Wood Wharf - Feasibility Study

WOOD WHARF Feasibility Report

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An investigation into the threats posed by climate change to landscapes within an urban context.

Post Graduate Diploma Landscape Architecture 2013 Abigail Haire

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Site Location

1. Introduction

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2. Research

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3. Case Study: Wheathampstead

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4. Urban Water Management

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5. Wood Wharf: Context

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6. Wood Wharf: Background

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7. Wood Wharf: Survey and Analysis

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8. The Vision

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9. References

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1 Introduction

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1 Introduction

Site Location

Introduction Climate change is a problem facing the whole of the planet and will become a major issue for most of the population.

The focus of this study is an issue of great relevance to the UK, and is a combined result of urban development and climate change: Flooding.

This study will focus on a site on the Isle of Dogs East London. With its location on the floodplain of the River Thames and being close to its estuary, it is in a prime position to be directly affected by fluctuating river levels.

This project will look at how natural and man made factors within the landscape can affect the scale of impact, and what opportunities and potentials there are to reduce it. With the aid of the Environment Agency’s ‘Thames Catchment Flood Management Plan’ it will explore the feasibility of options for flood water management upstream of the site, and investigate methods of urban water management specific to the site itself on the Isle of Dogs.

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2 Research

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2 The Location

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2 The Location

Site Location

The site this study is investigating is based on the Isle of Dogs, east London.

It sits within a meander of the river Thames just upstream of the Thames Barrier. It is located in the lateral stages of the river on the floodplain putting it at risk of flooding.

St Pauls Cathederal

Tower of London

Canary Wharf Millennium Dome

London Bridge Tate Modern Buckingham Palace

Earls Court

Waterloo Station London Eye

Battersea Power Station Battersea Park

Clapham Juction

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Greenwich University

The Site

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Climate change is the biggest environmental challenge facing the world today.

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Environment Agency, 2012

2 .1 The Problem

Site Location

The Problem The world is facing dramatic changes to the climate and environment that currently occur. Many predictions on the future of the planets climate have been put forward. The Environment Agency’s analysis of recent climate patterns predict the following: • Temperatures could rise between 1° and 5° Centigrade.

This will intensify the urban heat island effect, leading to risks affecting human health within the built environment.

• Winter rainfall could increase by up to 30%. This will increase the volume of water in the water cycle pushing drainage systems and flood defences to their limits.

• Summer rainfall could decrease by 50% compared with current patterns. This will potentially cause droughts and flash floods throughout the country, particularly in urban areas.

• Sea levels could rise by 67cm. This will cause coastal flooding, damaging communities, social infrastructure and biodiversity.

• Weather patterns could become more extreme.

Increasing the likelihood of flooding and sudden droughts.

All of the above predictions affect the site on the Isle of Dogs.

As the scale of the site is minor in relation to the size of the topic, this study needs to investigate the feasibility of water management earlier in the river’s course. Investigating options in how to reduce the impact of flooding in key areas throughout the catchment area will prepare the landscape for the changes the climate will bring.

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2.1 The problem

Site Location

There are 350,000 properties at risk of flooding from rivers in the catchment of the Thames and its tributaries. (In London there are a further 300,000 properties at risk of flooding from the sea. London and the Lower Thames represent 60% of the total number of properties on the floodplain).

The Environment Agency’s flood risk map above shows the areas at risk through central London out to Southend-on-Sea. The areas at risk include important landmarks of London such as Buckingham

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Palace, The Bank of England, Waterloo Station, The Tate Modern, St Pauls Cathedral, The Houses of Parliament and many other significant buildings. If the Environment Agency’s predictions on the previous page are correct, this important section of the river is under serious threat from increasing volumes of water from the river and the sea.

The urban nature of the site limits the potential landscape methods to tackle the predictions of the previous page through landuse within the city. As the floodplain is almost entirely built upon, and surrounded by predominately dense urban development where hard materials dominate the landscape, rainwater moves quickly through the city into the river. The next step is to look at potential water management methods upstream in the catchment area.

2.2 Thames Water Catchment

Site Location

Thames Water Catchment The River Thames flows through South Eastern England, from the source at Thames Head in Gloustershire following its 215mile journey though central London out to the mouth at Southend-On-Sea, Essex. It flows through nine counties: Glouscestershire, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Surrey, Essex, Kent and Greater London. The river and its tributaries travel through a mixture of landuse types from rural agriculture to some of the most densely populated areas of Great Britain.

Banbury

As these counties have different landscape characteristics, it is worth exploring further the naturally occuring conditions that slow the rate of water from raindrop to river.

Oxford

St Albans

Swindon

London Reading

Croydon

Guildford

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2.3 The Landscape Character

Site Location

The Landscape Character The scale of impact posed by flooding is determined by a number of factors affecting water movement. Development on the flood plain and land use within the drainage basin determine the speed of percolation and surface runoff. The shorter this time the greater the risk of the river reaching capacity and flooding.

Rivers flow in natural state.

Landuse is mixed agricultural and urban. Wide open undeveloped floodplains.

To understand the journey taken by water before it reaches the city, further exploration of the process upstream is necessary. This will reveal any opportunities that could that could deal with high volumes of water before it reaches the city, reducing the risk of flooding to the site on the Isle of Dogs and areas of central London.

As shown in the map to the right, the area around London is mostly urbanized, with modified river channels and a 100% developed floodplain. This is why it has the least potential for simple landscape water management. The east side of the water catchment area including counties such as Essex, Kent and Surrey have a predominantly urban landuse, with naturally flowing rivers. There is minimal development on the flood plain. This has some potential for landscape water management. The west side of the water catchment area including counties such as Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire is predominantly agricultural, with naturally flowing rivers with open non-developed floodplains giving lots of opportunities for landscape water management. The general land use however is not the only factor determining the speed of water movement.

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River flows in natural state. Land use is predominantly urban. Increase in hard surfaces. Minor development on floodplain.

Modified channels to carry water efficiently. Land use is majority urban.

Floodplain has been been developed 100%.

Site Location

2.4 Character Areas

Character Areas The Cotswolds: Predominantly alluvial clay soils, therefore high speed surface runoff, and minimal percolation rates. 22,443 ha of woodland (8% total area) also prolong time taken from raindrop to river.

The Chilterns: Predominantly chalk soils with a slow rate water of percolation. The dominant landuse being agriculture surface runoff is slower.

23,343 ha of woodland(14% total area) also reduce speed of raindrop to river.

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Geology, Topography, Landuse and Vegetation are the four main factors that determine the speed of water movement within the drainage basin. Looking at how these elements interact with one another within the landscape character areas outlined on the previous page, allows a greater understanding into the process of percolation throughout the Thames catchment area. This map looks into how these factors affect the speed of water movement in three of the character areas within the Thames water catchment.

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Inner London: Predominantly clay soils, minimal to zero percolation. Completely urban landuse, excessive hard materials used, therefore surface runoff is extremely fast.

With only 690ha of woodland (2% total area), raindrop to river speed is not massively affected.

2.4 Character Areas

Site Location

The Cotswolds As shown in the map to the left the Cotswolds have hard impermeable soil. This means percolation of rain water is limited, causing the surface runoff to be greater and faster.

8% of the area is covered in woodland which will reduce the speed of the falling water, and in turn the volume of surface runoff will be released into the river slowly over a longer period of time. The method of landscape water management best suited for this area of the drainage basin is to plant large areas of woodland and dense vegetation to reduce the volume and speed of surface runoff. The trees will act as natural water store.

Slow Percolation Impermeable Soil Dense Vegetation

The Cotswolds

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Site Location

2.4 Character Areas

Inner London Inner London has the same soil type as the Cotswolds as shown on the map on the previous page. However, with the excessive hard materials used and lack of green space available, limited options for landscape water management present themselves. SUDS in new and existing developments are the best suited method.

However another option to make up for the lack of green space is possible. Planting woodland areas upstream of the landscape character areas in places such as the Cotswolds as mentioned above will deal with the problem outside of the city, This would need to become part of the planing regulations to take affect.

Inner London

Green Roofs

Impermeable Concrete

Street Trees SUDS

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2.4 Character Areas

Site Location

The Chilterns The map on the previous page also shows that the Chilterns have predominantly chalk soils. Chalk soils are absorbent and slow down the rate of water percolation. This character area also has the highest percentage of woodland cover, again prolonging the journey of the water to the river. This makes the Chilterns naturally the best character area out of the three for landscape water management.

The Chilterns

Dense Vegetation

Fallow Porous soil Woodland Areas

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Water Channels

Increase Woodland

“In future, given the prospect of increased flood probability associated with climate change, agricultural land is likely to play an important role in mitigation and adaption strategies for flood risk management.�

DEFRA 2012

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2.5 Agricultural Policies

Site Location

Agricultural Policies

Setting land aside as fallow

Changes to agricultural policies in rural areas such as the Chilterns and the Cotswolds could also be introduced to aid landscape water management and prepare for the changes predicted by the Environment Agency. The existing system of Agricultural grants could be adjusted to achieve the following objectives to reduce surface runoff speed:

Permanent sacrificial land

Set aside field margins slow water with sough surfaces

Objective 1: Setting aside land (or field margins) as fallow i.e. uncultivated for a season. This would aerate the soil increasing its holding capacity, and the rough texture of the soil would reduce the speed of surface runoff.

Permanent attenuation

Objective 2: Adjusting landform where feasible to hold back volumes of water in times of flood. This could mean extending hedge banks or creating wooded embankments that would also increase wildlife value Objective 3: Reintroduce the system of traditional water meadows where appropriate, actually encouraging riverside fields to flood each year, with all the benefits associated with addition of alluvium.

Slowly releasing water in channels back into the river

Landform adjustments

Water meadows Allowing fields to flood reintroducing water meadows

Objective 4: Sacrificing some land to act as permanent attenuation by re-establishing historic bogs or marshes (this would in some cases undo decades of land improvement drainage).

Dense Vegetation

Mounded soil acts as water barrier

Diverting water along field boundaries

Prolonging distance of travelling water

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3 Case Study: Wheathampstead

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3 Case Study: Wheathampsted

Site Location

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3 Case Study: Wheathampsted

Site Location

Stevenage

Luton

Wheathampsted

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St Albans

Amersham

High Wycombe

Reading

Wheathampstead is a large village north west of Greater London, located in the county of Hertfordshire. The village is set in the Chilterns, previously identified in this study as a suitable area for rural landscape water management. The river Lea, a tributary of the river Thames flows through the village surrounded by chalky soils with a substantial amount of woodland scattered across the landscape.

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Wheathampsted

Welwyn Garden City

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Hemel Hempstead

3 Case Study: Wheathampsted

Urban Settlement Sacrificial land (existing playing fields) Sacrificial land (existing agricultural fields)

‘Diverting the urban surface runoff into temporary water stores allowing it to slowly percolate through the chalky soils of the Chilterns.‘ 28

Direction of surface runoff Controlled release channel

3 Case Study: Wheathampsted

Landscape water management Using the landscape characteristics of the Chilterns previously discussed as a base, the objectives explored on page 27 can be applied to Wheathampstead to prepare for the Environment Agency’s climate change predictions discussed at the beginning of this study.

Playing fields temporarily holding water.

As Wheathampstead is built around the river Lea with playing fields and scattered agricultural land spanning the gap between the floodplain and the settlement Objectives 1 and 2 could be applied to the site as shown in the diagram to the left.

As a temporary measure, setting aside land within the area of the agricultural fields to the north of the river will decrease the speed of surface runoff from the northern area of settlement, this will aid the flood prevention and enhance the fertility of the soil. This could be taken further and used as a more permanent attenuation area, promoting wetland bog habitats.

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is Ex

Sacrificing playing fields to hold surface runoff water from the settlement on the south side of the river when water levels are high will relieve the stress caused by an influx of urban drainage. As shown in the images to the right.

The water would then percolate through the chalky soil slowly, until it can be released back into the river through a series of channels controlling the volume and speed to accommodate fluctuating river levels.

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Agricultural land temporarily set aside

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4 Urban Water Management

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4 Urban Water

Site Location

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4 Urban Water

Site Location

Flood water management is less of an issue in rural areas because the available green space is normally capable of storing the volume of surface runoff from the relatively small settlement areas. In the city the same rule cannot be applied because of an opposite ratio of high density urban development to green space.

Planting street trees and ensuring that all new buildings have green roofs will reduce the speed of surface runoff.

This is comparable with the principle of increasing woodland cover in the Cotswolds. Planting new trees and vegetation in the city in as many areas as possible will not only reduce the speed of rain drop to river, but decrease the intensity of the Urban Heat Island effect.

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SUDS

Protect or enhanc

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Encourage natural groundwater recharge (where appropriate)

The method used in chapter three could be applied to the site on the Isle of Dogs in London, however it needs to be Simply introducing permeable paving into the cityscape adjusted to suit the urban context. will have a limited effect due to the hard clay soils beneath them. However creating voids beneath the pavements Rainfall in London generally lands on impervious urban and buildings to collect storm water is equivalent to the materials meaning that it has to be managed by humans principle of holding water back in the chalk substrate of the as soon as it hits the ground. This could be used as an Chilterns. advantage to tackle climate issues within the city.

Action can be taken throughout the whole of the catchment The same principle of maximising the distance from area, although the potential for such action to be effective in rain drop to river applies in the city as in the rural areas, attenuating flooding reduces as the river corridor becomes however given the physical limitations, the methods of increasingly developed. water management used are found within the established ‘field’ of SUDS (sustainable Urban Drainage Systems). The The site on the Isle of Dogs has the potential for all of these benefits of SUDS can be seen in the diagram to the right. methods to be employed. Combining these established techniques with the more general potential of the site to The map to the left shows green spaces in close proximity accept additional volumes of water in times of high rainfall to the river Thames. Diverting surface runoff water from will mean that this site can make a significant contribution surrounding roofs and hard spaces into large green spaces to the moderation of flood levels. such as Hyde Park or Battersea Park is the same principle used in the Wheathampsted example further upstream.

Whereas the concept of using public open spaces such as these as temporary water stores is feasible when built into new developments, it is less likely to be possible in central London because of the technical issues associated with transferring large quantities of clean water from the existing sewerage system in such an established and densely developed area.

Create better places to live, work and play Ar se e s ttin ym g a pa nd the the tic ne ed to t s o he f th e lo env ca iron l co m mm ent un al ity

Urban Water Management

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5 Wood Wharf: Context

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5 Wood Wharf: Context

Site Location

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5 Wood Wharf: Context

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5 Wood Wharf: Context

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5 Wood Wharf: Context

The Site: Wood Wharf

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The site of Wood Wharf is located in the West India Quay of London The site is brownfield land of 8.26ha that sits between Canary Wharf and The site is located within the lateral stages of the river Thames water Docklands. It sits within a meander of the river Thames on the Isle of central London to the west and the Millennium Dome and Greenwich cycle, putting it in a vulnerable position for the changing climate.

Dogs in the borough of Tower Hamlets, East London.

Peninsula to the east.

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7.2 Flood Risk

Site Location

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5 Wood Wharf: Context

Wood Wharfs location just upstream of the Thames Barrier close to the estuary (as shown in the image to the left) protects it from tidal surges for the immediate future. However at this stage of the river, the volume of water flowing through the city is at its maximum capacity, leaving it in the maximum impact zone for flood damage.

The floodplain is almost 100% developed with important landmarks scattered amongst the urban sprawl as shown previously in this study. To combat the Environment Agency’s climate predictions, neighbouring areas to the river such as Wood Wharf need to manage additional volumes of surface water before they reach the river.

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5 Wood Wharf: Context

Site Location

The volume of Canary Wharfs surface runoff by winter 2080 will be the equivalent of 7.5 Olympic swimming pools.

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5 Wood Wharf: Context

Surface Runoff By calculating the volume of surface runoff for the impermeable surfaces of Canary Wharf adjacent to the site, the scale of the climate change issues become apparent, and the conditions for future water management begin to form.

A

A Winter 2011

B

Summer 2011

B

Winter 2080

Summer 2080

The fluctuations in volume of surface runoff of between the summer and winter seasons in 2011 were as shown in diagram ‘A’ to the right. The volumes differs by approximately 1 Olympic sized swimming pool’s volume (2500m3) of water.

The diagram ‘B’ on the far right shows the surface runoff again in the summer and winter with the Environment Agency’s predictions of extreme contrasting seasonal precipitation applied. The Summer precipitation levels decrease by 50% and the winters precipitation increases by up to 30%. This creates a difference of just over 5 Olympic sized swimming pools worth of surface runoff between the seasons.

Winter Surface Runoff 2011: 14498m3

Summer Surface Runoff 2011: 11242.8m3

Winter Surface Runoff 2080: 18847.3m3

Summer Surface Runoff 2080: 5621.4m3

Therefore, the site of Wood Wharf will need to accommodate fluctuating water levels of up to 5 Olympic sized swimming pool annually.

The equivalent of 2.2 Olympic Swimming Pools of water.

The equivalent of 5.8 Olympic Swimming Pools of water.

The equivalent of 4.5 Olympic Swimming Pools of water.

The equivalent of 7.5 Olympic Swimming Pools of water.

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6 Wood Wharf: Background

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6 Wood Wharf Background

Site Location

Sitting within a meander of the River Thames flood plain the Isle of Dogs is in a prime location for flooding. Originally the Isle of Dogs was part of the river floodplain, in the 1200s it was drained for meadow and pasture land as shown in the map to the right. As the city developed, Wood Wharf became an important part of London’s industrial dockland area.

Wood Wharf was a key part of the docklands existence.

Blackwall Basin, the northern boundary of the site, was a dry dock used for repairing ships, while the surrounding area was used for storing timber. Between the 1800s and 1980s the docklands changed shape to suit the industrial development until finally advances in containerisation and transit routes forced Wood Wharf to close.

Today the site houses a small industrial estate with no other reason to visit than to use as a thoroughfare.

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2012 Canary Wharf Group acquires Wood Wharf Partnership

2009 Cross Rail begins construction

2003 Plans to improve Jubilee Line announced 45% passenger capacity

2000 Canary wharf Mall opened

1997 Working population 19000 1998 80 Shops and restaurants

1994 27 Shops and restaurants

1990 Steel Pyramid placed on top of 1 Canada Square 1993 Working population 7000

1987 DLR opened, City Airport Opened

1985 Docks become an Enterprise Zone offering tax allowances to both investors and developers 10 year life cycle.

1980s Docks Closed

1970s New technology and containerisation meant London Docklands couldn’t keep up with competitors

1960s Peak year for docks, over 60 million tons of cargo were handled

1940s Mass bombings of Docklands begin during Second World War.

1930s Port of London carried 35 million tons of cargo

1860 South Dock was made replacing an unprofitable canal (City Canal built in 1805)

1802 Docks were constructed

1500 Port of London was alive with activity, trade was expanding and docklands become point of departure for merchant ventures

1200 Isle of dogs was drained to support meadows and pastures as well as cornfield

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The History

6 Wood Wharf Background

Site Location

1990

1950

1910

1890

The Urban Grain

As the industrial boom develops the urban grain adapts to accommodate warehouses and space for ships with large water areas. As the shipping industry declined dockland areas were filled in to accommodate urban sprawl, leaving large flat areas for development. The results of this can be seen in 2012s urban grain map in which Canary Wharf and the Millennium Domes development can be seen.

2012

The reduction and addition of water bodies within the docklands has occurred regularly for hundreds of years.

This provides a basis for introducing new water bodies into the future design of the site.

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6 Wood Wharf Background

Site Location

Planning Context ‘Wood Wharf provides the potential to secure significant The voluntary provision of new art within development social, economic and environmental benefits for the schemes will be encouraged.

Isle of Dogs. It is an opportunity to create a new place to live, to work and to enjoy.’

Proposals for development adjacent to Conservation Areas should where possible avoid detriment to the character or Wood Wharf sits within the Central Area Zone of Tower appearance of the Conservation Area and its setting.

Hamlets proposal area within the Unitary Development Plan. It is a significant node within the surrounding area Development will not normally be granted for the demolition and is of strategic importance in delivering the goals set or partial demolition of any listed building except where a out in the following documents: strong case for demolition exists.

• National Planning Policy Framework • The London Plan Spatial Development Strategy for Greater London • Core Strategy 2025 Development Plan Document • Managing Development Plan Document Submission • Wood Wharf Supplementary Planning Guidance

Water bodies will be protected and promoted for their contribution to the character of the Borough and as important open areas and the loss of water protection areas will be resisted.

Develop a community focus and community facilities that are appropriate to the needs of the area.

(London Borough of Tower Hamlets Unitary Development Plan, 1998)

New development adjacent to water areas will normally be expected to conform to the general scale and form of The following design principles can be found defined the waterside character and respect important views into and out of the area. Access to the waterside should be clearly in the above documents: provided where appropriate.

‘Promote leisure and recreational uses, particularly along Development that unjustifiably causes significant harm to a the quayside. site of Nature Conservation Importance will not normally be Promote travel by public transport and transport modes permitted. Proposals that enhance the nature conservation value will receive favourable consideration other than the private motor car.

Create a new waterspace and secure increased public access to the waterside.

Develop new high quality open space and public realm, which is secure and attractive and will thrive in the long term.’

WoodWharf Masterplan, 2003

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6 Wood Wharf Background ยง

Site Location

Surrounding Development The diagram to the right shows the new and proposed building developments going surrounding the site. There is a large volume of new residential and mixed use buildings being developed to the north and east. To the west, new commercial buildings are being developed around Canary Wharf. There is little public green space within these developments, providing some justification for recreational green space within the Wood wharf area.

Mixed use Commercial Residential

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7 Wood Wharf: Survey and Analysis

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7 Survey + Analysis

Site Location

Building Uses The site buildings are mainly commercial with a few residential houses to the east. The commercial buildings are low rise, unattractive warehouse units with the feel of an industrial estate. The houses are three-four storey brown brick buildings lining the eastern edge. They feel slightly out of place between the sparse scrubland and industrial estate to the east and residential area across a water channel to the west.

The ‘Play On’ leisure centre shown in the middle image on the following page, is heavily used by people working in the surrounding area. Although the building is unattractive, the use is important. This needs to be carried through into the design of the site.

With so many new mixed use, commercial and residential developments going on around surrounding the site minimal development is necessary. Cold Harbour architectural conservation area consisting of small Victorian terraces and a listed building (The Gun Public House), is located to the east of the site boundary along Preston’s road, as shown in the map to the right. Any building developments to the east of the site need to keep the same character as the conservation area.

Commercial buildings

Cold Harbour Conservation area

1-5 Stories

21+ Stories

Building Heights

Leisure buildings

Site Boundary

6-10 Stories

Site Boundary

The buildings from Canary Wharf across Wood Wharf to the Millennium Dome vary in height dramatically. The skyscrapers of Canary Wharf tower up to 50 storeys (1 Canada Square), as shown in the map on the far right, whilst the houses surrounding Preston’s Road are only 3 storeys.

The sky scrapers of Canary Wharf dominate the site and make it feel exposed. They also add a new dimension to the design, in that it will be enjoyed in plan view from the tall buildings as well as physically experiencing it. The sudden change in building height is severe as shown in the cross section to the right, this could be addressed in future developments to scale the buildings appropriately.

Residential Buildings

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Canary Wharf

11-20 Stories

Blackwall Basin

Wood Wharf

River Thames

Millennium Dome

7 Survey + Analysis

Site Location

No Character

Commercial Box Lifeless

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Industrial

Grey

Unattractive

Bland

Heavily Used

Warehouses

Leisure

Over looked No Green Space

Dark

Residential

7 Survey + Analysis

Pedestrian Movement Pedestrian access to the site from the west is via some steps leading down from Cartier Circle. There are two entrances to the site from the east. One entrance is via the small lock entrance on Lovegrove Walk. The other eastern entrance is a leading of Preston’s Road onto an estate road.

The estate road is the only illuminated pedestrian route leading through the site. Even though there are street lights it does not feel very welcoming. The road has high fences on either side of it blocking views from a storage yard to the north and shipyard to the South, these ‘channel’ pedestrians through quickly. When it rains large pools of water take over the road, making it hard for pedestrians to navigate. The access from the east leading off Cartier Circle is via a steep set of steps into a small dark unwelcoming passageway. Due to the lack of light the area feels threatening at night and towards the latter hours of the day.

Pedestrians use the site as a thoroughfare to get from Canary Wharf to the east. They also use the estate road to access to the commercial units on site, and Play On Sports centre.

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7 Survey + Analysis

Pedestrian entrance to site via Cartier Circle

South entrance

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Estate road

Dominated by vehicles

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7 Survey + Analysis

Vehicular Movement The existing transport and traffic movements through Wood Wharf are limited. Arrivals and departures tend to be predominantly by private vehicles. The site is close to both the London Undergrounds Jubilee line and to several of the Dockland Light Railway (DLR) stations, but the links to these transport nodes are poor.

Roads The main road impacting Wood Wharf is Preston’s Road to the east of Wood Wharf. A busy main road, alternating between two and four lanes to accommodate junctions.

During morning rush hour, vehicular flow is heavy in a southbound direction, and northbound during the evening peak. This is an unpleasant road to cross and walk along due to its scale.

Bus Routes There are no bus routes on the site itself, however there are many on surrounding roads such as Preston’s Road and Trafalgar Way. The site is surrounded by so many bus routes that it is probably not necessary to introduce new bus routes into the site, however improving pedestrian connections to the bus stops is likely to ecourage the use of public transport.

London Underground Canary Wharf underground station is located a 5 minute walk from Wood Wharf. The Jubilee line runs underneath the site, from Stanmore to Stafford. The most direct route to the underground station is via Cartier Circle, which does not have disabled access.

The Docklands Light Railway (DLR) The DLR is a high frequency light rail system that connects the Docklands with the surrounding local areas and the City. Wood Wharf is accessible via a number of DLR stations, most directly to Blackwall Station which is approximately a 10-minute walk from the site via Poplar Dock. The journey to the stations is along busy main roads which are unattractive for pedestrians.

Cycling Preston’s Road is a designated cycle route, part of Route 1 of the London Cycle Network - connecting Greenwich to Canning Town and Stratford. There are designated cycle sections of the road, this route is mainly used for commuting.

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DLR London Underground Jubilee Line Cycle Route Bus routes Main Roads

7 Survey + Analysis

Preston’s Road

The DLR Canary Wharf Tube station

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7 Survey + Analysis

Character Areas 1. Temporary Landscape - Olympic Events space 2. Leisure Centre and Eastern site entrance 3. Industrial warehouse commercial units 4. Southern hard edge dockland space 5. Storage warehouse 6. Derelict scrub land soft northern water edge 7. Residential area Site boundary

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7 Survey + Analysis

Active lively space during events Corporate

Industrial estate feel

Shut off to the pubic and abandoned sparse urban landscape when events are not taking place.

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3 Uninspiring Landscape

Large expanses of concrete

Bland Architecture

Container yard adds colour

Dark bricks Messy scrubland blocked off from public

Dense green edge creates a barrier hiding the industrial buildings behind

4 This space encourages users to move through it quickly

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5 Dominated by estate road

Hoarding prevents views Isolated from the rest of sitte

6 Remanence of industrial past

7 Continual use of materials gives the area a feeling of privacy

7 Survey + Analysis

Site Location

Key Views The views within Wood Wharf are very important. To the west views of the skyscrapers of Canary Wharf cannot be avoided. To the east glimpses of the Millennium Dome are difficult to miss.

Its important to make sure Canary Wharf doesn’t dominate the site.

To the south three cranes lead eye to the South Dock and gateway bridge. The Northside looks out onto a peaceful marina. The majority of views to the north East are seen by looking up.

3

Views into the site are also very improtant as it can be seen from all sides, and will be looked down on from canary wharf.

The landmarks surrounding Wood Wharf provide reference points which guide users through the site and on to surrounding areas. It is important to connect key views in the new design.

2

5

1

4

Key view direction Key view

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1

7 Survey + Analysis

Site Location

1

2

3

63

4

5

7 Survey + Analysis

Site Location

Gateway spaces Wood Wharf currently has one major gateway space, and one temporary gateway space.

West India Dock Entrance (the bridge from the south on Preston’s road) is a grand entrance with the three cranes just to the west of it.

This has the feel of entering a new space, however once over the bridge the space is dominated heavily by roads and residential estates.

There is a temporary gateway space connecting the west of Wood Wharf with Montgomery square, and linking directly to the Underground station. Unfortunately the connecting pontoon bridge is temporary, only being in place when events being held on the site.

The gateway space from the north-west stepping down off Cartier Circle into Wood Wharf is not practical, feels threatening at night and leads pedestrians into a building site.

Gateway spaces need to be improved to give users a sense of arrival when reaching the site. This will give the space more of an identity, and promote more uses than just as a thoroughfare.

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7 Survey + Analysis

Site Location

Temporary western entrance

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Vehicle dominated southern entrance

7 Survey + Analysis

Site Location

Urban Water Management The water edge of Blackwall Basin to the north of Wood Wharf is the softer side of the site. It is completely unaccessible to the public, and is currently surrounded by scrubland.

The edge to the south of Wood Wharf in South Dock is all hard surfaces, resembling the dockland background. The edge again is not accessible to the general public and is surrounded by metal fencing.

Soft northern waterside edge

The area surrounding the temporary events space is also hard landscape, the public can access the dock side however there is no possibility of interaction with the water.

Enhancing the quality of the water edges will improve the ecology within the site. Creating areas where users can interact with the water will draw people into the site, and create a unique sense of place within the surrounding urban environment.

Hard southern waterside edge

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7 Survey + Analysis

Site Location

Industrial

Industrial

Soft

Soft

Scrub land Industrial

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Soft

7 Survey + Analysis

Site Location

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7 Survey + Analysis

Site Location

Ecology London Biodiversity Action Plan monitors biodiversity throughout London, identifying habitats and species of importance. It specifies what species are under threat, and to what extent they need to be taken into account during Planning decisions.

Eight of these species have been identified as needing targeted action to secure their future in London. These species are: bats, black poplar, house sparrow, mistletoe, reptiles, sand martin, stag beetle and water vole. Other important species also include: black redstart, common dormouse, grey heron, otter and peregrine Wood Wharf lies in an ‘Area of Deficiency SINC’ in the Tower Hamlets borough. The site has minimal biodiverse qualities as shown in an ecological survey results shown below.

Habitat types found on the site: Grassland, Bare/Stony ground, Scattered trees, Areas of dense ruderal vegetation, Scrub land.

Fauna species found on the site: Invertebrates - No species found Reptiles - Common species found, eg Slow worm Birds - Common birds found, eg Commorant, Tufted Duck, Dunnock, Black Redstart Bats - None Amphibians - None The site is isolated from adjacent areas of semi natural vegetation, bounded by open water and urbanised areas. This level of isolation reduces the chance of any migration in and out of the site, reducing the chance that fauna in any great number may be on site. Cold Harbour Conservation area however borders the site on one side directly to the East. This offers some potential to encourage biotope areas in the site.

The water surrounding the site is of a brackish nature 7-10m deep and is pumped in from the River Thames to maintain the level of water in the dock. The dock sides are made of concrete meaning marginal planting and habitats are unable to form.

The site has experienced so much disruption over the years due to urban development that habitat communities haven’t had the opportunity to develop. This is a major issue that needs to be addressed in the outcomes of this study.

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7 Survey + Analysis

Site Location

Common daisy (Bellis perennis)

Red clover (Trifolium pratense)

Common couch(Elytrigia repens)

Common yarrow (Achillea millefolium)

Ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata)

Oxford ragwort (Senecio squalidus)

Dovesfoot cranesbill (Geranium molle)

Spotted medick (Medicago arabica)

Smooth sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus)

Tufted vetch (Vicia cracca)

Goatwillow (Salix caprea)

Butterfly bush (Buddleia davidii)

Bramble (Rubus fruticosa)

White melilot (Melilotus albus)

Rosebay willowherb (Chamerion angustifolium)

Spear Thistle (Cirsium vulgare)

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Bristly Oxtongue (Picris echioides)

Perennial rye grass (Lolium perenne)

Hawkweed Oxtongue (Picris hieracioides) Common elder (Sambucus nigra)

Hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale)

7 Survey + Analysis

a lat

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Vegetation The diversity of vegetation species across the site is generally quite low. The density of plants throughout the site varies with the habitat types previously mentioned, some habitats such as hardstanding have little or no vegetation and subsequently of minimal ecological value.

The dominant species found throughout the site colonise in the scrubland areas, these can be seen on the opposite page.

Trees are scattered sporadically across the site, generally semi mature native tree species such as Ash, Beech and Field maple. Other species such as Norway Maple and grey alder are also found within the site.

As the vegetation species on the opposite page have little or no ecological value, a diverse range of plant species need to be considered in future proposals for the site.

71

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7 Survey + Analysis

Green Space There are two main public green squares next to Wood Wharf. Both of them are located in the business district of Canary Wharf. To the south is Jubilee Park and to the north is Canada Square. There is a small amount of green space in the centre of Cartier circle at the northern access point into the site, however this is surrounded by a road.

The public green space is appropriate for the setting it is in, however it appears ‘corporate’ and uninviting to anyone not working within the proximity. The majority of the green space is private, or following the routes of infrastructure.

With the volume of residential development going on around the site, the areas would be improved by the creation of more green space.

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7 Survey + Analysis

Jubilee Park

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Canada Square

7 Survey + Analysis

Site Location

Topography Due to the extreme dockland development in the area over the last century the site is relatively flat, with only a 0.3m change across it. This creates an almost blank canvas to move further into he design process with.

Cartier Circle to the north west of the site is raised up by 7.5m, linking together Trafalgar way and Canary Wharf via a raised bridge. The access via this change in level will need to be addressed in any future development on the site.

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4.2m

7 Survey + Analysis

Geology The majority of the soil throughout the site is a peaty clay.

This will mean surface runoff will move quickly around the site, especially combined with the volume of surrounding hard surfaces. Introducing a variety of permeable soils into the site will reduce this.

Geological Map Data ŠNERC 2012 Š Crown copyright/database right 2012. An Ordnance Survey/EDINA supplied service

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Scale 1:10000 0

100

200

300

400

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7 Survey + Analysis

Large scale buildings to set scale to west.

Poor pedestrian connection.

Forgotten scrubland needs to be included.

Physical Barrier.

Small scale buildings to set scale to east.

Poor road connection.

No Active waterfront edges.

Full solar exposed edge

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Existing pedestrian route (no right of way).

7 Survey + Analysis

Site analysis principles From the site analysis process various principles can be drawn to take the design forward.

• Pedestrian connections through the site need to be improved and increased.

• Any new building developments need to be to an appropriate scale in keeping with the existing buildings to the east and west.

• Physical barriers preventing movement through the site such as waterways and level changes need addressing.

• Transport links to/through the site need to be addressed.

• Access to water edges on northern, western and southern edges need to be activated.

• Microclimate of southern edge needs to be used.

77

78

8 Vision

79

80

Create a space that looks to reduce the impact of the Environment Agency’s climate change predictions

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Introduce Green Roofs on existing buildings (where possible) and all new building developments

Create a regenerated, recreational green space

Introduce planting of street trees and vegetation where possible

Promote public access and use of the waters fronts

Improve cycle network through the site, create a direct link from Canary Wharf to Preston’s Road

Promote the use of SUDS in the new development

Promote the use of public transport, reduce private vehicular use on site

Create a space capable of accommodating fluctuating seasonal volumes of water

Introduce permeable paving with water collecting voids beneath to temporarily store rain water

Provide areas to encourage ecological biotopes to establish.

Create arrival spaces at both Eastern and Western access points

Preserve and enhance culture and heritage of the site

Any new buildings to be of mixed use development to be of appropriate scale

Create a temporary landscape to address the varying seasonal volumes of excess water

Improve pedestrian routes through the site

7.91 Hinge Park, Vancouver 8 Vision

Hinge Park, Canada Hinge Park, Vancouver was designed by PWL for the city of Vancouver. The brief was to design and implement the central community park in Southeast False Creek, known as Hinge Park. The design combines historical references to the former city works yard site with the creation of a naturalized wetland environment that manages rainwater runoff from the surrounding neighbourhoods while providing natural habitat to a wide variety of plant and animal species. The parks design also incorporates amenities for the surrounding neighbourhood, such as an innovative children’s playground and a variety of break out spaces each with their own unique design expression that references the industrial past merged with the ecology of the present.

The regeneration of city’s industrial work yard into a recreational urban park is not only a practical use of land, but creates an enjoyable space for surrounding residents and visitors. The reuse of materials from the parks industrial background is sustainable and immediately connects visitors of the park to its history. This technique could be use in Wood Wharf through focussing on the dockland history, using the old docking cranes as a major feature in the design. The use of the old pipe as a bridge in Hinge park is particularly successful as it adds an element of play to the historical feature. This is less achievable on the Wood Wharf site as not many industrial relics exist, however the new design could include concepts from the original materials.

The collection of rainwater runoff, as shown previously in this project, is not only an aid in reducing flooding but introduces new habitat areas encouraging ecology. This is one of the factors of the design that crosses over with Wood Wharf. The development of ecology on the site is very important.

82

The park has visible channels in which the rain water is collected, these are an attractive design feature and make people aware of the issue of water management. This is a design point that should be carried through into Wood Wharf. The more public awareness of development related to sustainability and climate change the better.

Hinge Park incorporates the surrounding community into design. Creating break out spaces with unique identities adds variety to the design, encouraging visitors to explore the park further. Including a childrens playground incorporated into the industrial features caters for all ages and encourages educational play.

7.91 8 Vision Hinge Park, Vancouver

Site Location

Hinge Park, Vancouver 83

8 Vision

Malmö Western Harbour, Sweden Malmö´s Western Harbour is located to the west of Malmo City centre, southern Sweden. The Harbour was once a decaying, contaminated industrial shipyard that has now been developed into an exciting sustainable urban environment.

The design focused on sustainability in the area, creating a self sufficient energy supply and waste treatment system. The site is powered by 100% renewable energy.

Twenty different developers and thirty different architect firms provided input into the buildings designs, varying living styles from traditional and conservative to modern and edgy. The utilization of green space and storm water management techniques have been two of the main factors of its success. Half of the footprint of the design was designated to green space. The storm water is managed through a series of open channels that run throughout the complex. These channels correspond to biotopes providing new habitats for animals.

level of importance in the development. Creating specific areas for ecological habitats will be carried through into Wood Wharf.

The Western Harbour is 100% energy self efficient.

Introducing renewable energy sources into Wood Wharf would help to combat other areas of climate related issues not covered in this project such as oil shortages and high CO2 emissions. Introducing solar panels onto new buildings should be considered in the design of Wood wharf.

The Harbour has minimal vehicular access, only small routes to allow emergency vehicles and deliveries. The movement priority is given to pedestrians and cars. This is a really important aspect of the harbour to carry through to the design of Wood Wharf.

A variety of edge types are used in the design of the harbour. The edges on the internal water bodies of the site are linear replicating the dockland, those on the sea side The Western Harbour has virtually no cars. The design has of the side are rocky replicating the coastline. This design small access routes for goods deliveries and emergency aspect could be used in Wood Wharf to connect to the services, but most residents park their vehicles outside the industrial history and promote different biotopes. area and then walk to their homes. Bicycles and pedestrians have priority, and the area can be easily reached from the rest of Malmö on buses. Western Harbour can be used as a model for sustainable development well into the future.

The storm water management channels running throughout the complex remind visitors of the sustainable green development surrounding them. Again like in the Hinge Park development, Vancouver, the promotion of storm water collection in such a prime location within the design advertises the adaption needed to accommodate changes in climate. The central strips of water between terraces of houses with specific areas dedicated to animal habitats creates ecological corridors. Their location following the building lines puts ecology and human activity on the same

84

8 Vision

Western Harbour, Malmรถ 85

8 Vision

The Floating Gardens, China The Floating Gardens are located on the Yongning River, south east China. The park is 21ha along the river, and originally had concrete banks that were part of the local government’s flood control policy. The design objective for the park was to create an overall concept that would create accessibility for both tourists and locals. Another key aim was to create an alternative flood control and storm water management solution to be used as a model for the entire valley.

The challenges that faced the landscape architect were: • The concrete river embankments.

• To design an alternative flood control and storm water management solution as a model for the entire river valley.

• To design a park that serves multiple purposes, creating ecological habitats allowing natural tidal fluctuations and still accessible for tourists and the local community.

The design solutions: • A regional drainage approach taking into account storm water process analysis for the next 50 years.

• An alternative flood control solution that utilizes constructed wetlands incorporating the regional flood patterns into the park design.

• Restored ecological areas along the floodplain and an outer wetland outside of the riverbank that runs parallel to the river. It utilizes native plant communities and takes into account the monsoon season and its flooding habitats.

During the dry season the wetland pant communities incorporate fresh water from an inlet located in the upper reach of the river.

•Masses of native wetland plants, trees and bamboos were planted to promote the continuity of the design with the surrounding ecosystem.

The design is ecologically sensitive to the dynamic movements of the rivers flows and tides. It educates users

86

and demonstrates alternative solutions to flood-control engineering and water management.

The idea of creating a landscape dominated by nature could be taken through into the design of Wood Wharf.

As the surrounding landscape is so dominated by urban development and hard materials, a complete extreme contrast would provide room to breath.

Looking to the future and preparing the landscape to adapt with environmental challenges can also be taken from this case study. Creating enough space to deal with the existing volume of surface runoff in Wood Wharf will benefit the landscape immediately. Preparing enough space to deal with the Environment Agency’s predictions covered at the beginning of this project will create a landscape that will benefit the area for 80 years.

Creating a park with multiple uses blending together ecological values, flood prevention and community engagement is a focus that will definitely be taken through into the design process of Wood Wharf. Creating a functional mutli-use green space will be the main focus of the design.

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The River Wandle, UK The River Wandle project is based in Hackbridge, in the South West London Borough of Sutton. The design objective was to create a resilient design to allow surface water through a residential scheme at the same time as creating functional attractive amenity landscape.

The landscape approach was to create versatile land uses between developments that can cope with unexpected fast inundation of flood water and slow the passage back into the main river course to reduce risk of flooding downstream.

The Flood risk management approach is to use nondefensive measures to slow and store flood water on the larger site to reduce risk to other sites, including the riverside site downstream.

Rainwater harvesting tanks, sustainable drainage detention basin, rain gardens and swales are used to manage the water throughout the site working with the same principles applied through this study. Public open space within the design is shaped to accommodate flash floods and hold water back to be released slowly into the river. This creates temporary landscapes as shown in the diagrams to the right. The design has been implemented to accommodate water for the next 100 years of water level fluctuations.

Incorporating the fluctuating water levels within the design creating temporary landscapes will be taken through into the design of Wood Wharf. The idea of exposing and hiding elements of the landscape with the seasons will make the park feel like a living organism.

Introducing rain harvesting tanks and swales into the design will address the principles discussed in this project and hold excess water while water levels are high. The underground stores in the River Wandle project allow more practical uses above such as buildings and structures.

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Concept: Turbulence This concept explores the pace of city life entwined within the natural landscape. The idea is to create an experience that wraps users in dynamic swaths of vegetation and slows down the ‘London Pace’ whilst accommodating the principles explored earlier in this study.

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A series of pools twist their way through the park leading users along the desire lines explored previously and new routes enhancing and prolonging the experience. Each pool will accommodate different volumes of water working with the fluctuating surface runoff, allowing extra space for flood water if necessary. Introducing floating paths and platforms will create an element of mystery as new areas are revealed and hidden with rising and falling water levels.

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Concept: Roots This idea for this concept is formed from the process of raindrops in the water cycle. Looking at the principles drawn from earlier within this project one of the major contributors to the storage of water is trees. Looking at the shape of a tree and its roots in plan view creates an interesting landscape form to explore. Continuing the concept to include percolation through the soil creates channels of water leading from central pools out to the surrounding docks.

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Looking further into the idea of ‘roots’ leads the concept back to the source of the river, and the type of landscape in which it started its life. The tributaries of the Thames run through rolling hills and rural areas. Replicating this by creating mounded areas of soil planted in varying degrees of vegetation adds unique qualities to the site within the surrounding relatively flat hard urban landscape.

8 Vision

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Concept: Reflection This concept looks at the bigger picture. Taking inspiration from architecture of the surrounding area, and the history of the site creates a design encompassing the straight lines of the buildings and docklands merged with the softness of water and vegetation.

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A central plaza draws the character of Canary Wharf through the site allowing easy access from east to west, however strips of water cross the pass encouraging users to stray and explore the areas of the site.

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Large strips of water purifying plants break up the site creating a dynamic environment leading out to the docks, similar to those in the Malmo case study. Using the purified water in some of the pools allows the potential for water activities within the site.

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Looking at the reflections of the buildings in the water surrounding Canary Wharf inspires shapes within the design guiding users through the park. Using angular pools of water replicate the glinting windows within the skyscrapers, and incorporating the historic dockland element as a major feature.

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8 Vision

Site Location

The Task The task is to design a recreational green space within the city that incorporates into the site the principles of urban water management established upstream. By doing this, a new dimension will be introduced to the space so that the ‘temporary’ landscape created at times of flood is a distinctive part of the design.

The design will create a seamless link between the skyscraper district to the west and the residential areas to the east, providing a ‘destination’ within the community. Taking elements from all three of the concepts previously explored, create a dynamic space regenerating the dockland heritage of the site, whilst encouraging ecological habitats to develop.

The design will focus on the future of the space, and the impact it could have on climate change and on dealing with the consequences of climate change.

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8 Vision

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8 Vision

Task: Brief Using the principles established previously in this document the following points of focus need to be taken further into the design process to achieve the task set out on the previous page: • Design - Apply to the site design the principles identified in the study of the upper part of the river catchment area where geology, topography, landuse and vegetation affect the speed of surface runoff.

Take inspiration from natural sources into the design to create a sense of organic dynamism through the site. Using landform, create different user experiences through the space and encourage flora and fauna habitats to establish.

• Waterways and Edges - Activate water edges by introducing public footpaths and cycleways along the south and western edges fo the site. Enhance aquatic ecology through the site by introducing marginal planting and ecological waterfronts along the northern edge of the site.

Introduce channels and pools to accommodate fluctuating volumes of surface runoff from the site and the surrounding impermeable urban area.

• Environment - Create an ecologically rich environment amongst the surrounding urban context connecting together the site, Cold Harbour conservation area and the river Thames river bank.

Introduce areas of dense vegetation and woodland planting into the site, setting aside areas to flood at times of high precipitation. Use hedges and wooded embankments to absorb rainfall and hold back high volumes of water, this will also introduce wildlife corridors across the site.

• Urban - Plant street trees, green walls and vertical planting across hard areas of the site to reduce the volume of surface runoff water produced in the new development. Introduce permeable paving to the urban areas of the site, and green roofs to all new buildings (and existing where viable).

Any new buildings in the site need to be to an appropriate scale in keeping with the existing buildings to the east and west.

• History - Incorporate the industrial history of the site and surrounding area into the design, keeping key idustrial features visible from all areas of the site. Include industrial relics (such as the cranes) in the design.

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• Movement - Create a space that encourages users to dwell and enjoy the site, as well as using it as a point of connection for cyclists and pedestrians from the east to the heart of Canary Wharf.

Physical barriers such as waterways and level changes need to be adapted to ease the movement through the space.

• People - Create a space that provides for the needs of the surrounding residential community, new visitors to the site and the office community of Canary Wharf and surrounding businesses.

• Context - Create a space that encourages users to dwell and enjoy the site, as well as using it as a point of connection for cyclists and pedestrians from the east to the heart of Canary Wharf.

Enhance the users experience and interest through the site by creating areas with unique identity and attractions, keeping visual corridors across the site connecting key features and landmarks.

Promote a healthy and active lifestyle, including opportunities to exercise through the site within the design.

• River-wide - Introduce a flood strategy to the urban settlements on the Thames floodplain, allocating green spaces such as parks and amenity pitches to hold excessive volumes of water - reducing the impact of flooding in the latter stages of the river.

Apply the principles identified in the upper stage of the river in the Chilterns, (increasing volumes of woodland, leaving fields as fallow, planting up hedgerows and allowing areas to flood) to areas with a high ‘raindrop to river’ speed.

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7.92 Malmo, Sweden

Site Location

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9 References

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Site Location

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9 References

9 References

Site Location

References Green Peace, 2012, Sea Level Rise. [Online] Available at: Natural England, 2009 Visiting the London region [Online] Available at: http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/regions/ www.greenpeace.org/en/campains/climate-change london/visiting/default.aspx Tower Hamlets, 2003. Wood Wharf Masterplan. [Online] Available at: www.towerhamlets.go.uk/lgsl/457-500/494- BBC News, 2012 Flooding [Online] http://www.bbc.co.uk/ current-planning-policey/supplementary-planning-advice. news/uk/ aspx Met Office, 2011 Floods and Flooding [Online] Available at: gfdrr,2012, ‘Cities and Flooding’. [Online] Available at: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/education/teens/case-studies/ www.gfdrr.org/gfdrr/sites/gfdrr.org/files/urban floods pdf/ floods cities%20and20flooding%20guidebook.pdf Baca Architects, B.A, 2009 The Life Project. Bracknell.

Rogers, R 2011 Creating places for people - Transforming 2009 Londons Public Realm. Urban Desing, Spring 2011 pg16.

Kongjian Yu. K.Y and Mary Padua. M.P 2006 The Art of Metoffice 2012. ‘Climate: Observations, projections and Survival. Victoria. 2006 impacts [Online] Available at: www.metoffice.gov.uk/ Environment Agency, 2011 Thames Catchment Flood medin/pdf/t/r/uk.pdf Management Plan [Online] Available at: http://www.

Landscape Institute, 2012 Landscape Architecture and environment-agency.gov.uk/research/planning/114391. the challenge of Climate change [Online] Available aspx a t : w w w. l a n d s c a p e i n s t i t u t e . o r g / P D F / C o n t r i b u t e / Environment Agency, 2011 Climate Change [Online] LIClimateChangePositionStatement.pdf Available at: http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/ PWL, 2012 Hinge Park at Southeast False Creek [Online] research/planning/114391.aspx Available at: http://www.pwlpartnership.com/our-portfolio/ sustainable-places/hinge-park-southeast-false-creek Shaping Wood Wharf, 2012 ‘Masterplan’ [Online] Available at: http://www.shapingwoodwharf.com/masterplan Canary Wharf Group, 2012 Our History [Online] Available at:www.canarywharf.com/aboutus/Who-We-Are/OurHistory/

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