.

73

delmar loop

euclid avenue

lindell blvd

laclede’s landing

washington avenue

market street

the grove

cherokee street

south grand blvd

site investigation seasonal occupancy cycles

occupancy increase

south grand blvd

a newly renovated pedestrian-friendly streetscape, complimented by open air spaces which ow outward into the urban context will draw crowds of people to the area in the warmer months.

a design with flexible spaces that transform to accommodate changes in occupation and climate optimize year-round activity and build off current occupancy cycles.

75

south grand blvd

site selection south grand blvd located in the south city near tower grove park, south grand blvd is a vibrantly diverse neighborhood with an appreciation for an alternative lifestyle. a recent comprehensive streetscape revitalization and increase in development has put south grand blvd on the cusp of becoming a cultural hub within the city. currently, the area between arsenal street and utah street is generally mixed-use residential and commercial lots with a large number of new restaurants and independently owned enterprises. outdoor cafes and large trees populate the street, with fairly high vehicular traffic moving through at all hours of the day.

77

perception of the street edge

:00

:05

:10

:15

:20

:25

:30

site selection south grand blvd

79 :35

:40

:45

:50

:55

1:00

1:05

street wall elevation

:00

:05

:10

:15

:20

:25

:30

incongruity in street wall

81 :35

:40

:45

:50

:55

1:00

1:05

south grand boulevard

connecticut street

site selection south grand blvd

hartford street

juniata street

83

t.o. parapet 35’-6”

15’

50’

15’ typical street section

south grand boulevard great streets initiative by designworkshop

site selection streetscape details

streetscape materials

new streetscape features include a focus toward rainwater collection and usage, pedestrian and bicycle access, and accident prevention. green space has expanded to include mature trees, raised planters, and rain collection gardens. sustainable community-based design was at the forefront of the minds of the design team, whose goal was to create a street ready for increased development and high occupancy usage.

pervious pavers 85

south grand boulevard

south grand boulevard great streets initiative by designworkshop

juniata street

two-family residential

connecticut street

wyoming street

humphrey street single-family residential

commercial

site selection zoning plan tower grove park

arsenal street

hartford street

currently a parking lot, the building site sits adjacent to a high-traffic international foods store and is surrounded by restaurants and small boutique shops. in general south grand blvd in this area is zoned for commercial buildings with multi-family residential stretching outward into the surrounding historic residential neighborhoods. the proximity to tower grove park and wide, pedestrian-focused sidewalks encourage movement of people along south grand and throughout the neighborhood.

park

87

clerical + tech support manufacturing + labor

>$100k $65k-100k $40k-65k

other asian hispanic

$25k-40k sales + service black

$10k-$25k

professional + management occupation the neighborhood has an unemployment rate of only 5%, less than half the rate of the rest of saint louis

$0k-$10k median household income a large amount of residents are young, single people in the early stages of their careers

white ethnicity this neighborhood has the highest percentage of residents with sub-saharan ancestry in america (>10%)

same-sex couples

other spanish vietnamese + south asian languages

heterosexual couples orientation the percentage of same-sex couples in the neighborhood is higher than 99% of American neighborhoods

site selection neighborhood demographics the tower grove south neighborhood houses over 10,000 diverse residents in a tightly knit neighborhood of historic apartments and single-family homes. residents are a mix of young, single professionals, families, and a large community of same-sex couples. the funky vibe of the neighborhood is attributed to the alternative lifestyle and diverse mix of people. south grand is within walkable distance for most of these residents, making it a cultural attractor within its own community and saint louis as a whole.

english language spoken at home with 30% of the population born outside of america, many languages are spoken in this neighborhood

89

programmatic proposal site vibration building vibration architectural strategy

91

shopping

lunch

dinner

site vibration current condition

daily occupation

annual occupation

outdoor cafes

farmers market

93

marketplace

gallery

entertainment

nightlife

site vibration proposed condition

daily occupation

annual occupation

rooftop bar

farmers market

covered parking

95

marketplace

entertianment

parking

building vibration programmatic elements the chosen programmatic elements are designed to build upon the momentum already present in this diverse neighborhood to make south grand an entertainment and cultural center instead of only a restaurant district. flexible spaces such as the gallery, entertainment venues, and marketplace adjust to the flux of occupation and can equally accommodate large events or small, intimate neighborhood gatherings. these spaces can be opened up to the outdoors to allow the building to expand outward into its urban context and reach beyond its physical boundaries to become an anchor of activity in the community and the city as a whole.

gallery / exspace

rooftop bar

97

18,000 sf site area

x 3 stories

= 55,000 sf building area

rooftop bar

5,000 sf

gallery / flexspace

10,000 sf

parking

10,000 sf

entertainment venues music film

8,000 sf 4,000 sf

marketplace

15,000 sf

total

52,000 sf

building vibration programmatic areas

99

accommodating ux

spatial diversity

context connection

building vibration architecture in flux at the scale of a building, the idea of vibration relates to a flexible, accommodating architecture which responds and reacts to the flux of occupation and movement of visitors throughout the day. this type of architecture houses a variety of spaces based on diverse goals of spatial occupation. the interior spaces expand, literally and through visual access, outward into the street and larger urban context. building materials interact with light, sound, and movement to create an ever-changing, dynamic environment. vibration in architecture refers to a building design which is never static, but rather in a constant state of ux and change.

material interactions

constant change

101

phenomenon

material

interaction

light

glass

reflection + refraction

sound

wood

resonation

movement

metal

reverberation + reflection

human scale

inside/outside relation

architectural strategy material implications the building material palette further enhances the building vibration by forming interactions with phenomena such as light, sound, heat, force, and movement. materials like glass, wood, and metal can have multiple interactions which may vary from day to night and throughout the year, based on changing levels of occupation. the materials are scaled to relate to the occupants and variations in porosity, opacity, and reflection begin to blur the distinction between inside and out. this connection between the public realm of the street and the more private building interior defines a public sort of architecture, where interactions are not limited by physical space but rather expand outward into the surrounding context.

103

fold-up surfaces

pivoting surfaces

operable sunshading

architectural strategy building flexibility

retractable surfaces

pneumatic membranes

105

building vibration occupational movement

107

building vibration programmatic relationships

109

architectural strategy architecture in flux architecture in flux describes an architectural strategy which optimizes flexibility for fluid movement and changing occupation. the system is structured around the idea of a grid into which spatial pieces can be plugged in and activated based on occupation and need. spaces may expand, contract and move within the site, accommodating the different program types and forming inherent connections between them. these spaces can be cross-programmed for even more experiential variety, creating an architecture which is constantly changing within itself and within its larger urban context.

111

architectural strategy architecture in flux

113

building precedents soulard market tower grove farmer’s market marrakesh market 1111 lincoln road eataly elbe philharmonic

115

marketplace

parking

entertainment venue

precedent studies building precedents the mixed program within the building creates the challenge of forming spaces designed to accommodate multiple purposes. a wide variety of spaces in terms of both scale and atmosphere are required to house the different programmatic pieces. the physical and visual proximity of spaces, as well as access between them, must be negotiated in order to promote the desired movement through the building while differentiating private versus more public activity within. the mixing of market space with entertainment venues and parking provides fluctuations of usage and occupation throughout the day, making the spatial relationships a critical element in the design.

117

building precedents soulard market 730 carroll street st louis, missouri 1929 the soulard farmers market is a long-standing institution in the historic soulard neighborhood of saint louis. open year-round, the market is home to a changing selection of vendors who sell their produce, cheeses, meats, and crafts weekly. the building is a single-story, semi-open air corridor with stalls lined along the sides. parking for vendors runs along the outside of the building aligned with the stalls for loading convenience. though it is open year-round, the market has constantly changing activity levels with more visitors during the weekends and in the summer months.

119

building precedents tower grove farmer’s market tower grove park st louis, missouri annually May-November the tower grove farmers market is a seasonal market which takes place on weekends in the park. vendors drive in and set up their stalls and tents in rows to create a series of open air pedestrian corridors along the park’s ample pathways. the tents are generally equally sized, breaking down the long strips of vendors into individual modules. visitors generally come to the market on foot, making the pilgrimage a weekend ritual for neighborhood residents. the increased foot traffic during these months is reflected in the activity of adjacent south grand boulevard, making a connection between this seasonal market and a more permanent market along the street a symbiotic relationship.

121

building precedents eataly new york 200 fifth avenue tpg architecture 2010 eataly is a combination of market, restaurants, cooking school, winery, and grocer in one location. the open space allows for fluid visitor movement between the various stalls and counters, prompting casual encounters and spontaneous conversation among visitors. the market offers high-quality local produce and imported foods to appeal to a culinary clientele. on the roof, a beer garden and small plates restaurant continues the momentum into the night. this venue embodies the full scale of dining experiences, from the purchasing of ingredients to enjoying meals high above the city.

123

building precedents 1111 lincoln road miami, florida herzog + de meuron 2010 this structure takes the idea of a parking garage to a new level as it incorporates retail, residential, and event spaces along with framing the parked vehicles in light. its expansive floors can accommodate numerous occupational scenarios, including weddings, farmers markets, black tie affairs, and parking by vehicles of any size. this building demonstrates the untapped architectural potential of the parking structure, moving it forward from just a place for parked cars to a place of vibrant social interaction.

125

building precedents albi major theatre albi, france dominique perrault 2011 competition the theatre is a cultural center in the historic urban fabric of a medieval city. the large theatre is held within the larger volume of the building, allowing the peripheries to be unencumbered and promoting an interaction between the building and the street. the building facade, like the spaces, is layered; a layer of brick covered by a perforated metal screen modulates the human scale and creates a play with light and shadow both inside and out. large interior spaces are flexible and can accommodate the flux of activity based upon diverse occupational changes.

127

building precedents elbe philharmonic hall am kaiserkai, 20457 hamburg, germany herzog + de meuron 2007-present the philharmonic hall houses not only a large-scale symphony hall but also parking, residences, offices, and retail spaces all integrated with a historic warehouse structure. the program is layered sectionally to create a plethora of spatial varieties and plays up the idea of how program pieces can intermingle into a densely populated, highuse building. the spaces configured around the concert hall express the contours of the theatre space, creating a resonance of the formal language radiating outward from the crowning programmatic piece.

129

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131

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“space and time are the framework within which the mind is constrained to construct its experience of reality� immanuel kant