>66+ >/(9- Design and Access Statement
A proposal for the development site of Wood Wharf, London Docklands, addressing the issues posed by climate change.
Post Graduate Diploma Landscape Architecture 2013 Abigail Haire
1 Introduction
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2 Site context and analysis 2.1 Site context and analysis 2.2 Spatial comparison 2.3 Aims and objectives
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3 The concept 3.1 The concept 3.2 Design Exploration
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4 Design Strategy 4.1 Design strategy 4.2 Water Strategy 4.3 Design Principles 4.4 Phasing
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5 Landscape Character 5.1Character areas 5.2 Commercial Waterside 5.3 The Active Waterfront 5.4 Residential Area 5.5 Linear Park 5.6 The Uplands 5.7 The Moorlands 5.8 Water Meadow
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6 Detail Area 6.1 Detail Area 6.2 Key elements 6.3 Topography 6.4 The Water Cycle 6.5 Drainage 6.6 Surface Treatments 6.7 Street Furniture 6.8 Planting and Ecology 6.9 Living Roofs
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1 Introduction
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Introduction This design and access statement aims to provide a strategic masterplan following on from the Wood Wharf feasibility study. The aim of this document is to provide a set of outline principles in which the vision for the public realm will be developed to ensure high quality public spaces, streets and squares are designed within a green urban space accommodating the potential future threats of climate change. These spaces must establish a clear identity for this part of London strengthening the connections between Canary Wharf and neighbouring areas.
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Climate change is the biggest environmental challenge facing the world today. Environment Agency, 2012
7KH DLP RI WKLV SURMHFW LV WR LQYHVWLJDWH PHWKRGV RI ÀRRG SUHYHQWLRQ and water management within an existing urban landscape, creating a recreational green environment within a city.
Figure 1.1 Wood Wharf site is located in east London.
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Figure 1.2 Wood Wharf within its borough boundary of Tower Hamlets
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2 Site Context and Analysis
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2.1 Site Context and Analysis 2.2m
7.9m
5.1m
12.3m
5.1m 4.9m
12.9m
5.4m
6.0m
3.9m
5.3m 5.3m
5.1m
5.3m 4.9m
Building Uses Commercial buildings
1-5 Stories
Leisure buildings
6-10 Stories
Residential Buildings
11-20 Stories
Cold Harbour Conservation area Site Boundary
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Building Heights
21+ Stories Site Boundary
Spot Heights Site Boundary 12.3m
Spot height
4.2m
Soft northern waterside edge
Hard southern waterside edge
Water Edges Site Boundary
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Gateway Spaces
Green Space
Site Boundary
Site Boundary
Gateway space
Green Space
Vehicular Routes DLR
Large scale buildings to set scale to west.
London Underground
Poor pedestrian connection.
Jubilee Line
Forgotten scrubland needs to be included.
Cycle Route Small scale buildings to set scale to east.
Bus routes Physical Barrier.
Main Roads Site Boundary
Poor road connection.
Pedestrian Movement
No Active waterfront edges.
Site Boundary Full solar exposed edge
Pedestrian route
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Design analysis
Existing pedestrian route (no right of way).
2.2 Spatial Comparison
Naghsh-I Jahan Square, Isfahan, Iran 160m
Area: 8.08ha Place de la Concorde, Paris, France
Area: 7.59ha Wood Wharf, London, UK
Area: 8.26ha
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505m
240m
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Existing  site  images Â
2.3 Aims and Obejectives ‡ Include  a  range  of  spaces  at  different  scales:  open  space,  boulevards,  intimate  areas,  courtyards  etc.  Embrace  the  sites  location  within  the  water  cycle  of  the  river  ‡ Include  a  variety  of  routes  to  accommodate  park  users/commuters  i.e  direct  link  into  Canary  Wharf  vs.  meandering  route  through  green  Thames,  and  within  the  local  context  of  London  itself. spaces  and  waterfronts.  Promote  sustainability  and  longevity  by  creating  a  design  that  adapts  to  predicted  climatic  changes.  ‡ Vary  the  site  topography  and  vegetation  cover  to  include  managed  and  unmanaged  green  spaces  allowing  for  maximum  interaction  and  Embrace  and  promote  the  industrial  history  and  character  of  the  habitat  creation.  site  and  its  dockland  heritage.  Create  a  valuable  recreational  green  space  within  the  city  for  both  ‡ Activate  waterfronts  to  encourage  maximum  human  and  ecological  interaction  with  water.  KXPDQ DQG HFRORJLFDO EHQHÂżW Promote  pedestrian  movement  through  the  site  in  all  directions. Â
Aims  ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡
Objectives  ‡ 8VLQJ D UH¿QHG KDQG DQG VRIW PDWHULDOV SDOHWWH HQFRXUDJH JUHHQ OLQNV DQG ZD\¿QGLQJ EHWZHHQ &DQDU\ :KDUI DQG VXUURXQGLQJ neighbourhoods.  ‡ &UHDWH D IHDWXUH ZLWKLQ WKH ODQGVFDSH WR DFFRPPRGDWH ÀXFWXDWLQJ volumes  of  surface  runoff  from  hard  spaces  within  the  site  and  surrounding   area.  ‡ Highlight  and  promote  public  transport  routes,  cycle  network  and  pedestrian  links.  17
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3 The Concept
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Incorporating the principles established in the feasibility report, landscape characteristics such as mounds and dense vegetation that DUH EHQH¿FLDO LQ UHWDLQLQJ ZDWHU ZLOO EH XVHG WR UHGXFH WKH VSHHG RI raindrop to river.
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Mimicking characteristics found within the landscape creates opportunities for a series of multifunctional spaces of varying interest throughout the site.
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The concept for the design is based on the movement of water through the water cycle from the source to the mouth of a river.
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3.2 Design Exploration
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Mud Island River Park in Memphis
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‘Mini Mississippi’, Mud Island River Park in Memphis is a sculpture carving through the ground. The uneven contours forming the sides of the river replicate the naturally forming river terraces. This would be applied to the Wood Wharf site on a larger scale, creating a variety of areas of water to interact with.
Two  paths  begin  to  form  in  the  design  process.  One  of  them  PRUH QDWXUDO Ă€RZLQJ WKURXJK the  site  guiding  surface  runoff  water  and  ecology  from  west  to  east.  The  other,  more  linear,  creating  a  direct  link  between  the  residential  area  to  the  east  with  the  heart  of  Canary  Wharf  to  the  west.  Using  linear  planting  and  sculptural  trees  as  seen  in  Thames  Barrier  Park,  a  central  boulevard  will  be  created. Â
Thames  Barrier  Park  London  Looking  at  the  landscape  characteristics  explored  in  the  concept,  landform  plays  an  important  role  in  the  water  cycle.  West  8  use  the  idea  of  tributaries  in  their  design  of  Markeroog,  The  Netherlands.  Taking  this  idea  forward  into  the  Wood  Wharf  site  breaks  up  the  space  and  provides  an  opportunity  to  introduce  landform. Â
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Using the terraces of the river as temporary storage of water in times of high precipitation will allow different areas of the site to be accessible throughout the seasons. Seasonal change in the landscape has been celebrated in Grüner See melt water park (show to the right), Austria. Collecting the melted snow through the spring months, the park is only accessible for part of the year. During these months it is not only used for holding water, but a popular diving spot. Adding temporary uses to the Wood Wharf site will enhance the experience all year. 24
Melt water park, Austria
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Looking into the river terraces formed within the landscape creates a variety of possible options to explore how they could be adapted to suit the urban context. To the west nearer the ‘source’ of the river should be natural shapes, merging into more formal urban hardspace to the west at the ‘mouth’ or the river.
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Exploring further the landscape characteristics, the process of erosion through the river takes large boulders and rocks at the source of the river through to sandy sediment at the mouth. This needs to be UHÀHFWHG LQ WKH GHVLJQ
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4 Design Strategy
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4.1 Design Strategy Wood  Wharf  will  be  developed  as  a  world  class  park  not  only  for  and  relax  alongside  an  area  of  outdoor  swimming.  At  the  end  of  the  visitors  to  London,  but  for  the  existing  community  of  residents  and  river  four  terraces  step  down  beneath  three  industrial  cranes  forming  workers  surrounding  the  site.  The  park  will  have  two  main  uses  -  as  the  audience  of  an  amphitheatre.  Seating  has  been  integrated  into  the  a  large  recreational  green  space  promoting  ecology  and  wildlife.  And  design  throughout  the  hard  spaces,  spilling  into  the  soft  areas.  as  an  aid  to  controlling/adapting  to  the  effects  of  climate  change  and  Sustainability  is  one  of  the  major  principles  within  the  design.  Introducing  rising  water  levels.  green  roofs  to  new  and  existing  buildings  will  not  only  act  as  a  water  The  development  consists  of  a  variety  of  hard  and  soft  spaces  focused  retainer  reducing  the  speed  of  raindrop  to  river  but  enhance  biodiversity  around  a  central  channel  of  moving  water  through  the  site.  The  channel  within  the  site.  acts  as  a  running  water  feature  throughout  the  year  incorporating  areas  of  play,  vegetation  and  human/ecological  interaction  with  ZDWHU ,W DOVR KDV WKH SRWHQWLDO WR DFFRPPRGDWH Ă€XFWXDWLQJ YROXPHV RI water  throughout  the  current  seasons  forming  a  variety  of  temporary  landscapes,  and  the  predicted  increase  in  volumes  of  water  in  the  future. Through  the  centre  of  the  park  is  a  pedestrian  corridor  connecting  Canary  Wharf  with  the  surrounding  neighbourhoods.  A  secondary  route  connects  the  pedestrian  corridor  with  Cartier  Circle  to  the  north  of  the  site.  Users  are  encouraged  to  explore  the  park  by  small  paths  leading  to  a  variety  of  open/enclosed  spaces  throughout  the  site.  To  ensure  the  development  becomes  a  vibrant  new  green  space  within  the  city  it  is  important  to  consider  the  relationship  between  the  river  park  and  the  public  realm.  Essential  to  this  is  creating  strong  links  between  the  pedestrian  corridor  and  the  river  park  guiding  users  through  the  site  to  points  of  interest  within  the  river  channel. As  a  recreational  green  space  the  site  will  appeal  to  users  of  all  ages,  providing  opportunities  to  play,  socialise,  learn,  relax  and  enjoy  the  space.  The  green  areas  and  spaces  throughout  the  park  provide  for  a  UDQJH RI UHFUHDWLRQDO DFWLYLWLHV ZLWKRXW WKH GHVLJQ LQWHQW RI VSHFLÂżFDOO\ prescribing  or  excluding  any  particular  type  of  use.  The  park  therefore  allows  for  a  broad  range  of  uses  under  different  weather  conditions.  7KH H[LVWLQJ VLWH RI :RRG :KDUI LV Ă€DW WKH QHZ GHVLJQ FDUYHV D gradual  channel  from  -Â0.5m  on  the  west  side  to  -Â3.5m  to  the  east.  Introducing  an  area  of  grassy  mounds  between  1m  and  3m  above  ground  level  at  the  beginning  of  this  channel  creates  a  selection  of  levels  and  vantage  points  through  the  site.  Large  steps  terrace  down  from  ground  level  to  meet  the  channel  of  water.  The  terraces  offer  a  variety  of  unique  spaces  within  the  channel,  also  forming  areas  of  seating  and  recreation.  The  south  facing  terraces  in  the  later  stages  of  the  river  provide  a  space  to  sunbathe  29
N Figure 4.1 Average water level during summer months
4.2 Water Strategy 7KH :RRG :KDUI VLWH FDQ DFFRPPRGDWH ÀXFWXDWLQJ YROXPHV RI ZDWHU throughout the year for existing precipitation levels and predicted rising water levels. The site provides a variety of spaces accessible during the dryer months, adapting to form a temporary landscape during periods of high precipitation. Using the characteristics of the landscape to aid the retention of water, the Wood Wharf site reduces the speed of raindrop to river. 7KH LPDJHV DERYH VKRZ WKH FDSDFLW\ RI ZDWHU OHYHOV ÀXFWXDWLQJ ZLWK changing water levels increasing in severity from left to right.
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N Figure 4.2 Average water level during winter months
N Figure 4.3 Average water level during periods of high precipitation
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N Figure 4.4 Anticipated average water level during periods of high precipitation, according to climate change predictions
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4.3 Design Principles The design of the site from west to east mimics the development in the landscape characteristics found throughout the water cycle.
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As the river evolves from a narrow brook to a wide open channel, four main landscape characteristics are applied to the site. 1. Topography 2. Tree Density 3. Hard Surfaces 4. River Depth
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4.3 Tree Distribution The placement of trees within the design mimics the pattern of natural tree distribution within the water cycle. Based on the principle that tree canopies reduce the speed of raindrop to river, the density of tree planting reduces from west to east following the development of the river.
Diagram showing tree distribution through the site. Scale 1:2000
In the west at the source of the river, trees are planted in a dense – mass creating a more naturalistic woodland environment within the site. This replicates the form of vegetation found in the uplands of a river. This will create a dense tree canopy withholding a large volume of rainwater. In the centre of the site, the trees are planted in dense/medium clumps forming a variety of enclosed copses and open meadow DUHDV 7KLV UHSOLFDWHV WKH YHJHWDWLRQ IRXQG DURXQG ÀRRGSODLQV DQG open grasslands. This area of planting will have a series of smaller blocks of tree canopies retaining rainwater. At the end of the river, in the east of the site the trees are planted in IRUPDO JURXSV UHSOLFDWLQJ WKH GH¿QHG YHJHWDWLRQ LQ XUEDQ DUHDV 7KH tree canopies will retain some rainwater, and will provide shade and shelter through the seasons.
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Dense woodland planting
Section through site showing progression of trees. NTS
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Clumps of tree planting
Structured tree planting
4.3 River Depth The river running through the site mimics the depth characteristics of Diagram showing river character through the site. Scale 1:2000 a river carving through the landscape. The source of the river is in Montgomery Square, Canary Wharf. Here it starts at 0.5 metres below ground level. The water remains at a depth of around 0.5 metres throughout the river feature, apart from a 2m deep swimming section. As the river carves its way through the site the ground level of the channel surrounding it gradually drops by 3 metres, embraced by WHUUDFHV WKDW FDQ UHWDLQ KLJK YROXPHV RI ZDWHU GXULQJ WLPHV RI ÀRRG 0.5 metres deep, 0 metres below ground level. 0.5 metres deep, 1 metre below ground level. Natural river swimming area 2 metres deep, 3 metres below ground level. 0.5 metres deep, 3 metres below ground level.
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Young shallow river
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Deep mature river
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The nature of the river changes through the site replicating characteristics of the river bed from large rocks and boulders at the VRXUFH WKURXJK WR WKH ¿QH VHGLPHQW DQG VDQG DW WKH PRXWK The narrow streams and tributaries are replicated by a 0.5m deep rill planted with water cleansing plants winding through the pedestrian corridor from Montgomery Square. As it winds through the site it gradually changes in character travelling over a series of weirs and drops replicating features found in a natural river eventually ending in a formal dockland. Large steps drop down to river level throughout the water course replicating natural terraces. The river will have areas of informal play and points of interest throughout its course guiding users through the park.
Rocks & Boulders Rocks and boulders will add movement and sound to the water beneath the tree canopy in the woodland area. Creating access points into the water will add an element of informal play encouraging people to paddle in the channel.
Rills Narrow rills planted with decorative water cleansing plants will guide people into the site from the west, Canary Wharf. These will mimic the small tributaries found in the depths of rural countryside before the stream becomes a river.
Natural swimming area In the latter stages of the river channel, a deep meander allows for users of the site to swim in the water. By this stage in the river, the water has EHHQ ¿OWHUHG E\ YDULRXV VHFWLRQV RI ZDWHU SXULI\LQJ SODQWV 7KH VRXWK IDFLQJ terraces into the channel will become an urban beach on summer days, and act as a water store during the wetter months.
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4.3 River Character
1.5km
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900m
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Rapids  A  series  of  weirs  over  50  metres  will  replicate  the  waterfalls  and  rapids  found  in  a  river.  By  planting  sections  of  the  channel  and  putting  rocks  in  others,  the  water  will  move  at  different  speeds  creating  different  sounds  and  experiences  for  the  user. Â
Water  Filtration  Area  Having  large  sections  of  the  river  channel  planted  with  water  cleansing  SODQWV ZLOO ¿OWHU WKH ZDWHU DOORZLQJ SHRSOH WR VZLP LQ LW IXUWKHU GRZQVWUHDP
Paddling  Dock  ,Q ÂżQDO VWDJH RI WKH ULYHU WKH FKDQQHO LV PHWUHV ZLGH DQG PHWUHV deep.  This  creates  a  mirror  pool  enticing  people  to  paddle  in  it.  The  general  character  of  the  space  will  be  more  formal,  replicating  the  more  rigid   channel  form  found  in  cities  and  urban  areas.  Â
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4.3 Topography 7KH H[LVWLQJ JURXQG OHYHO RI WKH VLWH LV UHODWLYHO\ ÀDW 7KH QHZ design introduces a variety of topographical features replicating the characteristics found in the drainage basin.
Diagram showing topography through the site. Scale 1:2000
The preliminary section of the river on the western side of the site is covered in grassy mounds of varying heights. These, along with the tree canopy above, act as a temporary store of water, slowly releasing it back into the channel as the water level decreases. Along the northern boundary of the site, a levee follows the waters edge creating an area separate from the main park. This acts as a buffer between rising water levels in the Blackwall Basin, allowing IXUWKHU WHPSRUDU\ ÀRRGLQJ LI QHFHVVDU\ 7KLV FUHDWHV DQ DUHD RI DTXDWLF marginal planting, encouraging wildlife to establish. Introducing boardwalks through this space allows users to learn about and experience the wildlife. The mounds form a series of spaces, creating areas of informal play and lush planting beneath the tree canopy. Walkways meander through the mounds forming more intimate spaces and ecological pockets. New vantage points are formed looking out across the park encouraging users to explore further.
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C Section showing mounds within the Upland area of Wood Wharf Scale 1:200 38
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4.3 Hard Space distribution The density of hard surfaces through the site follows the same pattern as the other main features. The volume of hard space replicates the change from a minimal amount found in the preliminary stages of the river (i.e individual dwellings and farms), increasing in mass as the river matures ( i.e villages - towns - cities) towards the mouth.
Diagram showing hard space distribution through the site. Scale 1:2000
The new development has no hard space in the preliminary section, the individual dwellings are represented by paths. In the middle section, pockets of hard surfaced areas are scattered throughout the meadow, creating areas of recreation/activity. The latter stages of the river will be mostly hard material, replicating the characteristics found in a large town/city.
Early stages of river - individual dwellings/farms
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Final Stages of river - Urban sprawl
Access and Circulation
Land Use
Primary  Pedestrian  Route
Commercial  water  front Â
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Water  meadow  Residential  area  Managed  green  Grassy  mounds Â
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New Buildings
Play Elements Informal play elements integrated into the landscape. Users can paddle and play in the dock end of the river, swim in one of the meanders and play in the rapids. The landscape mounds will act as informal play with play elements located amongst them. Several of the hard spaces throughout the green areas within the park will contain play elements and sculptures. A board walk through the marginal planting on the northern water edge of the site will allow pond dipping and educational boards encouraging users to learn about the wildlife in the area.
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Views
New Green Major View through site
Natural grassland mounds with meadow planting
Connecting views to water encouraging people to explore the park further.
Amenity grasslands with some meadow planting Water meadow with aquatic marginal planting Managed green in the public realm Private residential green
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Section through natural swimming area Scale 1.200
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Section through whole site Scale 1.500
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Section through river dock Scale 1.200
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Scale 1.200
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Section through Linear park
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Section through water meadow Scale 1.200
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Scale 1.200
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4.4 Phasing
Phase 1 - Major earthworks: Cut and Fill
Phase 2- Major pedestrian routes
Excavation of river earthworks Development on new islands with material from river feature Development on new site shape with material from river feature Build mounds and levee with material from river feature
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Phase 3 - Major buildings
Develop major routes through site
Develop commercial buildings
Develop commercial buildings
Develop residential buildings Plant trees along major pedestrian routes and public realm surrounding completed commercial buildings Plant trees in woodland area to allow time to establish
Phase 4 - Tree canopy
Phase 5 - Public realm
Plant Vegetation along river terraces Plant Vegetation in moorlands Plant vegetation along northern water edge to allow habitats to establish
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Phase 6 - Completion
Plant feature trees around new buildings Complete public realm hard landscaping to east Plant vegetation barrier between residential area and the public park
Plant vegetation throughout moorlands and uplands
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5 Landscape Character
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5.1 Character Areas 1. Commercial Waterside 2. Active Waterfront 3. Residential area 4. Linear Boulevard 5. The Uplands 6. Moorland 7. Water Meadow
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5.2 The Commercial Waterside The commercial Waterside acts as a link between the corporate business district of Canary Wharf and the recreational green space within the park. This area will consist of a series of public spaces, squares and open streets blending the hard urban fabric of the business district to the west with the intense green of the park. )LYH QHZ EXLOGLQJV GH¿QH WKH EDVH RI WKH GHVLJQ RI WKH VSDFH FUHDWLQJ a variety of green streets and urban squares. The buildings heights are restricted to a maximum of ten storeys to mitigate the extreme contrast in scale between the skyscrapers to the west and residential area to the east. Limiting the scale will also minimise the impact of the buildings on microclimate within the site. Sustainability is a major feature within this area of the design. Installing green roofs on top of all of the buildings will help to reduce the heat island effect, improve biodiversity and reduce the speed of rain water runoff. The drainage from the roofs of the building will run into the water system of the site, ultimately being used to top up or refresh the water within the river feature.
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Precedent images of the variety of spaces found in the Commercial Waterside character area.
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5.2 Soft Materials Sculptural trees such as Betula pendula and Acer rubrum will be used in the commercial waterside area to replicate the linearity of the surrounding buildings and echo the disciplined style of planting found in the business district. Softer perennial plants and grasses will be used as ground cover beneath the tree canopy to entice park users to dwell within the space.
5.2 Hard Materials Granite paving will be used throughout the commercial waterside GH¿QLQJ WKH ODQJXDJH RI WKH SXEOLF UHDOP 6LPSOH VWRQH ZRRGHQ VWUHHW furniture will be used throughout the area.
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5.3 The Active Waterfront The  Active  Waterfront  is  a  lively,  recreational  area  focused  on  the  users  livelihood,  health  and  well-Âbeing.  Being  one  of  the  gateway  spaces  into  the  park,  users  are  met  by  a  series  of  spaces  offering  a  variety  of  different  activities  and  routes  through  the  park.  Areas  of  natural  swimming,  public  open  space  and  cafe  spill  out  areas  create  a  vibrant  atmosphere  within  the  surrounding  urban  context. 7KH VSDFH FRQWDLQV WKH ÂżQDO VWDJHV RI WKH ULYHU JLYLQJ D ZLGH ULYHU bed  three  metres  below  ground  level.  Large  terraces  step  down  to  the  water  level,  providing  the  seating  for  an  informal  amphitheatre.  Although  this  is  the  latter  stage  of  the  river,  the  water  is  shallow  enough  for  people  to  paddle  in,  encouraging  users  to  interact  with  the  water.  At  park  level,  the  area  is  split  into  a  series  of  cafe  and  bar  spill  out  spaces  amongst  open  hard  and  soft  areas  with  a  waterfront  promenade.  7KH VSDFH DOORZV IRU HYHQWV PDUNHWV WR EH KHOG IRU YLVLWRUV DQG ORFDO residents  of  the  park. The  space  contains  a  natural  swimming  area  within  one  of  the  river  meanders,  met  by  terraces  used  as  an  urban  beach. Green  roofs  again  are  used  on  four  new  buildings  to  retain  rainwater  before  it  is  drained  into  the  parks  water  cycle.
5.3  Precedent  images  of  the  variety  of  spaces  found  in  the  Active  Waterfront  character  area.
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5.3 Soft Materials Semi-mature trees (such as Prunus avium and Betula jaquemontii) will complement and provide a human scale to the space. They will provide shade on sunny days, and an array of foliage colour and blossom throughout the seasons. Areas of lawn will provide spaces for informal seating and recreational activities.
5.3 Hard Materials Natural stone paving will be laid as the surface material throughout the space. Feature lighting will be used to up-light the trees and form an integral part of the night time character of the space. %HQFKHV FRQVWUXFWHG IURP VWRQH DQG RU WLPEHU ZLOO EH GHVLJQHG as an integral part of the composition and located to provide safe comfortable seating. Outdoor tables and chairs can be accommodated adjacent to new buildings to encourage vibrant cafes and restaurants to locate here.
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5.4 Residential Area The residential area within the site is designed as a homezone. A simple palette of materials used throughout the space will create a relaxed shared environment. An additional residential building has be introduced into the site. This will have similar characteristics as the existing buildings, in keeping with the local style. A substantial buffer of vegetation sits between the residential area and park restricting views in, creating a more private space discouraging public access into the space. A new access point along the northern water edge creates a minor pedestrian route into the park buffered by planting. The area will contain a series of small intimate green spaces providing places for informal play for young children and also quieter lawn and planting areas for all residents to use.
5.4 Precedent images of the variety of spaces found in the Residential character area.
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5.4 Soft Materials Semi-mature trees (such as Acer platenoides emerald queen and Quecus robur)will complement the enclosed space. They will provide dappled shade on sunny days, and an array of foliage colour and blossom throughout the seasons.
5.4 Hard Materials Natural stone paving will be laid as the surface material throughout WKH VSDFH WR PDWFK WKH H[LVWLQJ VXUURXQGLQJ ÀRRUVFDSH Benches constructed from timber will be designed as an integral part of the space and located in soft areas to provide residents with comfortable seating.
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5.5 Linear Park The Linear Park is the backbone to the Wood Wharf development. Acting as the main link between east and west, it will become the main corridor for commuters and visitors through the site. Stretching across the length of the Wood Wharf, visual connections can be PDGH EHWZHHQ VLJQL¿FDQW VXUURXQGLQJ ODQGPDUNV VXFK DV WKH 0LOOHQQLXP Dome, Canary Wharf and the three industrial cranes within the site. Crossing over the meandering river, the linear park stands out from the surrounding design. Secondary paths lead off into the green spaces, allowing glimpses into surrounding character areas giving users a feel for the qualities of the park. %HLQJ ¿IWHHQ PHWUHV ZLGH WKH OLQHDU SDUN FDQ DFFRPPRGDWH ERWK SHGHVWULDQV and cyclists with ease. Lined with sculptural trees and geometric paving, users are guided through a boulevard of trees and planting.
Precedent images of the variety of spaces found in the Linear Park character area.
Scale 1.200 Section through the Linear Park.
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5.5  Soft  Materials  0DWXUH WUHHV VXFK DV Platanus  ×  acerifolia)  will  line  the  linear  park  complementing  the  scale  of  the  space,  enclosing  the  pedestrians/ F\FOLVWV XVLQJ LW 0RUH YDULHG GHFRUDWLYH SODQWLQJ ZLOO EH XVHG LQ D linear  strip  to  soften  the  hard  space. Â
5.5  Hard  Materials  Granite  paving  will  be  used  for  the  linear  park  contrasting  with  the  softer  materials  surrounding  it.  Stone  benches  will  be  located  at  intervals  along  the  strip,  providing  viewing  areas  across  the  park. Â
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5.6 The Uplands The Uplands is an area within the park that replicates the characteristics of the natural landscape found at the source of a river. A series of mounds at varying heights surround the narrow river, at this early stage a brook, that winds through them. 7KH FKDUDFWHU RI WKH VSDFH LV GH¿QHG E\ WKH YDU\LQJ WRSRJUDSK\ DQG dense tree canopy. The addition of mounds creates a natural water storage unit within the landscape, combined with dense vegetation cover and a tree canopy the speed of raindrop to river is greatly reduced. A series of secluded spaces are formed within the woodland setting. Grassy mounds form places for informal play, and encourage varying types of habitats. Breaks in the mounds provide more intimate spaces for people to explore and sit amongst a broad palette of woodland planting.
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5.6 Precedent images of the environments found in the Uplands character area.
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5.6 Soft Materials 0DWXUH ZRRGODQGV WUHHV VXFK DV 6RUEXV DXFXSDULD DQG %HWXOD pendula jacquemontii will cover the site creating a dense woodland feel. Woodland planting including areas of moss and ferns will cover the areas between the grass mounds and surrounding the river.
5.6 Hard Materials Bound resin gravel paths of neutral colours will lead users through the park to accommodate high numbers of visitors. Timer seating and street furniture will be located throughout the woodland.
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5.7 The Moorlands The  moorlands  contain  the  middle  section  of  the  river  and  park.  A  PL[WXUH RI ZRRGODQG KDUG VXUIDFHV DQG UHFUHDWLRQDO JUDVVODQGV ¿OO the  space  allowing  users  to  explore  and  use  the  park  as  they  wish.  Sweeping  meanders  of  the  river  begin  to  develop  with  larger  terraces  changing  from  gentle  slopes  of  woodland  and  meadow  into  a  more  GH¿QHG ULJLG VWUXFWXUH The  channel  at  this  point  contains  a  large  section  of  water  cleansing  SODQWV 7KHVH ¿OWHU WKH UDLQZDWHU UXQQLQJ WKURXJK WKH FKDQQHO EHIRUH it  reaches  the  natural  swimming  area  later  on  in  the  river.  Groups  of  trees  forming  a  series  of  copses  are  located  throughout  this  area.  These  create  a  variety  of  open  and  enclosed  spaces.  Hard  spaces  are  located  throughout  the  area  replicating  the  urban  VHWWOHPHQWV IRXQG DORQJ WKH ULYHU¶V FRXUVH 7KHVH DUH ÀH[LEOH DUHDV that  offer  a  variety  of  activities  such  as  play,  sculptures,  picnic  areas  and  exhibition  space. Â
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3UHFHGHQW LPDJHV RI WKH YDULHW\ RI VSDFHV IRXQG LQ WKH 0RRUODQGV FKDUDFWHU DUHD
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5.7 Soft Materials Groups of mature trees such as Quercus robur, Acer platanoides emerald queen and Quercus ilex are located across the area. Natural meadow planting will predominantly cover the ground. Iris pseudacorus and Phragmites australis are planted in the river channel cleaning the water and adding colour to the space.
5.7 Hard Materials Resin bound paths in a neutral colour will guide users between enclosed areas of York stone paving. Timber picnic benches and seating will be located throughout the area.
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5.8 Water Meadow 7KH :DWHU PHDGRZ LV D ÀRRGDEOH DUHD ZLWKLQ WKH VLWH IRFXVHG RQ WKH promotion of ecology. Softening the northern dock edge of the site allows marginal aquatic ecology to establish. Floating ecological barge islands not accessible to the public move up DQG GRZQ ZLWK WKH ÀXFWXDWLQJ ZDWHU OHYHO The meadow is enclosed within a 1.5 metre dyke acting as a temporary ZDWHU VWRUH DQG EDUULHU WR RYHUÀRZ IURP %ODFNZDOO %DVLQ WR WKH QRUWK A boardwalk over the water allows users to walk amongst the reeds and aquatic environment. Pond dipping platforms and information boards will promote ecological awareness within the site. 3UHFHGHQW LPDJHV RI WKH YDULHW\ RI VSDFHV IRXQG LQ WKH :DWHU 0HDGRZ FKDUDFWHU DUHD
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5.8 Soft Materials Trees such as Salix caprea will line the wetlands with ecologically EHQH¿FLDO PHDGRZ SODQWLQJ DV JURXQG FRYHU
5.8 Hard Materials Timber walkways will be used leading from the main paths in the moorlands out onto boardwalks in the dock.
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6 Detail Area
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6.1 Detail Area Applying the design principles to the site design creates a change in the intensity of green/hard space from west to east. The central area of the site changes dramatically in character from west to east. Starting in the Uplands with a small stream, maturing through the site LQWR D ZLGH ÀRZLQJ ULYHU The design incorporates different areas of play, activity, relaxation, breakout green, enclosed pockets, formal landscape, natural topography and interaction with water, appealing to all user groups. Using a simple palette of soft and hard materials, users are guided seamlessly through the different character areas, encouraging them to explore further. Figure 6.1 Upland landscape
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Figure 6.2 Moorland landscape
Figure 6.2 Urban landscape
6.2 Key Elements of the Design
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Buildings New building with green roof
Marquee
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Natural stone paving
Amenity grassland
Stepping stones Trees
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Timber bridge
Play elements
Wetland area
Woodland mounds
Wetland meadow
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Southern Promenade
Timber decking
River Weir
Splash pool
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Swimming area
Picnic tables
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Central walkway
Woodland planting
Cafe tables and chairs
Table tennis table
Swimming platform
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Fountain Jets
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Figure 6.1 Key elements of the design 83
+ 7.8 - 8.5 + 7.3 - 7.8 + 6.8 - 7.3 + 6.3 - 6.8 + 5.8 - 6.3 + 5.3 - 5.8 + 4.3 - 4.8 + 3.8 - 4.3 + 3.3 - 3.8 + 2.3 - 2.8 + 1.8 - 2.3 + 1.3 - 1.8 + 0.8 - 1.3 N
Figure 6.2 Contour plan
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Figure 6.3 Mound spot heights
6.3 Topography The  topography  of  the  site  differs  from  east  to  west.  To  the  east  of  the  VLWH WKH WRSRJUDSK\ LV UHODWLYHO\ Ă€DW FKDQJLQJ RQO\ WR DFFRPPRGDWH drainage  falls.  To  the  west  of  the  site,  the  topography  becomes  more  varied  with  soil  mounds  reaching  between  0.5m  -  3.0m  in  height.  These  create  a  variety  of  different  spaces  and  informal  play  elements,  encouraging  ecological  biodiversity,  allowing  visual  connections  to  other  parts  of  the  park. Â
A Figure  6.4  Rural  topographical  section Â
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The  mounds  vary  in  use,  determining  the  volume  of  vegetation  cover  necessary.  The  majority  of  the  mounds  have  a  maximum  of  1:3  slope.  These  ZLOO KDYH D PL[WXUH RI DPHQLW\ JUDVV DQG ZLOGĂ€RZHU PHDGRZ SODQWLQJ to  encourage  both  informal  play  and  biodiversity.  These  will  be  reinforced  with  geotextile  to  reduce  the  amount  of  erosion  caused  by  large  volumes  of  users. Â
B Figure  6.5  Rural/Urban  topographical  section Â
Mounds  steeper  than  1:2  will  be  covered  in  meadow  planting   to  keep  maintenance  to  be  minimal  and  encourage  wildlife  habitats  to  establish. Â
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C Figure  6.6  Urban  topographical  section Â
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Model The levels within the site are best explored via a model. The scale RI WKH GURSV DQG PRXQGV GH¿QHV WKH VSDFHV FUHDWHG ZLWKLQ WKH design. The depth of the channel is important to explore to create both a functional and recreational landscape that will evolve with the users and environmental requirements. 86
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6.4 The Water Cycle 7KH Ă€RZ RI ZDWHU WKURXJK WKH VLWH LV FUXFLDO LQ WKH VXFFHVV RI WKH GHVLJQ RI 1. Rainwater  falls  onto  the  site,  irrigating  the  planted  areas  of  the  site;Íž  some  is  lost  to  the  atmosphere  through  evapo-Âtranspiration,  any  the  park.  The  park  has  two,  interlinked  drainage  systems;Íž  the  river  feature  and  the  attenuation  system.
surplus  sinks  into  the  ground.  Rain  falling  onto  paved  surfaces  is  directed  into  conventional  gullies  and  drains.
Rainfall  percolates  down  through  the  soil  and  is  captured  in  large  The  river  feature  is  a  contained  system  comprising  the  winding  channel,  2. attenuation  cells  buried  within  the  ground.  The  drainage  system  the  box  culvert  and  the  pumping  chamber.  It  has  a  control  mechanism  at  its  from  hard  surfaces  also  runs  into  these  cells.  They  are  linked  ORZHU HQG WR DOORZ PDLQWHQDQFH DQG RYHUĂ€RZ LQ WLPHV RI Ă€RRG together  by  pipes,  with  falls  between  the  cells  mirroring  the  fall Â
The  attenuation  system  allows  large  quantities  of  water  to  be  held  on  site  in  times  of  extreme  weather  events. 8QGHUJURXQG FRQWDLQPHQW FHOOV DUH EXLOW LQWR WKH VLWH WR DOORZ SHDN ÀRZV from  the  surrounding  buildings  and  hard  surfaces  to  be  attenuated  and  to  provide  a  reservoir  of  water  for  irrigation  of  planted  areas  or  topping  up  WKH ¾ULYHUœ IHDWXUH LQ WLPHV RI GURXJKW 7KHVH ÀXFWXDWLRQV DUH H[SHFWHG WR become  more  extreme  as  a  result  of  climate  change.
along  the  river  channel.  Flow  between  the  cells  is  controlled  by  valves,  allowing  the  water  to  be  held  or  released  depending  on  weather  conditions.  Water  will  be  held  back  to  be  used  for  irrigation  in  times  of  drought  or  to  ‘top  up’  the  river  system.  The  valve  mechanism  is  remotely  controlled  and  in  any  case,  the  system  would  be  emptied  in  advance  of  any  predicted  heavy  rainfall,  allowing  maximum  attenuation.
The  box  culvert  links  the  low  point  of  the  system  (6)  with  The  water  cycle  will  run  through  a  system  of  valves  and  chambers  linked  3. the  pumping  chamber  (4).  It  runs  beneath  the  ground  WRJHWKHU YLD D ER[ FXOYHUW VHH )LJXUH RSSRVLWH PRQLWRULQJ WKH Ă€RZ RI and  acts  as  a  ‘sump’  for  both  systems,  allowing  water  water. WR Ă€RZ ZHVW WRZDUGV &DQDU\ :KDUI The  valves  will  be  controlled  via  a  computer  linked  to  weather  reports  from  WKH 0HW RIÂżFH GHWHUPLQLQJ WKH Ă€RZ UHWHQWLRQ RI ZDWHU ZLWKLQ WKH ZDWHU F\FOH 4. The  pumping  chamber  located  beneath  Montgomery  square  allows  access  to  the  underground  ‘sump’.  Water  is  pumped  from  here  up  to  the  top  of  the  ‘river’  system  or  for  irrigation  via  a  system  of  buried  hoses  and  sprinklers. 5. Water  is  then  released  into  a  small  channel  in  Montgomery  Square  at  the  source  of  the  Wood  Wharf  river  and  begins  its  journey  through  the  site. 7KLV ÂľVWDUWLQJ SRLQWÂś LV DOVR WKH FRQĂ€XHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH river  system  and  the  surface  runoff  from  roofs  and  hard  surfaces  in  the  surrounding  area  (extent).  This  will  add  drama  and  interest  to  the  park  during  and  after  heavy  UDLQ DV ODUJH YROXPHV RI ZDWHU Ă€RRG WKH FKDQQHO
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6. The  water  then  winds  its  way  through  the  river  channel  through  a  series  of  water  cleansing  planted  areas,  EHIRUH LW UHDFKHV WKH ¿QDO VWDJH RI WKH ULYHU WKH ZLGH SRRO DW WKH HDVWHUQ HQG RI WKH VLWH +HUH LW ÀRZV LQWR D chamber  (6)  and  returns  to  the  pump  via  the  box  culvert. 7.
During  periods  of  increased  precipitation  the  attenuation  system  adapts  to  accommodate  the  excess  water  (see  Figure  6.9  on  next  page). $V ZDWHU OHYHOV ULVH WKH VOXLFH FRQWUROOLQJ WKH Ă€RZ LQWR the  regular  water  chamber  (6)  closes  in  preparation  for  the  ‘basin’  formed  by  the  park  to  retain  a  substantial  volume  of  water  for  the  period  of  time  the  level  of  the  5LYHU 7KDPHV LV KLJK WKURXJK D FRPELQDWLRQ RI Ă€RZ DQG WLGDO ULVH $Q RYHUĂ€RZ SLSH LV FRQVWDQWO\ RSHQ DW WKH WRS RI WKH ZDOO WR SUHYHQW Ă€RRGLQJ RI WKH EXLOW XS area  within  the  site.
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Figure 6.7 Diagram showing the water cycle through the site in average precipitation conditions.
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Figure 6.8 Diagram showing the water cycle through the site in drought conditions.
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6.5 Drainage The attenuation cells are located throughout the site collecting drainage water from areas of both vegetation and urban development. Using gentle slopes across paths and large areas of paving, surface water drains immediately into attenuation cells.
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Natural Stone Clay Paving Timber decking Recycled Concrete Paving Self binding gravel Bound Gravel Pea gravel playground
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Figure 6.10 Hard Surfaces plan 92
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6.6 Surface treatments The  quality  of  the  public  realm  is  derived  from  simplicity  through  the  selection  of  a  restrained  palette  of  complementary  materials  and  simple  coordinated  details.  Irrespective  of  the  material  used,  a  high  quality  of  ZRUNPDQVKLS LV HVVHQWLDO IRU WKH TXDOLW\ RI ÂżQLVK DQG WKH ORQJHYLW\ RI the  landscape.  The  aim  is  to  create  a  cohesive,  coordinated  palette  of  hard  landscape  materials  which  are  easy  to  use,  maintain  and  be  controlled.  Surface  treatments The  design  and  construction  of  the  public  realm  will  follow  the  principles  set  out  below:  ‡ High  quality  workmanship  should  be  used  throughout. ‡ Be  restrained  in  the  use  of  colour  and  texture. ‡ Be  robust  enough  to  withstand  the  location  and  the  anticipated  amount  and  type  of  use  for  the  area.  ‡ Ensure  street  furniture,  tree  pits/grilles,  manhole  covers  and  gullies  are  at  right  angles  to  the  direction  of  the  paving  units  to  avoid  awkward  cuts  and  junctions. ‡ :KHUH SRVVLEOH UHĂ€HFW WKH VLWHV SUHYLRXV LQGXVWULDO XVHV LQ material  choices. Â
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Natural  Stone Â
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Timber parkland furniture Litter Bin Lighting Column Security Camera Urban street furniture River LED Uplighters Ground LED Uplighters Bollard
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Figure 6.11 Street Furniture plan
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Street furniture is an important element in creating a sense of place and a legible public realm includes, amongst others: benches, bollards, litter bins, street lighting and signage. The selection of street furniature should be considered in a comprehensive mannor to ensure a common language of elements is maintained across the public realm and will ensure that they compliment the different uses within the park. The design and placement of street furniture should follow the principles set out below:
Street Lighting
6.7 Street Furniture
Street furniture should be kept to a necessary minimum to reduce possible clutter and maintenance requirements. Ensure a simple, consistant range of materials which are robust, high quality and durable. Security To allow users of the park to explore the different areas, minmal fences are proposed within the design. Highlighting boundaries with bollards (illumintated at night) deters users from straying off the main paths. Using large dense shrubs and vegetation along the edges of green areas will have the same effect. The park will be carefully monitored 24/7 by a team of park wardens and CCTV cameras located throughout the park. Shutting off the green areas past 8pm during the lighter summer months and 5pm during the darker winter months will reduce/prevent the amount of crime within the park.
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Woodland Trees Street Trees Wetland Trees Amenity Grassland Natural meadow Wetland meadow Low level planting
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Figure 6.12 Tree and Vegetation plan 96
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6.8 Planting and Ecology The planting and ecology strategy will be based on a number of Wetland trees: objectives: Salix pentandra (Bay Willow) Alnus glutinosa (Common Alder) Create a dense tree canopy to reduce the speed of raindrops. Corylus avellana (Common Hazel) Provide a network of trees and green spaces. Salix babylonica ‘Pendula’ (Weeping Willow) Enhance wildlife habitats within hard/soft areas of the site. Sorbus aucuparia (Rowan Tree) Promote sustainable planting Salix alba (White Willlow) Improve local biodiversity Tree planting Tree planting within an urban context can be used to unify spaces and Minimum tree sizes are as follows: routes, frame views and highlight desire lines and focal points. Trees can provide shelter from wind and rain, buffer noise and pollution and Street trees: create shade. 40-50cm girth, 25% of quantity 30-35cm girth, 50% of quantity Wood Wharf will have three categories of tree planting to be applied to the varying characters through the site. A list of potential tree Woodland trees: species has been selected for their form, colour, texture, resistance 20cm -25cm, girth, 25% of quantity to pollution, and their suitability for use in an urban climate: 18cm -20cm, girth, 50% of quantity Street Trees: Tillia cordata ‘Greenspire’ (Lime tree) Amelanchier lamarkii (June Berry) Platanus x acerifolia (London Plane) Quercus palustris (Pin Oak) Liriodendron tulipifera (Tulip Tree) Sorbus aucuparia ‘Joseph Rock’ (Rowan Tree) Acer Platanoides Emerald Queen (Norway Maple) Acer ‘Rubrum’ (Red Maple) Betula utilis jacquemontii (Himalayan Birch) Carpinus betulus ‘Fastigiata’ (Hornbeam)
Wetland trees: 30cm -35c, girth, 50% of quantity
Woodland Trees: Prunus padas (Bird Cherry) Betula Pendula (Silver Birch) Ilex aquifoium (Holly Tree) Crataegus oxyacantha ‘Plena Alba’ (White English Hawthorn) Fagus sylvatica (Common Beech) Cornus kousa (Chinese Dogwood) 3VHXGRWVXJD PHQ]LHVLL 'RXJODV ¿U $FHU FDPSHVWUD ¿HOG PDSOH
Quercus petraea (Sessile Oak) Pinus sylvestris (Scots Pine) Aesculus hippocastanum (Horse Chestnut)
Grasslands The use of grass/meadowland throughout the site will vary to suit the potential volume of users in the area.
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Low Level Planting Planting will be used to create visually interesting areas throughout the year. Evergreen planting will create a year round carpet of green whilst a range of herbaceous planting will provide injections of colour throughout WKH VHDVRQV 9DULHG SODQWLQJ ZLOO DOORZ D SURORQJHG ÀRZHULQJ VHDVRQ and planting fruit and nectar rich species will provide food for birds and insects (and in turn food for bats). The form and structure of the planting will also create sheltered nesting opportunities for birds.
The eastern green area of the site will be hard wearing lawn, to DFFRPPRGDWH SUHGLFWHG KLJK YROXPHV RI IRRWÀDOO WKURXJK WKH VSDFH 7KH central and western area will be a combination of amenity hard wearing lawn and natural meadow land. The meadows will promote wildlife habitats and ecology.
Marginal planting Marginal planting will be used to soften the northern edge of the site, and encourage marginal aquatic communities to establish. Marginal planting will also be used throughout the river channel and DORQJ WKH ULYHU EDQNV 7KHVH ZLOO ¿OWHU WKH ZDWHU UXQQLQJ WKURXJK WKH channel and encourage wildlife habitats to establish within the site.
Indicative location of Brown Roof Indicative location of Green Roof
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Figure 6.13 Living Roof plan 98
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6.9 Living Roofs There are opportunities to incorporate a range of living roofs such roofs so that they have varying substrate depths and drainage regimes as extensive and intensive green roofs, balconies and private roof creates a mosaic of microhabitats on and below the soil surface and can terraces into the Wood Wharf development. IDFLOLWDWH FRORQLVDWLRQ E\ D PRUH GLYHUVH ÀRUD DQG IDXQD ,QWURGXFLQJ JUHHQ URRIV LQWR :RRG :KDUI ZLOO LQFOXGH EHQH¿WV VXFK DV Usable Roof Gardens
Additional amenity space An increase in potential wildlife habitats Intensive green roofs require a deeper and organically richer growing A reduction in storm water run-off medium and usually a deeper drainage layer but can support a wider Contribute to a reduction in energy costs with increased thermal variety of plants including shrubs and trees. As such they are usually resistance and evaporative cooling designed as accessible garden terraces to form outdoor extensions to the architecture. The structure must be designed to accommodate the Proposals should aim to incorporate a range of the types of living additional loadings associated with this system;; i.e. the weight of the roofs highlighted below. plants at maturity, the build- up (saturated) and the number of people likely to use the terrace at any given time (live loads). Sedum and Grass Roofs Extensive green roofs consist of a lightweight, shallow growing medium layer (75mm-150mm depth), supporting smaller plant species (e.g. sedum and grasses). They require little maintenance and are generally inaccessible to all but those occasionally looking after the plants or the roof. They are best suited to conditions where a minimal build-up is available or desired. These roofs can be valuable ecosystems and support a wide range of plants and invertebrates by varying the types and densities of vegetation. Extensive green roofs consist of a lightweight, shallow growing medium layer (75mm-150mm depth), supporting smaller plant species (e.g. sedum and grasses). They require little maintenance and are generally inaccessible to all but those occasionally looking after the plants or the roof. They are best suited to conditions where a minimal build-up is available or desired. These roofs can be valuable ecosystems and support a wide range of plants and invertebrates by varying the types and densities of vegetation. Bio-diverse Roofs Extensive green roofs are generally considered as habitats with a low biodiversity. Research has indicated that this is due to a thin substrate layer which is unable to support a range of species. Designing green
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