Mijburg by Abi Haire

Mijburg. IJBURG.

A study to explore the potential island development of Ijburg, Amsterdam.

Abigail Haire Daniel Ridgway Hannah Murton Roger Williams

PGDip Landscape Architecture Leeds Metropolitan University. 2013.

Contents Introduction.......................................................................7 History.............................................................................15 Ecology.....................................................................21 Culture..........................................................................33 Prior Development...............................................................43 Analysis.........................................................................51 Case Studies........................................................................57 Vision.........................................................................73 Conceptual Development.....................................................95 Masterplan........................................................................121 Detailed Design..................................................................133 Model...................................................................181 References..............................................................191

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Introduction.

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Introduction The purpose of this document is to illustrate the proposed vision for the new island developments taking place in the River Ij in Amsterdam. The proposals for the new islands have been studied after comprehensive analysis of the existing Steigereiland and Ijburg developments, and have been designed to showcase an exemplary model of contemporary urban living. This document intends to be read in conjunction with current planning documents and to be used as a vision for further planning proposals in this area.

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Location -The Netherlands The Netherlands is a country in Northern Europe, bordered by the North Sea, Germany and Belgium. It is characterised by its very flat landscape and locality to water. Amsterdam is the capital city of the Netherlands, with a total population of 820,654. The population is continuing to rise at a steady rate and as such puts a great amount of pressure on the need for housing. Amsterdam itself is located on the south bank of the River Ij, and is connected to the North Sea by a series of canals and shipping channels.

Amsterdam

NE T HE RL AND S

The city is mostly built on reclaimed land, the result of dredging of the Ij, and as such one of the characteristics of the city is the pattern of radial canals that slice through the city fabric. Historically, the need for land in Holland, in particular the pressure for housing in Amsterdam, has always led to land reclamation. The new island development to the south-east of the city centre is called the Ijburg, and is the project focus for this study.

B EL GIUM

GE RM A NY

AMST E RDA M

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Steigereiland and the Ijburg Steigereiland and Ijburg were built to try and ease the continual pressure for land and residential development within Amsterdam. The original plans to reclaim land from the Ij in this area were first drafted in the 1960s and the ensuing 40 years saw the continual refinement and revising of these plans. In the early 1990s the final designs for the islands went into construction. Steigereiland and Ijburg have been slowly developing over the last decade, yet it is only within the last five years that people have begun to live and work on the islands. The financial crisis of 2008 brought the construction of the third and fourth islands of the Ijburg development to a halt, and it is this which will form the design development of this document. The figure below shows the Ijburg in context to Amsterdam city and the River Ij.

A M ST ERDA M CITY CENTRE

ST E IG ERE ILAND AND IJBURG

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Statement

To build an exemplary model for contemporary living, within a vibrant urban social fabric that will evolve into the future.

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Identity To create cohesive spaces that progress in character and quality, allowing for a sense of ownership.

Culture To provide social and visual stimulation using a variety of activities and functions.

Ecology To promote biodiversity through a range of environmentally rich spaces.

Longevity To ensure the continuing success of current and future developments.

ijburg . MMijburg Ecology

Culture

Aims

Identitiy

Longevity

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History.

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Historical Development Plan Amsterdam formed into a true settlement after the amalgamation of a few hamlets in the mid 14th Century. Over the next two centuries Amsterdam was on the main trade route and became an attractive city for pilgrims. It was forced to enlarge its boundaries for military protection. The following centuries ensued with the growth of different neighbourhoods and the enlargement of military boundaries in a radial pattern, centring around the oldest part of the city. Amsterdam continued to grow in this fashion well into the 20th Century.

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Markermeer and Ijsselmeer were recorded by the romans as a lake or series of lakes called Lacus Flevo, with only narrow connections to the sea. In the 12th century the sea broke through the sand dunes to the north causing mass flooding. Flooding continued up until the 15th century

1270: First dam built on the Amstel river. Leading to the origins of the name Amsterdam; Amstelredamme (Dam on the River Amstel)

1275: Local lord granted Amstelredamme to levy taxes

1323: Given sole right to import German beer.

1300: Officially given city status

1865-1876: Construction of the North Sea Canal

1889: Construction of Central Station

1648: Netherlands obtains independence

1795-1814: Under French occupancy

1904: Hendril Berlage presents the Plan Zuid, development plan for south of the river; it was rejected as it was seen to be too expensive.

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1914: Berlage submits second plan made up of narrow streets, long building blocks and a wide main axis.

1542: The union of the Netherlands created with Brussels named as the capital.

1519: Taken under Spanish rule.

1585: Antwerp (the 3rd largest port in Europe) under rebel control is under siege by the Spanish. Due to this Amsterdam see a huge increase in trade and economic boom. The fall on Antwerp saw the split between Holland and Belgium.

1568: Start of the 80 year war, the Dutch revolt but Amsterdam stays loyal to Spain. 1602: Construction begins of the 3 centre canal rings. Also Amsterdam became the site of the first stock exchange, where the Dutch west Indian company floated the shares.

1630: Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world as a result of the ‘Dutch Golden Age’; a migration of educated, wealthy and powerful Protestants from southern Holland.

1640: Dutch East Indian Company get trade monopoly with Japan. 1914-1918: Netherlands remain neutral in WW1.

1940-1944: Under German control during WW2

1917: Berlage’s second plan approved and construction starts.

1975: Marijuana is legalised

2001: Netherlands becomes the first country to legalise same sex marriage

2011: Government announces a bill banning tourists from coffee shops.

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Ecology.

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Ecological History For hundreds of years Amsterdam has been one of Europe’s centres of research of flora and fauna. As far back as the 17th Century the University of Amsterdam was conducting research on exotic species of plants and animals brought to the city for study by the Dutch East and West India Companies. However, it wasn’t until the late 1800s that any studies were taken of local wildlife and plantlife. The study of local nature was brought to the fore in 1900 when a series of booklets about indigenous flora and fauna was published by schoolmasters Eli Heimans and J.P. Thijsse. Originally aimed at teenagers, the booklets became popular with adults and instigated an increased interest in field biology. In 1935 the General Extension Plan of Amsterdam included two new types of green space into an increasingly urban environment. These were ‘wedges of greenery as articulating elements between new urban districts and strips of greenery alongside roadways’ (Jaap Deen. 2009) The Amsterdam BOS is a good example of this in practice; 1,000 hectares of recreational forest was planted between 1930 and 1967 by previously unemployed workers. The result of which was not only a unique ecological achievement, but also an injection of economy into the city. Over the following forty years policy and planning was put into place to protect and enhance biodiversity all over Europe. In 1990 the term National Ecological Network (EHS) was introduced in the Nature Policy Plan devised by the then Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries. Today, the Netherlands has a diverse and exciting mix of habitats, and species that populate them. The Flora and Fauna Act came into force on 1 April 2002 and is aimed at protecting the biodiversity of the Netherlands, in line with European agreements.

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An Amsterdam Agenda for Biodiversity

“

In a city where space and money are scarce, urban nature must also defend its right to exist. Nature is still not firmly rooted in Amsterdam’s planological mindset and there are no clear-cut policy goals. This must change if Amsterdam wants to make a substantive difference, calling for: 1. A robust structure of landscape, greenery and nature, i.e. define and nurture the city’s ecological network. 2. A system of high-quality ‘wildlife amenities’ – nature gardens, wild tracts of parkland, hands-on school gardens, children’s farms – for recreation and for the education of youngsters. 3. The appointment of intermediaries or ‘pilots’ to coordinate supply and demand. 4. Supplying plenty of information to local citizens and to the international community about the potential uses of nature and greenery, via internet and other media. 5. A nature museum as the pivotal hub for the network of local and international nature organizations and all other parties that share interfaces with biodiversity. 6. Additional investment in scientific research and novel academic approaches: Amsterdam might excel in making inventories of its nature, but research into the ecology of Amsterdam and environs is trailing far behind. 7. Monitoring and feedback. 8. Share expertise and skills, presenting opportunities to study and gain practical experience. The integration of biodiversity in other sectors is the best way to ‘green the city’, by encouraging green rooftops, for example. 9. Integration in metropolitan strategy, by endeavouring to approach urban nature as an asset in all aspects of improving the city – urban planning, infrastructure, water, social and economic aspects.

“

10. Structural funding: ambitions must be accompanied by dependable costings and budgets, otherwise they cannot be considered a vision for the future but are merely pipe-dreams.

Jaap Deen. 2009

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Existing Habitat Types According to the Municipality of Amsterdam, their habitats can be broadly broken down into 7 groups: - buildings - infrastructure - managed green - bush - water and shores - reed swamp - agriculture Plants and animals in Amsterdam are not just limited to these particular habitat types, but are of the most common places to find the wide range of biodiversification that takes place. (See plan on following page for biotope areas)

BUILDINGS: At first glance buildings may seem a rather bleak environment, however they offer a warmer temperature and much needed shelter from the wind, and as such provide a safe habitat for many birds and small mammals. Swift, Urban Dove, House Mouse, Brown Rat, Little Bat, Tongue Fern, and Wall Fern are a few of the types of flora and fauna that reside within buildings in Amsterdam. INFRASTRUCTURE: Many forms of plant and animal life seem to thrive along the edges of highways, canals, waterways and rail tracks in Amsterdam. In particular, the different types of soil and sand used to build can lead to a diverse range of plant species that colonise these areas. The Grass Snake and Sand Lizard are two reptile types that can often be found on the outskirts of the city, residing in the safe harbour of infrastructure. MANAGED GREEN: Parks and gardens as well as allotments, cemeteries and sports parks are intensively managed in Amsterdam, but also house a range of animals and plants. The very wet clay soil which makes up most of Amsterdam limits the plant variety you can find in the managed forests. However species of bat such as the Pipistrelle Bat, and Dwarf Bat find shelter in the parks and gardens. The hedges and shrubs in cemeteries and allotments, parks and sports grounds are essential for the House Sparrow and Tree Sparrow. BUSH: The biotope ‘bush’ or ‘rough green’ generally takes place where development within the city has ceased and plants and wildlife have reclaimed this space. It is unmanaged and therefore makes for a ‘wilder’ environment. The flora and fauna is determined on stages of natural progression, for example it is dependent on how much colonisation of plants has taken place. Many species such as rabbit, fox, and pheasant will reside in such areas as well as many insects, bat and bird types. WATER AND SHORES: Amsterdam sits between a confluence of fresh water and salty water, and where it meets can create large expanses of brackish water. The water levels are maintained constant and as such can create a lull in the dynamics along the banks of waterways. However, there is over 60 species of marine and freshwater fish that frequent the canals, dikes, dams, locks and polders of Amsterdam. Lamprey, Salmon and Fint dwell mostly in the sea but are drawn into the rivers for breeding. The city centre plays host to Greeb, Coot and Mallard, who make their nests within the canals using floating material. Many boggy and waterlogged areas host a variety of aquatic and marginal plants.

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REED SWAMP: Much of the naturally occurring reed swamps and peat areas have disappeared within Amsterdam as the land was being used for intense development and building. Some remain outside of the city boundaries and can be divided into peat moss and flowery reeds. The rare Root Vole is a mammal that resides within this watery biotope and is rarely found outside of the Netherlands. This habitat also supports the Water Shrew and a variety of water-loving insects. The flowery reeds are an excellent habitat for the Grass Snake, as they can swim as well as move across land. Specific plant species in this biotope are include Round Sundew, Sphagnum Orchis and Marshmallow. AGRICULTURE: The agricultural fields surrounding Amsterdam were originally grass meadows. With the reduction of the soil levels, and the water table at only 1.5m below the surface, the agriculture takes the form of mostly dairy farming. The meadows that now exist host a variety of birds and mowing is taken under caution of the breeding and rearing of meadow birds such as Godwit, Redshank and Snipe.

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Amsterdam Target List The Municipality of Amsterdam has recently updated its ‘Target List’ of species, animals and plants, that are in decline and need to be protected. The ‘Red List’ has been complied by the Ministry of Agriculture and is updated every ten years. 2012 saw the inclusion of many species onto the Red List which are threatened. Inclusion on the Red List does not necessarily mean that the species is then protected. Policy in the Netherlands states that particular species must then be added to the Flora and Fauna Act to acquire protection status. The proposals for the new island development intends to create habitat locations for as many species of flora and fauna on the Target List as possible.

BLACK = CONTINUE TO PROVIDE HABITAT RED = THREATENED SPECIES

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MAMMALS

BIRDS

Pipistrelle Bat Serotine Bat Pond Bat Root vole Rough pipistrelle Water Shrew Water Bat Squirrel

Bluethroat Blue Heron Swallow Ringed Plover Barnacle Goose Marsh harrier Little Tern Swift Godwit Homester Martin Kingfisher Ruff Avocet Linnet Tufted Duck Willow Tit Nightingale Smew Long-eared Owl Tree Sparrow Bittern Peregrine Shoveler Pochard Redshank Skylark Common Tern Black-headed Gull

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS

FISH

INSECTS

PLANTS

Grass snake Sand Lizard Natterjack

Bitter Roach River lamprey Spined loach Catfish Bullhead

Groene glazier

Bee Orchis Bladder Fern Ramsons Yellow corydalis Green Steel Twayblade Dog Spice Beetle Orchis Pellitory Marsh Wasps Orchis Reed Orchis Round sundew Schubvaren Stone Carnation Saxifrage Boating Rigid hard grass Tongue Fern Sphagnum Orchis Meadow Clary Fragrant night orchid Wild marjoram Black Steel

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Ecological Conclusions In a time when the building of entire artificial islands can be considered detrimental to the environment, it is important to take note of the existing and threatened species of flora and fauna that inhabit Amsterdam as a city. The current Ijburg and Steigereiland developments are testament to the fact that biodiversity can increase, in this case - double, with comprehensive design and habitat management. This will be the ultimate ecological goal for the new development. The intended design for the creation of land and marine habitats is a main objective for the new islands, with the hope that these will grow and develop naturally within the space provided. The education of residents and the showcasing of diverse habitats on the new development will also ensure continued longevity for flora and fauna alike.

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Culture.

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Amsterdam Culture Amsterdam is an international city of culture with a vast array of cultural venues. It is a place where the architecture is diverse and which offers a wide selection of world class entertainment including arts, music, photography, film, theatre and museums. For centuries Amsterdam has been one of the leading centres of culture in Europe. A lively mix of street performers and live bands in bars and cafes complete this rich and lively scene. In total the city has 51 museums, 55 theatres and music venues and more than 140 commercial art galleries. Today it’s also a hub of modern art, design and architecture. Residents really get into the “cultural calendar,” celebrating its kick-off with an annual festival of musical and theatrical performances. Amsterdam’s cultural policy assures that cultural development will continue to be a strong pillar in society.

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Cultural Policy The City of Amsterdam values the arts as a way to bind communities together - stimulating cultural and economic development in its own right. The cultural policy of the city of Amsterdam has been developed by the Arts & Culture arm of the Welfare Department, which clearly promotes a policy that nurtures this belief into reality, not only relying on the historical culture embedded in its surroundings, but supporting current cultural developments in the city. It’s main objectives are: • • •

Development of the city’s arts and culture policy. Promotion of cultural life. Granting subsidies to museums, theatres, concert halls and other cultural establishments.

Funding

The Arts & Culture office of the Department of Social Development provides funding through the Art Fund for a very broad selection of areas in the arts. Funding is provided for an abundance of amateur as well as established arts, including: stage, arts, film, museums, festivals, galleries, art leasing programmes, and public libraries, among many other areas. The arts sector provides employment for more than 12,000 people in Amsterdam.

Mijburg

These cultural policies will help kick start the promotion of cultural events and arts education within Mijburg. It will also encourage creative industries which in turn will lead to a diverse, social, lively and integrated community atmosphere.

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Active Amsterdam Amsterdam is an extremely active city, with the majority of the population leading a healthy lifestyle, regularly incorporating activity into their daily lives. There is an underlying belief that sport and exercise are key in living a healthy, happy life and the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population takes advantage of this regularly. Cycling is the primary means of transport around the city, therefore providing adequate cycle paths throughout Mijburg is essential to the success of the development. Year round, inhabitants make use of gyms, sport centres, swimming pools and other centres to participate in everything from aerobics to pilates to yoga. Promoting health and exercise on Mijburg will be key to attracting potential residents and visitors. This can be done by ensuring there are numbers activities available in all seasons for people to partake in. Making use of the surrounding water for varied watersports and activities will also help show off the potential Mijburg has as a community based development. Ensuring there are multiple forms of play opportunity for children of different ages and development stages will help create a fun, safe and active lifestyle for the community.

Bikes (fietsen) are an inescapable part of Dutch culture. Without one, the path is just a long and lonely stretch of concrete. www.iamsterdam.com

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

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Diversity Amsterdam has been witnessing a great increase in diversity from ethnic minorities as well as residents from Europe and abroad, ultimately contributing to its diverse and lively culture. The City of Amsterdam recognises the value this diversity has on society and culture and has created policies to reinforce this. With over 170 different nationalities and a 45% ethnic minority, the population of Amsterdam is one of the most diverse in Europe. The first mass immigration in the 20th century included predominantly Indonesians, who came to Amsterdam for employment opportunities. During the 1960s, workers from Morocco, Italy, Turkey and Spain also came and settled on the Amsterdam mainland. After the southern American country Suriname obtained independence, many Surinamese people settled in Amsterdam.

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The City values the benefits that a diverse society has on city culture and has policies to prevent the formation of ghettos in boroughs with an over-representation of ethnic minorities. Within Amsterdam there is also a wide diversity of faiths and religious groups. To ensure that the Mijburg represents the cultural diversity of Amsterdam in a positive way, design sensitivity for ethnic diversity will have to be taken into account at all stages of the development process.

Tourism Culture is becoming an increasingly important reason for people to visit Amsterdam. Research by the Amsterdam Visitor Survey (Bezoekersonderzoek) 2012 conducted by the Amsterdam Tourism & Convention Board (ATCB), revealed that visitors to the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area are attaching increasing importance to the range of cultural activities on offer in the region, both as an initial reason to plan a trip to Amsterdam and in relation to how they spend their time. The survey comprises the views of more than 10,000 visitors to the Amsterdam Metropolitan Area. The percentage of tourists that visit a museum during their stay rose from 73% in 2007 to 85% in 2011. An increase in general appreciation of the available cultural activities was noted across the board. Currently other than the wide array of interesting architecture, the Ijburg has little to offer in terms of culture for tourists. It is missing out on huge potential to become one of the essential attractions to people visiting Amsterdam, especially as it is in such close proximity to Amsterdam Centre. Mijburg has an opportunity to create a cultural heart or district which could put on various functions, events and activities throughout the year aimed at drawing people to Mijburg from the City Centre.

32%

Amsterdam Visitor Survey results:

of tourists identified â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;cultureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; as one of the most positive aspects of the city

Reasons for visiting and activities:

Visiting a museum

85% Dining out

70%

Provisions for retail and dining will be essential to cater for a lively social atmosphere for both the residential community and tourists. Visiting a cafe / bar

65% Shopping

53% IJBURG.

- Education - Museums / theatres / cinemas / galleries - Architecture

Arts

Culture Diversity

Health

Policy

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Social

- Religion / spirituality - Food - Ethnic background

- Variety of play opportunities - Bicycle / pedestrian friendly - Year round sports provisions

- Cultural events funding - Promotion of cultural life - Cultural establishment subsidies

- Active frontages / cultural heart - Community centres / spaces - Dining and retail

Cultural Plan

Promoting arts education

Provisions for retail and dining

Design sensitivity for ethnic diversity

Creation of a cultural district or heart

Promotion of cultural events

Encouragement for creative industries

Catering for year-round fitness activities

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Prior Development.

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1948 Van den Broek and Bakema Architects Van den Broek and Bakema Architects design tackled the gradual, unavoidable urban sprawl sweeping through the Netherlands. Their large scale ideas worked on an optimistic belief in the malleability of society. The design accommodated 350,000 inhabitants (the Ijburg design currently has 18,000 inhabitants). One of the main features was to incorporate linear streets with buildings 40 stories high running perpendicular to a central traffic axis leading to the core. Buildings towards the periphery were lower allowing inhabitants to enjoy the recreational function of the water and landscape everyday. This plan never came to fruition as by the mid 1960s, enthusiasm for the economic state and potentials of society waned.

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1996 Palmbout Urban Landscape Palmbout Urban Landscape based their design less on infrastructure and lines and more on the existing context of nature and water. The design did not use dykes to reclaim the Ijmeer, but instead proposed a city model built on a loose arrangement of archipelagoes. The openings between each island celebrate the visual and ecological transparency of the archipelago. The result of this is a diverse set of water edge conditions, for example some are beaches and shorelines which function like those of a natural lake, whilst others take on the character of a hard-surfaced urban harbour. While the design of the archipelago was regarded as slightly odd, the public spaces on the islands have a simple geometric structure. Within this structure each space establishes its own relationship with the city and the landscape. Besides residential and work areas, IJburg has a marina, a beach, a cemetery and various new nature reserves.

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McDonough + Partners - Present McDonough + Partners were asked to explore how development could proceed without causing negative environmental impacts to Lake Ijmeer. They came up with a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Sustainable Dashboardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; scoring intended Ijburg design outcomes against the outcomes of environmental performance. The outcome of the Sustainable Dashboard was a set of design principles to be used for furthering development. These principles are: 1. Ijburg 2 will plan for change 2. Ijburg 2 will be powered by renewable energy 3. Ijburg 2 will strengthen the health and vitality of the Ijmeer 4. Ijburg 2 will integrate urban and natural experiences through design 5. Ijburg 2 will demonstrate leadership through collaboration and innovation 6. Ijburg 2 will create and maintain a safe, open and cohesive community that provides residents with access, choice and quality at all scales 7. Ijburg will eliminate the concept of waste

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Conclusions drawn Taking elements from all three previous development plans Mijburg will explore the idea of a central axis linking together key nodes; allowing peripheral areas to take full advantage of the surrounding spaces, taking inspiration from the surrounding landscape. Predominately working with the principles put forward by McDonough + Partners, the development of Mijburg will investigate sustainable design to create a balanced environment between built form and habitat.

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Analysis.

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SelfBuild: interesting showcase

Inlets: good link with nature bridges allow for views along canal accessible eco-corridor central marginal plants create habitat

Northeast edge: lack of character not welcoming

Park: dynamic level change space for exercise break from urban exposed sparse lacking variety no green link

Park: breaks up urban grain potential when trees mature provides play for children simple

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Tram line Tram stops Marginal planting Hard edge Key views

Soft edge Tram lineline Tram

Marina:

Residential Key destinations

alive active frontages interaction with water destination spot Self build residential street Mainly residential with shops/amenities at relaxing ground level peaceful engaging

Religious building recreation wind School/Educational building surfing

Tram stops Tram stop Marginal planting Marginal planting Hard edge Hard edge Soft edge Soft edge

Important views Key views Key destinations Key destinations Self build residential street

Self build street

Residential Residential

neglected forgotten exposed

Residential Mainly residential and with shops/amenities at ground level retail mix Religiousbuilding building Faith

Marina

Beach landscape

Beach: access to water bar, unique natural form calm feeling tranquil

School/Educational building Education

Marina Marina

Beach landscape Beach

Under construction

Derelict/empty

Under construction Under construction Derelict/empty Derelict Green open space

Green open space

Green space Existing transport network

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Amsterdam mainland

Strengths • • • •

Close proximity to city centre Excelent transport links Established island communities Access to large public open space - Diemer Park • Access to unique Beachscape • Marina creates vibrant atmosphere through active frontage and interaction with water • Variety of building types ranging from self builds to social housing

Existing Opportunities • New commercial development providing job opportunites and economic boost • Social community • Heart and cohesion between islands • More public open space

Weakness • Minimal access to varied green space • Not a destination, no pull from central Amsterdam • No visible social hub or community heart • Social Housing segregation • Lack of play opportunities • Limited active frontages

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Proposed Opportunities • Maximise the use of water • Increase biodiversity • Design new island development form and shape based on function • To create a pioneering model for sustainablity • Opportunity to ensure longevity • Create communities to live, work and play • Blank Canvas

Proposed Threats • • • • • •

Existing Threats

Displacement of water Climate change Disruption of marine environment Detachment from city centre Slow uptake of residences Economic uncertainty - potential lack of work opportunities • Construction cost

• Slow uptake of residences • Potential for it to become a thoroughfare • Detachment from city centre • Disruption from future construction

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Case studies.

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Malmö Western Harbour Malmö´s Western Harbour is located to the west of Malmo City centre, in southern Sweden. The Harbour was once a decaying, contaminated industrial area that has now been developed into an exciting sustainable urban environment. 21 acres of mixed use development provide 30,000 people with the facilities to live, work, play and study. The design focused on sustainability in the area, creating a self sufficient energy supply and waste treatment system. The site is powered by 100% renewable energy. Twenty different developers and thirty different architecture firms provided input into the buildings designs, varying living styles from traditional and conservative to modern and edgy. The utilization of green space and storm water management techniques have been two of the main factors of its success. Half of the footprint of the design was designated to green space. Storm water is managed through a series of open channels that run throughout the complex. These channels correspond to biotopes providing new habitats for animals. The idea of managing storm water could be applied to Mijburg, encouraging new biotopes to establish and enhance general ecology on the islands. Another successful aspect of the Western Harbour is the restriction of vehicles. The design has small access routes for goods deliveries and emergency services, but most residents park their vehicles outside the area and then walk to their homes. Bicycles and pedestrians have priority, and the area can be easily reached from the rest of Malmö on buses. Western Harbour can be used as a model for sustainable development well into the future.

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The Garden City Movement Sir Ebenezer Howard began the Garden City Movement in 1898 as a new method of urban design in the UK. Garden cities were intended to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by green land, including proportionate amounts of industry, agriculture and housing. Howardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s idea was to design viable economic communities rather than mere housing developments. Industry, public buildings and housing were carefully combined to create an environment on a human scale, where the manmade was balanced with nature. The advantages of the most energetic and active town life, with all the beauty and delight of the country, may be secured in perfect combination (Howard, 1898) The plans to the right show the close knit integration of residential, industrial and green open space. A central hub links seamlessly to smaller hubs which provide cultural, recreational and shopping facilities for ease of access wherever you live. Local food sourcing, job creation and community ownership were all also of high importance in the garden city. Mijburg aims to take elements from the Garden city principles to help take the best from town and country living including: - Prioritising access to green - Sourcing food locally - agriculture / allotments - Integrated and accessible transport systems - Mixed tenure homes which are affordable to all - A strong variety of local employment opportunities, within easy commuting distance

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Welwyn and Letchworth Garden Cities , Hertfordshire, 61 England

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Historically cities and towns were built around rivers and waterways to provide water for drinking, irrigation, waste and the transport of goods. Towns that were established around harbours and ports became affluent due to the large amount of goods being transported through them. Water has always been a successful navigational and transport medium. In the past two hundred years, since the fall of the Industrial Revolution, cities and towns have looked to the water as a place for redevelopment: to become a destination to relax, work, live and enjoy. Amsterdam has always been a city of water, and so has a extensive history of using the water recreationally as well as commercially. But some places have only recently begun to explore the way in which an active waterfront can provide people with an environment in which to spend time. The Simcoe Wavedeck in Toronto, Canada is a perfect example of this. Designed by West 8 Architects and completed in under 8 months, the waterfront was opened in June 2009.

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DESIGN & USES The wavedeck is a uniquely Canadian structure that exists nowhere else in the world. The design of the wavedeck was inspired by the shorelines of Ontario’s great lakes and the Canadian cottage experience. The geometry of the wavedeck’s impressive curves is unprecedented. The wavedeck is an urban dock that is both a piece of art and a functional gathering space. It is a completely flexible structural space. The stairs act as an informal amphitheatre and the varying heights of the deck allow for different vantage points and ultimately different experiences with the lake. The form allows people to interpret the space in many different ways – the large open space on the east side can serve as a gathering space during events or as a staging space for buskers and other performers. The steps can be used as seating while the two large swells feature slender stainless steel railings that follow the undulations of the waves in the deck. These railings which curve inward, are designed to differentiate the artistic portions of the deck from the public areas. They also help wandering visitors negotiate the slopes. The 30 metre backless bench acts as an elegant barrier to the water while also providing seating for users of the space.

“

Waterfront Design

Toronto Waterfront. 2009

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Homezone A Homezone is a residential street in which the road space is shared equally between pedestrians and vehicles. The priorities of the street design is to slow traffic down, allow for safe use of road spaces by pedestrians and to create an altogether safer environment for all users.

As well as eliminating excessive traffic noise and speed, there is the creation of community gathering spaces.

Some key design features of Homezone design can be explored in the Dings area of Bristol, in the UK. This successful Homezone has used features such as change in paving, angled parking, tree planting and a Homezones have a very different sense of place and new cycle and walkway system. aesthetic to ordinary residential streets, as the main objective is for quality of life to take precedence over An area used previously for fly tipping has been ease of traffic movement. Often a homezone will be a transformed into a new community garden area and semi-enclosed environment, accommodating parking an arts program has been used to help local residents requirements, childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s play equipment, green space create some public art for the Homezone. Strategically placed tree planting and the location of the postbox are and shared space for traffic and people. used as traffic calming devices. The Homezone concept was pioneered in the Netherlands in the 1970s, and called woonerf. The new Changes in paving texture and colour allow for the Ijburg development will be housing 9,000 residents and designation of car parking spaces, pathways as well will draw on the Homezone concept to provide safe and as distinguish the entrance to the Homezone from the surrounding environment. comfortable streets for those residents. A good case study of a successful woonerf development The Mijburg development will seek to include homezone is in a district called Frederikstraat, The Hague, practice in all residential areas; ensuring the safety of neighbourhood streets and creating a sense of care Netherlands. within community. This Homezone has created a relaxed atmosphere, small children are able to roam the streets freely and play on the shared space. It has physically raised the pedestrian to the same level as the automobile, empowering those who choose alternative modes of transportation.

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Frederikstraat Homezone, The Haugue

The Dings, Bristol, UK

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Low-Energy Homes The Mijburg islands will be a sustainable development, which requires mindful consideration of energy usages. In Europe, the operation of buildings accounts for around 40 percent of all primary energy consumption. (Bosch Worldwide 2012) This amount can be greatly reduced through the construction of ‘Zero Energy Building’ and ‘Energy Plus Homes’. Zero energy buildings are structures with zero net energy consumption and zero carbon emissions annually. This concept has only recently been realised, this is predominantly down to improved understanding of how natural systems can help create stable internal temperatures, as well as taking advantage of modern materials and sun exposure. These include technologies such as ventilation and shower drain heat exchange (taking heat energy from waste materials). ‘Energy Plus Homes’ are buildings that produce more energy than they consume. This excess energy production can then be sold to the grid resulting in a small income for the household. These homes embrace both energy conservation methods as well as renewable energy production. Current policies such as one European directive stipulates that all new builds must produce virtually all their energy. In addition, by 2050 the EU aim to cut CO2 emissions by 80%. The majority of the commercial buildings on the new Mijburg development should aim to be zero energy homes and as such would act as a model for sustainable development.

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Car-free Development Introducing car-free developments is a relatively new movement that centres on the belief that vehicles dominate urban areas. This model is being adopted more and more for a number of reasons. 1. Social - By reducing the vehicle movement around a site the streets are opened up to social interaction, play and amenity space. 2. Mental - Vehicle noise reduction is believed to help reduce stress. 3. Physical - Without cars people look to alternative methods of transport, including walking and cycling. Fewer cars resulting in lower levels of air pollution. 5. Structural - less space given over to roads in the planning stages allows increased plot density and larger public open spaces. Vauban Case Study Vauban is an urban development in Frieburg, Germany which has adopted a car free approach to a housing development. This has been achieved though peripheral parking with the majority of central residential areas free from traffic (car access is permitted to houses but at a walking pace and for loading and drop off only). Car parking places cost around ÂŁ12500 with a monthly fee to cover costs. An early survey found that 57% of the residents owned a car, but by 2007 this had fallen to 20%. These numbers also reflect the extension of the tram network in 2006. Surveys have also found that car-free and ecological factors attracted families with 73% of households having children.

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Solar energy Solar energy is a proven source of clean power. In fact, a relatively small area of the Sahara desert receives enough energy to fuel the worlds energy consumption, assuming it could be transported. Applying these technologies to the Mijburg development would reduce carbon filled air pollutants and promote a sustainable future. The amount of solar radiation striking the earth over a three-day period is equivalent to the energy stored in all fossil energy sources. (www.altenergy.org. 2012)

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Freiburg Case Study Freiburg is know as the ‘Solar capital’. Located in southern Germany it sees 1800 hours of sunshine a year making it one of the sunniest cities in the country. They have capitalised on this by introducing solar panels across the top of their football stadium and having them built in to new constructions. Freiburg has managed to reduce is reliance on nuclear power to 10% when previously it was 60%.

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Bornholm, Denmark On the small Danish holiday island of Bornholm, a coalition of government, academia and industry are working on an innovative pilot program – the EDISON Project — that could provide some unique technical insights to help address the challenges of combining renewable energy with Electric Vehicles. The project will use the batteries of parked electric cars to store excess energy when the wind blows hard, and then feed electricity back into the grid when the weather is calm. The concept, known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is widely cited among people as a key step towards a lowcarbon future, but this has never been demonstrated. Wind energy could be collected and used in this way to power electric Micars on Mijburg. This would create a unique, green selling point for the island and drastically reduce the island’s carbon footprint.

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Wind Energy - Micar Renewable energy solutions company Urban Green Energy (UGE) and GE have developed the Sanya Skypump. It is an electric vehicle charging station that combines the technology of GEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s WattStation and UGEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sanya hybrid wind-solar street lamp. Bespoke designed Micar docking stations (shown right) will use wind energy to charge cars when parked in specified parking bays. Carparks also have individual charge points for every car. These are powered from solar panels across the island as well as the wind farm in the Ijmeer.

Micharge. IJBURG.

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Vision.

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Vision Statement

To integrate all 7 biotope habitat types within the urban city fabric, allowing for progression of both humans and nature within Mijburg.

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BUILDINGS

INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGED GREEN IJBURG.

ROUGH GREEN

Habitat Biotopes

WATER SHORES REED SWAMP AGRICULTURE IJBURG.

Each Habitat Biotope will be found distributed on the new Mijburg development, ensuring the continued survival of Amsterdamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s biodiversity 77

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Central Node

The Central Node for the Mijburg development will be a strikingly modern business destination. It will primarily consist of office and retail developments and will provide the islands with a financial district. The Central Node will also benefit from outdoor eateries and plaza spaces for the workers, which will in turn increase economic output. The Central Node will be the first point of access onto the Mijburg development, thus concreting its status as a future prototype for city planning.

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Community Hub

Each island on the new Mijburg development will contain a Community Hub for business and marketplace activities. These will provide economic benefits and allow for cultural events to take place. The nodes will also be the centre of services such as schools, places of worship, doctors, libraries and other civil amenities, creating a bustling and convivial environment for the residents. Each node will have increased access to water, in line with the DRO principle in Amsterdam of providing 10% of the new development as new water.

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Waters Edge

Hard edge

Soft edge

Active edge

Water is an important element in the development of Mijburg as it is the theme through which the concepts will develop. The islands will not only have accessible water around the external edges but also within the land. The edge types are therefore crucial to the intended use, and will provide either a barrier or an entrance to the water. Depending on function and materials, edge types can be active, passive, natural, restricting, imposing or gentle.

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The Managed Green areas of the new development will take the form of parks, plazas, urban beaches, woodland, play areas and formal gardens. Each different type will provide areas for recreation, exercise, relaxation and community interaction. The green space is most important to the development as it will invariably host many species of flora and fauna as well as catering for human interaction.

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Managed Green

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Agriculture

As a model for future city living, the Mijburg development will showcase an area devoted to agriculture and the provision of food. This space will include areas for extensive farming, beekeeping, allotments and polytunnels. Residents will be encouraged to grow their own food, and produce will also be available in the community hubs to be sold in shops, markets and restaurants.

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Habitat Island

The Habitat Island will consist of an entirely man-made land mass devoted to the flora and fauna of Amsterdam. It is intended to promote biodiveristy and education of the local wildlife. The island will have different areas forming shade, seclusion, microclimates, and exposure to allow for various habitats to establish.

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The infrastructure, such as highways, roads, tram networks and canals will make up the structural backbone of the Mijburg development. The main theme is to â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;greenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; up the infrastructure network, allowing for the provision of habitats, and to buffer traffic noise and pollution.

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Infrastructure

To maximise the permanent interaction with the surrounding water of the Ijmeer, floating homes will be included in the development. Houses will be arranged individually and in clusters to allow for privacy and community growth alike.

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Floating homes

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Residential

Residential developments on the island will seek to mix density and housing types to allow for a rich and diverse mix of wealth amongst the neighbourhoods. Shared space roads will give priority to pedestrians allowing for traffic calming devices. This will create safer streets for children to play on and create a breakout space for community growth. A key feature for the Mijburg is to have a good transport network from neighbourhoods as well as close proximity to green park space and trees.

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Conceptual Development.

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Mijburg Shape Development

R AD IAL PAT TER N IJBURG.

The concept has developed by using the existing outlines for the planned islands as a starting point. The radial pattern is influenced by the historical expansion of Amsterdam City. The first main feature developed at this stage is to have a triangular shaped infrastructure network which links the three main islands with canals, a tram network and a road network.

The second major feature is to use the radial pattern centring around a circular island, and for each â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;bandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; to contain a different land use. This allows for a changing landscape as you travel along the major infrastructure routes.

wild islan d

hu b IJBURG.

Amsterdam Shape Development These diagrams shows how the design for the new Mijburg development mirrors the structure of the existing centre of Amsterdam. The city originated from the mouth of the river Amstel, through the construction of arching, concentric dikes the city expanded. Radiating from a circular island specified as the commercial hub, this design will offer many benefits for the new resident. Giving each radial strip its own use resulting in a variety of easily accessible open space allows for uninterrupted green routes across the islands as well as making it possible to accommodate for all 7 of Amsterdamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s habitat types.

Amsterdamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s radial development

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Masterplan Development

1 2 4 1. The Wild Island will have a level changing landscape to allow for microclimates and habitats to establish. The edges mirror those of the land mass to the north of Amsterdam. A expanse of reed swamp will connect the two peaks. 2. The largest island will have a community heart linked by roads, canals and trams. The

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radial pattern extends across both islands, linking them visually with bands of residential, parkland and agriculture. The edges of the island will be both hard and soft, straight and broken. 3. This smaller island mirrors all the same principles of the major island but is separated to echo the original plans of the Ijburg, and to

3 allow for phased development to take place. 4. The central island forms the main business hub, and acts as a source of economic and financial stability for Mijburg. The central hub has been designed in a strict circular shape to allow for maximum access to water and to become a striking welcome feature to the development.

e xt ru d e b ands

refine edges

101

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M f in a lis e s h ape

Diagrammatic Development

WATER NETWORK

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EDGE TYPES

Major canal route

Beach edge Beachy Edge

Minor canal route Connection to mainland

Hard Urban Edge Hard material edge

Rocky edge Rocky Edge Soft Green Edgeedge Soft green

NODES Nodes

WALKING DISTANCES 5 min 10 min 15 min 20 min

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Access and Circulation One large transport route forms the backbone of vehicular movement and circulation through Mijburg. Smaller tributary routes of canals and shared space lead to neighbourhood developments. The infrastructure network is fundamental habitat biotope and as such forms a strong wildlife corridor allowing for the migration of flora and fauna. The entire Mijburg development will be populated exclusively by electric vehicles, with the exception of emergency services.

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Majorcanal Canalroute Route Major MajorTram Route Major tram route Tramstop Stop Tram Major Majorcycle Cycleroute Route Minor cycle route Secondary Cycle Route Major Micar route Major MijCar Route Minor route MinorMicar MijCar Route

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Views, Landmarks & Gateways Gateway features are an integral part of the design, inviting and welcoming people across the varying bodies of water. Views are also important to help link the islands. The shape of the islands maximises access to water, creating countless views to other parts of Mijburg and out across the Ijmeer, as well as to other parts of the Netherlands. The three central hubs are connected, forming key landmarks that join the islands to create a coherent whole. Two landmarks raised up on the habitat island act as important focal points which can be seen from the main gateway to the islands (the commercial hub). These create interest and entice people to explore the habitat island.

Gateway Landmark Landmark - Hubs Key views - major Key views - minor

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Green Infrastructure

Multifunctional green space

A network of strategically positioned green spaces provide invaluable access to nature in a variety of forms for both residents and visitors. The radial formation creates a dynamic experience as you travel across the island. A key feature is that green space is never further than a ten minute walk away. A linear park provides a necessary visual green link from the commercial hub to the habitat island aiming to attract visitors to explore whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s beyond. Micar parking is situated below a green park, providing panoramic views and keeping the cars hidden from view.

Habitat Island

Agriculture

Woodland

Raised park above car parking

Public open spaces interspersed within residential developments

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Agriculture Mijburg promotes local food production for economical, environmental and social benefits. A total area of land covering approximately 108,000m2 will provide the island with local produce. This will reduce transportation distances, thus resulting in cheaper produce. 50% of the agricultural land will be used for island managed farm land with produce sold at local farmers markets. 40% will be privately owned allotments and the remaining 10% publicly accessible fruit orchards. Farmers markets and allotments create opportunities for social interaction between local residents which enhances the sense of community pride and ownership. Crops which naturally grow well in the Netherlands climate without the addition of polytunnels will be the most economically viable for Mijburg. The shape has been designed to provide wind protection to the agricultural strip, however, the more exposed crops will still need to be fairly wind tolerant such as potatoes.

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Agriculture

Public o r ch

ard

n a l Is

50%

40%

Private allo t m e n ts

aged farm la n a m n

10%

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SELF BUILD PRIVATE SOCIAL IJBURG.

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Housing Currently the urban population of Amsterdam is 1.2 million people. In comparison with other large cities in Europe, Amsterdam is unique in having a large volume of affordable social rented housing. Nearly fifty percent of the housing stock consists of social rented housing managed by housing associations. Privately Owned Housing

106,712

27%

Social Rented Housing

188,866

48%

Privately Rented Housing

99,653

25%

Total

395,231

100%

Non-segregation: All population groups - young and old, rich and poor - must be able to live in all neighbourhoods. Affordability: Sufficient affordable housing must remain available to low-income earners. Renewal: Amsterdam is working hard on the renewal of disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Top City: High-quality housing and amenities are key to building a strong and competitive economy in Amsterdam and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s environs.

Housing and care: Elderly and vulnerable groups must be able to live independently and take part in The city of Amsterdam is currently a mix of residential society wherever possible. types where low income households can also afford to live in popular neighbourhoods. This creates an Sustainability: Energy-efficient housing must make attractive mix of people and activity. However, the a substantial contribution towards reducing energy aspirations of local residents have changed, moving consumption in the city of Amsterdam. the emphasis from social housing towards encouraging more privately owned housing throughout the city. The Mijburg development will take into account all of More and more people in Amsterdam want to buy an these factors aiming to provide a mixture of affordable affordable home, however this has become almost private housing, social housing and privately rented impossible due to the pressure on the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s small stock housing accessible to every scale of income. of privately owned houses. (Amsterdam housing stock 1 January 2011)

Stagnation within the housing market is occurring due to this reason, forcing the inhabitants of Amsterdam to continue to live in social rented housing. Families with children are migrating to other municipalities in the area where they can buy an affordable home with a garden. The City of Amsterdam is currently working on a Housing Vision until 2020, in which the policy for the coming years is outlined. The most important aims for the coming years are: Emancipation: everyone must be able to advance in the housing market. It must become easier for starters to find a home and for middle-income earners to progress to privately owned housing.

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Habitat Requirements BIOTOPE 1: BUILDINGS ANIMALS PROVIDED WITHIN HABITAT

FOR

Swift, Urban Dove, House Mouse, Brown Rat, Little Bat

WHAT ENVIRONMENT PROVIDE?

Bat boxes, bird nesting boxes, ‘mini-beast hotels’. Stone walls, Canal edges.

WHAT PLANTING TO ATTRACT THE ANIMALS?

HOW WILL IT BE PLANTED?

Grasses to attract insects. Wall Fern and Tongue Fern. Native trees for nesting. Groundcover planting for insects and worms. Hedgerows and bushes for protection.

Tree lined streets with groundcover planting. Areas of planting for grasses, in an ornamental way surrounded by trees and hedgerows. ‘Minibeast hotels’ for the attraction of insects.

WHAT PLANTING TO ATTRACT THE ANIMALS?

HOW WILL IT BE PLANTED?

Grasses in sandy areas for the sand lizard and grass snake. Wilder planting left to colonise areas adjacent to infrastructure. Plants characterized in appearance by the origin of the sand used for sand bodies (calcareous / lime) Danish scurvy grass, Bugloss, Kamgras, Barley Field

Groundcover banks and berms in an informal style for maximum protection for animals. Areas left to become ‘wild’. Large expanses of grass adjacent to infrastructure.

BIOTOPE 2: INFRASTRUCTURE ANIMALS PROVIDED WITHIN HABITAT

FOR

Rabbit, various types of mice, Black-headed Gull, Grass snake and Sand Lizard

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WHAT ENVIRONMENT PROVIDE?

Slopes, berms, banks as continuous corridors. Crossing points at highways, tracks and canals. Planting near infrastructure edges for shelter. Both ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ stretches of corridor.

WHAT CONDITIONS THEY NEED?

Protection from the wind by buildings angled against prevailing wind. Allow for natural colonisation of wall fern and tongue fern. Buildings close together provide microclimates and warmer temperatures for the flora and fauna.

WHAT CONDITIONS DO THEY NEED? Differing soil types allows for differing plant species. Conditions is dependent on species. Hardy plants that require little maintenance.

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BIOTOPE 3: MANAGED GREEN ANIMALS PROVIDED WITHIN HABITAT

FOR

Little Bat, Bat Rough Dwarf, Let Kite, Squirrel, Green Woodpecker, Treecreeper, Nu thatch,Natterjack,Kingfishers, Pipistrelle Bat, House Sparrow, Tree Sparrow.

WHAT ENVIRONMENT PROVIDE?

Parks, gardens, cemeteries, allotments and sports parks. Regularly mowed lawns, hedges, bushes, ditches and bushes, forests and woods.

WHAT PLANTING TO ATTRACT THE ANIMALS?

HOW WILL IT BE PLANTED?

Native trees and shrubs such as White birch, European beech, Red oak, Twinflower and Red Currant.

Formal and informal. Hedges, woodland areas, dense planting, wilder planting. The soil of forest and parks (peat / clay / sand) and the groundwater affect the moisture condition and food richness.

WHAT PLANTING TO ATTRACT THE ANIMALS?

HOW WILL IT BE PLANTED?

Calcareous sand and nutrients: Dog Herb, Orchis, Great Reed tease. Areas left to develop naturally but will need planting of native plants and shrubs initially.

Dense thickets and nettles for insects. The dense thickets also provides coverage to the Grass Snake.The Great teasel is a plant that frequently occurs in these areas. In sandy areas, various orchids are found as the Reed and Marsh Orchis Orchis Wasps.

BIOTOPE 4: ROUGH GREEN ANIMALS PROVIDED WITHIN HABITAT

FOR

Little Tern, Pied Avocet, Common Tern, Mediterranean Gul, Fox, Weasel, Sand Lizard, Bats, Natterjack toads, Nightingale.

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WHAT ENVIRONMENT PROVIDE?

Left alone or industrial areas where nature runs its course. This type of habitat is often a passing place for species in the surrounding area. The occurrence of species is therefore closely related to the surrounding habitats.

WHAT CONDITIONS THEY NEED?

Areas of less-intensive management. Proximity to water and shelter.

WHAT CONDITIONS THEY NEED?

None specific so as to remain unmanaged and natural.

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BIOTOPE 5: WATER AND SHORES ANIMALS PROVIDED WITHIN HABITAT

FOR

Bitter Roach, River lamprey ,Small loach , bullhead , catfish , sea lamprey, Salmon, Fint, Root vole, Water Shrew, Water Bat, Cormorant, Smew, Common Tern, Mediterranean Gull.

WHAT ENVIRONMENT PROVIDE?

Banks, rocks, pebble beaches, reeds, sandy beaches. Underwater rock habitats for mussels. Wet meadows and marshy shores.

WHAT PLANTING TO ATTRACT THE ANIMALS?

HOW WILL IT BE PLANTED?

Aquatic and Marginal planting such as reeds provide habitat for the root vole and nesting birds.

Informal edges along water shores. Plants integrated with rocks and pebbles.

BIOTOPE 6: REED SWAMP ANIMALS PROVIDED WITHIN HABITAT

FOR

Root vole, Grass Snake, Water Shrew, Bluethroat, Bittern, Greeb, Coot, Marsh Harrier.

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WHAT ENVIRONMENT PROVIDE?

Large areas of reeds adjacent and within water bodies. Access to both land and water.

WHAT PLANTING TO ATTRACT THE ANIMALS? Reeds. Round sundew, Sphagnum Orchis and Marshmallow. Larger tree planting inland to provide extra shelter.

HOW WILL IT BE PLANTED?

Planting of reeds in large swathes and left to grow naturally. Reeds that merge into meadowland or trees.

WHAT CONDITIONS THEY NEED?

Damp/wet conditions or aquatic. Proximity to water shores and canals. Areas of densely planted shores and areas of sparsely planted.

WHAT CONDITIONS THEY NEED?

Large areas of shores to establish. Can survive in windy conditions but should aim to be sheltered.

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BIOTOPE 7: AGRICULTURE ANIMALS PROVIDED WITHIN HABITAT

FOR

Ring Sparrows, Skylark, Cricket, Barn Swallow, House Martin, Tree Sparrow, Root vole, let Kite, Marsh Harrier, Ruff, Black-tailed Godwit, Northern Shoveler, Common Redshank, Common Snipe.

WHAT ENVIRONMENT PROVIDE?

Tree-less meadows and grain fields. Pastoral land will attract birds.

Habitat Distribution Biotope 1: Buildings Biotope 2: Infrastructure Biotope 3: Managed Green Biotope 4: Rough Green Biotope 5: Water and Shores Biotope 6: Reed Swamp Biotope 7: Agriculture

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WHAT PLANTING TO ATTRACT THE ANIMALS?

HOW WILL IT BE PLANTED?

Smell Grass, Red Pimpernel, Pinksterbloem, Kamgras, grains.

As functional agricultural land specific to farming.

WHAT CONDITIONS THEY NEED?

Organic growing, large expanses of fields and meadowland. Sheltered from strong winds if possible.

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Masterplan.

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The goal of this study was to build an exemplary model for contemporary living, within a vibrant urban social fabric that will evolve into the future. The Mijburg Masterplan has achieved this through extensive research of existing plans, policies, history, culture and ecology. Together with an exciting application of landscape knowledge and imagination, the resulting plans showcase a well thought out landscape strategy that could provide the development with the sustainable future plan that it needs. The overriding theme is of balance and harmony. Whilst complete self-sufficiency is unlikely to be achievable (given certain constraints such as space and climate), the Mijburg development aims to be balanced in terms of production and consumption of energy, fuel and food. The Masterplan caters for human, animal and plant life to equal status, and puts great focus on the creation and conservation of the habitat biotopes that are prevalent in Amsterdam. The crucial plan for cities of the future is to harmonise with their environments; to create an equilibrium between the built form and the natural processes that surround them. The Mijburg Masterplan is one more step toward achieving this balance.

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Roof Type Plan The roofs throughout Mijburg are 90% biodiverse extensive roofs and the remaining 10% are intensive accessible roof gardens. Intensive roofs are mainly located on commercial buildings surrounding the central hubs. All of the extensive green and sedum roofs (60% total) will have Photo Voltaic Cells to provide energy, primarily used for Micars, and to reduce residential energy bills.

The combination of soil, plants and trapped layers of air within green roof systems can act as a sound and heat insulation barrier. Airborne particles and pollutants are filtered from the atmosphere by the substrates and vegetation on a green roof consequently improving air quality.

Green roofs provide important refuge for wildlife in urban areas. A range of wildflowers will provide foraging through the summer months and provide structural Reducing heat emitted from hard surfaces and helping variation in the vegetation. This will allow a variety of to combat climate change therefore reducing the Urban species to colonise the roofs. Many spiders, beetles and other invertebrates that are becoming increasingly rare Heat Island effect. are associated will brownfield land and brown roofs. Green roofs can significantly reduce the surface run off volumes of water and rates of rainfall leaving roofs. Biodiverse Roof Benefits

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10%

fs oo

30%

Ro of

30%

nsive Green R oo fs

Extensive

Exte

Se d

fs oo

Green Extensive Roof

Intensive Gre

Brown Extensive Roof

Extensive B r o wn R Sedum Extensive Roof

Wildlife attracted to biodiverse roofs

Garden Spiders

Bees / Insects

Urban Doves

Swifts

Green Roof with PV

Sedum Species

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Building Heights Building heights have been carefully configured to accommodate for 9,000 new units whilst providing a mixed use environment throughout. Buildings to the south of the agricultural strip and parks are lower to allow sufficient sunlight. Around the edge of Mijburg differing building heights create microclimates to allow for maximum biodiversity growth. The floating houses are 1-2 storeys to ensure views are not impeded. The densest developments surround the central hubs, this will create a high footfall leading to a bustling and lively atmosphere. Directly to the south of the hubs the buildings are strategically stepped down to lessen their dominance and form a more personal experience.

10 + Storeys 5 - 9 Storeys < 4 Storeys Floating Houses

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Urban Grain The building arrangement has been designed with the use of radial block patterns. A mix of high and low density areas provide varied experiences across Mijburg, whilst also creating many unique microclimates to maximise the biodiversity potential. The urban grain is made up of larger development blocks towards the central hubs. This is due to a higher provision of public services, retail and offices. The radial pattern has been developed to provide quick and easy access to a range of green spaces from anywhere on the island. The outer residential strip of the radial design extends into the Ijmeer to help protect the floating houses and the agricultural strip from the prevailing wind.

4 per 100m

Existing Grain Approx 80 units

High density configurations

Medium-low density configurations

Existing Grain Approx 40 units

Large floating homes

5 per 100m

Medium floating homes

7 per bay

Small floating homes

Underground Parking A key aspect of the design is that the islands are free Mijburg has provided spaces for 2,500 Micars to allow from private cars. To compensate for this a exemplary for expansion of the islandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population. car share scheme will be put in place, Micar. Bellow is a section showing the layout of the underground This scheme will involve a fleet of 1,500 vehicles (1 parking area closest to the commercial hub. This for every 6 people), with Micar stations spread across space accommodates Micar parking for access to the the development all within easy walking distance from commercial hub and also provides a place where the residential areas. The tram routes will be seen as the cars can be serviced, repaired and cleaned. primary transport method with the Micar scheme being ideal for the weekly shop, school run and the transport of goods. The Mijburg public transport scheme will be sustainable and will free residential areas from domineering traffic. By having residential streets as drop off and pick up points only, the Micar station charging the vehicles through renewable energy sources reducing pressures on the climate.

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Microclimate The diagrams opposite show the importance of microclimates and the way in which building design, aspect and placement can control and command it. This is important for a variety of reasons. One of the key principles for the Mijburg development is to provide space in which the seven different biotopes can flourish within the urban context. In order to achieve this there are certain criteria that need to be met. Different spaces should be: exposed, sheltered, sun bathed, shaded, warm and cool. Through the introduction of wind breaks in the form of buildings, vegetation and level changes this variety will be achievable.

Diagram showing wind dissipation through placement of buildings and vegetation.

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Diagram showing solar exposure amongst buildings and vegetation

Winter

Summer

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Detailed design.

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To demonstrate the key design aspects of Mijburg, four areas have been explored in further detail.

1. Residential 2. Market Hub 3. Agriculture 4. Wild Island

Detailed Design

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4 2

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Residential The Mijburg development will be an exemplary model of contemporary living. Creating a range of housing types will improve the dynamic of the housing market and cater for all scales of income. This range of housing will also allow for individuals and families to progress in the housing market whilst being able to continue living on Mijburg. Strong connections between residential areas and agricultural land, woodland and amenity areas will provide a high quality of life for the inhabitants as well as visitors. This quality will continue through to the built form with all the residential buildings being at least ‘zero energy homes’. The layout of these residential areas is very important in the creation of identity, cultural and social interaction. This social cohesiveness has been achieved through the introduction of ‘home zones’ and the island being free of private vehicles. This will open up the streets for children to play and social interaction in the community.

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Residential Sections These sections show the strong relationship between residential areas and amenity areas. Through the radial design of the islands this relationship is apparent across the whole development. It is also clear that water has an ever-constant presence and designed in a way that encourages interaction, such as the natural swimming area seen in section A. This relationship mirrors the historical heart of Amsterdam to create continuity.

Managed green Natural swimming pool

Green residential access

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Recreational Green sports areas residential access

Section A

Residential courtyard

Residential open space

Canal

Green buffer

Minor transport route

Section B

Homes zone Water way

Floating homes

Green buffer

Minor transport route

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Hard Materials Palette

Pocket parks

Using a restricted palette of hard materials within all residential areas, cohesiveness across the site will be achieved. Hard landscape detailing, such as cobbled edges will define areas meeting homezones and shared space. Shared spaces will create social areas that will help to enhance a sense of community. The prominent role of public transport means that wayfinding will be clear and easy to navigate, ensuring paths are wide, well defined and direct. Hierarchy will dictate that pedestrians and cyclists have the right of way over vehicles.

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Pocket parks

Paving type to split shared space

Canal way edging and paving

Social meeting points

Traditional brick

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Soft Materials Palette

Salix babylonica

Betula pendula

The soft landscape will create links between the radial bands of parkland, agricultural land and woodland whilst reducing the impact of the built form. This will help to blend the edges of the different areas, thus improving the connection with nature. Large specimen trees such as Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) will be positioned in central locations to help give residential areas a unique feel. The soft landscape will add seasonal interest, colour, texture, form and animal habitats all year round.

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Residential courtyard

Phleum pratense

Metasequoia

Typha angustifolia

Fagus sylvatica

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Market Hub Mijburg has three major nodes of activity throughout the development. With views towards the mainland, the wild island and out into the Ijmeer, they form the main hubs of social interaction throughout the development. The hubs contain a series of break out spaces and open streets providing areas for entertainment and activity to take place. Cafes and restaurants spill out into the streets creating an atmosphere to relax and unwind in. The hustle and bustle of the streets leads onto the market spaces where local produce grown on the islands can be purchased. One of the major underlying themes guiding the design was the idea of inverted water. Each node has a central water break out space as well as the Ij meeting its surroundings. Interaction with water throughout the hubs is fundamental, with canals and water channels guiding people though the nodes out to the marinas and active water fronts. The nodes form the centre for the necessities of life on the Mijburg development. Providing a space to play, learn, relax, unwind, socialise and grow.

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Market Hub The radial form of the nodes creates a series of narrow streets and small break out spaces leading to the water front. This is shown opposite in Section A. The closer the proximity to the water the more busy the streets become with active frontages and social spaces. At the waters edge a mixture of green space and hard materials allow areas for the provision of different events to take place. This is shown in Section B opposite. An active waterfront draws people towards the markets hubs as a place to spend time in, and smaller play spaces creates areas suitable for families.

Street

The narrower streets create a different scale of perception within the market hubs. Noise echoes down the streets and adds to the convivial atmosphere. Sight lines are directed down the streets to allow for maximum impact of the waterfront and towards the wild island beyond. The market hubs also provide a certain amount of residences. The style of built form here will cater to a louder and more bustling doorstep environment than of the Homezone residential areas in other parts of the island.

B B

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Section A @ 1:500

Green Space

Shopping street

Break out space

Cafe spill Rill and out space planting

Section B @ 1:250

Marina

Pontoon

Water front path

Green Space Water feature Path

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Soft Materials Palette

Strong Colours

Multi-stem

The soft materials throughout the nodes will be ecologically beneficial, colourful and provide seasonal interest within the urban context. Tree species such as Purple Magnolia (Magnolia liliflora) or Silver Birch (Betula pendula), will provide strong sculptural forms lining the streets and break out spaces. Ecologically rich plants attracting insects and birds, such as Sea Thrift (Armeria maritima) or Oriental Poppy (Papaver orientalis) will be used in linear strips of planting throughout the green areas of the nodes.

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Ecological planting

Colourful flowers

Linear Patterns

Seasonal Change

Sculptural Form

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Hard Materials Palette

Stone Benches

Radial Granite Setts

The surfaces in the nodes will be mixture of hard edges and smooth lines. Granite setts and decking will cover the majority of the floorscape leading people from the surrounding residential and parkland areas. A combination of stone and wooden street furniture will be used throughout the spaces, blending together the hard urban landscaped streets with the waters edge.

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Wooden Benches

Mixed Materials

Planters

Coastal Wood

Decking

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Agriculture Mijburg has a central band that runs across two islands dedicated solely to the production of food. The agriculture band is divided into the following percentage uses: 40% Working farmland 40% Private allotments 10% Managed polytunnels 10% Publically accessible fruit orchards The working farmland will mainly focus of the production of grains, such as wheat and barley, and potatoes. The produce will be processed on site to be sold to various shops and restaurants in the market hubs on each island. By keeping the small industry of agriculture local, production, transport, and retail costs are kept low. Polytunnels allow for the artificial extension of warmer seasons, meaning many fruit and vegetables can be grown for longer periods of time, allowing for a bigger yield. The private allotments are allocated on a first-comefirst-served basis, and will be available to anyone who resides on the Mijburg development. The inclusion of allotments has been proven to help community cohesion, better air quality and the reduction of stress. In allowing private residents to grow food for noncommercial profit it also means that the transport of food onto the islands is much less. One of the main positive features of the allotments in Mijburg is that they provide links between biotopes; from the agricultural biotope through to the building biotope. Linked biotopes allow for easier movement of smaller mammals and also help improve green corridors throughout the site. The accessible fruit orchards serve an aesthetic as well as productive purpose. Volunteers from the community will maintain the orchards and produce will be sold locally. The main focus is to provide a social outlet for the growth of the neighbourhood residents.

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Agriculture Sections The radial agriculture strip forms a wide band of green space between two residential districts. The sections shown opposite demonstrate how the working farmland and allotments work in relationship with the accessible public space, canal and residences. Tree planting provides buffering to any sound or visual disruption from the farmland or allotments, whilst still allowing views across the space. Publically accessible paths to the front of residences and either side of the canal provide exercise routes and allow for interaction between the working land and the neighbourhoods that sit adjacent.

Residential Frontage Accessible

Canal 3.5m deep

B A

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Private Garden

Canal 3.5m deep Towpath Publically accessible

88m wide

60m wide

Scale 1:500 Working Farmland

Residential Frontage Accessible

82m wide

60m wide

Scale 1:500 Private allotments with publically accessible central path

Residential Frontage Accessible

Soft Materials Palette

Barley fields

Wheat fields

The commercial working farmland will consist mostly of fields of grain and potatoes, bordered by beech hedges that give seasonal interest; changing colour in autumn and retaining leaves throughout winter. The allotment planting will differ depending on what is grown, but will consist of vegetable and fruit plantations. Trees that buffer the edges of the agricultural band will be large species such as Horse Chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) and European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) that grow to 20m+. This creates a merging of scales from smaller residential areas to the much wider agricultural strip.

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Potato fields

Beech hedges

Horse Chestnut

European Beech

Allotments

Fruit bushes

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Hard Materials Palette

Natural stone canal edge

Wooden canal mooring

A simple palette of hard materials will constitute the agriculture and allotment areas of Mijburg. Natural stone paving and edgings will make up all the publically accessible paths, with wooden street furniture and jetties to accent the sleek grey stone. Strong architectural features will be made of the bridges as they provide important visual and physical links over the canals. The gates that lead to and from the allotments can be made into artistic features that give a sense of arrival and welcome to these spaces. The allotment areas will have more tactile materials such as exposed wood and bark chippings to allow for natural ageing.

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Paving for paths

Bridge link

Allotment gates

Allotment benches

Allotment path

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The Wild Island To the north of the built up areas of Mijburg lies the natural haven of the wild island. Accessible only by boat and cable car from the market hub, this secluded island promotes biodiversity through an array of habitats and by providing five of Amsterdamâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s seven biotopes. The linear park forms a green corridor and visual links from the commercial hub to the wild island. Culminating in the renewable energy powered cable car that delivers unrivalled views across Mijburg and the surrounding areas. The wild island consists of areas of dense woodland, colourful wildflower meadows, rocky outcrops, south facing beaches and a wetland reed swamp with a maze of boardwalks that bisects the island. The wetland area not only creates a fascinating visual and physical experience for exploration, but works as a reed bed filtration system, cleaning water to be used in a swimmable lake in the centre of the wild island. The main building on the island is a small visitor centre with basic facilities including a small cafe, learning areas for educational trips, and small exhibition spaces. A permanent exhibition on display promotes the biodiversity on the wild island, as well as the ecological qualities behind Mijburg as a whole development. Other structures on the wild island include the cable car gondola and some privately rented beach huts.

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Typical Section

A Wetlands / Boardwalk

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Wildflower Meadow

Promen

Inspiration - Sapa, Vietnam

ade

Landform The varying topography of the wild island reaches two separate high points of up to 10 metres. Inspired by the sweeping rice paddies of Sapa, in Vietnam, the landform creates visual interest, view points and many different microclimates. The height of the islands is unseen elsewhere in Amsterdam, aiming to become a popular visitor attraction and consequently boosting the economic stability of Mijburg. A sculptural wind turbine resides on the peak of one of the mounds, forming a strong landmark and focal point from surrounding areas. The cross section below shows the experience of arriving at the island by boat.

B Beach

Ijmeer

Section Location Plan

Scale: 1 / 200

A B

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Tree Development The tree planting across the wild island consists of mixed coniferous and deciduous woodlands. The following sections explore the woodland evolution over a period of 30 years. 1 Year: Mostly whips planted with a selection of semi-mature trees up to 6m in height for instant impact.

1 Year

10 Years

30 Years

10 Years: Areas of semi-mature woodland are beginning to develop, with a few large specimens scattered. New whips are planted to build up the woodland growth. 30 Years: Mature woodland has developed, and a rich understorey has established in places where the sunlight can penetrate the canopy.

Section Location Plan

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Soft Materials Palette

Wildflower Meadow

Phragmites australis

The wild island has a wide and varied mix of flora forming many different habitats. The woodlands are made up of species commonly found in the Netherlands such as English Oak (Quercus robur) and Silver Birch (Betula pendula), as well as other species such as Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) used as focal specimens and Bird Cherry (Prunus avium) for its seasonal interest. Colourful wildflower meadows sweep across the island which include native tulips and wildflowers. The wetlands are formed of various reeds and rushes to create an enclosed visual experience when walking through the maze of boardwalks.

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Weeping Willow

Typha angustifolia

Rhododendron - understory

Scots Pine

Japanese stiltgrass

Ferns

Mixed Woodland

Multi - Stem

Seasonal interest

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Hard Materials Palette

Wooden handrails

Natural stone beach promenade

All of the hard materials used across the wild island are natural, with the exception of the wind turbine and building structures. Bespoke wooden benches formed from recycled trees are used as a respite area in an environment of seclusion. One major path circles the whole island and is made up of loose gravel for ease of access for the disabled and visitors. Smaller minor path permeate the tree growth and are formed of wood chip encouraging offtrail exploration.

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Permeable natural paths

Bespoke benches

Wind turbine landmark

Wooden boardwalk

Natural seating

Rocky waters edge

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