Test Bank for Cultural Psychology, 4th Edition by Steven J Heine
chapter 1 1.
2.
3.
Which of the following defines culture, according to the textbook? a.
a group of at least three people
b.
males and females across different species who possess mentalizing abilities
c.
any information learned from other members of one’s species that can influence an individual’s behaviors
d.
a group of people who do not share the same context
e.
novel innovations that an individual creates and does not share with others
Cat A teaches Cat B, who lives in the same alley, to hold a mouse in a certain way so that the mouse can be more easily eaten. This way of holding mice then gets passed on to other cats in different alleys. Based on the definitions of culture used in the textbook, can this example be said to be culture? f.
yes, because the information was passed on by social learning between Cats A and B
g.
yes, because all animals have culture
h.
no, because Cats A and B belong to a group of cats from the same alley
i.
no, because the information was passed on to other cats in different alleys
j.
no, because culture cannot not spread from one alley to another
According to the definition offered in the textbook, which of the following would NOT be a good example of culture? k.
a child mimics her friend by sticking her tongue out when she doesn’t like her food
4.
5.
l.
a child learns how to brush her teeth from her father
m.
a child improves on her brother’s game by using three marbles instead of two
n.
a child creates a piece of art she has never seen before while, at the same time, listening to her sister sing songs
o.
a child learns from her teacher how to sit down nicely in her chair during lunch
A chimpanzee learns from his human zookeeper to wash carrots in the artificial river in his habitat before eating them. Based on the definitions of culture used in the textbook, can this example be said to be culture? p.
yes, because the information was passed on by social learning
q.
yes, because a habit or practice can be said to be culture
r.
yes, because the chimpanzee belongs to a group of chimpanzees kept in zoos
s.
no, because he learned the practice from a member of a different species
t.
no, because he is the only member of his group to adopt this habit
Gwen wants to conduct a study on dating preferences among teens in France, but she finds that French teens in the countryside are very different from French teens in the cities. The difference between French teens in the countryside versus the cities best illustrates which challenge to defining culture? u.
Cultural boundaries are not always clear-cut.
v.
Cultures are dynamic and change over time.
w.
Culture and the mind make each other up.
x.
There are as many variations within cultures as there are between cultures.
y.
Psychology relies too much on WEIRD samples.
6.
7.
8.
In an African studies research paper that you are writing for publication, you use the word “culture” to refer to a group of South African people. Which of the following is a challenge to using “culture” to define a group of South Africans? z.
South Africans are likely very different from people who live in parts of North Africa.
aa.
Present-day South Africans are likely very similar to South Africans in the early twentieth century.
bb.
All South Africans share the same political and environmental contexts, leading them to have very similar experiences.
cc.
There is too much variability within the South African population to warrant a single “South African” category.
dd.
South Africa is economically very different from its neighbor, Botswana.
A key difference between cultural psychologists and general psychologists is that ee.
cultural psychologists study people in many different cultures in order to study universals, whereas general psychologists study people from one culture to study universals.
ff.
cultural psychologists study people from one culture, whereas general psychologists study people from many cultures.
gg.
cultural psychologists try to discover laws that govern the mind as a central processing unit (CPU), whereas general psychologists study variability across contexts.
hh.
general psychologists believe that the mind is independent from context and content, whereas cultural psychologists believe that the mind cannot be separated from context and content.
ii.
general psychologists believe that all of human psychology is universal, whereas cultural psychologists believe that people in different cultures think and behave in very different ways that cannot be explained.
Trina believes that deep down, people from different cultures are all the same. Which psychological perspective best represents Trina’s view? jj.
multicultural approach
kk.
existential universal
9.
10.
11.
ll.
nonuniversal
mm.
cultural psychology
nn.
general psychology
A cultural neuroscience study by Hedden, Ketay, Aron, Markus, and Gabrieli (2008) had European Americans and East Asians make judgments on the figureline task while in an fMRI scanner. The key results were that European Americans showed more activation in the left inferior parietal lobe and right precentral gyrus during the relative task, while East Asians showed this pattern during the absolute task. What do these results mean? a.
European Americans had to pay more attention in the absolute task than the relative task.
b.
East Asians had to pay more attention in the absolute task than the relative task.
c.
East Asians were better at the absolute task than at the relative task.
d.
European Americans were happier during the absolute task than during the relative task.
e.
European Americans were more fearful during the relative task than during the absolute task.
Some people would describe cultural psychology as the study of how “culture and mind make each other up.” What does this statement mean? f.
Culture and the mind are interchangeable concepts.
g.
Culture and the mind are opposite concepts from one another.
h.
Culture and the mind can be perceived as fantasy or make-believe.
i.
Culture and the mind are dependent on each other.
j.
Culture and the mind are very similar concepts.
A key belief of the Sambia is that
12.
13.
14.
k.
people are born straight and become gay over time with experience.
l.
femaleness is innate but maleness must be explicitly learned.
m.
male sexuality is stable throughout life.
n.
homosexual encounters are natural for males and females between the ages of 7 and 15.
o.
maleness is innate, but femaleness must be explicitly learned.
In the Sambian context, the cultural emphasis on boys to go through rituals such as piercing their noses and thrashing them with sticks suggests that, for the Sambia, p.
men must work hard to maintain their innate maleness.
q.
women need to work toward obtaining a female essence.
r.
pain is not associated with masculinity.
s.
masculinity is something that boys gain from certain behaviors.
t.
there is also a strong emphasis on sexuality being rigid and unchangeable.
According to the Sambia, u.
men can get jerungdu from trees with white sap.
v.
females must be taught to engage in warfare.
w.
men can never lose jerungdu.
x.
heterosexuality is the only accepted form of sexuality.
y.
maleness will develop naturally over time.
What is the highest level of universality? z.
nonuniversal
aa.
existential universal
15.
16.
17.
bb.
functional universal
cc.
accessibility universal
dd.
ultimate universal
After an exhaustive study, you find no cultural variation across all samples explored in terms of sleeping in a tree at night. In other words, all examined cultures exhibited this practice, used trees for sleeping in the same way, and preferred sleeping in trees to the same extent. This finding would best be labeled as a(n) ee.
nonuniversal.
ff.
existential universal.
gg.
functional universal.
hh.
accessibility universal.
ii.
conditional universal.
If a psychological process involved in statistical reasoning is present only among individuals in a certain culture, it is a(n) jj.
statistical universal.
kk.
nonuniversal.
ll.
accessibility universal.
mm.
existential universal.
nn.
functional universal.
All cultures congratulate their members’ achievements to make them feel good about themselves, but some cultures are much more willing to do this than others. According to Norenzayan and Heine (2005), what is this an example of? oo.
existential universal
pp.
accessibility universal
18.
19.
20.
qq.
functional universal
rr.
nonuniversal
ss.
conditional universal
Assume that the act of giving gifts to neighbors has been documented in every culture that exists in the world. Which of the following is definitely true about the act of gift giving? tt.
It is a nonuniversal.
uu.
It serves the same purpose across all cultures.
vv.
It happens more in Western than in non-Western cultures.
ww.
It solves the same evolutionary problem in all cultures.
xx.
It shows some level of universality.
Your research team found evidence that people in multiple cultures walk with their shoes on their heads, but this “shoe-on-head” way of walking is activated for different reasons across cultures. This would be evidence of a(n) a.
nonuniversal.
b.
existential universal.
c.
functional universal.
d.
accessibility universal.
e.
conditional universal.
People from all cultures use umbrellas, but in some cultures umbrellas are used only to block rainwater, whereas in other cultures umbrellas are used only to block the sun. The use of umbrellas across cultures would thus be classified as a(n) f.
statistical universal.
g.
nonuniversal.
21.
22.
23.
h.
accessibility universal.
i.
existential universal.
j.
functional universal.
You grew up learning that nodding your head means “yes,” and most people you know do the same; however, you recently learned that people in some cultures nod their heads when they mean to say “no.” Nodding your head would thus be characterized as a(n) k.
existential universal.
l.
functional universal.
m.
nonuniversal.
n.
accessibility universal.
o.
statistical universal.
Celebrating birthdays is a functional universal. This means that in two cultures, the purpose of birthdays is ________ across the cultures and the importance of birthdays is ________ across the cultures. p.
different; the same
q.
different; different
r.
the same; the same
s.
the same; different
t.
There is not enough information to answer this question.
What does the acronym “WEIRD” stand for? u.
White, Educated, Industrialized, Rural, Democratic
v.
White, Educated, Introverted, Rich, Democratic
w.
Western, Elite, Industrialized, Rich, Driven
24.
25.
26.
x.
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
y.
Western, Educated, Introverted, Rural, Democratic
What is one way in which psychology samples tend to be unrepresentative of the world population? z.
They tend to be high school students.
aa.
They tend to be from North America.
bb.
They tend to be mostly male.
cc.
They tend to have a short attention span.
dd.
They tend to be from warm climates.
You conduct a literature review on a topic for a class paper and realize that all the studies you found seem to use WEIRD samples. Based on this characteristic of the study samples, which of the following would be a limitation of your class paper? ee.
You would be unable to determine the level of universality.
ff.
You would be relying on a non-Western perspective.
gg.
You would be using a multicultural rather than a color-blind approach.
hh.
Your conclusions would not generalize to people in industrialized countries.
ii.
You would not have enough studies to draw conclusions about WEIRD samples.
You want to raise your child so that she will not be susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion. Based on what the textbook discusses as being the reason for why some people are more susceptible to this illusion than others, what should you do to make your child less susceptible to it? jj.
train her and drill her on it as soon as she can talk
kk.
remove her from North America
27.
28.
29.
ll.
raise her in an environment without corners
mm.
make sure she is born in South Africa
nn.
This cultural difference is genetically inherited, so little can be done to make one less susceptible.
Jarad wants to make sure he does not raise children who are susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion. As such, he should oo.
first establish whether that susceptibility is an existential universal.
pp.
adopt the perspective of a general psychologist.
qq.
make sure his children are low on ethnocentrism.
rr.
raise his children in places where corners are uncommon.
ss.
train his children in the Russian cultural-historical school of psychology.
What is the problem with relying too much on WEIRD societies for samples in psychology research? tt.
WEIRD samples represent a very narrow slice of the world’s population.
uu.
WEIRD samples tend to have inconsistent behavioral responses compared to those in non-Western societies.
vv.
WEIRD samples do not get paid for their participation.
ww.
WEIRD samples do not show the Müller-Lyer illusion.
xx.
WEIRD samples are difficult to obtain compared to non-WEIRD samples.
How do Americans compare to people from other cultures when tested on the Müller-Lyer illusion? a.
Americans are very low; they do not perceive the illusion very strongly compared to other cultures.
b.
Americans are about average; they perceive the illusion more strongly than some cultures and less strongly than others.
30.
31.
32.
c.
Americans are very high; they perceive the illusion very strongly compared to other cultures.
d.
All cultures tested on this illusion perceive it to the same degree.
e.
Americans do not perceive the illusion at all.
You decide to start a new research project investigating the universality of drinking alcohol. To do so, you investigate two different cultures from two different continents (the Netherlands and Canada). You find evidence that people in both countries drink beer to the same extent and for the same reasons. Which of the following conclusions can you make about drinking alcohol? f.
It is an accessibility universal.
g.
It is a functional universal.
h.
It is an existential universal.
i.
It is a nonuniversal.
j.
No definite conclusion can be made.
Why is studying cultural psychology important? k.
Studying cultural psychology shows how cultural differences cannot be explained.
l.
Psychology research conducted in North America is not valid.
m.
Studying cultural psychology can give psychologists a more complete understanding of how the human mind works.
n.
Studying cultural psychology can help psychologists separate culture from the mind.
o.
Studying cultural psychology emphasizes a color-blind approach as a way to reduce racial discrimination.
The boss of a company in the United States has instituted a new policy requiring all interactions between workers, who are predominantly white Americans, to take a color-blind approach. This means that the
33.
34.
p.
boss wants the workers to interact with each other without acknowledging their ethnic or cultural differences.
q.
boss belongs to the Russian cultural-historical school.
r.
boss wants the workers to focus on aspects of psychology that are considered nonuniversals.
s.
boss wants the workers to acknowledge and respect their ethnic and cultural differences.
t.
ethnic minority workers will be more engaged with their work than they were before the new policy was instituted.
As the incoming CEO of a company in which people of different ethnicities work in the same workspace, you have been given the task of creating a work environment in which people of different ethnicities have trust in the company and positive emotions toward each other. To do so, you plan to give a speech. According to the textbook, which of the following approaches would be best for accomplishing your task? u.
“There are no racial differences here—only one human race.”
v.
“Treat everyone the same—as a friend—to make this workplace a friendlier place.”
w.
“Everyone brings their own experiences to the table, but what really unites us is that we are all people and all a part of this same company.”
x.
“There will be company parties every Friday night!”
y.
“Every ethnicity brings a different piece of the puzzle, and we should treasure what makes each of us unique.”
Hank believes that all cultures are unique, whereas Van believes that deep down, people from different cultures are not that different because they are all human. How do color-blind and multicultural approaches relate to their beliefs? z.
Hank supports a color-blind approach, whereas Van supports a multicultural approach.
aa.
Hank supports a multicultural approach, whereas Van supports a colorblind approach.
35.
36.
37.
bb.
Both support a color-blind approach.
cc.
Both support a multicultural approach.
dd.
Hank’s and Van’s beliefs demonstrate how the color-blind approach overlaps with the multicultural approach.
How do the color-blind and multicultural approaches compare to each other? ee.
Only the color-blind approach is relevant to the issue of cultural differences.
ff.
Only the multicultural approach has research supporting its perspective.
gg.
Both approaches respect group differences.
hh.
The color-blind approach recognizes that groups are different, while the multicultural approach emphasizes commonality as humans.
ii.
The color-blind approach ignores group differences, while the multicultural approach focuses on group differences.
Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism? jj.
“I grew up eating fish raw, but people from Culture X like to eat their fish cooked. Different countries just have different food preferences.”
kk.
“I don’t understand. How come we keep dogs as pets, but people from Culture X keep llamas as pets?”
ll.
“Those people from Culture X are weird. Rather than using forks to eat like we do—like people are supposed to—they like to eat by picking things up using sticks.”
mm.
“We should be more tolerant of different ethnicities.”
nn.
“Some cultures are better than others—that is a fact.”
Which of the following statements about ethnocentrism is true? oo.
It is necessary for clearer definitions of what constitutes a cultural group.
38.
39.
40.
pp.
It refers to a person who can use multiple cultural standards by which to judge behaviors.
qq.
It means that behaviors that do not seem normal tend to be viewed as less desirable.
rr.
It suggests an understanding that what may be natural to one person may not be natural to others.
ss.
It suggests an understanding that one takes a purely objective perspective when examining cultural differences.
Ethnocentrism involves tt.
judging people from other cultures by the standards of one’s own culture.
uu.
being exposed to other cultures early in life.
vv.
being exposed to at least three cultures.
ww.
seeing other cultures as superior to one’s own culture.
xx.
constantly comparing different cultures to each other.
Tia does not want to follow her tennis team’s dress code, which requires girls to wear a short skirt. She decides to wear long pants instead because women of her culture dress more conservatively than Americans. Her teammate Myra thinks it is wrong for Tia to ignore the team’s uniform dress code. Myra’s belief is an example of a.
a color-blind approach.
b.
a multicultural approach.
c.
discrimination.
d.
ethnocentrism.
e.
acculturation.
Which of the following is the best example of ethnocentrism?
41.
42.
f.
Emmett does not like it when his brother pushes him.
g.
Bria believes it is wrong for Tessa to let her children sleep in their own room; to Bria, it is normal for children to sleep in the same room as their parents.
h.
Finn wants his parents to pay attention to him so he spills his water all over the kitchen floor.
i.
Ina believes that she is the best actress in her school and is angry when she is not chosen for the lead role in the school play.
j.
After Wynn visits Japan for the first time, she decides that the Japanese have the best train system in the world.
At the grocery store, you hear an employee in the meat department say, “It doesn’t make sense to me that Muslims don’t eat pork. That’s the most delicious meat of all! It seems wrong that they won’t even try it.” Which of the following does this situation best demonstrate? k.
segregation
l.
ethnocentrism
m.
integrationism
n.
discrimination
o.
assimilationism
People in Culture A breastfeed their children from birth until at least age 3, and people in Culture B never breastfeed their children and instead feed them formula from birth. People in both cultures think the other culture is feeding their children the wrong way. Which of the following most accurately describes this example? p.
Culture A is ethnocentric in their views.
q.
Culture B is ethnocentric in their views.
r.
Both cultures are ethnocentric in their views.
s.
Neither culture is ethnocentric; Culture A is objectively right.
t.
Neither culture is ethnocentric; Culture B is objectively right.
43.
The Chinese abacus is a cultural invention that leads to the use of a hexadecimal numeral system (i.e., base 16, rather than the base 10 numeral system commonly used throughout the world). Therefore, the hexadecimal numeral system is a very unique cultural practice that few other cultures have. Choose the position of either a general psychologist or a cultural psychologist; then, as your chosen type of psychologist, generate an explanation for the capacity to use the hexadecimal numeral system.
44.
Choose the position of either a general psychologist or a cultural psychologist; then, as your chosen type of psychologist, generate an explanation for cultural variability in susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer illusion.
45.
Name each degree of universality based on Norenzayan and Heine’s model. For each degree of universality, provide one example for each degree and justify why your examples are relevant for each level.
46.
Most companies in multicultural societies such as Canada and Great Britain are staffed with people from different cultural backgrounds. The best approach in dealing with group differences in terms of fostering work engagement and trust toward the company is the
47.
Your new job in a culturally diverse company requires you to figure out how to deal with this cultural diversity in a way that yields the most benefits for the company. Your two options are to take either the color-blind approach or the multicultural approach. Choose one approach, and justify your response based on the research presented in the textbook.
48.
What does the acronym WEIRD stand for, and what are at least two problems with relying on samples from WEIRD societies in psychology?
49.
Adrian likes to take showers in the morning instead of the evening. He finds out that his friend Cyndi takes showers in the evenings. What would be an example of an ethnocentric response when Adrian learns about Cyndi’s behavior?
Answer Key chapter 1
1. Answer:
C
2. Answer:
A
3. Answer:
D
4. Answer:
D
5. Answer:
D
6. Answer:
D
7. Answer:
D
8. Answer:
E
9. Answer:
B
10. Answer:
D
11. Answer:
B
12. Answer:
D
13. Answer:
A
14. Answer:
D
15. Answer:
D
16. Answer:
B
17. Answer:
C
18. Answer:
E
19. Answer:
B
20. Answer:
A
21. Answer:
A
22. Answer:
A
23. Answer:
D
24. Answer:
B
25. Answer:
A
26. Answer:
C
27. Answer:
D
28. Answer:
A
29. Answer:
C
30. Answer:
E
31. Answer:
C
32. Answer:
A
33. Answer:
E
34. Answer:
B
35. Answer:
E
36. Answer:
C
37. Answer:
C
38. Answer:
A
39. Answer:
D
40. Answer:
B
41. Answer:
B
42. Answer:
C
43. Answer:
Answers will vary.
44. Answer:
Answers will vary.
45. Answer:
Answers will vary.
46. Answer:
multicultural approach.
47. Answer:
Answers will vary.
48. Answer:
Answers will vary.
49. Answer:
If Adrian claims that Cyndi’s evening showers are less desirable (less hygienic, less moral, etc.) than his own behavior of showering in the morning.
Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 2 1.
You measured the brain of an animal species and found that it was 30 cm3. The brain itself weighs 40 grams. You want to artificially enhance the mean group size for this animal species. What part(s) of the brain would need to increase or decrease, and why?
2.
David posits that, because nuts require ingenuity to harvest them, animals that rely on a diet of nuts will require more complexity in mental abilities, thus leading to the evolution of a larger brain. Evaluate whether David’s assertion makes sense based on existing evidence.
3.
Define the social brain hypothesis, and generate a study design that tests this hypothesis.
4.
Imagine that three teams are tasked with building a windmill. One team has 3 people, one has 6 people, and one has 12 people. All teams saw an example of a windmill and then worked to reproduce the windmill and improve on it. Draw a figure that represents approximately how well each of these teams would perform on this task, relative to the other teams, after 15 trials.
5.
Define the ratchet effect and generate an example of it (excluding the example of the hammer in the textbook).
6.
You are trying to determine whether Mimi, a young child, engages primarily in imitative or emulative learning. Design a study that will allow you to figure it out.
7.
Faye Han is a famous YouTuber who begins copying the mannerisms of another famous YouTuber, Trish Linh. Design a study that tests whether Faye is copying Trish due to prestige bias or similarity bias.
8.
What is a critique of the social brain hypothesis?
9.
10.
a.
Comparisons of neocortex ratios across primate species go against the social brain hypothesis.
b.
Comparisons of the encephalization quotient across primate species go against the social brain hypothesis.
c.
Research on the diets of humans compared to other species of primates is more strongly supported than to the social brain hypothesis.
d.
Evidence supporting the social brain hypothesis is limited to humans and does not extend to other species of primates.
e.
The social brain hypothesis predicts that group living is beneficial to primates but it doesn’t explain why.
Which of the following is true about the cognitive skills of a 2.5-year-old human child compared to a chimpanzee and an orangutan? f.
The child will likely outperform the chimpanzee and orangutan on physical problem-solving tasks but not social problem-solving tasks.
g.
The child will likely outperform the chimpanzee and orangutan on social problem-solving tasks but not physical problem-solving tasks.
h.
The child will likely outperform the chimpanzee and orangutan on both physical problem-solving tasks and social problem-solving tasks.
i.
The child will likely perform about the same as the chimpanzee and orangutan on both physical problem-solving tasks and social problemsolving tasks.
j.
The child will likely perform worse than the chimpanzee and orangutan on both physical problem-solving tasks and social problem-solving tasks.
Scientists studying four species of Neptunian animals obtained the following data:
Species Brain volume without neocortex (cm3) Neocortex volume (cm3) A
45
90
B
80
84
C
20
67
D
82
84
According to Dunbar’s social brain hypothesis, which species should have the largest social groups? (No calculator is needed.)
11.
12.
k.
A
l.
B
m.
C
n.
D
o.
The answer cannot be determined from the available data.
Which of the following is true of the relationship specifically between human brains and group size, according to the social brain hypothesis? p.
Human brain size is not related to group size but rather to humans’ diet.
q.
The neocortex ratio in humans gives them the capacity to keep track of about 150 relationships.
r.
The smaller the group size, the faster the brain deteriorates in old age.
s.
Humans with larger brains have an affinity for larger groups.
t.
Living in larger social groups tends to lead to larger neocortex ratios.
According to the social brain hypothesis, which of the following is true? u.
The large brains of primates allow them to have smaller, tight-knit social groups than humans.
v.
Evolution favored primates who did well maintaining social relationships.
w.
The neocortex ratio in primates limits population groups to 150 members.
13.
14.
15.
x.
People with greater numbers of social relationships are mentally healthier than those with fewer.
y.
The neocortex ratio in primates allows for population groups to exceed 150 members.
According to Dunbar (1993), why would larger social groups be associated with the evolution of larger brains? z.
Larger groups provided more protection for survival, which allowed for the evolution of larger brains.
aa.
Smaller groups tended to be too cohesive and unwilling to adopt new ideas, leading to stagnant brain evolution.
bb.
Smaller groups were more vulnerable to predation and defeat in warfare, preventing the evolution of larger brains.
cc.
Larger groups were more successful in hunting, and the additional food led to the evolution of larger brains.
dd.
Larger groups had greater social complexity, which drove the evolution of larger brains to handle this increase.
After measuring the neocortex ratio of two species, it was determined that Species A has a ratio of 0.25, whereas Species B has a ratio of 0.20. Based on the evidence discussed in the textbook, which of the following can one most likely conclude about these two species? ee.
Species A’s diet contains more fruit than Species B’s diet.
ff.
Species B has higher intelligence than Species A.
gg.
Species A uses more extractive techniques to get food than Species B.
hh.
Species B lives in a smaller social group than Species A.
ii.
Species A has a larger brain relative to its body size than Species B.
What theory is best supported to explain why primates evolved such large brains?
16.
17.
jj.
They tend to eat foods that are rich in protein, which can support expansive neural development.
kk.
They tend to eat fruit and need to be clever enough to remember where the fruit trees were that would be ripe at each point in the season.
ll.
They tend to eat foods that require ingenuity to extract, such as nuts and termites.
mm.
They tend to live in large social groups, which requires intelligence to function effectively.
nn.
The number of males and females is unequal, so individuals need to outsmart their competitors to attract mates.
What is the main cost to humans for having large brains? a.
Larger brains use less of the body’s total metabolism than small brains.
b.
Large brains require large skulls.
c.
Large brains require an enormous amount of energy to function.
d.
Humans have become more sedentary and consume fewer calories due to having large brains.
e.
Humans’ brains constitute nearly 20% of their body weight, making neck pain a persistent problem.
Which of the following statements is FALSE? f.
Primate species that rely heavily on fruit in their diets have larger neocortex ratios than primate species that do not rely much on fruit.
g.
Primates have larger brains as a function of their body weight than most other mammals.
h.
Primate species with large social networks have larger neocortex ratios than those with smaller social networks.
i.
Human brains require more caloric energy than the brains of most other species.
j.
All of the statements are true.
18.
19.
Which of the following is direct evidence for the social brain hypothesis? k.
Humans outperform other primates in physical problem-solving tasks.
l.
Species of whales and birds that are more social have smaller brains.
m.
Humans have a large encephalization quotient.
n.
Animals that are more social have fewer cognitive skills.
o.
As predicted by the neocortex ratio, the average human social group size in subsistence societies is around 150 members.
You examine four newly discovered primate species that have the same body size and obtain the following data: Species
Brain volume without neocortex (cm3)
Brain weight (g)
Neocortex volume (cm3)
A
80
120
90
B
25
95
84
C
66
70
67
D
22
86
84
Based on these observations, what can you reasonably infer?
20.
p.
Species B has the largest encephalization quotient.
q.
Species C deals with the highest levels of social complexity.
r.
Species D and C have, respectively, the largest and the smallest neocortex ratios.
s.
Species A has the largest neocortex ratio.
t.
Species B and D have the same neocortex ratio.
After studying four species of newly discovered primates that have the same body size, the scientists obtained the following data: Species
Brain volume without neocortex (cm3)
Brain surface area (cm2)
Neocortex volume (cm3)
A
80
120
90
B
25
86
84
C
66
134
67
D
22
95
84
Rank order the species by their expected social group size, from greatest to smallest, according to the social brain hypothesis. (No calculator is needed.)
21.
22.
u.
D, B, A, C
v.
A, B, D, C
w.
C, A, B, D
x.
B, D, A, C
y.
The answer cannot be determined from the available data.
A 2.5-year-old human child, a chimpanzee, and an orangutan are presented with the same problem-solving task: they must figure out how to use a tool to reach the top of a cabinet and nudge a wooden block that will knock over a banana. Based on the findings of Herrmann and colleagues (2007), which of the three participants will outperform the others? z.
the human child
aa.
the chimpanzee
bb.
the orangutan
cc.
None will be able to complete the task.
dd.
There will be no significant difference in performance across the three participants.
On Planet X, you observe that a primate-like species is undergoing rapid evolution, with their brains having grown significantly in volume. Based on the textbook’s discussion about a similar process that took place in human evolution, what physiological changes to this alien species would you expect to accompany this growth in brain volume? Assume that body size has not changed. ee.
increased muscle mass
ff.
shorter fingers and limbs
23.
gg.
increased energetic demands elsewhere on the body
hh.
increased encephalization quotient
ii.
lengthened digestive tract
After studying four species of Martian animals that have the same body size, the scientists obtained the following data: Species Brain weight (g) Neocortex volume (cm3) A
120
120
B
86
23
C
134
67
D
95
125
Which species has the largest encephalization quotient (EQ)? (No calculator is needed.)
24.
jj.
A
kk.
B
ll.
C
mm.
D
nn.
The answer cannot be determined from the available data.
Among three newly discovered species of primates, Species A’s diet is based fully on fruits, Species B’s diet is based fully on food that requires extractive foraging methods, and Species C lives in highly social complex groups. Which species probably has the largest encephalization quotient (EQ)? oo.
Species A
pp.
Species B
qq.
Species C
rr.
All three species probably have the same EQ.
ss.
The answer cannot be determined from the available information.
25.
26.
27.
How does one find an animal’s encephalization quotient (EQ)? tt.
It is a complex conversion from an animal’s intelligence quotient.
uu.
It is the ratio of an animal’s brain weight to the brain weight predicted for a comparable animal with the same body size.
vv.
It is the ratio of an animal’s brain weight to its body size.
ww.
It is the ratio of the volume of an animal’s neocortex to the volume of its brain.
xx.
It is the difference between the volume of an animal’s brain and the volume of its neocortex.
The encephalization quotient (EQ) is defined as a.
an animal’s brain weight.
b.
an animal’s body mass.
c.
neocortex volume.
d.
an animal’s brain weight relative to the predicted brain weight for a comparable animal of the same body size.
e.
the ratio of an animal’s neocortex volume relative to the volume of the rest of the brain.
Which of the following is true regarding gene-culture coevolution? f.
It describes how culture shapes the evolution of genes.
g.
It describes how genes shape the evolution of culture.
h.
It distinguishes the evolution of humans from the evolution of other species.
i.
It explains how culture and genes interact over time: Humans have genetically evolved behaviors that contribute to cultural practices, and cultural practices also evolve over time and can influence genetic evolution.
j.
All of the above are correct.
28.
29.
30.
Kaya is working on a science fair project to create a windmill. She has a choice between joining Group A, with 11 other members, or Group B, with 2 other members. The group that creates the best windmill will receive a prize. According to research on cultural accumulation, which group should she join to get the best chance of winning the prize? k.
Group A, because there will be a larger number of models to ensure there is a talented member to imitate
l.
Group A, because members of the group can divide up responsibilities and each make a small part of the windmill very well
m.
Group A, because competition among group members will motivate each individual to create a better windmill
n.
Group B, because there will be less chance of fighting among group members
o.
Group B, because free riding is more common in larger groups
According to Henrich’s (2004) mathematical model, what happened to cultural knowledge in the case of eighteenth-century Tasmania? p.
Cultural knowledge initially deteriorated due to an influx of outsiders into the population that diluted it; however, cultural knowledge later increased from population diversity.
q.
Cultural knowledge deteriorated due to malnutrition, which reduced the neocortex ratio.
r.
Cultural knowledge deteriorated due to immigration, which created confusion as to what qualified as cultural knowledge.
s.
Cultural knowledge deteriorated because of population shrinkage, which led to a lack of skilled models for people to copy.
t.
Cultural knowledge initially increased due to immigration and population diversity; however, it later deteriorated because it is in the nature of cultural evolution that some cultural ideas fall out of favor in time.
A small handful of engineers have decided to leave their original, larger group of engineers to start their own company in a location that is very isolated from outside
influence. According to Henrich’s mathematical model, what will be the likely trajectory of technology produced by this group?
31.
32.
u.
cultural technology that is the same as the larger group
v.
more advanced cultural technology that ratcheted up from increased group cohesion among this isolated group
w.
more advanced cultural technology that is entirely unique from the technology of the original group of engineers
x.
deteriorated cultural technology because of a lack of skilled models in the isolated group
y.
drastically deteriorated cultural technology because of intense relational conflicts in small groups
Which of the following (historically inaccurate) examples best demonstrates the process of the ratchet effect? z.
Kesha brushes her teeth with a bottle of whiskey, but Lady Gaga gives her a tube of toothpaste because it cleans teeth better.
aa.
Wolverine and Thor independently create the first hammers. Wolverine’s hammer is simply a rock, whereas Thor’s hammer has a metal head and a long handle.
bb.
Serena Williams demonstrates how to use a tennis racquet to hit a ball, and everyone then tries to figure out how the racquet can be used to hit a ball.
cc.
Marx creates a new political ideology, Lenin builds on that ideology, and Stalin further expands on it.
dd.
Tiger Woods demonstrates how to use a golf club to hit a ball, and everyone mimics Tiger’s movements with his or her golf club.
Which of the following is true about scaffolding? ee.
It occurs more commonly in WEIRD societies than in East Asian societies.
ff.
It is more explicitly communicated in small-scale societies than in WEIRD societies.
33.
34.
35.
gg.
It involves teaching the complexity of the task by listing as many steps as possible.
hh.
It can be demonstrated indirectly or communicated explicitly.
ii.
It involves both prestige bias and similarity bias.
Pavel teaches his daughter to brush her teeth by having her watch him as he brushes his and telling her, “First, you hold your toothbrush in one hand. Second, you put a little bit of toothpaste on the brush. Third, you wet the toothbrush and put it in your mouth. Last, you move the brush in a circular motion to clean your teeth.” Which of the following describes the method Pavel is using to teach his daughter? jj.
scaffolding
kk.
emulation
ll.
mentalizing
mm.
the ratchet effect
nn.
conformist transmission
Which of the following best describes mentalizing? oo.
considering other people’s goals
pp.
thinking about what someone else might want
qq.
thinking about what someone’s preferences are
rr.
being able to understand other people’s intentions for their behavior
ss.
all of the above
A child observes a model using a new tool to crack open an acorn. The child does not copy exactly what the model does, nor does he understand that the model wanted to crack acorns. The child simply sees that the tool can be used to crack acorns and tries to figure out on his own how to use the tool for that purpose. What is the child exhibiting? tt.
simple mimicry
36.
37.
38.
uu.
observational learning
vv.
emulative learning
ww.
theory of mind
xx.
imitative learning
Emulative and imitative learning can be contrasted in that a.
in the short term, imitative learning leads to better solutions than emulative learning.
b.
chimpanzees can perform well at tasks involving imitative learning, but not at tasks involving emulative learning.
c.
emulative learning does not require imitating a model’s behavioral strategies.
d.
emulative learning is a necessary precondition for cultural accumulation.
e.
2-year-old children tend to solve tasks with emulative learning of behavioral strategies, whereas 1-year-olds do not.
Which of the following statements is true regarding chimpanzees living in the wild? f.
They show less evidence of mentalizing than chimpanzees that have been raised with humans.
g.
They communicate with a vocabulary of about 60 recognizable words.
h.
They bring others to locations so that they can observe things there.
i.
They are able to imagine others’ intentions, just like chimps raised with humans.
j.
They do not show emulative learning abilities.
An infant of Species X sees a model use a new tool to achieve a goal. Which of the following demonstrates that the infant is engaging in imitative learning? k.
When given the tool, the infant figures out on his own how to use the tool to achieve the same goal.
39.
40.
l.
The infant tries to determine which of the model’s actions was most relevant in using the new tool to achieve the goal.
m.
When given the tool, the infant mimics exactly how the model used the tool.
n.
The infant stares blankly at the model.
o.
The infant tries to determine what it is about the tool that allowed the model to achieve the goal.
An infant of Species X sees a model use a new tool to achieve a goal. Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates that the infant is engaging in emulative learning? p.
The infant tries to determine the model’s intent in using the tool in a specific way.
q.
The infant tries to determine what the model liked best about the tool.
r.
When given the tool, the infant figures out on her own how to use the tool to achieve the same goal.
s.
When given the tool, the infant mimics exactly how the model used the tool to achieve the goal.
t.
The infant stares blankly at the model.
Which of the following children demonstrates mentalizing? u.
a child who hides his toys so his mother will not find them
v.
a child who likes to ride the family dog like a rodeo bull
w.
a child who assumes that everyone knows everything she knows
x.
a child who first watches her brother turn the doorknob gently to open the closet and then pulls the doorknob as hard as she can to force the closet door open
y.
a child who spends a long time deciding between two outfits in the morning
41.
42.
43.
Homer sharpens a rock and uses it to shave. Schick adds a handle to the rock for better grip. Gillette then changes the rock to a titanium blade for durability. The progression of improvements made to the shaving utensil is an example of z.
cultural adaptation.
aa.
emulative learning.
bb.
the eureka effect.
cc.
cultural bootstrapping.
dd.
the ratchet effect.
A team of scientists observes that a new species (Species X) tends not to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool; instead, species members are very adept at figuring out on their own how to best use the tool. Conversely, another new species (Species Y) does tend to copy exactly how a model uses a new tool, paying attention to the model's behavioral strategies. Based on this observation, what trajectory should we expect each species’ respective cultural development to be like? ee.
Species X will likely not have cumulative culture and Species Y will likely have cumulative culture.
ff.
Species X will likely have cumulative culture and Species Y will likely not have cumulative culture.
gg.
Both species will likely have cumulative culture.
hh.
Neither species will likely have cumulative culture.
ii.
The scientists’ observations have no relationship to accumulation of culture.
Imitative learning is best defined as jj.
cultural learning.
kk.
requiring internalization of the model’s goals.
ll.
figuring out how to use an object to change the state of the environment.
mm.
attending to relevant steps in a process.
nn.
44.
45.
46.
copying the parts of a model’s behavior that the learner likes best.
How does similarity bias compare to conformist transmission? oo.
Both focus on learning from similar others.
pp.
Both assume it is better to learn from a highly respected source.
qq.
Only conformist transmission focuses on how common a behavior is in a group of people.
rr.
Only similarity bias involves learning from others.
ss.
Neither involves imitation.
Brent visits a new restaurant and notices that almost all the other customers ordered an appetizer dish that comes on a sizzling platter. Only one table ordered an appetizer that didn’t come on a sizzling platter. When the waiter comers to take Brent’s order, what will he choose, according to conformist transmission? tt.
an appetizer dish that does not come on a sizzling platter
uu.
an appetizer dish that comes on a sizzling platter
vv.
two appetizers: one on a sizzling platter and one not on a sizzling platter
ww.
a main dish not on a sizzling platter and no appetizers.
xx.
a main dish on a sizzling platter and no appetizers.
What is the difference between prestige bias and similarity bias? a.
Prestige bias focuses on others who are highly respected, and similarity bias focuses on others who are not highly respected.
b.
Similarity bias focuses on others who are highly respected, and prestige bias focuses on others who are not highly respected.
c.
Prestige bias focuses on others who are highly respected, and similarity bias focuses on others who are similar to ourselves.
d.
Similarity bias focuses on others who are highly respected, and prestige bias focuses on others who are similar to ourselves.
e.
47.
48.
49.
Prestige bias focuses on others who make the most money, and similarity bias focuses on others who are similar to our favorite celebrities.
According to prestige bias, humans will tend to f.
imitate another person who has skills and is highly respected, but only for the domain in which that person has talent.
g.
imitate another person who has skills and is highly respected, regardless of whether the domain of imitation is relevant to that person’s talent.
h.
emulate another person who has skills and is highly respected, but only for the domain in which that person has talent.
i.
emulate another person who has skills and is highly respected, regardless of whether the domain of emulation is relevant to that person’s talent.
j.
imitate people who are talented and emulate people who are not talented.
Which of the following best explains both prestige bias and similarity bias? k.
Humans frequently engage in emulative learning.
l.
Humans just love to learn.
m.
Humans frequently engage in imitative learning.
n.
Humans have large neocortices.
o.
Humans have a small encephalization quotient.
If a child wants to be a great basketball player and chooses to learn from LeBron James as a prestigious model, what aspect(s) of James is the child most likely to imitate, according to the prestige bias? p.
LeBron James’s playing style during a basketball game
q.
LeBron James’s choice of sneakers when he plays
50.
51.
r.
idolizing the same person LeBron James idolized as a child
s.
LeBron James’s off-court workout program
t.
everything that LeBron James does, both related and unrelated to basketball
Which of the following provides evidence of culture in nonhuman animals? u.
Nonhuman primates use symbolic coding.
v.
Killer whales show mentalizing abilities.
w.
Chimpanzees show prestige bias, similar to humans.
x.
Chimpanzees show good emulative learning compared with humans, and each subsequent generation of chimpanzees shows better emulative learning than the previous generation.
y.
There are behaviors that are common in chimpanzees in one location but absent from chimpanzees in another location.
Is culture among chimpanzees cumulative? z.
yes, because chimpanzees use mentalizing as much as humans
aa.
yes, because chimpanzees have excellent working memory
bb.
no, because chimpanzees are incapable of cultural transmission
cc.
no, because chimpanzees are a nonsocial species
dd.
no, because chimpanzees perform poorly when it comes to imitative learning
Answer Key chapter 2
1. Answer:
Neocortex
2. Answer:
Answers will vary.
3. Answer:
Answers will vary.
4. Answer:
Students’ figures should look similar to Figure 2.6 from the textbook.
5. Answer:
Answers will vary.
6. Answer:
Answers will vary.
7. Answer:
Answers will vary.
8. Answer:
E
9. Answer:
B
10. Answer:
A
11. Answer:
B
12. Answer:
B
13. Answer:
E
14. Answer:
D
15. Answer:
D
16. Answer:
C
17. Answer:
A
18. Answer:
E
19. Answer:
C
20. Answer:
A
21. Answer:
E
22. Answer:
D
23. Answer:
C
24. Answer:
C
25. Answer:
B
26. Answer:
D
27. Answer:
E
28. Answer:
A
29. Answer:
D
30. Answer:
D
31. Answer:
D
32. Answer:
D
33. Answer:
A
34. Answer:
E
35. Answer:
C
36. Answer:
C
37. Answer:
A
38. Answer:
C
39. Answer:
C
40. Answer:
A
41. Answer:
E
42. Answer:
A
43. Answer:
B
44. Answer:
C
45. Answer:
B
46. Answer:
C
47. Answer:
B
48. Answer:
C
49. Answer:
E
50. Answer:
E
51. Answer:
E
Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 3 1.
2.
The examples of native Hawaiians having no large indigenous mammals in Hawaii and of the !Kung being surrounded by large animals in the Kalahari Desert are given in the textbook to illustrate which of the following? a.
The presence of large animals is related to cultural persistence.
b.
The presence of large animals is related to rapid cultural change.
c.
The presence of large animals is associated with increases in aggression.
d.
The presence of large animals affects cultural traditions for foraging.
e.
The presence of large animals predict greater gender inequality.
Which of the following is an example of a proximate cause? f.
Two psychologically different groups of immigrants settled in two different areas of the same country. Eight centuries later, those two areas still exhibit the same psychological differences.
g.
The presence of dairy farming in Europe led people to develop a genetic mutation that digests lactose in milk, while the absence of dairy farming in East Asia meant that people did not develop this mutation, leading to lactose intolerance.
h.
People living in warmer climates are no happier than people living in colder climates.
i.
An Egyptian pharaoh brought in horse-drawn chariots, which allowed his army to outmaneuver and defeat his enemy in battle.
j.
The modern hammer that has evolved over millennia is based on the original rocks that prehistoric humans used as hammers.
3.
4.
5.
In a gardening competition, the Martians’ steel tools allowed them to easily defeat the Earthlings, who used wooden tools. Which of the following best explains why the Martians defeated the Earthlings? k.
geographic variation
l.
distal cause
m.
pluralistic ignorance
n.
proximate cause
o.
differences in intelligence
What of the following is a correct distal cause of the Spanish defeat of the Incas? p.
The Spaniards had better weapons than the Incas.
q.
The Spaniards had less exposure to domesticated animals than the Incas.
r.
The Spaniards had horses for battle, whereas the Incas were on foot.
s.
The Incas were historically exposed to more diseases than the Spaniards.
t.
The Spaniards lived closer to livestock for thousands of years, unlike the Incas.
Whereas the term ________ describes explanations using factors that occurred a long time ago, the term ________ describes explanations using factors that have direct and immediate effects. u.
distal causes; proximate causes
v.
evoked culture; transmitted culture
w.
direct causes; indirect causes
x.
biological evolution; cultural evolution
y.
vertical transmission; horizontal transmission
6.
7.
8.
East Asia is at a latitude that allows for the easy domestication of plants and animals, and having these conditions in early times propelled East Asian cultures to prosperity today. This scenario is an example of z.
proximate causes.
aa.
transmitted culture.
bb.
distal causes.
cc.
evoked culture.
dd.
epidemiology of ideas.
Which of the following depicts an evoked culture? ee.
A culture promotes harmony with the environment to appease the gods.
ff.
People in a village surrounded by water in the West Indies are terrified of dark ocean water because darkness evokes physiological arousal.
gg.
Tribe members learn from recent fatalities not to eat red salamanders.
hh.
A culture uses the possession of meat as a status symbol due to the universal desire to consume meat.
ii.
The media reports that it is cowardly to fight wearing helmets, evoking a change in boxers’ desire to wear helmets.
The considerable cultural differences between the large Nuer tribes and the smaller, less powerful Dinka tribes of southern Sudan indicates that jj.
the effects of transmitted culture are substantial.
kk.
there are few existential universals.
ll.
evoked culture is a stronger force than transmitted culture.
mm.
there is much genetic variability, even within regions.
nn.
cultures take on identities that reflect their geographic locations.
9.
10.
11.
12.
The historical prevalence of pathogens in a region correlates positively with the degree to which people value conformity. This finding is argued to be evidence for a.
theory of mind.
b.
transmitted culture.
c.
the ratchet effect.
d.
the Flynn effect.
e.
evoked culture.
According to Jared Diamond, why were the germs brought by the Spaniards so much deadlier to the Incans than the Incan germs were to the Spaniards? f.
The Spaniards had developed cleaner habits than the Incans.
g.
The Incans lived closer together, so the Spanish germs were transmitted far more easily.
h.
The Spaniards had lived in close proximity to domesticated animals for much longer than the Incans.
i.
The large Eurasian continent allowed the Spaniards to be exposed to a larger variety of germs than the relatively smaller South American continent of the Incans.
j.
The Spanish diet contained more antibiotic agents than the Incan diet.
The link between pathogen prevalence and conformity has been used as an example of k.
evoked culture.
l.
transmitted culture.
m.
a proximate cause.
n.
biological evolution.
o.
cultural evolution.
How is the historical prevalence of pathogens linked to the motivation to conform?
13.
14.
p.
Higher pathogen prevalence predicts weaker conformity rates: Greater risk of infection compels people to spend less time with others, decreasing opportunities to conform to others’ behaviors.
q.
Higher pathogen prevalence predicts weaker conformity rates: People experiencing high risk of infection are more likely to prioritize their own individual rights over the rights of others, reducing their motivation to conform.
r.
Higher pathogen prevalence predicts weaker conformity rates: The threat of infection makes people mistrustful of others, reducing the motivation to conform.
s.
Higher pathogen prevalence predicts stronger conformity rates: Adhering to strict social norms for personal hygiene, preparing food, protecting water supplies, and interacting with strangers lowers the risk of infection.
t.
Higher pathogen prevalence predicts stronger conformity rates: The threat of infection pushes people to spend less time thinking for themselves, and instead they rely on others to make decisions.
Is conformity an example of evoked culture or transmitted culture, and why? u.
transmitted culture, because the conformity motive varies widely across cultures
v.
transmitted culture, because certain conformity behaviors have spread quickly across different geographical settings
w.
evoked culture, because the majority of cultural differences are evoked rather than transmitted
x.
evoked culture, because psychological differences such as the motive to conform are more often caused by evoked culture rather than transmitted culture
y.
evoked culture, because stronger norms promoting conformity arose in response to the prevalence of pathogens in certain ecologies
Which of the following best illustrates the importance of transmitted culture? z.
The Nuer and Dinka live in different ecological conditions, but they have very similar cultures.
15.
16.
17.
aa.
On an island in the Pacific, people relied on fishing for many centuries and the culture changed very little during that time; however, the culture changed drastically once people could no longer fish in the surrounding ocean.
bb.
The crew of Captain Sir John Franklin survived in the cold for two years without the help of the natives.
cc.
Evoked culture explains only biological responses to environments, while transmitted culture explains both biological and learned behaviors.
dd.
Roald Amundsen, the Norwegian explorer, survived two years in the Arctic due to the knowledge given to him by the Netsilik.
Takeshi discovers a lot of tips and tricks to give him an easier time playing his favorite computer game, which he proceeds to show all his gaming buddies. Which of the following does this best illustrate? ee.
pluralistic ignorance
ff.
that emotional ideas spread more easily
gg.
horizontal transmission
hh.
the autokinetic effect
ii.
vertical transmission
Which of the following is true regarding cultural evolution? jj.
Cultural evolution relies primarily on vertical transmission.
kk.
Cultural ideas spread mainly between peers, not from parent to child.
ll.
Cultural evolution ensures that only adaptive beliefs persist.
mm.
Cultural ideas change only very rarely.
nn.
Cultural ideas can be transmitted both vertically and horizontally.
Which of the following correctly compares cultural evolution and biological evolution?
18.
19.
oo.
Cultural evolution tends to occur more slowly than biological evolution.
pp.
Biological evolution chooses what trait has a selective advantage to pass on; cultural evolution does not.
qq.
Cultural evolution allows for ideas to be transmitted even when they are not adaptive.
rr.
Cultural evolution is more faithful in transmission than biological evolution.
ss.
Cultural evolution allows for fewer ways of transmission than biological evolution.
Imagine a young woman named Jaymie who believes she should eat only red foods. Which of the following would be the best evidence that Jaymie’s belief is a result of cultural evolution, not biological evolution? tt.
Empirical evidence shows that red foods are more nutritious than foods of other colors.
uu.
Jaymie has a predisposition to eat red foods and prefers them even though her friends eat yellow foods.
vv.
Jaymie first heard about red foods being nutritious when she was 3 years old, but she did not believe red foods were the most nutritious until she was 80 and had children and grandchildren of her own.
ww.
Jaymie overheard some of her peers saying that red foods are the most nutritious, but her family members, including her grandparents and great-grandparents, who are no longer alive, have always believed that yellow foods are the most nutritious.
xx.
People who eat only red foods are more likely to have surviving offspring compared to people who eat foods of many different colors.
Which of the following is true when comparing biological evolution with cultural evolution? a.
Both types of evolution occur extremely quickly, within a single generation.
b.
Biological evolution is faithful, while cultural evolution is not faithful.
20.
21.
c.
Both types of evolution must result in greater numbers of surviving offspring.
d.
Biological evolution is quicker than cultural evolution because the possibility of horizontal cultural transmission from multiple people overwhelms learners.
e.
Biological evolution leads to more useful ideas than cultural evolution does.
In biological evolution, the unit of transmission is a gene. In cultural evolution, the unit of transmission is an idea. When comparing biological and cultural evolution, which of the following is FALSE? f.
The unit of transmission is copied with a high degree of fidelity in one type of evolution, but not the other.
g.
The unit of transmission in both types of evolution enjoys a selective advantage.
h.
In only one type of evolution can its unit of transmission be transmitted horizontally.
i.
Mutations are more common in one type of evolution than the other.
j.
The unit of transmission for both types of evolution must be adaptive to be transmitted.
Based on research about cultural transmission, which of the following YouTube advertisements is the LEAST likely to be spread to other people? k.
a car commercial that is extremely weird and does not feature any cars
l.
a home renovation company’s advertisement that contains useful tips on how to make home repairs
m.
a fraternity’s recruitment advertisement that is full of racial stereotypes
n.
a mayor’s election campaign video that uses clear, succinct points to describe her platform
o.
an insurance company’s advertisement that induces a lot of fearful emotions in the audience
22.
23.
24.
Justina tells her co-worker that there is free pizza in the lunch room, and before she knows it, everyone in her workplace seems to find out and eats all the pizza. This occurrence illustrates that what kind of ideas are likely to spread? p.
communicable ideas
q.
useful ideas
r.
emotional ideas
s.
minimally counterintuitive ideas
t.
all of the above
A few townsfolk begin a movement promoting social harmony. Over time, they expand the movement by interacting with other townsfolk. Soon they have influenced the whole town to join in the movement. This best illustrates which of the following? u.
Shweder’s definition of cultural psychology
v.
Triandis’s individualism-collectivism model
w.
Latané’s dynamic social impact theory
x.
distal causes
y.
vertical cultural transmission
Army recruits are assigned randomly into specific sleeping quarters, where they do a lot of socializing during break time and at night. The political and religious attitudes of the recruits were surveyed before they were assigned sleeping quarters, and then again after several weeks of training. The generals found that the recruits’ political and religious ideas tended to form clusters based on their sleeping quarters. Which of the following can best explain this situation? z.
Useful ideas spread more easily.
aa.
Minimally intuitive ideas are more transmittable.
bb.
People in close contact tend to influence each other.
cc.
Early conditions have disproportionate influences.
dd.
25.
26.
27.
Small differences lead to large effects.
Dynamic social impact theory can explain why ee.
cultural norms for manners have changed over time.
ff.
residents of one community have more conservative political attitudes than residents of another, nearby community.
gg.
Pizarro and a small band of Spanish soldiers were able to conquer the Incan empire.
hh.
cultural evolution can occur much faster than biological evolution.
ii.
people score higher on IQ tests today than they did a generation ago.
One study examining a number of the tales of the Brothers Grimm, such as “Hansel and Gretel” (Norenzayan et al., 2006), found that jj.
the most successful tales tended to have more emotional impact.
kk.
the most successful tales tended to lack counterintuitive elements.
ll.
the most successful tales were the longest stories.
mm.
unsuccessful tales tended to provoke feelings of disgust.
nn.
unsuccessful tales tended to have too many counterintuitive elements.
Which of the following stories would be most likely to persist over time? oo.
Two brothers enjoy playing basketball together on the weekend, during their free time.
pp.
A child ate too much blueberry pie for dessert, and now she has a stomach ache.
qq.
A crocodile spins 14 times and reaches with its purple hand for a lightbulb, which makes a whistling sound.
rr.
A girl boards the school bus, sits in her usual seat, and begins to doze off when the bus starts to fly.
ss.
28.
29.
30.
Two students, one who is Hindu and one who is Christian, discuss their religious beliefs.
Minimally counterintuitive ideas tend to persist within a culture because tt.
they do not violate expectations at all.
uu.
religions make use of minimally counterintuitive ideas.
vv.
they tend to be remembered more than intuitive ideas.
ww.
they are completely outlandish statements.
xx.
they are useful and emotional ideas.
Which of the following ideas is most likely to spread? a.
The teacher has a bright personality.
b.
There was a bug in someone’s lunch at the cafeteria.
c.
The freeway exit will be closed tomorrow.
d.
A whale runs across the slide and sneezes into his porridge.
e.
Today the new iPhones can be purchased for only $10, but they are being sold at an ice cream shop.
Emie believes that culture has been changing rapidly in recent years. What evidence best supports Emie’s view? f.
People have been scoring higher on the SAT.
g.
The slave trade that occurred centuries ago in parts of Africa affects the level of trust in those countries now more than ever.
h.
An increasing focus on materialism and money has made many cultures more individualistic.
i.
Collectivistic cultures have, overall, become more collectivistic than they were decades ago.
j.
31.
32.
33.
Increased interconnectedness across cultures has led to decreased tribalism over the last several decades.
Research on the rise of individualism shows that books published in the United States over the past 200 years have shown an increase in words such as k.
“we,” “us,” and “our.”
l.
“individualism,” “collectivism,” and “division.”
m.
“obedience,” “authority,” “obligated,” and “belong.”
n.
“choose,” “unique,” “self,” and “individual.”
o.
“morality,” “individuate,” “rights,” and “status.”
Which of the following is true about cultural change in the United States? p.
Elderly Americans are less socially engaged now than elderly Americans were 40 years ago.
q.
On average, Americans are more likely to belong to formal organizations now than they were 40 years ago.
r.
Americans socialize more now than they did 40 years ago.
s.
Americans are more trusting now than they were 40 years ago.
t.
Americans value materialism more now than 40 years ago.
Tori loves watching television. She sometimes watches up to 10 hours a day, which is a normal amount for people in her generation. Tori’s mom tells her that watching TV may actually have consequences for the culture of her generation. Based on the research on cultural change, is her mom right? Why or why not? u.
Yes, watching TV leads to behaving passively, contributing to increased conformity.
v.
Yes, watching TV can make people socially isolated, contributing to increasing individualism.
34.
35.
w.
Yes watching TV programs on demand has led to more appreciation for orderliness and authority.
x.
No, watching TV lowers intelligence in individuals but does not have societal effects.
y.
No, watching TV has not been shown to be linked to any broader cultural effects.
Which of the following is a proposed explanation for the Flynn effect? z.
People are getting worse nutrition in their diets now than ever before.
aa.
The modern world is becoming increasingly global and simplified, requiring fewer learning and problem-solving skills.
bb.
Modern popular culture has become more challenging for consumers than in previous generations.
cc.
The percentage of people with degrees in higher education has decreased in recent decades.
dd.
The amount of education required for jobs has decreased for both men and women.
Which of the following is true about cultural change in the United States? ee.
Americans today score lower on the SAT than they did a generation ago.
ff.
Americans today score higher on the SAT than they did a generation ago.
gg.
Performance on the Raven’s Matrices test reveals that Americans have lower IQs today than they did a generation ago.
hh.
“Culture-bound” IQ tests have shown increases in American intelligence over the past generation, but “culture-free” IQ tests have not shown any changes.
ii.
IQ increased among Americans in the first half of the twentieth century but has been decreasing since then.
36.
37.
38.
The textbook describes the relationship between IQ changes across time and television viewing as showing jj.
decreases in verbal intelligence but increases in problem-solving intelligence.
kk.
decreases in problem-solving intelligence but increases in patternrecognition skills.
ll.
increases in intelligence for the elderly, but decreases in intelligence for children and adolescents.
mm.
increases in all kinds of intelligence for everyone.
nn.
decreases in all kinds of intelligence for everyone.
Imagine that the first settlers of the island of Cremenia, were artists who highly valued creativity. Generations later, the inhabitants of Cremenia are known for creative works, and many of the most successful artists are from Cremenia. This is an example of oo.
the increase in collectivism.
pp.
the influence of early conditions.
qq.
pluralistic ignorance.
rr.
environmental stability.
ss.
increasing intelligence.
It is not at all unusual for the officers at Police Station 54 to observe their colleagues using confrontational interview techniques. Even though they do not personally like the technique, many officers believe that the practice is widely approved of by others and expected of them. This is an example of tt.
pluralistic ignorance.
uu.
a fundamental attribution error.
vv.
a contemporary legend.
ww.
conformity.
xx.
the autokinetic effect.
39.
40.
41.
42.
Pluralistic ignorance is likely to lead to a.
rapid cultural evolution.
b.
an overall drop in IQ scores.
c.
the persistence of particular cultural practices.
d.
intraregional cultural variation.
e.
accurate perceptions of the popularity of cultural norms.
Which of the following is an example of pluralistic ignorance? f.
Boston continues to reflect its Puritan origins, whereas Philadelphia continues to reflect its Quaker origins.
g.
There is increasing globalization of world cultures.
h.
Baseball in Japan retains some distinctive Japanese elements.
i.
Binge drinking is a popular habit among underage college students.
j.
Southern Italy remains less civic than northern Italy in ways that reflect the regional differences that were evident 800 years ago.
How does climate relate to cultural traditions? k.
Colder climates predict more collectivistic cultural traditions.
l.
Hotter climates have greater opportunities for evoked culture.
m.
Stable climates predict stronger maintenance of cultural traditions.
n.
Recent climate variability has led to a more globalized culture.
o.
Wetter climates predict more individualistic cultural traditions.
Suppose that in the future, worldwide climate continues to become more extreme and variable. What will be the most likely effect of this climate change on culture? p.
Indigenous groups will continue to maintain their native languages.
q.
People will become less involved in community organizations that teach traditional values.
r.
Rates of bilingualism will increase.
s.
People will become less interested in living in multicultural societies.
t.
More people will immigrate to places with collectivistic rather than individualistic cultures.
43.
Justify why the cultural practice of eating seal blubber found among many indigenous populations in the Arctic is both an evoked culture and a transmitted culture.
44.
On Planet Belia, two civilizations, the Edinia and the Elash, have coexisted for centuries in the same environmental context. Both civilizations have marriage rituals (for this question, assume that marriage rituals can only be either monogamous or polygamous). You know that Edinians believe that polygamy is generally better than monogamy, so there are more polygamists than monogamists in Edinia. To determine whether evoked culture or transmitted culture plays a bigger role in affecting marriage rituals, you visit Edinia and Elash and try to find the proportion of marriages that are monogamous versus polygamous. Draw a bar graph of what your data would look like if transmitted culture plays a bigger role than evoked culture.
45.
Your professor wants to upload a video of talking horses, and he wants it to go “viral” (i.e., spread very quickly to many people). Based on the different factors that cause ideas to spread, give examples of what the video would need to include for it to have the highest likelihood of spreading.
46.
Vancouver has many different neighborhood areas, including Richmond and Strathcona. Richmond is politically more conservative, while Strathcona is politically more liberal. Create an account based on dynamic social impact theory to explain how it is that these different neighborhoods seem to have different forms of political culture.
47.
While chatting with your friend, she tells you that people nowadays have less intelligence than people used to. Evaluate whether this claim is true and be sure to use empirical data to address the issue.
48.
The classic Pacman videogame is very simple to play compared to the videogame World of Warcraft, which is much more complex. How has playing either Pacman or World of Warcraft been associated with changes in the broader culture?
49.
Imagine two cities, Utada and Evenia, that are quite different. Utada’s temperature has fluctuated significantly, while Evenia has been experiencing less climate variability. How would you predict future cultural change versus cultural persistence in Utada and Evenia? Draw a graph depicting your predictions.
Answer Key chapter 3
1. Answer:
D
2. Answer:
D
3. Answer:
D
4. Answer:
E
5. Answer:
A
6. Answer:
C
7. Answer:
B
8. Answer:
A
9. Answer:
E
10. Answer:
C
11. Answer:
A
12. Answer:
D
13. Answer:
E
14. Answer:
E
15. Answer:
C
16. Answer:
E
17. Answer:
C
18. Answer:
D
19. Answer:
B
20. Answer:
E
21. Answer:
A
22. Answer:
B
23. Answer:
C
24. Answer:
C
25. Answer:
B
26. Answer:
E
27. Answer:
D
28. Answer:
C
29. Answer:
E
30. Answer:
C
31. Answer:
D
32. Answer:
E
33. Answer:
B
34. Answer:
C
35. Answer:
A
36. Answer:
A
37. Answer:
B
38. Answer:
A
39. Answer:
C
40. Answer:
D
41. Answer:
C
42. Answer:
B
43. Answer:
Answers will vary.
44. Answer:
Students’ responses should resemble the following graph.
45. Answer:
Answers will vary.
46. Answer:
Answers will vary.
47. Answer:
Answers will vary.
48. Answer:
Complex and challenging pop culture, including playing more complex videogames, h been associated with increased intelligence in the broader culture. Researchers have theorized that popular culture had become progressively more complex and challenging, which has in turn made people smarter.
49. Answer:
The graph should show higher cultural change in Utada versus Evenia or higher cultur persistence in Evenia versus Utada.
Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 4 1.
2.
3.
In the study conducted by Scandinavian researchers to observe a family meal in rural India, the researchers misunderstood what they had observed because a.
the back-translation from Hindi was poor.
b.
the dinner they observed was put on by trained actors.
c.
the researchers failed to use quantitative measures.
d.
the researchers forgot to bring a video camera and suffered from memory biases.
e.
they did not know that the practice of having family meals does not occur in that part of India.
Steven is a new English-speaking cultural psychologist who only uses questionnaires. He wants to establish methodological equivalence when studying cultural differences in happiness between rural Nigerians and urban South Koreans. To do that, he will likely f.
use only questions that can be answered as true or false.
g.
translate his questionnaires from English into the languages spoken in the target countries.
h.
use statistical techniques to see if participants from the two cultures understand the questions in the same way.
i.
ensure that participants from both countries answer the questionnaires in English.
j.
reverse-code half of the items on his questionnaires.
Which of the following is one problem especially associated with studies using WEIRD samples? k.
Researchers cannot use effective independent variables.
4.
5.
l.
It is difficult to find powerful dependent variables.
m.
They are very difficult to unpackage.
n.
They have very low generalizability.
o.
They make it especially impractical to use multiple methods.
Dr. G is conducting a study to see whether people can be made to think of themselves in independent versus interdependent ways. Using college students from two different cultures as participants, she had people think about how they are similar to family and friends or how they are different from them. Dr. G then measured how much they believe in traditional Chinese values. This study employs a ________ manipulation, and the way people are made to think about themselves is classified as a(n) ________ variable. p.
between-groups; independent
q.
between-groups; dependent
r.
within-groups; independent
s.
within-groups; dependent
t.
within-groups; measured
Recall the study described in the previous question, in which Dr. G made participants think about themselves in independent or interdependent ways and then measured their belief in Chinese values. A sample dataset for the study follows. Participant
Belief in Chinese Values
1
Similar to friends and family
3
2
Different from friends and family
4
3
Similar to friends and family
3
4
Different from friends and family
3
What type of method of studying culture does this study employ? u.
situation sampling
v.
replication
6.
7.
8.
w.
cultural priming
x.
unpackaging
y.
survey method
Your cross-cultural study on the effect of individualism on self-control does not have enough statistical power. To maximally increase power in your study, which of the following should you do? z.
Compare two cultures that are similar to each other in their level of individualism.
aa.
Compare two cultures that are very different from one another in their level of individualism.
bb.
Use statistical tests that have fewer assumptions.
cc.
Use a self-report measure of self-control.
dd.
Keep the study design as is—it’s not possible to increase the statistical power.
If an independent variable has more variance, is it more difficult or easier to detect an effect on the dependent variable? ee.
more difficult, but only if the dependent variable also has lots of variance
ff.
easier, but only if the dependent variable has much less variance
gg.
more difficult
hh.
easier
ii.
The answer cannot be determined.
All else being equal, which of the following studies will have the most statistical power in a comparison of tight and loose cultures? jj.
a study comparing Switzerland and Austria
kk.
a study comparing China and South Korea
9.
10.
11.
ll.
a study comparing regions within the country of Sweden
mm.
a study comparing Canada and North Korea
nn.
a study comparing Canada and the United States
The process of back-translation a.
involves the researcher asking participants to translate the question back into their own words.
b.
is used primarily in face-to-face interviews.
c.
should only be attempted by people who are fluent in at least three languages.
d.
requires translators to work independently before meeting to resolve discrepancies.
e.
requires translators to work together from the very start of the translation process.
You find that people’s responses tend to gather toward the center of your scale. This phenomenon is known as the ________ bias. This bias tends to be shown more by ________. f.
acquiescence; people from East Asian cultures
g.
moderacy; people from North American cultures
h.
moderacy; people from East Asian cultures
i.
acquiescence; people from honor cultures
j.
extremity; people from honor cultures
After examining surveys that you collected from Culture X, you notice that everyone’s responses tend toward the mid-points of the response scale (e.g., “Neither agree nor disagree”). How can you correct for this? k.
Give respondents forced-choice response options (e.g., “Agree/Disagree”).
12.
13.
14.
l.
Reverse-score half the items.
m.
Ensure that the items are thoroughly back-translated.
n.
Ask respondents not to show response biases.
o.
Specify a reference group for comparison.
While helping your colleague analyze data, you realize that she has turned the participants’ responses into z scores. Based on the response biases described in the textbook, for what is she most likely trying to account? p.
prestige bias
q.
the deprivation effect
r.
moderacy bias
s.
the reference group effect
t.
ingroup bias
In your initial study, you noticed that your participants tended to say they strongly agreed with of the items on your questionnaire. When doing a follow-up study, how would you tell whether your original participants suffered from acquiescence bias? u.
Use concrete as opposed to subjective response options.
v.
Use a scale with an odd number of response options.
w.
Ensure that the items are thoroughly back-translated.
x.
Reverse-score half the items.
y.
None of these choices will detect the problem.
After examining the surveys you collected from people in Culture A, you find that people tend to answer “yes” to all the questions, regardless of the content. This is called ________ bias. z.
leniency
15.
16.
17.
aa.
halo
bb.
acquiescence
cc.
ubiquity
dd.
hypoanalytic
Leticia is concerned about having acquiescence bias in a survey she is giving to a group of participants. To reduce this bias, she might include which pair of items? ee.
"I support raising taxes" and "I support lowering taxes."
ff.
"What is your bias?" and "Why might you acquiesce?"
gg.
"I like pizza" and "I like burgers."
hh.
"I am similar to my friend" and "My friend is similar to me."
ii.
“I often give in during arguments with family” and “I often give in during arguments with friends.”
Reference group effects in cross-cultural research occur because jj.
people use social comparison to evaluate themselves.
kk.
people do not really know how they feel.
ll.
people from different cultures have different response styles.
mm.
people value what they are most in need of.
nn.
some words do not translate well into other languages.
What is a strategy for avoiding problems with the reference group effect? oo.
standardizing people’s responses
pp.
combining the cultures’ respective reference groups
qq.
asking participants not to use a reference group
18.
19.
20.
rr.
asking participants to compare themselves to a standard nonhuman group (such as gorillas)
ss.
using more concrete items that call for less subjective judgments
In Culture A, people are known to be talkative. In Culture B, they are known to be very quiet. Yet when Reggie gives out questionnaires, he finds that those from Culture A are more likely than those from Culture B to agree with the statement. “I don't talk that much.” What is a plausible explanation for this? tt.
politeness bias
uu.
reference group effect
vv.
extremity bias
ww.
social desirability bias
xx.
counting bias
The tendency for people who live in isolating conditions to report valuing social connection more than those living in close-knit communities is an example of a.
the reference group effect.
b.
social desirability norms.
c.
acquiescence bias.
d.
debiasing effects.
e.
deprivation effects.
Janae is interested in looking at cultural differences in how Mexicans and Americans respond to criticism from authority figures. She is considering using an experimental design instead of a survey. One advantage for Janae in using an experiment is that experimental methods f.
allow her to manipulate cultural background.
g.
allow her to randomly assign people to different conditions and thus make firmer inferences about causality.
21.
22.
23.
h.
allow her to use random sampling of the population and avoid various response biases.
i.
avoid response biases by focusing on comparing the magnitude of means between cultures.
j.
are more easily understood than survey methods.
Which type of experiment is most likely to lead participants to guess the hypothesis? k.
a between-groups study
l.
a within-groups study
m.
experiments with forced-choice materials
n.
fMRI decision studies
o.
agent-based decision studies
Zhang wants to run an experiment on cultural priming. Reasoning that language can be used as a cultural prime, he asks all participants whether they prefer he ran their experimental session in English or in Chinese. Zhang tells his participants that either language is fine because he is bilingual. Zhang’s crucial mistake is p.
thinking of language as a cultural prime when it is not.
q.
using only a male experimenter.
r.
telling participants that he is bilingual.
s.
giving participants oral (versus written) instructions.
t.
letting participants choose which language to use in the study.
If you wanted to do a study using a within-groups manipulation to examine whether European Canadians can be made to think either like European Canadian or like Chinese respondents, which of the following would be the most relevant and appropriate methodology? u.
situation sampling
24.
25.
26.
v.
standardization
w.
between-groups manipulation
x.
acculturation
y.
priming independence or interdependence
________ is better for revealing the location of activation in the brain, whereas ________ is better for understanding the timing of activation. z.
fMRI; MRI
aa.
EEG; fMRI
bb.
MRI; EKG
cc.
fMRI; EEG
dd.
EEG; EKG
You are having trouble publishing results from your latest study, but you remember reading that people are more easily convinced if there is neuroscientific evidence. To add neuroscience to your study, you decide to ee.
use situational sampling.
ff.
run a replication.
gg.
measure cortisol secretions.
hh.
get fMRI data from new participants.
ii.
test the reactions of respondents’ nerves.
A failure to replicate a psychological phenomenon jj.
is usually due to a mistake by the original researcher.
kk.
is usually due to a mistake by the researcher conducting the replication study.
ll.
may suggest that there are cultural factors affecting the phenomenon.
27.
28.
29.
mm.
is frequently a result of poor back-translation in cross-cultural studies.
nn.
is much more likely when the study and the replication have a high degree of statistical power.
An advantage of the situation-sampling method is that it oo.
can be used with more than one culture at a time.
pp.
does not require the experimenter to translate any materials.
qq.
controls for cultural differences in response biases.
rr.
allows researchers to see how people in different cultures would respond if they were in the other groups’ cultural worlds.
ss.
equates the reference group across cultures.
You want to do a study to examine whether Greek participants are likely to experience more frequent and more severe threats to their honor than Chinese respondents, or vice versa. What is the most appropriate methodology for testing this? tt.
Ask both for explicit cross-cultural comparisons.
uu.
Sample Greeks who grew up in China or Chinese who grew up in Greece.
vv.
Ask Americans who have lived in both countries.
ww.
Use employable reference group effects.
xx.
Use situation sampling.
The Human Relations Area Files a.
cover most cultures of the modern world.
b.
were compiled by surveying IBM workers across the world.
c.
were compiled by psychologists using standardized questionnaires.
30.
31.
32.
d.
are a database of religious practices in Europe, Asia, and North America.
e.
are a database of ethnographic data from small-scale societies.
Which of the following is the most frequently used dimension in culture research? f.
agreeableness-disagreeableness
g.
extroversion-introversion
h.
individualism-collectivism
i.
farmer-herder-urbanite
j.
tightness-looseness
As a cultural dimension, tightness-looseness refers to the degree k.
to which members of the group are emotionally attached.
l.
of military versus civilian control of the government.
m.
to which people are expected to conform to norms.
n.
to which people value modesty.
o.
to which people live stressful lives.
Your new research project is to examine the extent to which a culture values freedom. You have decided that the simplest way to measure this is to use culturelevel measures. As such, which of the following would you do? p.
Sample a group of students from a single culture and then give them a cultural prime to see how it affects their valuing of freedom.
q.
Add up the frequency with which the word “freedom” appears in magazines.
r.
Ask people to rate how much other people around them value freedom.
s.
Give people several scenarios and have them rate the extent to which they represent freedom.
t.
33.
34.
35.
Conduct an online survey to gather data from as many people as possible regarding how much they value freedom.
Agent-based modeling is useful for u.
understanding the conditions under which cultures develop.
v.
measuring how agentic a culture is.
w.
measuring the closeness of agents to their base culture.
x.
employing cultural priming.
y.
collecting physiological data.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a culture-level measure? z.
song lyrics
aa.
a journal entry
bb.
television programs
cc.
school books
dd.
magazine advertisements
A group of researchers wants to learn about the characteristics of home-cooking recipes in Culture X. What is this type of method an example of? ee.
within-groups manipulation
ff.
between-groups manipulation
gg.
culture-level measuring
hh.
situation sampling
ii.
cultural priming
36.
37.
38.
Abdul wants to study the culture of honor in the Southern versus Northern United States. He wants to see how fighting is portrayed in children’s books from the two regions. He should jj.
keep the coders blind to whether the book is written by a northerner or southerner.
kk.
not tell the coders his definition of violence.
ll.
not tell the coders he is interested in examining violence.
mm.
misdirect the coders by telling them he expects northern books to show more violence.
nn.
train the coders by having them read Nisbett and Cohen’s collective studies on the culture of honor.
Dr. H wants to unpackage the cultural difference between Japanese and American horror movies. What is Dr. H trying to find out? oo.
Japanese and American opinions about Japanese and American horror movies
pp.
what the Japanese think about American horror movies and vice versa
qq.
how much statistical power this difference has
rr.
the underlying reasons for this difference
ss.
the generalizability of this difference
A strength of Nisbett and Cohen’s research program into the impact of a culture of honor on regional differences in violence between the U.S. South and U.S. North is that tt.
they accounted for biases between the two groups.
uu.
they were able to manipulate all of their independent variables.
vv.
they were able to cause northerners to respond like southerners.
ww.
there are no response bias differences between these two groups.
xx.
they used multiple methods across their studies.
39.
40.
41.
Nisbett and Cohen’s explanation for North-South differences in the United States is most persuasive because a.
they made physiological measurements.
b.
all participants were from the same country.
c.
they used multiple methods to test their hypothesis.
d.
the explanation is backed up by folk wisdom.
e.
the experimental data is conclusive.
Which of the following is most suitable for an agent-based model study? f.
Dan’s study of Asian Canadian and European Canadian attitudes toward cooperation
g.
Leila’s study of how Latin American and North American children respond to cooperation
h.
Jorge’s qualitative study of how Cuban mothers socialize their children to cooperate
i.
Shonda’s study of what environmental conditions might lead to the evolution of cooperation
j.
Chip’s study of different cooperation practices in Ghana
The argument that differences in violence between the North and South of the U.S. are due to differences in the importance of honor is k.
strengthened by data showing that homicides of all types are higher in the South.
l.
strengthened by data showing that North-South differences tend to be bigger in rural towns than in large cities.
m.
strengthened by data showing that the South is hotter than the North.
n.
weakened by data showing that differences remain after rates of poverty are controlled for.
o.
weakened by researchers stating in advance what their hypothesis was.
42.
43.
44.
45.
All else being equal, you would expect a culture of honor to most likely develop among which of the following groups? p.
people who farm seasonal crops
q.
people who engage in physically exhausting occupations
r.
people whose livelihood depends on skills they have mastered
s.
people who transport diamonds
t.
people engaged in service occupations
As described in the textbook, finding that U.S. Southerners respond aggressively to insults more than Northerners because of underlying differences in measures of honor would be an example of u.
unpackaging a cultural difference.
v.
a within-groups experimental design.
w.
a situation-sampling study.
x.
a quasi-experimental finding.
y.
None of these terms describe the finding.
Why would herding lead to the development of a culture of honor? z.
Dealing with animals gets people used to being dominant.
aa.
In herding cultures, wealth is portable.
bb.
Herding cultures tend to be in hotter climates.
cc.
In herding cultures, people have less formal education.
dd.
Herding cultures have more guns.
Nisbett and Cohen’s archival studies in the United States found that
ee.
the homicide rate within the rural U.S. South is larger in the moist plains than in the hills and dry plains.
ff.
prior to the Civil War, there were more slaves in the hills and dry plains than in the moist plains.
gg.
the difference in argument-related homicide rates between the U.S. South and U.S. North is more pronounced between large cities in the South and North than it is between rural areas within the South and North.
hh.
all kinds of homicide rates are higher in the U.S. South than in the U.S. North.
ii.
None of these statements are correct.
46.
Using an example from the textbook, explain why researchers should have some knowledge about the cultures they are examining.
47.
Canada and the United States are two countries that, in many ways, are very similar to each other, particularly in terms of the personality trait called extraversion. A researcher wants to study whether there is a cultural difference between Canada and the United States in terms of how much the people like to socialize with friends, which is related to extraversion. From the information provided, determine what the independent variable(s) and dependent variable(s) are, write about whether you think this study is high or low in power, and justify why you would ascribe high or low power to this study.
48.
Create a six-item questionnaire about “happiness” designed such that it counters the acquiescence bias. Then, discuss how you would analyze the data to make it less susceptible to the extremity bias.
49.
You are hoping to study how people from Denmark and people from Russia differ on levels of happiness. You are concerned about your study being susceptible to the reference group effect. What is one way of measuring happiness that lessens your study’s susceptibility?
50.
Explain whether cross-cultural comparisons of the magnitude of means or crosscultural comparisons of patterns of means is better for cross-cultural comparison, and why.
51.
Using cultural priming, come up with a within-groups study design involving American and Japanese participants that examines whether independent or interdependent mind-sets affect their feelings of connectedness with their friends (ignore response biases as a consideration for this question).
52.
Tom comes from a family of cattle herders, while Jack comes from a rice-farming family. They are both recruited to participate in a study that uses a within-subjects manipulation. In the study, the researchers want to see how angry they would get if they were insulted versus if they were not insulted. Anger was measured by measuring blood pressure. Based on Nisbett and Cohen’s research on the culture of honor, draw a graph of what you would expect the data to look like. Be sure to label what the independent and dependent variables are in this graph.
53.
Explain how the principle of Occam’s razor applies to multi-method research.
Answer Key chapter 4
1. Answer:
E
2. Answer:
C
3. Answer:
D
4. Answer:
A
5. Answer:
C
6. Answer:
B
7. Answer:
D
8. Answer:
D
9. Answer:
D
10. Answer:
C
11. Answer:
A
12. Answer:
C
13. Answer:
D
14. Answer:
C
15. Answer:
A
16. Answer:
A
17. Answer:
E
18. Answer:
B
19. Answer:
E
20. Answer:
B
21. Answer:
B
22. Answer:
E
23. Answer:
E
24. Answer:
D
25. Answer:
D
26. Answer:
C
27. Answer:
D
28. Answer:
E
29. Answer:
E
30. Answer:
C
31. Answer:
C
32. Answer:
B
33. Answer:
A
34. Answer:
B
35. Answer:
C
36. Answer:
A
37. Answer:
D
38. Answer:
E
39. Answer:
C
40. Answer:
D
41. Answer:
B
42. Answer:
D
43. Answer:
A
44. Answer:
B
45. Answer:
E
46. Answer:
Answers should address Greenfield’s (1997) interviews of indigenous people in Mexico and how the assumptions made by researchers affect the methods they use and the data they collect.
47. Answer:
Answers will vary.
48. Answer:
Answers will vary.
49. Answer:
Answers will vary.
50. Answer:
Patterns of means generally are better indicators of a “true” difference. The magnitude of means may be influenced by response biases (extremity biases, modesty biases, social desirability biases, etc.) that systematically change mean levels. A pattern of mean differences is more informative because the biases above that level have a harder time explaining why the overall pattern is the way it is.
51. Answer:
Answers will vary.
52. Answer:
Answers will vary.
53. Answer:
Occam’s razor says the simplest explanation is preferred, all else being equal. Multi-method research that leads to converging evidence makes the researcher’s underlying hypothesis the most parsimonious explanation. Other explanations that rely on identifying unique flaws for each different methodology become less parsimonious.
Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 5 1.
2.
3.
Research on the perception of phonemes by infants reveals that a.
very young infants cannot distinguish between two phonemes from an unfamiliar language whereas older infants can.
b.
from birth, infants slowly accumulate a growing number of phonemes that they can recognize, until they have learned all the phonemes in their language.
c.
the lack of exposure to a language can lead people to be unable to distinguish between two phonemes from that language as they get older.
d.
1-year-old infants can distinguish between two phonemes from an unfamiliar language whereas 6-year-olds cannot.
e.
infants from one language group cannot understand the phonemes used by an unfamiliar language group.
What can be said about sensitive windows for language acquisition? f.
Children do not start to acquire any language before the age of 1 year.
g.
People can learn to speak languages equally well, regardless of the age of acquisition.
h.
Some aspects of language, such as accents, do not show any evidence for sensitive windows for acquisition.
i.
People who are raised bilingually have two distinct language centers in their brain that do not overlap.
j.
Learning a sign language is subject to a sensitive window constraint similar to that when learning a spoken language.
Which of the following best characterizes the situation of a 13-year-old East Asian boy?
4.
5.
k.
He will have a lack of family cohesion because of weak parental control.
l.
He will sleep in the same room as his closest-age sibling (regardless of sibling gender).
m.
He will not have the ability to distinguish all human phonemes.
n.
He will still be sleeping in the same bedroom as his mother.
o.
He will be lavishly praised for his success in school.
Korean differs from English in that English has an /f/ phoneme and a /p/ phoneme, whereas Korean lacks the /f/ phoneme. To many Koreans, these two phonemes sound the same. Applying what is discussed in the textbook about language acquisition to Ji-su, who is Korean, which of the following would you most likely expect to occur? p.
If Ji-su learns English as an infant, Korean and English will both be represented in separate, nonoverlapping areas in her brain.
q.
Ji-su will be able to perceive the difference between /f/ and /p/ in her first year.
r.
Ji-su can learn to master English grammar but will not be able to perceive /f/ and /p/ differently, regardless of the age of acquisition.
s.
Ji-su will have Korean and English both represented in the same area in the brain, regardless of the age of acquisition.
t.
Ji-su can learn to perceive the difference between /f/ and /p/ well, regardless of the age of acquisition.
Child A is raised in a language in which Pa and Ba sound the same. Which of the following is true? u.
As an infant and an adult, Child A will have trouble distinguishing the sounds Ba and Pa.
v.
As an adult, Child A will have trouble distinguishing the sounds Ba and Pa.
w.
As an infant, Child A will have trouble distinguishing the sounds Ba and Pa.
6.
7.
x.
As an infant, Child A will have trouble distinguishing the sounds Ba and Pa and also have trouble with Fa and Pa.
y.
The ability to distinguish Pa and Ba will be present throughout this child’s life because Pa and Ba are “universal phonemes.”
Leticia knows Spanish as her native language and learned English as a very young child. Amy knows English as her native language and learned Spanish as an adult. Which of the following will be true? z.
The same location of Leticia’s brain will be activated when she processes English or Spanish.
aa.
The same location of Amy’s brain will be activated when she processes English or Spanish.
bb.
When Amy speaks Spanish, the parts of her brain responsible for language and vision will be activated.
cc.
When Leticia speaks Spanish, the parts of her brain responsible for language and vision will be activated.
dd.
The motor neurons of each speaker will be activated when they speak— but only when they speak in their native language.
Manchi and Eason were both born in Hong Kong. Manchi moved to Canada at age 18, and Eason moved to Canada at age 40. Based on research on cultural adjustment, which of the following best characterizes their adjustment to Canada? ee.
For both Eason and Manchi, the longer they stay in Canada, the more they will identify with being Canadian.
ff.
For both Eason and Manchi, the longer they stay in Canada, the more they will identify with being from Hong Kong.
gg.
For Manchi, the amount of time she lives in Canada will have little or no effect on her identification with being Canadian. For Eason, the longer he stays in Canada, the less he will identify with being Canadian.
hh.
For both Eason and Manchi, there will be no relationship between how long they stay in Canada and how much they identify with being Canadian.
ii.
8.
9.
The longer she stays in Canada, the more Manchi will identify with being Canadian. For Eason, there will be no relationship between the length of stay in Canada and identification with being Canadian.
Heine and colleagues (2011) studied immigrants in Vancouver, Canada, who came from Hong Kong. They found that identification with Canadian culture depended on how long immigrants had lived in Canada, jj.
but only if they came in their mid-20s.
kk.
but only if they came as children.
ll.
but only if they also showed strong identification with Chinese culture.
mm.
but only if they also showed weak identification with Chinese culture.
nn.
regardless of when the immigrants came or how much they identified with Chinese culture.
American and Chinese children were recruited for a study. All children were either 13 years old or 5 years old. They were first told that a child was happy every day for the past week; then they were asked to predict the likelihood that the child would be happy tomorrow. To analyze the data, researchers matched 13-year-old American children’s responses to those of the 13-year-old Chinese children. The same was done with the 5-year-old children’s responses. Which of the following would be most likely to occur with this analysis? a.
Everyone would be equally likely to predict that the child would continue to be happy tomorrow.
b.
Everyone would be equally likely to predict that the child would be much less happy tomorrow.
c.
Chinese children would predict that the child would continue to be happy tomorrow and American children would predict that the child would be much less happy tomorrow.
d.
The difference in predicted likelihood between Chinese and American children would have a consistent magnitude throughout the age groups.
e.
The difference in predicted likelihood between Chinese and American children would be much greater for the 13-year-olds than for the 5-yearolds.
10.
11.
12.
Which of the following is true about young children’s development? f.
In all cultures, children learn to crawl in the same way.
g.
In all cultures, children learn to crawl at about the same age.
h.
The age at which children learn to recognize themselves in the mirror is constant across cultures.
i.
Babies have more face-to-face contact with their parents in Western cultures than in non-Western cultures.
j.
Babies have more physical contact with their parents in Western cultures than in non-Western cultures.
Which of the following statements is true about parent-child interactions across cultures? k.
Children in every culture lead their interactions with their mothers, and their mothers play a supporting role.
l.
Children in every culture see themselves as relational beings and respond to their mothers.
m.
Urban European mothers generally have less face-to-face contact with their infants than rural European mothers.
n.
Urban European mothers spend less time in physical contact with their infants than rural European mothers.
o.
Mothers from all cultures spend at least half their time in contact with their infants.
The Blurgs, an alien family from Neptune, want to build a new house. This family consists of a father, a mother, a 20-year-old son, a 10-year-old son, and a baby daughter. When deciding on sleeping arrangements, the people of Neptune greatly value respect for hierarchy, as defined by Shweder and colleagues in their study examining cultural differences in sleeping arrangements between Americans and Indians. Which of the following most accurately reflects this value? p.
The parents sleep in their own room while the children all sleep in the same room.
13.
14.
q.
The oldest person in the family gets a room to him- or herself.
r.
The younger brother decides to sleep in the same room as the older brother.
s.
Everyone sleeps in his or her own room.
t.
The older brother sleeps in his own room.
The Patels, an Indian family, are trying to decide on room arrangements for a new house they are building for themselves, their 16-year-old daughter, Pria, and their 15-year-old son, Raj. According to Shweder’s research, which of the following moral principles is likely to be the MOST important for this family? u.
protection of the vulnerable
v.
the sacred couple
w.
female chastity anxiety
x.
respect for hierarchy
y.
incest avoidance
Alex and Tess are parents who place great emphasis on the value of the sacred couple. They have a postpubescent son, a prepubescent daughter, and a toddler son. What sleeping arrangement are they most likely going to have? z.
Each person—the mother, the father, and three children—sleeps in his or her own room.
aa.
They sleep with the toddler son in one room and the other son and daughter sleep in another room.
bb.
They sleep in the same room, separate from their children.
cc.
The parents sleep in the same room as the daughter and the two sons sleep in the same room.
dd.
The mother and daughter share one room and the father and sons share another room.
15.
16.
17.
Shweder and colleagues (1995) found that Indian parents are more likely to sleep in the same room with their children than are American parents. Given their studies, which of these is the most compelling explanation for their results? ee.
American houses have more rooms than Indian houses.
ff.
Americans are more fearful of smothering their babies by rolling on top of them.
gg.
Americans are more concerned about avoiding incest.
hh.
Americans place more value on providing parents with exclusive sleeping space.
ii.
Indian parents place more value on the moral good of interpersonal harmony.
Which of the following is an accessibility universal? jj.
noun biases
kk.
the terrible twos
ll.
protection of the vulnerable
mm.
adolescent rebellion
nn.
incest avoidance
According to research by Shweder and others, the most important consideration in deciding on sleeping arrangements in both Indian and American families is oo.
incest avoidance.
pp.
female chastity anxiety.
qq.
respect for hierarchy.
rr.
protection of the vulnerable.
ss.
the sacred couple.
18.
19.
20.
Two parents are trying to plan sleeping arrangements for their three children: a 15year-old daughter, a 3-year-old son, and a 2-year-old daughter. They decide that the 2-year-old will sleep alone and the 15-year-old and 3-year-old will sleep in the same room. The parents will sleep separately from the children. According to this arrangement, which of the following principles was violated? tt.
respect for hierarchy
uu.
female chastity anxiety
vv.
incest avoidance
ww.
the sacred couple
xx.
protection of the vulnerable
The Parkers are an American family planning their household sleeping arrangements. The Singhs, an Indian family, are also planning their household sleeping arrangements. According to research by Shweder, which of following values would be much more important to the Parkers than the Singhs? a.
incest avoidance
b.
female chastity anxiety
c.
protection of the vulnerable
d.
the sacred couple
e.
respect for hierarchy
In India, which principles are most important for determining sleeping arrangements? The list should go from most important to least important. f.
incest avoidance, protection of the vulnerable, female chastity anxiety, respect for hierarchy
g.
respect for hierarchy, incest avoidance, female chastity anxiety, protection of the vulnerable
h.
protection of the vulnerable, incest avoidance, female chastity anxiety, respect for hierarchy
i.
female chastity anxiety, respect for hierarchy, protection of the vulnerable, incest avoidance
j.
21.
22.
23.
incest avoidance, respect for hierarchy, protection of the vulnerable, female chastity anxiety
Doug was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Hans was raised in Hamburg, Germany. If they both have the attachment style that is most common in their respective cultures. Doug will show ________ attachment and Hans will show ________ attachment. k.
secure; secure
l.
secure; avoidant
m.
avoidant; secure
n.
avoidant; avoidant
o.
secure; anxious-ambivalent
Shuang is a Chinese mother. Compared to Shuang, Alex, who is an American mother, is more likely to p.
openly praise her child.
q.
use neglectful parenting.
r.
have strong control over her child.
s.
want her female child to conform to stereotypes about girls.
t.
have anxious-avoidant attachment with her child.
Wan-Ying wants to use the jiào xun type of parenting with her daughter. What is Wan-Ying MOST likely to do? u.
encourage her child to be as independent as possible
v.
ask her to break stereotypes and engage in more masculine play
w.
try to ensure that her child steers away from socially undesirable behaviors
x.
allow her child to choose not to do her homework
y.
24.
25.
26.
insist that the child do her schoolwork completely by herself
Which of the following statements about the relationships between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles is true? z.
Authoritarian parenting and authoritative parenting involve similar levels of parental warmth.
aa.
Authoritative parenting uses more democratic reasoning than does authoritarian parenting.
bb.
Authoritative parenting makes the child less happy than authoritarian parenting.
cc.
Both lead the child to be psychologically maladjusted.
dd.
Both help the child to be psychologically well adjusted.
The four parenting styles described by Western psychologists are combinations of which of the following dimensions? ee.
warmth and parental control
ff.
warmth and gender role adherence
gg.
gender role adherence and cultural norm adherence
hh.
parental control and gender role adherence
ii.
warmth and coldness
As a teenager, Lee was allowed to stay out as late as he wanted, eat whatever he wanted, and play on his computer as much as he pleased. His parents never seemed to pay attention to him or really care about how he was doing. What parenting style is this indicative of? jj.
authoritative parenting
kk.
permissive parenting
ll.
neglectful parenting
27.
28.
29.
mm.
authoritarian parenting
nn.
jiào xun
According to the textbook, which of the following is true about culture and parenting styles? oo.
Baumrind’s typology has been shown to accurately capture parenting styles around the world.
pp.
Parents in most non-Western contexts use permissive parenting styles.
qq.
Parents in most non-Western contexts use neglectful parenting styles.
rr.
Authoritative parenting styles lead to the best outcomes for children all over the world.
ss.
Strong parental control is more associated with positive outcomes in East Asia than in the West.
Xi is a girl growing up in China. Joan is a girl growing up in the United States. Which of the following is true? tt.
Strongly controlling parenting styles will make Xi less happy, but not Joan.
uu.
Joan will be more likely than Xi to see herself from an outsider’s perspective.
vv.
Joan will be more likely than Xi to show female chastity anxiety.
ww.
Xi will make fewer errors than Joan when learning to count.
xx.
Xi will be more likely than Joan to show secure attachment.
Yuexi, a Chinese mother, wants to use strong parental control with her child. Based on the textbook, which of the following would most likely occur as a result? a.
The child will feel a lack of family cohesion.
b.
The child will be less happy than if Yuexi had used less parental control.
30.
31.
c.
The child will perceive less parental warmth than if Yuexi had used less parental control.
d.
The child will achieve less academically than if Yuexi had used less parental control.
e.
The child will feel less parental acceptance than if Yuexi had used less parental control.
If Tina, a 2-year-old child from Toronto, shows noun bias, this would imply that f.
she is abnormally delayed in her use of nouns.
g.
more of the words she uses will be nouns, rather than verbs.
h.
she will raise her voice more when she uses nouns rather than verbs.
i.
she has a bias against using nouns, rather than verbs.
j.
she will be more likely to use nouns rather than adjectives—but only when she dislikes something.
Xiao, a university student in China, and Jess, a university student in the United States, are each listening to an audiotape in their individual rooms. The audiotape is of a mother talking to her 4-year-old child. At one point, the audio on both tapes is covered by static. Xiao and Jess are asked to guess what was said by the mother. Based on research about cultural differences in language, which of the following is the likeliest to happen? k.
They will both guess that the inaudible part refers to a noun.
l.
Xiao will guess that the inaudible part refers to a verb and Jess will guess that the inaudible part refers to a noun.
m.
Xiao will guess that the inaudible part refers to a noun and Jess will guess that the inaudible part refers to a verb.
n.
They both will guess that the inaudible part refers to a verb.
o.
There is no reason to expect that their guesses will be either the same or different.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Tomo is a baby in Japan. Ron is a baby in Canada. Ron is more likely to learn which of the following words faster than Tomo? (The words listed here are in English, but assume that Tomo will learn the equivalent Japanese word.) p.
“ow”
q.
“car”
r.
“run”
s.
“wet”
t.
“and”
The terrible twos are believed by Western psychologists to be important because acting out in this stage u.
lets children get misbehavior out of their system.
v.
helps children establish their independence.
w.
builds children’s vocabulary.
x.
develops children’s physical abilities.
y.
increases parents’ love for their children.
The terrible twos is a developmental stage that z.
should actually be called the "terrible two through fives."
aa.
exists in the United States and Asia.
bb.
is a nonuniversal.
cc.
derives from the defense mechanism of reaction formation.
dd.
is universally worse in boys than in girls.
Adolescent rebellion ee.
is observed in the vast majority of the world’s cultures.
36.
37.
38.
ff.
is more pronounced in societies with greater numbers of role distinctions and opportunities.
gg.
is especially pronounced in collectivistic societies.
hh.
is universal, although adolescent violence is not.
ii.
may be seen in different societies, but it serves a different purpose in every culture.
Adolescent rebellion is found more often in cultures jj.
with low literacy rates.
kk.
that have avoidant attachment styles as the norm.
ll.
that encourage adolescents to sublimate forbidden desires.
mm.
that are more individualistic.
nn.
that have become less religious over time.
Horst grew up in urban Germany, Kosuke grew up in urban Japan, and Joko grew up in rural Indonesia. All else being equal, we would expect ________ to have experienced the most difficulty in adolescence, ________ to have experienced the second most difficulty in adolescence, and ________ to have experienced the least difficulty in adolescence. oo.
Horst; Kosuke; Joko
pp.
Kosuke; Horst; Joko
qq.
Joko; Horst; Kosuke
rr.
Horst; Joko; Kosuke
ss.
The three boys will experience an equal degree of difficulty.
Ibrahim has had 4 more years of schooling than his identical twin brother. Which of the following will be true of Ibrahim?
39.
40.
tt.
Ibrahim is no more likely to score higher on the “culture-fair” Raven’s Matrices IQ test, as compared to his twin.
uu.
Ibrahim’s working memory is likely to be better than that of his twin.
vv.
Ibrahim is less likely to be a “visual thinker” than his twin.
ww.
Ibrahim is likely to have a worse memory than his twin.
xx.
Ibrahim’s brain is likely to weigh more than his twin’s.
Yumi is in school in an East Asian country. If she were to spend a year in the United States, she would find that a.
she would do more homework in the United States.
b.
her U.S. classmates' parents would use a more authoritarian parenting style.
c.
her U.S. math classes would involve less lecturing from the teacher.
d.
her U.S. classrooms would be more focused on teaching moral behavior.
e.
her U.S. classmates would have a less avoidant relationship with their mothers.
When comparing East Asian mothers with American mothers, which of the following statements is true? f.
Mothers in East Asia tend to be more satisfied with their child’s math performance than mothers in the United States.
g.
East Asian teachers spend less time lecturing in the classroom than teachers in the United States.
h.
East Asian schools have shorter school years than those in the United States.
i.
Math performance of children in East Asia and the United States is similar until about the time they enter high school.
j.
East Asian mothers are more likely to focus their children’s attention on their academic failures than mothers in the United States.
41.
42.
43.
Which of the following is true? k.
Asian languages make it easier to learn the base 10 system, as compared to English.
l.
Asian languages often use the same word for “math” and “thinking.”
m.
Asian languages often use the same word for “math” and “smart.”
n.
In Chinese, the character for the word “division” is the mirror-image of the word for multiplication.
o.
In Chinese, the character for the word “subtraction” looks like “negative addition.”
Cross-cultural research on math achievement at school reveals that p.
East Asian children perform better than American children on arithmetic but not trigonometry.
q.
the cultural differences in math achievement are pronounced in elementary school but largely disappear by the time of high school graduation.
r.
East Asian children are more likely to be paid by their parents for good math grades, as compared to American children.
s.
Americans spend more hours on math homework per week than do East Asians.
t.
Americans are more satisfied with their math performance than are East Asians.
According to research, which of the following could at least partially explain why children at East Asian schools tend to do better at math than children at American schools? u.
East Asian children start learning math before kindergarten.
v.
East Asian students, on average, have a larger left brain hemisphere than American children.
w.
East Asian students, on average, have a larger right brain hemisphere than American children.
x.
East Asian teachers tend to use more concrete examples when teaching math than American teachers.
y.
East Asian children's television programs have more math content than American children's television programs.
44.
Ilya, Vassily, and Anna are siblings who immigrated with their parents to Canada from Russia. At the time of immigration, Ilya was 4, Vassily was 18, and Anna was 20. Based on the research by Cheung, Chudek, and Heine regarding sensitive periods, draw a graph predicting how each sibling’s identification with Canadian culture will change as he or she spends more years in Canada.
45.
Kosuke is a 3-year-old Japanese boy who scores a 3 out of 7 on a measure of interdependence. Jeremy is a 3-year-old American boy who also scores a 3 out of 7 on a measure of interdependence. In general, the Japanese are more interdependent than Americans. Draw a graph to predict how each child’s score on the measure of interdependence is expected to change (or not change) as he or she gets older (up to age 18).
46.
The Randhawa family is an Indian family who just bought a new house with three bedrooms. There are two parents (a mother and a father), a 3-year-old daughter, a 17-year-old (postpubescent) daughter, and a 20-year-old (postpubescent) son. Based only on the values of female chastity anxiety and respect for hierarchy, design a floorplan for their arrangement of bedrooms that satisfies both values. Explain how the bedroom arrangement satisfies these values. Be sure to note who sleeps in each bedroom.
47.
Compare and contrast authoritarian parenting and authoritative parenting, making sure to include associated parental attributes.
48.
You overhear a mother talking about her adolescent son being rebellious, but she does not seem bothered by his rebelliousness. Instead, she says that it is a universal phenomenon that adolescents are rebellious. Do you agree or disagree? Please justify your response with empirical evidence.
49.
Explain how IQ tests have been linked to prejudice and racism.
50.
Explain how language might increase Asian children’s math skills, compared to their American counterparts.
Answer Key chapter 5
1. Answer:
C
2. Answer:
E
3. Answer:
C
4. Answer:
B
5. Answer:
B
6. Answer:
A
7. Answer:
C
8. Answer:
B
9. Answer:
E
10. Answer:
D
11. Answer:
D
12. Answer:
E
13. Answer:
E
14. Answer:
C
15. Answer:
D
16. Answer:
E
17. Answer:
A
18. Answer:
E
19. Answer:
D
20. Answer:
A
21. Answer:
B
22. Answer:
A
23. Answer:
C
24. Answer:
B
25. Answer:
A
26. Answer:
C
27. Answer:
E
28. Answer:
D
29. Answer:
B
30. Answer:
B
31. Answer:
B
32. Answer:
B
33. Answer:
B
34. Answer:
C
35. Answer:
B
36. Answer:
D
37. Answer:
A
38. Answer:
B
39. Answer:
C
40. Answer:
E
41. Answer:
A
42. Answer:
E
43. Answer:
D
44. Answer:
Students’ graphs should resemble the following graph.
45. Answer:
Answers will vary.
46. Answer:
Answers will vary.
47. Answer:
Answers will vary.
48. Answer:
Answers will vary.
49. Answer:
IQ tests tend to require a lot of mainstream U.S. cultural knowledge. Historically, IQ tests were used to “prove” that Eastern and southern European immigrants (Jews, Hungarians, Russians, Italians) were more likely to be intellectually deficient, causing them to be labeled “morons.” IQ tests also tend to favor certain sorts of abstract reasoning that are fostered in places with more education, particularly Western education.
50. Answer:
East Asian numbering systems lend themselves to being understood more easily than the English numbering system (e.g., 11: 10 + 1). Children learning English have to learn arbitrary number words from 1 through 10 and then must also learn arbitrary words for 11 through 20. In contrast, in many East Asian numbering systems, children only have to learn arbitrary number words from 1 through 10.
Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 6 1.
2.
3.
Given what you know about cultural influences on the Twenty-Statements Test (TST), which of the following people is most likely to respond primarily by describing his or her important roles and responsibilities within their family? a.
Christine, an American woman currently enrolled at a university located in the American Midwest
b.
Mary, a Kenyan woman currently enrolled at the University of Nairobi
c.
Naserian, a Kenyan woman from the Masai tribe
d.
Mary and Naserian are equally likely to respond this way to the TST.
e.
All three women are equally likely to respond this way to the TST.
When completing the Twenty-Statements Test (TST), people from non-Western cultures, in contrast with people from Western cultures, are more likely to write which of the following? f.
“I am a charitable person.”
g.
“I am a student.”
h.
“I am very hungry.”
i.
“I am always very generous.”
j.
“I am someone who likes to eat.”
Engai is a member of the Masai indigenous group in Kenya and Joseph is an American college student. Based on your knowledge of Ma and Schoeneman's (1997) study on self-descriptions, how is each person most likely to finish the statement “I am . . .”? k.
Engai: “I am a charitable person”; Joseph: “I am athletic”
l.
Engai: “I am a father”; Joseph: “I am a son”
4.
5.
6.
m.
Engai: “I am a member of the elders council”; Joseph: “I am outgoing”
n.
Engai: “I am loyal”; Joseph: “I am a member of a fraternity”
o.
Engai: “I am a herder”; Joseph: “I am a college student”
Based on Ma and Schoeneman’s study (1997) of self-descriptions of Americans and Kenyans, which of the following is the most accurate in describing the Samburu? p.
high in an interdependent view of the self
q.
high in subjective self-awareness
r.
high in an independent view of the self
s.
high in an entity theory of the self
t.
high in “social potency”
Jaden has a strong sense of his own identity and does not see a strong divide between strangers he has just met and his family members. What is this characteristic of? u.
incremental theory of self
v.
entity theory of self
w.
interdependent view of self
x.
independent theory of self
y.
objective awareness of self
You are chatting with a stranger in a coffee shop. Every time you ask him something about himself, he talks about associations to which he belongs and clubs he has joined. He rarely talks about his own attributes. Which of the following best describes him? z.
individualistic
aa.
incremental theory of self
7.
8.
bb.
interdependent view of self
cc.
low in self-awareness
dd.
high in conscientiousness
You are introduced to a person who is said to have an independent view of self. Based on Markus and Kitayama’s (1991) model, which of the following would you LEAST expect the person to say? ee.
“I love playing hockey.”
ff.
“I am a responsible person.”
gg.
“I am a member of a ballet dance group.”
hh.
“I am my own person and am not defined by others.”
ii.
“I am hungry.”
Your classmate Teodora describes herself as having an interdependent self-view. Knowing only this, which of the following would be INCONSISTENT with this characterization of her self-concept? jj.
Teodora credits her mother for guiding her throughout her life, making her the woman she is today.
kk.
Teodora spends a lot of time and energy maintaining her friendships but does not spend much time meeting new people.
ll.
Teodora describes herself as a sister, a Serbian, and a member of the university soccer team.
mm.
Teodora is sensitive to how her moods and behaviors might affect her roommate.
nn.
Teodora says that she is the same person she was in high school and that she also acts the same in class, at home, with her parents, and with her friends.
9.
10.
11.
After living with your roommate for the past year and observing his behavior, you have concluded that he possesses a relatively independent view of self. Which of the following observations is consistent with this conclusion? a.
His relationship with his girlfriend is an important part of his identity.
b.
He defines himself in terms of internal attributes, such as his preferences and opinions.
c.
His identity is flexible: It is contingent on whom he is interacting with in the moment.
d.
He forms relationships with people slowly because he is cautious about whom he lets into his inner circle.
e.
He strives to maintain harmony in his relationships with friends.
Independent and interdependent self-views differently influence how people engage with close others as opposed to strangers. Considering this phenomenon, which of the following statements accurately reflects this difference? f.
People with independent (versus interdependent) self-views will experience more social anxiety when meeting someone for the first time.
g.
New relationships will influence identity more for people with independent (versus interdependent) self-views.
h.
People with independent (versus interdependent) self-views are more likely to trust a stranger.
i.
People with interdependent (versus independent) self-views are more likely to have larger social networks of friends.
j.
People with interdependent (versus independent) self-views will feel less sad when relationships dissolve.
Which of the followings statements accurately describes the relationship between social class and individualism? k.
Higher social class is associated with independence in both Western and Eastern cultures.
l.
Higher social class is associated with interdependence in both Western and Eastern cultures.
12.
13.
14.
m.
Higher social class is associated with interdependence in Western cultures and independence in Eastern cultures.
n.
Higher social class is associated with independence in Western cultures and interdependence in Eastern cultures.
o.
Higher social class is unrelated to independence and interdependence.
You are tutoring freshman students who are the first in their family to attend college (i.e., first-generation students). Given what you know about social class, college enrollment, and motivation, which of the following statements will be most motivating for your students? p.
“I am here to help you get A’s in your classes.”
q.
“I am looking forward to working together and learning from each other.”
r.
“You are at college to pursue your own personal academic journey.”
s.
“Your past experiences in high school may not be very informative in college.”
t.
“Your working-class background may make it difficult to adjust to college life.”
The most collectivistic states of the United States are u.
states from the Mountain West and the Midwest.
v.
Alaska and the states of the Confederate South.
w.
states on the West Coast and the East Coast.
x.
Hawaii and Utah.
y.
Arizona and New Mexico.
Your friend, while describing her recent trip to India, concluded, “India is a very collectivistic culture, so all Indians possess an interdependent view of the self.” Do you agree with this conclusion? Why or why not?
15.
16.
z.
no, because people’s self-views cannot be categorized so neatly into “independent” and “interdependent” categories
aa.
no, because Indians experience many more situations that affirm and reiterate independent versus interdependent aspects of self
bb.
no, because other features of Indian culture—such as competition for jobs and large disparities between the wealthy and the poor—mean that personal attributions are emphasized more than social bonds
cc.
yes, because Indian culture strongly encourages conformity, so Indian citizens are especially likely to adopt dominant cultural values such as interdependent self-views
dd.
yes, because Indian citizens all consume the same media and belong to the same institutions, all of which encourage an interdependent selfview
Recall that Kashima and colleagues (1995) had men and women from various Western and Eastern cultures complete several measures of independent and interdependent self-views. Their study found gender differences for ee.
all four facets of self-views: collectivism, relatedness, agency, and assertiveness.
ff.
only the interdependent facets of collectivism and relatedness.
gg.
only the independent facets of agency and assertiveness.
hh.
only the interdependent facet of relatedness.
ii.
only the independent facet of agency.
A research study by Williams and Best (1990) examined gender equality by asking men and women from 14 different countries to answer questions about how each gender should act. Which of the following statements is an accurate description of their findings? jj.
Despite studying very different cultures, the study found similar views about gender equality across cultures.
kk.
Within a culture, men and women tended to have different views about gender equality.
17.
18.
19.
ll.
In most of the countries surveyed, men had more traditional views on gender than women.
mm.
People from more (versus less) urbanized/developed countries expressed more traditional views on gender roles.
nn.
People from more northern (versus southern) countries expressed more traditional views on gender roles.
According to research using the Sex Role Ideology scale, which of the following situations agrees with the research findings? oo.
Poland, a primarily Christian country, has less egalitarian gender values than Azerbaijan, a primarily Muslim country.
pp.
Uruguay, a country south of the equator, has more egalitarian gender values than Estonia, a country north of the equator.
qq.
Mahalapye, a rural township, has less egalitarian gender values than Bobirwa, an urban city.
rr.
Kiribati, a collectivistic society, has more egalitarian gender values than Nauru, a society that is more individualistic than Kiribati.
ss.
All of these statements agree with the research findings.
Recall Boserup’s (1970) thesis arguing that agricultural methods centuries ago have influenced contemporary gender norms. In this thesis, agricultural methods are a(n) ________ gender norms. tt.
proximal cause of
uu.
distal cause of
vv.
collectivistic influence on
ww.
individualistic influence on
xx.
egalitarian influence on
According to research by Alesina and colleagues (2011), regions that used ________ in farming centuries earlier were found to have ________ today.
20.
21.
a.
shifting cultivation; less egalitarian gender norms
b.
shifting cultivation; higher birthrates
c.
plow cultivation; less egalitarian gender norms
d.
plow cultivation; higher birthrates
e.
crop rotation; less egalitarian gender norms
Why do motivations for self-consistency appear weaker among East Asians than among Westerners? f.
Westerners who are consistent earn more money than those who are not.
g.
East Asian parents tend to punish their children when they act consistently.
h.
In the West, self-consistency correlates more strongly with subjective well-being and with being liked by others than it does in East Asia.
i.
East Asians tend to complete self-report scales with more extreme opinions than do Westerners.
j.
Motivations for self-consistency are not weaker among East Asians than among Westerners.
Which of the following was found in Suh’s (2002) research on self-consistency in Koreans and Americans? k.
Koreans describe themselves more similarly across situations than do Americans.
l.
Koreans who are more consistent across situations have lower subjective well-being than Koreans who are less consistent.
m.
Consistency is positively associated with likability in the United States but not in Korea.
n.
Both Americans and Koreans who are more consistent also display better social skills.
o.
Americans who are more consistent across situations are viewed as less authentic than Americans who are less consistent.
22.
23.
24.
Your friend Satoshi is writing a personal statement for a scholarship application and he wants to make sure he is sufficiently highlighting his excellent academic record and personal qualities. You recall from your cultural psychology textbook a study showing that Japanese individuals’ self-descriptions tend to vary across different situations. Consequently, you advise Satoshi to write his personal statement p.
in his professor’s office with the professor present.
q.
at the library when sitting next to another student in his class.
r.
in the dining hall when 10–20 people are present.
s.
in the cafeteria when 20–50 people are present.
t.
in his dorm room alone.
You work for an international charity foundation and are in charge of seeking donations from Americans and Poles. Based on Cialdini’s (1999) research on the importance of consistency with the self and with peers, which of the following would you use to secure the most donations from the two populations? u.
Remind both Americans and Poles of their past donations.
v.
Remind Americans of their peers’ donations but remind Poles of their past donations.
w.
Remind Americans of their past donations but remind Poles of their peers’ donations.
x.
Remind both Americans and Poles of their peers’ donations.
y.
Ask Americans for more money because they like to donate more than Poles do.
You are considering asking your Japanese friend Hideaki for some help with studying for your final exams and you want to ensure that your request is effective. Given what you know about cultural influences on cognitive dissonance, what information could you include in your request to increase the likelihood that Hideaki will agree to help?
25.
26.
z.
“Chemistry is your favorite subject.”
aa.
“Our mutual friend Daisuke would help if he were here.”
bb.
“I don’t expect you to say yes, but I hope you will.”
cc.
“It will make you feel really good about yourself to help another person.”
dd.
“I will pay you $15 an hour to help me study.”
Foot-in-the-door is a persuasion technique whereby the requester makes a relatively small request of a target. Once the target says yes, the requester will make more, and incrementally more costly, requests. This works because people are motivated to be self-consistent. Your friend is a big fan of this technique, and thinks that this sales tactic is equally effective everywhere, no matter where he goes. Is this true based on the research of Cialdini and colleagues (1999)? ee.
Yes, there are no cultural differences in need for self-consistency, only peer-consistency.
ff.
Yes, susceptibility to the foot-in-the-door technique is an accessibility universal.
gg.
No, the foot-in-the-door technique would work better in the United States than in Poland.
hh.
No, the foot-in-the-door technique would work better in collectivistic cultures than individualistic cultures.
ii.
No, susceptibility to the foot-in-the-door technique is a cultural invention.
Ava, an American, and her roommate Suzumi, who is from Japan, are shopping together at the mall. Both women only have enough money to purchase one item. Based on what you know about cultural influences on cognitive dissonance, which of the following statements most accurately describes how these women will feel after they make their purchase? jj.
Both Ava and Suzumi are likely to experience dissonance after purchasing a product for themselves.
kk.
Both Ava and Suzumi are likely to experience dissonance after purchasing a product as a gift for a friend.
27.
28.
ll.
Ava is likely to experience dissonance after purchasing a product for herself, but Suzumi will likely experience dissonance after purchasing a product as a gift for a friend.
mm.
Ava is likely to experience dissonance after purchasing a product as a gift for a friend, but Suzumi will likely experience dissonance after purchasing a product for herself.
nn.
Neither Ava nor Suzumi is likely to experience cognitive dissonance after making this purchase.
Which of the following people is taking an outside-in perspective on the self? oo.
Lily, who perceives herself as smart after learning that her roommates saw her all-A’s report card.
pp.
Lori, who perceives herself as a hard worker after studying through the night for her organic chemistry exam.
qq.
Liam, who perceives himself as athletic after breaking his previous record on the 200-meter spring.
rr.
Leo, who perceives himself as helpful after spending the day cleaning his grandmother’s house.
ss.
Liu, who perceives himself as kind after nursing an injured cat back to good health.
Both Brianna, an American college student, and her Japanese classmate Yoshi are slated to give presentations in their cultural psychology class tomorrow. Tonight, they want privacy, so they are practicing their speeches in their rooms alone. Given that public speaking heightens one’s sense of objective selfawareness, how do you expect both students to react when practicing their presentations alone versus when presenting in front of their classmates? tt.
Both Brianna and Yoshi will be more critical of their public performance than their private performance.
uu.
Brianna will be more critical of her public (versus private) performance but Yoshi will be more critical of her private (versus public) performance.
vv.
Brianna will be more critical of her private (versus public) performance but Yoshi will be more critical of her public (versus private) performance.
29.
30.
ww.
Brianna will be more critical of her public (versus private) performance but Yoshi will be critical of both performances.
xx.
Brianna will be critical of both performances but Yoshi will be more critical of her public (versus private) performance.
Yuan, a Chinese mother, and Alexis, a European Canadian mother, both decided to read their children’s diaries. How might the memories of Yuan’s child differ from the memories of Alexis’s child? a.
Yuan’s child has more positive memories than Alexis’s child, if the memories include other people.
b.
The memories of Alexis’s child have more third-person imagery than the memories of Yuan’s child.
c.
The memories of Yuan’s child seem to be more consistent and similar to each other than the memories of Alexis’s child.
d.
The memories of Alexis’s child seem to be filled with scenarios in which he is by himself.
e.
The memories of Yuan’s child have more third-person imagery than the memories of Alexis’s child.
Sandy is a talented knitter with years of experience, who enjoys knitting gifts for her friends and co-workers. With their encouragement, Sandy decides to create a series of instructional knitting videos. However, once the video camera is pointed at her, she worries if her knitting is good enough and whether anyone will want to watch her videos given that there are so many other, possibly better, instructional videos available. Which of the following most accurately characterizes what Sandy is experiencing? f.
an increase in subjective self-awareness
g.
an increase in objective self-awareness
h.
an increase in independent view of self
i.
an increase in interdependent view of self
j.
an increase in self-consistency
31.
32.
33.
Participants are sitting in their own separate testing rooms and have been asked to write statements about what they think about themselves. After a while, a mirror mysteriously appears on the wall in each room. How much do their selfdescriptions written before and after the mirror appeared differ? k.
Participants from all cultures became more self-critical after the mirror appeared.
l.
American participants viewed themselves more positively before the mirror appeared and Japanese participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared.
m.
American participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared and Japanese participants viewed themselves more positively after the mirror appeared.
n.
American participants viewed themselves more negatively after the mirror appeared but Japanese participants did not change their views after the mirror appeared.
o.
Participants from all cultures viewed themselves more positively after the mirror appeared.
Someone with an incremental theory of the self p.
thinks that he or she could be a different person in the future.
q.
thinks his or her traits are central to his or her identity.
r.
is very high on the need to have self-consistency.
s.
is more likely than entity theorists to be low on neuroticism.
t.
makes a very weak distinction between the ingroup and the outgroup.
Your friend recently entered a few chess competitions but lost them all badly. Which of the following statements is he most likely to make if he possesses an entity theory of self? u.
“I can put in a lot of work to overcome my weaknesses.”
v.
“I lost because I have bad luck.”
w.
“I just wasn’t born with the ‘chess gene.’”
34.
35.
36.
x.
“I should review video of my matches to identify my mistakes.”
y.
“I think my competitor cheated.”
Cultures that tend to encourage self-consistency also tend to support the belief that success comes from z.
hard work.
aa.
innate abilities.
bb.
luck.
cc.
social support.
dd.
self-reflection.
Ji-yoo’s culture emphasizes an incremental theory of the self. As a teacher, Ji-yoo wants to create exams that reflect this theory of self and are thus consistent with the expectations of her students. What types of exams should she create? ee.
very challenging exams that measure innate aptitudes.
ff.
slightly challenging exams that measure innate aptitudes.
gg.
very challenging exams that measure study habits.
hh.
slightly challenging exams that measure study habits.
ii.
easy exams that measure both innate aptitudes and study habits.
In Marshall’s culture, maintaining self-consistency is an important sign of authenticity. Consequently, Marshall tries to think and act similarly across different situations and across time. Given what you know about Marshall’s culture, you can also expect that he will jj.
regularly experience objective self-awareness.
kk.
regularly experience subjective self-awareness.
ll.
possess an entity theory of the self.
37.
38.
39.
mm.
possess an incremental theory of the self.
nn.
be a very conscientious person.
Which of the following accurately lists the five personality traits that make up the five-factor model of personality? oo.
openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, negativity
pp.
openness to experience, capability, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
qq.
openness to experience, curiosity, extraversion, agreeableness, negativity
rr.
openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
ss.
openness to experience, conscientiousness, enthusiasm, agreeableness, neuroticism
Which of the following statements about the Big Five model of personality is FALSE? tt.
These five personality traits are largely uncorrelated with one another.
uu.
As people age, they tend to become more neurotic.
vv.
All personality attributes should be significantly correlated with at least one of the Big Five personality traits.
ww.
As people age, they tend to become more agreeable.
xx.
Factor analysis led to the emergence of the five underlying personality traits.
Regional similarities in personality are found when studying the different geographic regions of the United States. These similarities may occur because a.
most people live their lives in the same region and do not move.
40.
41.
b.
people influence each other through their daily interactions.
c.
people with different personalities are shunned and either move away or change their personality.
d.
of the reference group effect.
e.
people in these regions mature in similar ways.
You have saved up a lot of money over the last few years and have decided to travel the world. In interacting with people from different cultures all over the world, which of the following are you most likely to find? f.
The Big Five explains personality adequately everywhere but does especially well explaining personality in the West.
g.
The Big Five only emerges reliably in cultures characterized by independent views of self.
h.
You find that the only trait that emerges reliably across all cultures is neuroticism.
i.
The only trait of the Big Five that does not emerge reliably across cultures is neuroticism.
j.
Western cultures have a number of personality factors in addition to the Big Five that are not found in cultures characterized by interdependent views of self.
Your new college roommate is from the Great Plains state of Minnesota. You recently read in your cultural psychology textbook that researchers have identified personality differences across the different regions of the United States. Given this knowledge, which of the following personality profiles will most accurately describe your roommate? k.
low in neuroticism and high in openness to experience
l.
high in neuroticism and low in conscientiousness
m.
high in extraversion and neuroticism
n.
high in extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
o.
high in agreeableness and low in openness to experience
42.
43.
Research finds that the Big Five model does not provide a complete list of personality traits in all cultures. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the additional personality factors found in various non-U.S. cultures? p.
An interpersonal relatedness factor was found in China.
q.
A temperamentalness factor was found in the Philippines.
r.
An integrity factor was found in South Africa.
s.
An ambition factor was found in Spain.
t.
An honesty factor was found among Arabic speakers in Jordan, Lebanon, and Syria.
Researchers find ________ support for the Big Five in less industrialized, subsistence cultures. This may be due to ________. u.
weaker; less emphasis being placed on internal traits and attributes in subsistence cultures, and thus less knowledge about one’s self-concept
v.
weaker; lack of familiarity with answering questions in an interview format that consequently affects the quality of the data
w.
weaker; poor translation practices that inhibit people’s understanding of the Big Five personality trait definitions
x.
stronger; a simpler way of life that allows people to understand themselves more fully
y.
stronger; people in these cultures showing a reverse reference group effect because they compare their personality traits to those of people from industrialized cultures
44.
Using what you know about cultural influences in self-descriptions, complete the sentence “I am . . .” three times each for two cultural groups that you expect will differ in the nature of their self-descriptions.
45.
You are talking with a personality psychologist at your college who says, “All the cross-cultural evidence suggests that the five-factor model of personality is
culturally universal.” Do you agree? What evidence can you cite to support your position?
46.
Compare and contrast an independent view of self versus an independent view of self according to Markus and Kitayama (1999) in relation to the main points about self-identities and ingroup/outgroup relationships.
47.
Jack and Jill are best friends, but they are very different from each other. Jack thinks of himself as very interdependent. His ingroup includes his mother, his best friend (Jill), and his baby brother, while his outgroup includes his doctor. Jill thinks of herself as a very independent person. Her ingroup includes her brother, her best friend (Jack), and her husband, while her outgroup includes her coworker. Based on Markus and Kitayama’s model, draw a diagram for Jack and Jill, separately, that depicts their relationships with other people.
48.
In establishing a new society, the director of agriculture is going to decide how people will go about performing their tasks. The director appears to have strong opinions about everything—except for agriculture. She does not care whether it is done in a method that requires immense strength and working with dangerous animals or one that is more laid-back and only requires simple tools. The director believes that this is especially irrelevant for gender relations in the future. According to Boserup’s (1970) hypothesis that gender norms tend to be preserved when societies shift from agricultural to industrial, do you agree or disagree with Teresa’s perspective, and why?
49.
You are participating in a fundraising campaign for your local library, and have been soliciting donations from your co-workers, friends, and neighbors. You know from your cultural psychology course that people from different cultures differently experience motivations for consistency. How would you use this information to solicit donations from your friend Sarah, who is from the United States, and your friend Zuzanna, who is from Poland? Specifically, design a study that identifies the two types of appeals that you would use to solicit money from these friends. Then, graph the different patterns of results associated with each appeal for each friend.
50.
As a graduate student in the Department of Music, your thesis seeks to answer the question of whether a singer’s anxiety level during performance is associated with different forms of self-awareness. Design a study that would allow you to examine this question. In your response, make sure to use the appropriate terms for the different forms of self-awareness.
Answer Key chapter 6
1. Answer:
C
2. Answer:
B
3. Answer:
C
4. Answer:
A
5. Answer:
D
6. Answer:
C
7. Answer:
C
8. Answer:
E
9. Answer:
B
10. Answer:
C
11. Answer:
D
12. Answer:
B
13. Answer:
D
14. Answer:
A
15. Answer:
D
16. Answer:
C
17. Answer:
C
18. Answer:
B
19. Answer:
C
20. Answer:
C
21. Answer:
C
22. Answer:
E
23. Answer:
C
24. Answer:
B
25. Answer:
C
26. Answer:
C
27. Answer:
A
28. Answer:
D
29. Answer:
E
30. Answer:
B
31. Answer:
D
32. Answer:
A
33. Answer:
C
34. Answer:
B
35. Answer:
C
36. Answer:
C
37. Answer:
D
38. Answer:
B
39. Answer:
B
40. Answer:
A
41. Answer:
D
42. Answer:
D
43. Answer:
B
44. Answer:
Answers will vary. Answers should explicitly state two cultures as well as three statem each complete the sentence “I am. . . .” Answers will likely revolve around internal attr as personality traits and likes/dislikes) compared to roles in relationships and group m
45. Answer:
Answers will vary. The research evidence is mixed regarding universality, so students evidence in support of either position. A strong response would conclude something s Heine’s concluding statement: “In general, such investigations reveal that although the model does appear to be fairly cross-culturally robust, it does not seem to provide an e of personality traits in all cultures.”
46. Answer:
Answers will vary. Student responses should be similar to the responses provided in t table. Independent view of self:
Interdependent view of self:
- Identities experienced as largely distinct from their relationships
- Identities closely connected with other experienced as distinct, unique entit
- Important aspects of the self lie within the individual
- Aspects of self grounded in relationships w
- Individual is self-contained and exists as coherent, inviolate entity
- Identity is fluid across different situat
- People can move between boundary of in/out-group easily
- People do not easily become in-group me group members do not easily become outgrou
47. Answer:
Answers will vary. The students’ graphs should be similar to the following figures.
48. Answer:
Answers will vary.
49. Answer:
The design should resemble the Cialdini et al. (1999) study as described on pages 22 textbook; the graphs should resemble Figure 6.11 on page 228 of the textbook.
50. Answer:
Answers will vary.
Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 7 1.
2.
3.
Which of the following is NOT a reason why acculturation is challenging to study? a.
Longitudinal studies following people before, during, and after they acculturate are rare due to cost and difficulty.
b.
Individuals move to new places for vastly different reasons.
c.
Some individuals move to places that are more homogenous, and others move to places that are very diverse.
d.
Individuals move to new places that vary in terms of similarity to the individual’s heritage culture.
e.
Most places where psychological research is conducted are becoming less diverse, making it difficult to find people who have acculturated.
When will you NOT see an adjustment phase after experiencing culture shock? f.
when the person endorses an integration acculturation strategy
g.
when the person endorses an assimilation acculturation strategy
h.
when the person is introverted
i.
when the person moves to a homogenous society
j.
when the person has an interdependent self-construal
Mia loves visiting foreign countries and travels every chance she gets, usually staying for up to a month in each country. “I don’t think I will ever get tired of traveling,” she says. “Every single culture I’ve experienced has been so amazing and exciting!” According to the acculturation curve, which stage has Mia experienced? k.
honeymoon stage
l.
sojourner stage
4.
5.
6.
m.
culture shock
n.
crisis stage
o.
adjustment stage
Which stage distinguishes the U-shaped from the L-shaped acculturation curve? p.
honeymoon stage
q.
sojourner stage
r.
culture shock
s.
crisis stage
t.
adjustment stage
Imagine that Georgi moved to Canada from Bulgaria about a year ago. We might expect that he u.
is having a more difficult time acculturating than his neighbor, who moved from a small tribe along the Amazon.
v.
is adjusting to Canadian life and is fully integrated into the community.
w.
is having the time of his life and is reveling in his new and exotic home.
x.
is struggling, as he feels a bit homesick and has not yet made many Canadian friends.
y.
has already picked up curling as his favorite sport.
Which of the following people is most likely to experience an L-shaped acculturation curve? z.
Crystal-Joy, who has moved to a culturally homogeneous society
aa.
Lydia, who has an interdependent self-concept, while people in the host culture have an independent self-concept
bb.
Magda, who is feeling a lot of cultural distance between her heritage culture and the host culture
7.
8.
9.
cc.
Timothy, who identifies with his heritage culture but not his host culture
dd.
Noriko, who habitually engages in frame-switching
Idra, a European university student, has moved to another country indefinitely to start a new career. He is currently experiencing anxiety, helplessness, and homesickness. Based on research on acculturation curves, what do you expect to happen with Idra next? ee.
He will maintain these feelings if the host culture is homogenous.
ff.
He will maintain these feelings if the host culture is extraverted.
gg.
He will bounce back and adjust to the new culture if the host culture is homogenous.
hh.
He will bounce back and adjust to the new culture if the host culture is extraverted.
ii.
The answer cannot be determined from the information given.
How does cultural distance differ from cultural fit? jj.
Cultural fit refers to culture-culture matching of variables, whereas cultural distance refers to person-culture matching of variables.
kk.
Cultural distance refers to culture-culture matching of variables, whereas cultural fit refers to person-culture matching of variables.
ll.
Cultural fit refers to cultures that endorse an assimilative acculturation strategy.
mm.
Cultural distance refers to cultures that endorse a separation acculturation strategy.
nn.
The two are different ways of communicating the same concept.
The First Nations tribe that has been most successful (of the ones studied) at adjusting to mainstream Canadian settler traditions has been the a.
Eastern Cree.
10.
11.
12.
b.
Tsimshian.
c.
Carrier.
d.
Haida.
e.
Mohawk.
The Kingdom of Zorblax is about to colonize aboriginal tribes living on a foreign continent. The culture of Zorblax is characterized by a system in which people live on collective farms and take what they need from those farms. Which of the following foreign aboriginal tribes will experience the LEAST amount of acculturative stress under the Kingdom of Zorblax? f.
the Ngouma, a coastal tribe that is accustomed to fishing for food
g.
the Divan, a tribe that lives in the forest and subsists on hunting large animals
h.
the Remala, a tribe that primarily gathers wild fruit
i.
the Moche, a tribe that is very individualistic
j.
the Poranga, a tribe that heavily engages in communal sharing
Which of the following is reliably associated with reduced acculturative stress? k.
extraversion
l.
an interdependent view of self
m.
an independent view of self
n.
conscientiousness
o.
cultural fit
Miley is an extremely extraverted person who is very outgoing and is constantly seeking excitement. She thinks that her extraversion will make her well-suited for adjusting to any culture to which she goes. Based on research, is her rationale true or false?
13.
14.
p.
False: Miley’s extraversion actually annoys people, hindering her acculturation.
q.
True: Miley’s extraversion will allow her to make more friends, aiding her acculturation.
r.
False: There is no correlation between extraversion and adjustment to any type of host culture.
s.
True: Miley’s extraversion aids acculturation by promoting bicultural identity integration.
t.
False: Miley’s extraversion will only be useful in host cultures that generally endorse being extraverted.
Given the current research on personality and acculturation, you can predict that u.
Jaedong, who is introverted, will acculturate more successfully than his friend Sehoon, who is extraverted.
v.
Jaedong, who is extraverted, will acculturate more successfully than his friend Sehoon, who is introverted.
w.
Jaedong, who is extraverted, will proceed through a more severe period of culture shock on the acculturation curve compared with his friend Sehoon, who is introverted.
x.
Jaedong, who is introverted, will fare worse early on in the acculturation process, whereas his friend Sehoon, who is extraverted, will fare worse over the long run.
y.
Jaedong, who is introverted, will acculturate more successfully in an introverted country than Sehoon, who is extraverted.
Your friend Pedram is planning to immigrate somewhere and wants to go to a place where he will have the best chance of adjusting to the new culture. Which of the following should you recommend as being the best place for him? z.
a society that is homogenous
aa.
a society that espouses values that match Pedram’s personality
bb.
a society in which he will be a visible minority
cc.
a society that encourages people to code-switch
dd.
15.
16.
17.
a society in which he will be a nonvisible minority
Varun is a Fijian immigrant to Canada. Over time, he realized he was not really participating in Canadian culture, but he did seem to have a connection with his Fijian roots. Which of the following best describes Varun? ee.
L-shaped curve
ff.
adjustment
gg.
separation strategy
hh.
marginalization strategy
ii.
culture shock
What is the key difference between an integration and an assimilation acculturation strategy? jj.
The integration strategy has more negative attitudes toward the heritage culture than the assimilation strategy.
kk.
The integration strategy has more positive attitudes toward the heritage culture than the assimilation strategy.
ll.
The integration strategy has more negative attitudes toward the host culture than the assimilation strategy.
mm.
The integration strategy has more positive attitudes toward the host culture than the assimilation strategy.
nn.
The integration strategy incorporates attitudes toward the heritage culture, while the assimilation strategy incorporates attitudes toward the host culture.
The acculturation strategy that predicts the most favorable outcomes is oo.
integration.
pp.
assimilation.
qq.
separation.
18.
19.
20.
rr.
marginalization.
ss.
blending.
Which of the following migrants is most likely to pursue separation or marginalization acculturation strategies? tt.
Wesley, who comes from a high socioeconomic status
uu.
Hannah, who has not experienced any prejudice from the host culture toward her own heritage cultural group
vv.
Bjorn, who looks physically similar to the majority in the host culture
ww.
Trang, who looks physically distinct from the majority in the host culture
xx.
Mia, who looks physically mixed, or a blend between the majority in the host culture and her heritage culture
Research on stereotyped portrayals of Native Americans, such as Chief Wahoo of the Cleveland Indians and Disney’s Pocahontas, shows that Native Americans a.
express higher self-esteem and pride in their community after viewing these images since they are positive portrayals of their group.
b.
report a stronger mainstream American identity after viewing these images.
c.
achieve higher grades in school after viewing these images.
d.
appear to experience stereotype threat after viewing these images.
e.
dislike stereotyped portrayals of any group after viewing these images.
Hannah is a bicultural who sees her cultural identities as compatible with each other, and Gianna is a bicultural who sees her cultural identities as being in opposition to each other. Which of these two people can researchers study using a measure of the degree of bicultural identity integration? f.
only Hannah
g.
only Gianna
21.
22.
23.
h.
both
i.
neither
j.
both, as long as the research is conducted in East Asia
Given the current research on acculturation and health, which of the following would you expect? k.
Jessica acculturated more quickly than Jasmine to the host culture, which means Jessica will likely live longer.
l.
How much acculturative stress Maggie experiences is unrelated to her overall health.
m.
Candice has acculturated to a host culture with a poor diet, which means that she may develop unhealthy habits that lead to adverse health outcomes.
n.
John has decided to completely take on the host culture while ignoring his heritage culture, which means he will have the most positive health outcome.
o.
The more friends Harold has, the more acculturated he will be and the better his health will be.
According to the textbook, which of the following has NOT been noted as a result of becoming more acculturated to North American culture? p.
increased rate of obesity
q.
increased delinquency behavior
r.
decreased risk of coronary heart disease
s.
decreased discrimination
t.
decreased school performance
The immigrant paradox refers to the finding that u.
immigrants tend to experience greater negative outcomes compared to people in the host culture who have never immigrated.
24.
25.
v.
immigrants tend to experience fewer negative outcomes compared to people in the host culture who have never immigrated.
w.
children of immigrants tend to experience greater negative outcomes in educational achievement and health compared to their immigrant parents.
x.
immigrants who move to the United States are less likely to become obese the longer they live in the United States.
y.
immigrants who move to the United States do not adopt unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking and drinking, no matter how long they live in the United States.
Stephanie is a black female celebrity and is afraid of being stereotyped as an “angry black woman” just because of her background. The media constantly publishes photos of Stephanie looking angry, which eventually does make her feel angry. This is an example of z.
stereotype lift.
aa.
stereotype threat.
bb.
stereotype denial.
cc.
identity denial.
dd.
the counterstereotype effect.
Stereotype threat is ee.
largely in people’s minds and does not affect actual behavior.
ff.
limited to the experiences of racial groups that are discriminated against.
gg.
the result of people being unaware of the stereotypes that exist for their groups.
hh.
experienced most acutely by people low in bicultural identity integration.
ii.
frequently measured using dependent variables such as task performance and physiological signs.
26.
27.
28.
Yamazonia is a society dominated by tall people. Based on this information alone, which of the following people living in Yamazonia is most likely to experience identity denial? jj.
Jayden, a very tall woman
kk.
Jared, a male worker
ll.
Justice, a short woman
mm.
Jordan, a social worker
nn.
Jamie, a wealthy man
Jamie, an Asian American from New York (i.e., a member of a visible cultural minority within the United States) experienced identity denial yesterday. This means that, of the following situations, he experienced oo.
a man asking to see Jamie’s ID when he went to the liquor store.
pp.
a woman doubting whether Jamie actually likes watching movies.
qq.
someone of European descent not believing that Jamie was born in New York and insisting that he must have been born somewhere in Asia.
rr.
his African American friend insisting that they listen to some German rock music.
ss.
his mother making him food that his grandmother used to make.
Among people who immigrate before they are adults, self-esteem is related to acculturation in that tt.
the more acculturated an individual is, the higher his or her self-esteem.
uu.
people with high self-esteem tend to acculturate more quickly than people with low self-esteem.
vv.
people’s self-esteem comes to approximate the self-esteem norms in the host culture as they acculturate.
ww.
separation attitudes are associated with the highest self-esteem.
xx.
29.
30.
31.
greater self-esteem hinders one’s ability to acculturate to the host culture.
Which of the following people is the best example of blending? a.
Lani, who is able to jump back and forth between her Hawaiian heritage cultural views and her Texan host cultural views
b.
Dongraegu, who has embraced both the cultural values of his Korean heritage culture as well as those of his Canadian host culture
c.
Bjorn, who is from a Swedish town where many people living there are recent immigrants, leading to a very multicultural atmosphere
d.
Sarah, who is American and who gained a much more interdependent self-construal after spending the last 10 years in China, although she is still not as interdependent as the Chinese tend to be.
e.
Jürgen, who has decided to accept the cultural values of his American host culture to fit in better, disregarding values from his German heritage culture.
Quang Giáp is from a society where people tend to attribute the behaviors of others as to external pressures. After living in the United States for many years, however, Quang Giáp often finds himself increasingly attributing the behaviors of others as being the result of internal factors. However, he still does not make internal attributions as often as most Americans do. What is this an example of? f.
cultural fit
g.
blending
h.
marginalization
i.
frame-switching
j.
cultural distance
Which of the following scenarios would most likely lead to Basdeo using frameswitching more than Mel?
32.
33.
k.
if Basdeo adopts a separation strategy while Mel adopts an assimilative strategy
l.
if Basdeo were a bicultural and Mel were a monocultural
m.
if Basdeo were low in bicultural identity integration and Mel were high in bicultural identity integration
n.
if Basdeo were more extraverted than Mel
o.
if Basdeo were more conscientious than Mel
Your friend immigrated more than a decade ago. While you are walking around town with him, he suddenly encounters a store that reminds him of his heritage culture. Which of the following is likeliest to result from that? p.
Your friend will, at that moment, choose to develop more of a separation acculturation strategy.
q.
Your friend is more likely to think in ways consistent with his heritage culture, at least temporarily.
r.
Your friend will be prevented from entering the adjustment phase of acculturation, if he had not entered it already.
s.
Your friend will experience heightened acculturative stress.
t.
Your friend will temporarily feel like he was less acculturated than he had ever been.
Who of the following is the most likely to engage in frame-switching? u.
Thomas, a monocultural European Canadian
v.
Remy, a bicultural with high acculturative stress
w.
Leo, a bicultural with low acculturative stress
x.
Rie, a bicultural Japanese Canadian who is high in bicultural identity integration
y.
Hiroko, a bicultural Japanese Canadian who is low in bicultural identity integration
34.
35.
36.
Ryosuke, a Japanese Canadian born in Vancouver, Canada, is high on bicultural identity integration. This means that, due to his high bicultural identity integration, he z.
is able to quickly switch between his Japanese frame and his Canadian frame.
aa.
will engage in an assimilationist acculturation strategy.
bb.
will experience a U-shaped curve.
cc.
will not experience stereotype threat.
dd.
demonstrates a lot of blending in his responses on psychological tests.
Hideo is a Japanese German person who feels strongly connected to both his Japanese and German cultures. If Hideo engages in frame-switching, which of the following is most likely? ee.
He will think like a German person and lose his Japanese identity.
ff.
He will think more interdependently than the average German but more independently than the average Japanese.
gg.
He will think like a Japanese person when he reads the Japanese newspaper.
hh.
He will think more like a German person now compared to 7 months ago.
ii.
He will think both like a German person and like a Japanese person, switching between the two at random.
Which of the following is the strongest evidence for frame-switching rather than blending? jj.
Native Indonesian speakers who move to English-speaking countries typically end up speaking a new “Englonesian” language.
kk.
Bilinguals tend to switch between their two languages depending on the context.
ll.
African American college students use the “code of the decent” when writing a graduate speech whether the speech is directed toward African American graduates or not.
37.
38.
39.
mm.
Japanese students switch to higher self-esteem levels after living in Canada for 7 months.
nn.
Hong Kong Chinese students shown Chinese (versus neutral) primes believe that a fish’s behavior is influenced more by the group.
Which of the following is NOT common of third culture kids? oo.
moving between cultures before they have formed a strong cultural identity
pp.
feeling like a minority everywhere they go
qq.
scoring lower on ethnocentrism and prejudice measures
rr.
lacking a sense of global identity
ss.
forming relationships with each culture they live in, yet not feeling a strong connection to any of them
Leo was born in India and moved to Singapore when he was 3 years old with his parents, who work in a global nonprofit organization. Because Leo’s parents often have to move to different countries for work, Leo lived in seven different countries before he was 18 years old. Which term most closely describes Leo’s background? tt.
migrant
uu.
immigrant
vv.
third culture kid
ww.
bicultural
xx.
monocultural
Kartika is a professor in Germany who is trying to decide which applicant to accept as a graduate student. She wants a graduate student who will come up with creative ideas. Which of the following applicants should have the most creative ideas? a.
Meanne, who has low self-esteem
40.
41.
b.
Kharah, who has lived in and adjusted to multiple cultures throughout her life
c.
Laura, who comes from a culture that has no cultural distance from Germany
d.
Kate, who is very extraverted
e.
Olivia, who has visited many cultures around the world as a tourist
Your friend Basdeo would like to become more creative. Which of the following would you recommend to him? f.
observe another culture from an outsider’s perspective
g.
be more extraverted
h.
adopt an L-shaped acculturation curve
i.
visit a culture that is culturally distant from his current culture
j.
experience another culture firsthand and adapt to their way of life
Amy’s daughter, Sophia, is going to be an architect. In order to increase her creativity, Amy wants Sophia to live temporarily in a few other countries, living among the citizens and spending a year in each place, before starting her job. Based on research on the relationship between multiculturalism and creativity, will Amy’s plan for Sophia work? k.
No, Sophia would count as a sojourner, and the creativity of sojourners does not benefit from intercultural contact.
l.
Yes, because these experiences will lead to greater levels of networking, which is associated with creativity.
m.
No, because if there is a poor cultural fit between Sophia and potential host cultures, then she would be too unhappy to gain creativity.
n.
Yes, because this plan will lead to greater integrative complexity, which partially leads to higher levels of creativity.
o.
No, because Sophia is prone to experiencing L-shaped curves, making it difficult for her to benefit from her experience.
42.
At the customs gate of your country’s busiest international airport, two people are arriving as landed immigrants. As an immigrant support worker, you are tasked with determining how best to allocate resources in helping different immigrants. To do that, you must first determine how successfully each person will be at acculturating. Looking at the files for the landed immigrants, you see that Grace is coming from the United States, a country that is very similar to your country. On the other hand, Cecilia is coming from Mongolia, a country that is very dissimilar to your country. Based on the concept of cultural distance, draw the expected acculturation pattern (feelings toward host culture over time) for each person, assuming that both people do acculturate. For the purpose of this question, the heterogeneity/homogeneity of the host culture is irrelevant.
43.
Mike and Steph are a married couple who will soon be moving to a new country. This new country has a culture in which the population is generally low on extraversion. Mike is very high on extraversion and Steph is very low in extraversion. Based on the concept of cultural fit, draw the expected acculturation pattern (feelings toward host culture over time) associated with each person, assuming that both people do acculturate. For the purpose of this question, the heterogeneity/homogeneity of the host culture is irrelevant.
44.
Your new research project is studying cultural differences between European Canadians and Japanese Canadians in terms of self-esteem. Your research partner thinks that self-esteem does not easily change over time for these cultural groups. According to research on blending, do you agree with your research partner’s perspective? Why or why not?
45.
As a CEO of a multinational graphics design company, you are tasked with looking for the most creative applicant. Before you are three equally qualified applicants with one important difference regarding their travel history: Michael has lived for several years in each of two different countries; Stephanie has lived in one country and has only visited four others as a tourist (each visit was for one week); and Robert has only ever lived in one country. You give them a creative task by giving the following instructions: “Here is a brick. Write down as many uses for this brick as you can think of.” Higher numbers of responses mean greater creativity. Draw a graph to depict what results you would expect from each applicant.
46.
Your father wants to encourage you to travel to as many places as possible and stay in each place as long as possible. It does not matter what cultures you live in—they will all benefit your creativity. Based on research on culture and creativity, do you agree with his assertions? Why or why not?
Answer Key chapter 7
1. Answer:
E
2. Answer:
D
3. Answer:
A
4. Answer:
E
5. Answer:
D
6. Answer:
A
7. Answer:
A
8. Answer:
B
9. Answer:
B
10. Answer:
E
11. Answer:
E
12. Answer:
E
13. Answer:
E
14. Answer:
B
15. Answer:
C
16. Answer:
B
17. Answer:
A
18. Answer:
D
19. Answer:
D
20. Answer:
C
21. Answer:
C
22. Answer:
C
23. Answer:
C
24. Answer:
B
25. Answer:
E
26. Answer:
C
27. Answer:
C
28. Answer:
C
29. Answer:
D
30. Answer:
B
31. Answer:
B
32. Answer:
B
33. Answer:
D
34. Answer:
A
35. Answer:
C
36. Answer:
E
37. Answer:
D
38. Answer:
C
39. Answer:
B
40. Answer:
E
41. Answer:
D
42. Answer:
Both Cecilia and Grace have a simple positive linear relationship between time spent in the host culture on the x-axis and feelings toward the host culture on the y-axis, although Grace’s line should be steeper than Cecilia’s.
43. Answer:
Both Mike and Steph should have a simple positive linear relationship between time spent in the host culture on the x-axis and feelings toward the host culture on the yaxis, although Steph’s line should be steeper than Mike’s.
44. Answer:
Answers will vary based on Figures 7.11 and 7.12 from the textbook.
45. Answer:
Group differences are not absolute; only the relative differences are important. The graph may look something like Figure 7.18 from the textbook:
46. Answer:
Answers will vary based on the graphs from Figure 7.19 of the textbook.
Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 8 1.
2.
3.
The research evidence for self-enhancement motivation shows that stronger selfenhancement motivations are associated with a.
high scores—above the midpoint—on self-esteem questionnaires.
b.
more objective responses when evaluating one’s positive characteristics.
c.
perceptions that the self is average in relation to others.
d.
greater use of upward social comparison.
e.
weaker self-serving biases.
Which of the following people is displaying a self-serving bias? f.
Joan, who remembers more of her past failures than her past successes
g.
Jeannette, who ignores negative feedback about her academic performance
h.
James, who perceives himself as well above average in creativity, considerateness, and loyalty
i.
Jill, who has high self-esteem
j.
Jacob, who has low self-esteem
You are on a committee tasked with hiring new employees. Given what you know about the self-serving bias, you are concerned that applicants may exaggerate their qualifications in their application or during their interview. What can you do to prevent applicants’ self-serving biases from influencing the interview process? k.
Ask applicants to complete a questionnaire rating their qualifications during the application process, then ask the same questions during the interview to see if applicants are providing consistent ratings.
4.
5.
6.
l.
Focus your attention to how applicants discuss their weaknesses, and place less importance on their descriptions of their strengths.
m.
Focus your attention on qualifications that are clearly observable and backed up by concrete evidence.
n.
Ask applicants to complete a self-esteem questionnaire, then only invite candidates with high self-esteem to interview.
o.
Ask applicants to complete a self-esteem questionnaire, then only invite candidates with low self-esteem to interview.
Raquel recently did poorly on a sociology exam. Which of the following strategies should she AVOID if her goal is to engage in self-enhancement? p.
disregard the importance of sociology
q.
blame her poor performance on her professor for not writing a fair exam
r.
think about how the student with the lowest score in class did
s.
focus on how other classmates from her track and field team did really well
t.
compare herself with how the best student in her class did
Based on the biases self-enhancers have, which of the following is someone who self-enhances most likely to say after failing a chemistry test? u.
“Even though I failed this chemistry test, I can still do well in physics.”
v.
“I failed this chemistry test, so I have to study even harder in this class.”
w.
“This test was fair; I just didn’t work hard enough.”
x.
“Chemistry is still very important to me.”
y.
“Lex did so well! I need to work hard to be more like him.”
If a person basks in the reflected glory of his or her group, which of the following is most likely? z.
The person will not engage in self-serving biases.
7.
8.
aa.
The person has a stronger endowment effect than East Asians would exhibit.
bb.
The person has a prevention orientation.
cc.
The person has an entity theory of the world.
dd.
The person is not someone who engages in self-enhancement.
Which of the following statements about cultural variation in self-enhancement motivations is FALSE? ee.
Research has found cultural differences in the percentage of people who report having high self-esteem.
ff.
Research has found cultural differences in the percentage of success versus failure memories that people recall.
gg.
Research has found evidence for cultural differences in selfenhancement among both children and adults.
hh.
Research has found that some collectivistic cultures display levels of self-enhancement comparable to those found in individualistic cultures.
ii.
Research has found evidence for cultural similarities in the degree to which people enhance the qualities of their relationship partners and groups.
Do East Asians really self-enhance less than North Americans? Research has examined a number of alternative explanations. These include all of the following EXCEPT jj.
East Asians self-enhance just as much as North Americans but Western biases in our research methods prevent us from seeing these motivations.
kk.
East Asians self-enhance just as much as North Americans but only when researchers measure traits that are important to East Asians.
ll.
East Asians self-enhance just as much as North Americans and studies that say otherwise are flawed because they aren’t measuring people’s true feelings and are instead inadvertently measuring cultural norms for describing oneself.
9.
10.
mm.
East Asians self-enhance just as much as North Americans if researchers go beyond measuring adult college students and also study children and groups with less traditional educational experiences.
nn.
All of these alternative explanations were discussed in the textbook.
Tara is studying self-enhancement in South Korea compared to the United States. Her results suggest that Americans describe themselves more positively on a variety of personality dimensions than do South Koreans, but she is worried that this effect isn’t real and that what is really happening is that the South Korean participants feel compelled to be modest. Do you think this alternative explanation is credible? a.
Not really: If Tara’s study examines a wide range of personality dimensions, the study is comprehensive enough that the findings are likely an accurate reflection of South Korean’s self-enhancement motivations.
b.
Not really: If Tara’s study ensures anonymity, and uses indirect measures of self-enhancement, the findings from past research suggest it is unlikely that her participants feel compelled to hide their selfenhancement motivations.
c.
Yes: Research shows that East Asians regularly portray that they are more modest than they really are and that Westerners regularly boast about their positive qualities even when they do not feel very positive about themselves.
d.
Yes: Research shows that cultural norms are more important than internal feelings among East Asians, so it makes sense that Tara’s South Korean participants would rather report being modest than report positive feelings about the self.
e.
I don’t know: The existing research is mixed and more research needs to be conducted before a firm conclusion can be drawn.
The self-serving bias is ________. This explains why Spencer, an American college student, is likely to recall more ________ compared to Hirohito, a Japanese college student, who is likely to recall more ________. f.
more common among Westerners than East Asians; failure memories; success memories
11.
12.
g.
more common among Westerners than East Asians; success memories; failure memories
h.
more common among East Asians than Westerners; failure memories; success memories
i.
more common among East Asians than Westerners; success memories; failure memories
j.
equally common among East Asians than Westerners; success memories; failure memories
Ichiro, a Japanese student, wants to sell a used book that he’s had for a decade. Kent, an American student, wants to sell the same book, which he has also owned for a decade. They price their respective books depending on how much they think the books are worth. The books themselves are valued at $50. Which of the following best predicts what the two price tags will most likely be? k.
Ichiro: $50; Kent: $50
l.
Ichiro: $20; Kent: $20
m.
Ichiro: $70; Kent: $70
n.
Ichiro: $70; Kent: $30
o.
Ichiro: $30; Kent: $70
Recall that the textbook describes several different explanations for the origins of cultural differences in self-enhancement motivation. How is the Protestant Reformation relevant to the question of why Westerners self-enhance so much? p.
The Christian doctrine that all of God’s creations should be respected requires that people respect themselves and come to view themselves in unrealistically positive terms.
q.
Because God loves everybody, it follows that people should also love themselves.
r.
Catholicism emphasizes confession, which involves a recognition of one’s faults. The shift to Protestantism led Protestants to avoid thinking about their faults.
13.
14.
15.
s.
People are motivated to believe that they are predestined to go to heaven, and this leads them to interpret their behavior in an unrealistically positive light.
t.
None of these statements is relevant.
Calvin is a Protestant Christian who believes in predestination. Which of the following statements accurately describes how Calvin’s religious beliefs influence how he perceives himself and his chances of going to heaven after he dies? u.
“I engage in good deeds, therefore I know I am a good person and will likely go to heaven.”
v.
“I experience a lot of positive outcomes in my life. This means that God thinks I am a good person and that I will go to heaven.”
w.
“I treat others like I would like to be treated. This makes me a better person and more likely to go to heaven instead of hell.”
x.
“I am modest enough to know that there is a possibility that I may not be good enough to get into heaven.”
y.
“Since other people view me as a good person, God probably does too. This means that I am likely to go to heaven.”
Which of the following statements is MOST likely to encourage self-enhancing motivations? z.
“You can only rely on yourself, so you better be good enough.”
aa.
“The path you travel in life is yours, and yours alone.”
bb.
“From the moment you are born, you are connected to others.”
cc.
“You always have people to turn to in times of need. You are never really alone.”
dd.
“It is better to be overly positive about your future than overly negative.”
Which of the following statements is TRUE about face? ee.
People can increase their face by focusing on their positive qualities.
16.
17.
18.
ff.
All people have roughly the same amount of face.
gg.
Face is more easily lost than it is gained.
hh.
Face is negatively correlated with self-esteem.
ii.
The importance of face is unrelated to collectivism.
Choong-hyun is motivated to maintain face, especially among his co-workers. Consequently, Choong-hyun is also motivated to jj.
ensure that he views himself positively.
kk.
ensure that his coworkers view him positively.
ll.
avoid spending time with his co-workers.
mm.
try to spend more time with his co-workers.
nn.
engage in behaviors that show that he is an average person and no better than anyone else.
Your mother adopts a prevention orientation in her parenting. Which of the following statements reflects this? oo.
When you bring home an A- on an assignment, your mother rewards you with a treat.
pp.
When you get an A- on an exam, your mother encourages you to review the questions you missed.
qq.
When you get average grades on your report card, your mother pushes you to think about how you are going to achieve your academic goals.
rr.
When you fail an exam, your mother responds with warmth and support and does not criticize your abilities.
ss.
When you are studying for a big exam, your mother encourages you to “think positively” and “envision succeeding.”
Kosuke is a Japanese student who has just won a drawing competition. Jack is a Canadian student who has also just won a drawing competition. Immediately after
their victories, they are asked to create another drawing. Compared to Kosuke, what is Jack more likely to do?
19.
20.
tt.
spend more time drawing than Kosuke
uu.
stop drawing earlier than Kosuke
vv.
draw for about the same amount of time as Kosuke
ww.
spend less time drawing than he would if he had not won
xx.
move on to a different task
Claudia and Hideki are math students. Claudia has a self-enhancement orientation, whereas Hideki has a self-improvement orientation. The best way to encourage them both to persist when studying for their upcoming math exam is to give a.
both students very difficult sample questions to study.
b.
both students very easy sample questions to study.
c.
Claudia very easy sample questions but give Hideki very difficult sample questions.
d.
Claudia very difficult sample questions but give Hideki very easy sample questions.
e.
both students a mixture of easy and difficult questions.
Hasan, an American college student, is enrolling in a cultural psychology course next semester. He has to decide between two different sections of the course, with two different professors. To help him make a decision, Hasan reads the reviews for these professors on a popular college course review website. Based on research on promotion and prevention orientation, which review is MOST consistent with Hasan’s motivational orientation? f.
“Both Dr. A and Dr. B are great professors.”
g.
“You should think carefully about which class you want to take. They both have their downsides.”
h.
“Dr. B really cares about her students and goes out of her way to help them succeed.”
21.
22.
23.
i.
“Dr. A’s exams are very difficult. She tests you on information that is not discussed in class.”
j.
“Dr. B has a monotone voice, which makes her class sessions superboring.”
After studying abroad for a semester, Jing is excited to return home to China and reconnect with her friends. She wants to ensure that her friends still view her positively. What should Jing do to maintain face with her friends? k.
Brag to her friends about all the academic opportunities and awards she received while studying abroad.
l.
Compliment her friends a lot by drawing attention to their positive qualities.
m.
Talk positively about China and negatively about her experiences while studying abroad.
n.
Demonstrate her high social status by purchasing and wearing name brand clothing.
o.
View herself positively: If she is self-confident, her friends will notice her positive qualities.
Which of the following people would you expect to feel the need to maintain face? p.
Donna, who says, “I try to approach any opportunities that come my way.”
q.
John, who says, “I really like to make myself feel good about myself.”
r.
Michelle, who says, “I prefer to avoid negative outcomes from happening.”
s.
Wolfgang, who says, “I cannot change who I am—I am who I am.”
t.
Leon, who says, “I like to compare myself with those who are worse off than I am.”
A person is building a road to connect two towns, but the road is stopped by a mountain. The person can either build the road so that it follows the side of the
mountain and continues on from the other side or simply tunnel through the mountain. This person decides that people should not be pushed around by nature and so decides to tunnel through the mountain. Which of the following terms best describes this way of thinking?
24.
25.
u.
secondary control
v.
self-enhancement
w.
maintaining face
x.
entity theory of the world
y.
incremental theory of the world
In Western cultures, ________. In East Asian cultures, ________. z.
individuals are viewed as more changeable than the social world; the social world is viewed as more changeable than individuals.
aa.
the social world is viewed as more changeable than are individuals; individuals are viewed as more changeable than the social world.
bb.
individuals and the social world are viewed as similarly changeable; the social world is viewed as more changeable than individuals.
cc.
individuals and the social world are viewed as similarly changeable; individuals are viewed as more changeable than the social world.
dd.
the social world is viewed as more changeable than are individuals; individuals and the social world are viewed as similarly changeable.
Which of the following is an example of secondary control? ee.
You work hard at your studies in the beginning of the term so you do not have such a busy time at the end of the term.
ff.
You try to convince your friends that they should move their planned hiking trip to the following weekend because that would fit better with your schedule.
gg.
You convince yourself that taking the bus to work is not so bad after all.
hh.
You return the sweater that you just bought because you decide it does not look good on you.
ii.
26.
27.
28.
You start showing up at work before your boss does in an effort to get a raise.
Which of the following is the best example of primary control? jj.
You and your friends decide as a group to spend a day at the amusement park.
kk.
You choose to paint your house yellow after your partner tells you about her strong preference for yellow.
ll.
You cook spaghetti and meatballs because your parents are in town and it is their favorite dish.
mm.
You return a computer game to the local computer store because it did not excite you as much as you had hoped.
nn.
You buy a dog as a pet because you are allergic to cats.
Several real estate agents have been convicted of several counts of real estate fraud. The most plausible reaction from American and Japanese news outlets will be that Japanese newspapers are likelier than American ones to oo.
recommend strong punishment of the agents.
pp.
view the real estate companies to be at fault.
qq.
predict similar events will happen in the future.
rr.
remove their assets from the companies involved.
ss.
perceive the agents as having exercised choice.
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the research findings on cultural influences on primary and secondary control? tt.
People from Japan report using primary control to pursue their goals, whereas North Americans report using secondary control to pursue their goals.
uu.
People from collectivistic cultures are more likely to perceive groups as agents of primary control than are people from individualistic cultures.
29.
30.
vv.
Both Japanese and U.S. participants report that primary control experiences feel more powerful than secondary control experiences.
ww.
Both Japanese and U.S. participants report that secondary control experiences feel forced; that is, participants feel compelled to adjust in these situations.
xx.
Recent research shows that preventing a person from engaging in primary control elicits anxiety among members of relatively collectivistic cultures.
Makayla is from the United States and Michiko is from Japan. Given what you know about cultural influences on primary and secondary control, which of the following statements describes these women best? a.
Makayla is likely to remember more situations where she adjusted to versus influenced others, whereas Michiko is likely to remember more situations where she influenced versus adjusted to others.
b.
Makayla is likely to remember more situations where she influenced versus adjusted to others, whereas Michiko is likely to remember more situations where she adjusted to versus influenced others.
c.
Makayla is likely to remember more situations where she influenced versus adjusted to others, whereas Michiko is equally likely to remember influencing and adjusting situations.
d.
Both Makayla and Michiko are likely to remember more situations where they adjusted to, versus influenced, others.
e.
Both Makayla and Michiko are likely to remember more situations where they influenced, versus adjusted, to others.
Helen has lived in an Eastern, collectivistic culture her entire life. Which of the following statements about Helen is consistent with your knowledge of cultural influences on primary and secondary control? f.
When Helen and her friends disagree about what movies to watch or restaurants to visit, Helen feels compelled to go along with her friends’ wishes and ends up feeling frustrated and unhappy.
g.
When Helen was a child, her mother gave her a lot of opportunities to choose how they would spend their day and what food they would eat for dinner.
31.
32.
h.
Although Helen likes yoga more than aerobics, she signs up for an aerobics class because sessions are held at night, which is a more convenient time for her to attend.
i.
Helen remembers several instances when she agrees to do her roommate’s chores, but she does not recall being able to persuade her roommate to assist her with her own chores.
j.
At work, Helen stands out as a leader: She inspires her team to devote a lot of time and energy to their projects so they are completed on time.
As a member of his college debate team, Marvin’s goal is the same as his teammate’s goal: to win! In preparation for a major competition, Marvin’s coach institutes several rules that will help the team members focus, including a rule to abstain from drinking alcohol the night before the competition. If Marvin is from a collectivist culture, how will he most likely respond to this rule? k.
“It is unfair for the coach to dictate how I can and can’t behave.”
l.
“I had no say in this rule, so I won’t obey it.”
m.
“I don’t like another person making a decision for me.”
n.
“I appreciate my coach’s help and agree that this rule will help me focus.”
o.
“I don’t mind following this rule since I know that what benefits the team ultimately benefits me too.”
Siya, an Indian student starting her first year in college, is deciding on a major. Which of the following factors is most likely to guide her decision-making process? p.
Her personal preferences: Siya is interested in health care, so she may major in nursing or biomedical sciences.
q.
Her past experiences: Siya struggled to earn a good grade in physics, so she won’t major in that subject.
r.
Advice from her parents: Siya’s parents expect her to pursue a professional career after college, so she is considering a business major.
s.
Advice from her friends: All her friends think that psychology is an enjoyable topic, so Siya may choose this major.
t.
33.
34.
Advice from her classmates: Several classmates from high school told Siya that engineering majors tend to make high salaries after college.
You are a teacher who assesses your students’ science knowledge by having them play one of many science games available on the computer, so you want them to take this task seriously. Your class is comprised of Asian American and European American children. How will you maximize their motivation to play these science games? u.
Allow all the children to choose the game they want.
v.
Let other classmates choose the game for the Asian American students but let the European American students choose for themselves.
w.
Let the mothers of the Asian American children choose the game for them and let the classmates of the European American children choose for them.
x.
Let the European American students choose for themselves and ask students from another school to choose for the Asian American students.
y.
Let both the European American and the Asian American parents choose for their children.
One frozen yogurt parlor has 10 flavors from which to choose (Parlor X. and another parlor has more than 100 (Parlor Z). You ask people to choose which one they want to patronize. Which of the following is most indicative of people’s preferences, given the research on choices as described in the textbook? z.
Americans, like people from other Western cultures, will always prefer to go to Parlor Z.
aa.
Europeans will prefer Parlor Z more than Americans do.
bb.
Although Americans may say that they prefer Parlor Z, in fact they will have a more difficult time choosing a flavor from Parlor Z than from Parlor X.
cc.
Americans will prefer it if their significant others choose for them.
dd.
Europeans will have no preference for either parlor.
35.
36.
At an academic debate, you overhear one researcher say, “Based on Iyengar and colleagues’ work on choice across cultures, Asian Americans have a stronger preference for everyone else to make choices for them rather than making choices for themselves.” Do you agree? ee.
No: Asian Americans prefer choices that are made for them by an ingroup member but not by an outgroup member.
ff.
No: Asian Americans prefer to make choices for themselves rather than have someone else choose for them.
gg.
Yes: Asian Americans prefer someone else to make choices for them, regardless of who that person is because they are high in agreeableness.
hh.
Yes: Asian Americans prefer someone else to make choices for them, regardless of who that person else is, because they are high in collectivism.
ii.
No: Asian Americans prefer to make choices for others rather than for themselves.
Charlotte, an American student from the United States, and her friend Chanda, who is from India, are talking with each other about their college academic advisors. They realize that they have both received the same advice from their advisors: they should take more statistics courses than their major requires. Given what you know about cultural influences on choice, how is each woman likely to respond to her advisor’s advice? jj.
Charlotte: “My advisor is only saying this because it will benefit her and the college if I spend more money on extra coursework”; Chanda: “My advisor is helping me be more competitive for graduate school by sharing this strategy.”
kk.
Charlotte: “I’m going to follow this advice even though I don’t like it because it is too much work”; Chanda: “I’m going to follow this advice because I like this advice: It will enhance my skills.”
ll.
Charlotte: “If I follow this advice it will help me improve my critical thinking skills”; Chanda: “If I follow this advice it will limit my ability to hone other skills in other courses.”
mm.
Charlotte: “I am going to follow this advice because I don’t have much experience making academic choices on my own”; Chanda: “ I am not going to follow this advice because it differs from my personal preferences.”
nn.
37.
38.
Charlotte: “I trust that my advisor is providing this advice because she knows what is best for me”; Chanda: “I worry that my advisor is only providing this advice because that is what the university wants her to say.”
As you recall, researchers have conducted a number of studies examining how people from the United States and India experience choice differently. Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding these research findings? oo.
Relative to North Americans, Indians report that they have less free choice in their lives.
pp.
Relative to North Americans, Indians respond less negatively when they are prevented from making their own choices.
qq.
Relative to North Americans, Indians are more likely to go along with the advice they received from someone else.
rr.
Relative to North Americans, choices made by Indians are guided less by personal preferences and more by an authority figure’s expectations.
ss.
Relative to North Americans, Indians perceive themselves as making more choices, even in research studies where the two groups receive the same number of opportunities to make choices.
Research conducted on East and West Germany found that tt.
West Germans employed more secondary control strategies than did East Germans.
uu.
although they had fewer choices available to them, East Germans were happier than West Germans.
vv.
East Germans preferred having choices made for them by their governments, whereas West Germans preferred having choices made for them by their families.
ww.
East Germans showed more achievement motivation than West Germans.
xx.
East Germans displayed more behaviors associated with learned helplessness than West Germans.
39.
40.
When studying socioeconomic influences on choice, researchers hypothesize that working-class adults will perceive and experience choice differently than uppermiddle-class adults. What is the rationale for this hypothesis? a.
Because of their relatively lower income, working-class (versus uppermiddle-class) adults experience fewer opportunities to make choices and more situations where there are constraints on their personal choices.
b.
Because of their relatively lower income, working-class (versus uppermiddle-class) adults care less about making choices in daily life.
c.
Because of their relatively higher income, upper-middle-class (versus working-class) adults have a lot more friends, and thus more opportunities to make choices.
d.
Because of their relatively longer work hours, upper-middle-class (versus working-class) adults have fewer opportunities to make choices in daily life, so they are very excited to make choices when the opportunity arises.
e.
Because of their relatively longer work hours, working-class (versus upper-middle-class) adults spend less time with family, and thus experience fewer social constraints on their choices.
According to Kim and Markus’s (1999) study, working-class Americans liked the pen they were given, regardless of whether they chose it or not, unlike uppermiddle-class Americans, who much preferred the pen that they chose. This can be explained by f.
upper-middle-class Americans scoring higher on entity theory of the world than working-class Americans.
g.
working-class Americans engaging in more secondary control than upper-middle-class Americans.
h.
working-class Americans having more of a promotion orientation than upper-middle-class Americans.
i.
upper-middle-class Americans having more of a prevention orientation than working-class Americans.
j.
working-class Americans wanting to save face more than upper-middleclass Americans.
41.
42.
When it comes to making choices, working-class and upper-middle-class Americans differ in that k.
working-class Americans are more likely than upper-middle-class Americans to express themselves through their choices.
l.
working-class Americans prefer making choices among a small set of options, whereas upper-middle-class Americans prefer making choices from a relatively larger set of options.
m.
upper-middle-class Americans think more deliberately and thus take longer to make a decision compared to working-class Americans.
n.
upper-middle-class Americans are more satisfied with choices they make for themselves compared to choices made for them by others, whereas working-class Americans are satisfied with choices regardless of who makes the choice.
o.
working-class Americans are more likely than upper-middle-class Americans to experience “choice overload” and are consequently more willing to allow other people to make their choices for them.
In a study, five people are asked to taste test three dishes, one of which tastes like garbage. They must then judge which dish was the best. However, four of the people are confederates and are told to always say that the garbage dish is the best. The real participant (the fifth person) is then asked to give his or her judgment. This study is done in both an individualistic and a collectivistic culture. Based on the results obtained using Asch’s paradigm across cultures, what do you expect to happen in this case? p.
Participants from the individualistic culture will most likely not say that the garbage dish is the best one.
q.
Participants from both cultures will be equally likely to say that the garbage dish is the best one.
r.
Participants from the individualistic culture will be more likely to say that the garbage dish is the best one if the first four participants were friends.
s.
A lot of participants from the individualistic culture will say that the garbage dish is the best one, but even more participants from the collectivistic culture will say the same.
t.
No participants from either culture will say that the garbage dish is the best one.
43.
44.
45.
A group of East Asians and Americans have won a contest, and each person is allowed to pick a car from a selection of cars. All the cars are of the same make, model, and year. The only thing that differs between them is that they can be one of two colors. Furthermore, there is an extremely unequal proportion between the two colors, making the minority color very rare. Given this scenario, which of the following statements is true? u.
East Asians will choose their cars randomly.
v.
Americans will choose cars with the brightest colors.
w.
East Asians will choose minority-colored cars.
x.
Americans will choose minority-colored cars.
y.
East Asians will choose white cars.
You are an executive for a Korean advertising agency and you have been asked to create a TV commercial for a new condominium, targeting people from Korea. Based on Kim and Markus’s (1999) research on advertisements in Korea and the United States, which of the following would you most likely use in your commercial? z.
“No need for stockpiled money—Condo X is cheap and affordable!”
aa.
“Condo X—there’s nothing else quite like it.”
bb.
“The architecture of this condo blends in well with the buildings surrounding it.”
cc.
“This condo was designed by an architect who has a unique style.”
dd.
“Need a place to live? Try our condo!”
Kelly and Misha, two aspiring singers, are watching the MTV Video Music Awards together and looking at the music charts. Kelly compares herself to Adele (Kelly thinks she is worse than Adele), while Misha compares herself to Ariana Grande (Misha thinks she is better than Ariana Grande). Name and define the processes in which Kelly and Misha have engaged, respectively. Then, draw a graph that shows Kelly’s and Misha’s self-esteem before and after they make their comparisons. Assume that Kelly and Misha started out with the same level of self-esteem.
46.
In a religious pamphlet being handed out to students on campus, the writer suggests that people in the United States report having high self-esteem because Protestantism, especially the concept of predestination, was part of the country’s early foundations and has thus become ingrained within U.S. culture. Do you agree or disagree with this pamphlet? Why or why not? What other explanations can account for cross-cultural differences in self-enhancement motivation?
47.
You work at your university’s tutoring center, and given your background in cultural psychology, you are frequently assigned to tutor students studying abroad from various cultures around the world. Describe how your understanding of cultural influences on face and self-improvement could guide the motivational strategies you use to encourage your international students from collectivistic cultures to persist at studying for an upcoming exam.
48.
Jessica and Jonathan are best friends. Jessica is very individualistic, while Jonathan is very collectivistic. Based on research regarding primary and secondary control, draw a graph for each person that shows the relationship between the amount of anxiety they will feel based on how much personal control they have in any given situation.
49.
Your school’s counseling department emphasizes the importance of convincing people to gain control by asserting themselves in their environment. Regardless of one’s cultural background, everyone feels a greater sense of power when changing the environment to suit him- or herself. Based on empirical research, do you agree with your counseling department’s perspective? Why or why not?
50.
Xiao Mao is an interdependent Chinese American child in elementary school, and Kitty is an independent Canadian child. They are in the mall with their fathers picking out board games as presents. How would their motivations to play the board games compare if they chose the games themselves versus if their fathers chose the games for them? Draw a graph to demonstrate the pattern of results that you would expect.
51.
What drives people to stand out or conform? Stated another way, what are some possible explanations for why individualistic and collectivistic cultures differently encourage motivations for uniqueness and conformity?
Answer Key chapter 8
1. Answer:
A
2. Answer:
C
3. Answer:
C
4. Answer:
E
5. Answer:
A
6. Answer:
B
7. Answer:
E
8. Answer:
D
9. Answer:
B
10. Answer:
B
11. Answer:
E
12. Answer:
D
13. Answer:
B
14. Answer:
A
15. Answer:
C
16. Answer:
B
17. Answer:
B
18. Answer:
A
19. Answer:
C
20. Answer:
C
21. Answer:
D
22. Answer:
C
23. Answer:
E
24. Answer:
B
25. Answer:
C
26. Answer:
D
27. Answer:
B
28. Answer:
C
29. Answer:
B
30. Answer:
D
31. Answer:
E
32. Answer:
C
33. Answer:
B
34. Answer:
C
35. Answer:
A
36. Answer:
A
37. Answer:
E
38. Answer:
E
39. Answer:
A
40. Answer:
B
41. Answer:
D
42. Answer:
D
43. Answer:
D
44. Answer:
C
45. Answer:
Kelly engaged in upward social comparison, or the act of comparing oneself to someone who is doing better than him- or herself. Misha engaged in downward social comparison, or the act of comparing oneself to someone who is doing more poorly than him- or herself. The graph should resemble the following figure.
46. Answer:
Answers will vary. In general, the rationale and evidence described in the textbook are supportive of this position. Alternative explanations include: (a) people learn self-enhancement from their culture, especially their parents’ beliefs and child-rearing strategies and (b) selfenhancement stems from cultural messages that emphasize individual beliefs and self-sufficiency or cultural norms for providing more positive feedback.
47. Answer:
Answers will vary. There should be an emphasis on references to saving face via prevention orientations and persisting after a prior failure (versus success).
48. Answer:
Students’ graphs should be similar to the following figure.
49. Answer:
Answers will vary.
50. Answer:
Xiao Mao will be more motivated to play with a board game chosen by her father than by herself. The opposite would be true of Kitty. The graph will resemble the following:
51. Answer:
Answers will vary. The textbook emphasizes that independent selfviews may emphasize uniqueness motivations, whereas interdependent self-views may emphasize fitting in (or belonging) motivations. Additionally, there are social costs to dissenting (not conforming) across cultures, but these may be greater in collectivistic cultures, which may explain why people from collectivistic cultures are less likely to stand out and more likely to conform with their behavior.
Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 9 1.
2.
3.
Considering analytic and holistic thinkers, which one does not belong: a human, a giraffe, or a car? a.
analytic thinker: human; holistic thinker: car
b.
analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: human
c.
analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe
d.
analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: car
e.
analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: giraffe
Analytic and holistic thinking differ in that analytic thinking involves ________ and holistic thinking involves ________. f.
focusing on the whole context; focusing on the specific objects in a context
g.
focusing on people in a context; focusing on nonhuman objects in a context
h.
understanding objects in terms of their component parts; understanding objects in terms of their important features
i.
thinking about the relationships among objects; thinking about the relationships between objects and their contexts
j.
gaining knowledge by applying fixed, abstract concepts; gaining knowledge through experience
Whereas analytic thinking is related to ________, holistic thinking is related to ________. k.
thematic categorization; taxonomic categorization
l.
independent self-views; interdependent self-views
4.
5.
6.
m.
collectivistic worldviews; individualistic worldviews
n.
situational attributions; dispositional attributions
o.
field dependence; field independence.
Holistic thinking involves p.
understanding an object in terms of its attributes.
q.
perceiving objects as separate from their contexts.
r.
focusing on the connections between objects and their surroundings.
s.
applying abstract rules or principles to understand the world.
t.
identifying the different parts of an object.
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the historical underpinnings of analytic and holistic thinking? u.
Philosophical traditions in Greece emphasized that people are disconnected from their physical and social environments and thus encouraged a more analytic way of thinking about the world.
v.
Confucius argued that the world is a collection of distinct people, places, and things, a perspective on the world that encouraged a more holistic way of thinking.
w.
Plato and Aristotle perceived objects as possessing specific properties that defined them and their actions, a perspective that encouraged a more analytic way of thinking.
x.
Analytic thinking is common in the West today because 2,000 years ago the Greeks had a less developed philosophical tradition than the Chinese.
y.
Holistic thinking is common in the East today because 2,000 years ago, the Chinese had a less developed scientific tradition than the Greeks.
During a professional ice hockey game, fans from around the world saw Tony Bertram, a professional hockey player, punch an unsuspecting player in the face
and throw him onto the ice. According to analytic versus holistic thinking styles, which of the following do you think is most likely to happen?
7.
8.
z.
Both East Asians and Westerners will blame Tony’s family problems.
aa.
East Asians will blame Tony’s family problems and Westerners will blame Tony’s nasty personality.
bb.
East Asians will blame Tony’s nasty personality and Westerners will blame Tony’s family problems.
cc.
Both East Asians and Westerners will blame Tony’s nasty personality.
dd.
East Asians will blame Tony’s family problems, and Westerners will blame Tony’s teammates.
Imagine viewing an image of a fish tank containing two red fish, a zebra-striped fish, and pink rocks and sand on the floor of the tank. You view and study this image for 2 minutes before it is removed. Which of the following statements is most true of you if you are field dependent? ee.
If shown an image of the zebra-striped fish in a different underwater scene, you will have difficulty recognizing the fish.
ff.
If shown an image of the zebra-striped fish in the same underwater scene, you will have difficulty recognizing the fish.
gg.
If shown an image of the zebra-striped fish without any background underwater scene, you will have difficulty recognizing the fish.
hh.
If asked to recall the image later in the day, you will have difficulty remembering the color of the rocks and sand.
ii.
If asked to recall the image later in the day, the first information you will recall will be the colors of the fish.
A person participates in a study that uses the rod-and-frame test to assess attentional style. Which of the following results is most likely to occur for a person with a field dependent attentional style? jj.
They erroneously state that the rod is pointing straight when the frame is rotated slightly.
kk.
They erroneously state that the rod is pointing straight when the frame is also straight.
9.
10.
ll.
They accurately state that the rod is pointing straight when the frame is rotated significantly.
mm.
They accurately state that the rod is pointing straight when the frame is rotated slightly.
nn.
They accurately state that the rod is pointing straight when the frame is also straight.
Sheila is an elementary school art teacher. Sheila is looking through her students’ paintings to determine which paintings to display on the wall for the upcoming holiday party. If Sheila has a field-independent attentional style, as opposed to a field-dependent attentional style, she will a.
be more likely to notice that many of her students painted pictures of beaches and sandcastles.
b.
be more likely to notice that students who painted a house also painted a tree in the same picture.
c.
spend more time studying the background of the paintings.
d.
focus her attention on whether a painting includes specific objects, such as cats and dogs.
e.
shift her gaze a great deal between different features of the painting and the background.
An American student, Ronald, and his friend from China, Rui, are looking up at the clear blue sky, where just a few clouds are visible. Coincidentally, the clouds are all grouped into one cluster just above Ronald and Rui. The two start naming shapes that they see in the clouds. According to cultural differences in attentional style, which of the following is most likely to happen in this scenario? f.
Rui will give more responses that are diagnostic of psychological disorders than Ronald.
g.
Rui will give more visual descriptions than Ronald, who will give fewer descriptions in general.
h.
Rui will give answers that are based more on the cluster of clouds than Ronald, who will base his answers more on a single cloud.
11.
12.
13.
i.
Rui will give more creative answers than Ronald, who will give more mundane answers.
j.
Rui will give more colorful descriptions than Ronald, whose descriptions will be more black-and-white.
Two computer science majors, Janet, who is from the United States, and Lan, who is from China, are each creating a website for their final project. Given what you know about how culture influences the presentation of complex information, which of the following outcomes would you be most likely to expect regarding this website? k.
Janet’s website will include fewer advertisements than Lan’s website.
l.
Janet’s website will include more links than Lan’s website.
m.
Janet’s website will include less written text than Lan’s website.
n.
Janet’s website will include fewer images than Lan’s website.
o.
The text on Janet’s website will be larger than the text on Lan’s website.
Which of the following people is most likely to show a field-independent attentional style? p.
Alex, who is a very extraverted person
q.
Amy, a farmer that shares her farmland with two other families in her community
r.
Aisha, who has lived her entire life in a hunter-gatherer society
s.
Allan, who is training to be a rabbi in the Jewish religion
t.
Akira, who was born and raised in Japan
A Chinese art critic, Weiwei, and his American counterpart, William, are both looking at a painting of a group of adults standing behind a child in the middle foreground. If you were to compare the eye gazes of Weiwei and William, what would you find?
14.
15.
u.
Their gazes initially start out in different places on the painting but become more similar over time attending to the people.
v.
William shifts his attention around more than Weiwei.
w.
Weiwei and William describe the painting differently but they are actually looking at the people quite similarly.
x.
William spends more time gazing at the child than does Weiwei.
y.
The people standing in the background appear blurrier to William than they do to Weiwei.
You are volunteering at a hospital that provides art therapy to children. You are working with Miles, a child from South Korea, who draws a picture depicting his family members playing outside in front of their home. Given what you know about cultural differences in attention and artistic preferences, you expect that Mile’s picture will z.
have a lower horizon, such that Miles colors green grass along the bottom edge of the paper.
aa.
use a wide variety of colors, especially when depicting the clothing people are wearing.
bb.
have more objects in the background, such as fences, roads, or other houses.
cc.
include several natural features, like trees, mountains, and ponds.
dd.
depict his family as disproportionately large figures compared to other objects in the scene, such as the house.
Maria perceives the world around her as an integrated whole. This suggests that Maria is a(n) ________, who would also attend to ________. ee.
analytic thinker; central figures in a scene
ff.
analytic thinker; how central figures relate to the background of a scene
gg.
holistic thinker; central figures in a scene
hh.
holistic thinker; how central figures relate to the background of a scene
ii.
16.
17.
18.
attentional thinker; how central figures relate to the background of a scene
Last week you went on a date with someone you met through a mutual friend. At the end of the date, you both agreed that you would like to meet again. However, your date has not responded to any of your text messages. You think that your date is merely busy with work, but your roommate thinks your date is too scared to explicitly tell you they are no longer interested in dating you. Which of the following best describes your response to the situation? jj.
You are thinking your date in a dialectical way.
kk.
You are thinking about your date in an analytic way.
ll.
You are thinking about your date in a holistic way.
mm.
You are making a dispositional attribution.
nn.
You are making a situational attribution.
Which of the following statements reflects a dispositional attribution? oo.
“She did what she felt was right.”
pp.
“Her behavior was beyond her control.”
qq.
“She did what her boss requested of her.”
rr.
“She went along with the crowd.”
ss.
“She didn’t have a choice in the matter.”
Megan’s baby is crying and she is trying to understand why. Megan would be making the fundamental attribution error if she were to conclude that her baby tt.
has a cranky temperament.
uu.
has a cranky temperament while disregarding the fact that the baby has a soiled diaper.
vv.
has a cranky temperament while disregarding the fact that that the baby may have inherited that cranky temperament from her.
19.
20.
ww.
has an easygoing temperament.
xx.
has an easygoing temperament but that the baby is temporarily uncomfortable because of a soiled diaper.
Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan Miller reveals all of the following EXCEPT that a.
Indians become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they age.
b.
cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults.
c.
Indian adults show evidence for a reverse fundamental attribution error.
d.
Americans do not become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they age.
e.
All of these statements are true.
Michael writes for the school newspaper. His editor often assigns him topics to write about and specifies what position Michael should take on the topic. Michael’s girlfriend, Brittany, knows this but still criticizes Michael after reading an article in which he advocates raising student tuition. Michael claims that Brittany is committing the fundamental attribution error, which means that she did which of the following? f.
Brittany assumed that Michael was not really in favor of the tuition increase and agreed that Michael only wrote the article because the editor asked him to write it.
g.
Brittany thought that Michael was behaving in a contradictory way by writing a pro–tuition increase article while believing the opposite.
h.
Brittany thought that Michael’s perspective on tuition increases depended on the perspectives of people around him.
i.
Brittany ignored the fact that Michael was asked by the editor to write the article and asserted that Michael wrote it only because he is personally in favor of tuition increase.
j.
Brittany thought that Michael’s perspective on tuition increases was due to both situational and dispositional attributions, in equal amounts.
21.
22.
23.
Carry made a friend named Martina while in college. Martina’s boyfriend likes to go to bars to drink and makes Martina go there with him. Carry knows that Martina’s boyfriend makes her go to the bars but still thinks Martina goes because she likes to. The term that best describes Carry’s thoughts is k.
situational attributions.
l.
naïve dialecticism.
m.
dispositional attributions.
n.
articulatory suppression.
o.
fundamental attribution error.
Sybil was born and raised in the United States, and Yuchin was born and raised in China. Sybil and Yuchin are eating dinner together at their favorite restaurant, but are disappointed by the poor service. Based on what you know about cultural differences in attribution, Sybil is likely to think ________, whereas Yuchin is likely to think ________. p.
“Our waiter is so rude!”; “Why did this restaurant hire such a slow waiter?”
q.
“Our waiter lacks the skills needed to work at this restaurant”; “Our waiter must have too many tables to serve”
r.
“We would have gotten better service if we had come on a Monday”; “I wonder if our meals were especially difficult to make”
s.
“The cooks must be new”; “The incompetent waiter is ruining our meal”
t.
“The waiter’s poor service affects this entire dining experience”; “I would rather dine at this restaurant than dine somewhere unfamiliar”
Several classmates are leaving the library when they notice a woman tossing her books in her backpack and crying. Which of the following people is most likely to explain this behavior by making a situational attribution? u.
Kate, who is very extraverted
v.
Victoria, who was born and raised in Canada
24.
25.
w.
Elizabeth, who is a devout Protestant Christian
x.
Mary, who was raised in a working-class family
y.
Anne, who is a dialectic thinker
Analytic thinking is argued to be associated with z.
field dependence.
aa.
family resemblance reasoning.
bb.
dispositional attributions.
cc.
high horizons in drawings.
dd.
None of these answers is correct.
Two health psychology researchers, Marie from North America and Zhiyong from China, are studying rates of death from drug overdoses. Their research shows that deaths from drug overdoses have increased significantly in Culture X over the past 10 years. Marie and Zhiyong are trying to predict whether such deaths will increase, decrease, or stay the same in the future. Which of the following predictions is most likely? ee.
Both Marie and Zhiyong will predict that death rates will increase over the next 10 years.
ff.
Both Marie and Zhiyong will predict that death rates will decrease over the next 10 years.
gg.
Both Marie and Zhiyong will predict that death rates will stay at their current position over the next 10 years.
hh.
Whereas Marie will predict that death rates will continue to increase over the next 10 years, Zhiyong will predict that death rates will decrease.
ii.
Whereas Marie will predict that death rates will decrease over the next 10 years, Zhiyong will predict that death rates will continue to increase.
26.
27.
28.
Maris is preparing to apply to graduate programs this December, and she has asked two of her professors to give her advice on her personal statement. Professor Markus said, “You talk too much about your personal life in your statement,” whereas Professor Sedikides said, “You should talk more about your personal life in your statement.” As a dialectic thinker born and raised in China, how do you think Maris will respond to this contradictory feedback? jj.
Maris will respond negatively and experience a lot of anxiety and distress.
kk.
Maris will respond negatively and completely disregard the piece of information she disagrees with most.
ll.
Maris will respond positively and think the contradiction is an interesting puzzle to resolve.
mm.
Maris won’t have much of an emotional reaction in response to the contradictory information.
nn.
Maris will be confused by the contradictory information and will seek out a third opinion.
Horatio and Gil are debating the legalization of marijuana. Horatio has a strong argument for legalization, while Gil has a weak argument against it. Zhang, a Chinese student, is watching the debate. Compared to how Zhang would perceive the arguments if he were to encounter just one argument, how will he perceive the arguments if they are both presented to him? oo.
Zhang will be less confident that either argument is true.
pp.
Zhang will become more convinced that each argument is true.
qq.
Zhang will become less convinced that Horatio’s argument is true and more convinced that Gil’s argument is true.
rr.
Zhang will become more committed to his initial position, whatever it may be.
ss.
Zhang will become more convinced that Horatio’s argument is true but less convinced that Gil’s argument is true.
Ayumi is a Japanese student and Alice is a European Canadian student. They are both participating in a study in which they are asked to provide some self-
descriptions. Given what you know about cultural influences on tolerating contradictions, which of the following is the likeliest outcome of this study?
29.
30.
tt.
Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is an introverted person across different situations.
uu.
Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is both considerate and selfish.
vv.
Ayumi is likelier than Alice to focus on her individual characteristics, such as intelligence.
ww.
Ayumi is likelier than Alice to be optimistic over the long term.
xx.
Ayumi is likelier than Alice to reference her physiological states.
A person who takes a dialectical view on life is LEAST likely to say, a.
“When faced with contradictory information, a person needs to decide what is right and what is wrong.”
b.
“Sometimes I am very honest but sometimes I can be very dishonest.”
c.
“Having high self-esteem can have both positive and negative consequences.”
d.
“People should accept that reality is constantly changing.”
e.
“What a person is currently experiencing may be very different from his or her past or future experiences.”
The Department of Chemistry is trying to understand how people solve problems in organic chemistry classes. Students are given a series of complex organic chemistry problems to solve. Which of the following will characterize the students’ performance? f.
East Asian students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process but their performance will be relatively unaffected if they recite their own names repeatedly.
g.
Western students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process or recite their own names repeatedly.
31.
32.
h.
Verbally articulating their thought processes enhances the performance of East Asian students on the problems.
i.
Reciting their names repeatedly enhances the performance of Western students on the problems.
j.
Any student who verbally expresses anything unrelated to the problems will do poorly on them.
Which of the following statements is consistent with findings from research studies examining cultural influences on talking and thinking? k.
Miko, a mother from Japan, speaks to her infant daughter less than does Mabel, a mother from the United States.
l.
Rushi, who is from China, finds that he can recognize people more easily when he verbally describes their faces when they first meet.
m.
Fengmian, a Chinese college student, will perform an academic task better if he can express his thoughts as he completes it, as opposed to staying silent.
n.
Jane, an American college student, will perform an academic task better if she can express her thoughts as she completes it, as opposed to staying silent.
o.
Fen, a Chinese infant, vocalizes more than Marcus, a European Canadian infant, when the two are playing with stuffed animals at their daycare center.
You work at your university’s tutoring center, where you are tutoring two students taking the same Nursing course: Kimberly, a European American student, and Meilin, an Asian American student. Both students are studying for a first aid exam where they will be required to assess and treat different types of injuries by applying a multi-step process. Given what you know about cultural differences in thinking aloud, what study advice would you give to each student? p.
You would encourage both Kimberly and Meilin to verbally describe each step of the process as they apply it.
q.
You would encourage both Kimberly and Meilin to not express their thoughts out loud but rather to remain silent while applying the multistep process.
33.
34.
r.
You would encourage Kimberly to verbally describe how she is assessing and treating each injury but you would encourage Meilin to remain silent as she assesses and treats each injury.
s.
You would encourage Kimberly to remain silent as she assesses and treats each injury but you would encourage Meilin to verbally describe how she is assessing and treating each injury.
t.
You would encourage Kimberly to perform the multi-step process without any distractions whereas you would encourage Meilin to perform the multi-step process while distracting herself by thinking about something else.
Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between talking and thinking? Eastern cultural traditions emphasize that talking and thinking u.
are closely related, such that more talking reflects more thinking.
v.
are conditionally related, such that more talking reflects more thinking but only when people are knowledgeable about the topic at hand.
w.
are conditionally related, such that more talking reflects more thinking but only when people are not distracted by other verbal tasks.
x.
are conditionally related, such that more talking reflects more thinking but only among people that are typically silent and only verbalize their thoughts when something is important to them.
y.
are unrelated, such that more talking does not necessarily reflect more thinking.
With which of the following is a low-context culture most closely associated? z.
implicit communication
aa.
explicit communication
bb.
incremental theory of the world
cc.
entity theory of the self
dd.
incremental theory of self
35.
36.
37.
Your roommate is from a high-context culture. As a result, which of the following is most likely to be an exchange between the two of you? ee.
You ask your roommate if you can use her hairdryer. She does not want you to, but she says, “I guess so,” with a very subtle disapproving expression.
ff.
Your roommate asks you if she can use your yoga mat, and you reply, “I will think about it,” because you are unsure.
gg.
Your roommate does not want you to practice dancing in the living room, so she leaves you a note on your door to let you know.
hh.
You ask your roommate why she seems upset with you, and she responds by telling you exactly what she is thinking, providing the whole context so you can understand.
ii.
Your roommate does not plan on coming home for dinner and calls ahead of time to tell you.
Which of the following examples most accurately portrays research on cultural differences in communication style? jj.
Hamada and Matsumoto, who are both Japanese, communicate with each other only by complimenting each other and do not criticize each other.
kk.
Endo, who is Japanese, cannot reach his friend Tanaka because Tanaka’s cell phone is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka’s voice mail.
ll.
Yamazaki, who is Japanese, much prefers to communicate with his friends by writing, more so than his American friend Claudia.
mm.
Eric, who is American, is more likely to speak in an indirect, roundabout way with his friends than is Itao, who is Japanese.
nn.
Tetsuya, who is Japanese, focuses more on the meaning of a speaker’s words, whereas his American friend Mike focuses more on the speaker’s tone of voice.
Recent fieldwork suggests that the Saami people (an indigenous people living in parts of northern Europe) have almost 100 words to describe various kinds of reindeer. English, on the other hand, has only a tiny fraction of words used to describe reindeer. According to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, what cultural
difference between English and Saami speakers would result from this disparity in the size of reindeer-related vocabulary?
38.
39.
oo.
English speakers are better able to identify the different odors of reindeer.
pp.
Saami speakers engage in spatial reasoning differently than English speakers.
qq.
English speakers have less numerical cognitive ability than do Saami speakers.
rr.
Saami speakers are better able to categorize reindeer than English speakers.
ss.
English speakers view time as flowing in a different direction than do Saami speakers.
A researcher asks a participant to organize a series of pictures in temporal sequence. The person organizes the pictures so that the temporal sequence goes from right to left. Which of the following most likely describes the participant? tt.
His native language has a writing system that goes from left to right.
uu.
He is facing south and conceptualizes time as going from east to west.
vv.
He sees time as going from south to north, and is currently facing west.
ww.
He uses two spatial markers on his body—his head and his feet—to indicate how time passes.
xx.
He conceptualizes time as going from east to west and is facing north.
Color terms from different cultures around the world a.
vary in arbitrary ways.
b.
are pretty much the same everywhere, with the exception of colors in the blue-green spectrum.
c.
vary in that some cultures only have color words for red and green, whereas other cultures only have color words for blue and yellow.
d.
all correspond to a small number of different possible sets of terms.
e.
do not consistently contain a word for “black.”
40.
41.
42.
Bagiai is a member of the Piraha culture, which has a smaller numerical system than large-scale Western cultures. Bagiai is hunting and comes across a group of 10 tapirs (large pig-like mammals). He kills 2 to take back to his camp. If Bagiai were asked, “How many tapir remain alive?” how would he answer this question and why? f.
Bagiai would say, “8 tapir remain alive” because people from all cultures have terms for numbers up to the number 10.
g.
Bagiai would say, “8 tapir remain alive” because his cultural concept of numbers allows for basic addition and subtraction.
h.
Bagiai would say, “Many tapir remain alive” because while he is able to provide rough estimates of quantity, his language does not include precise terms for numbers larger than 2.
i.
Bagiai would say, “Many tapir remain alive” because his culture is highcontext and explicit communication is less necessary, given the large degree of shared information within the community.
j.
Bagiai would say, “I don’t know how many tapir remain alive” because his numerical vocabulary is limited and there only exists language to represent the addition and subtraction of 1, not 2.
Given the cross-cultural research on odor perception, which person would perform the best on an odor identification task? k.
Person V, who is highly accurate when identifying colors
l.
Person W, who is from a highly industrialized culture
m.
Person X, who is from a small-scale, tribal culture
n.
Person Y, whose culture has a large vocabulary of color words
o.
Person Z, whose culture has a large vocabulary of odor words
People who speak ________ are more likely to use ________ when describing an unintentional action, and consequently they will be ________ accurate when identifying the person that engaged in the action. p.
English; active voice; less
43.
44.
45.
q.
English; passive voice; more
r.
Spanish; active voice; more
s.
Spanish; passive voice; less
t.
Spanish; passive voice; more
You are visiting your friend Shirley and she is giving you directions to the neighborhood grocery store. Which of the following statements is accurate if Shirley thinks about space in absolute terms? u.
“Take a left on Kangaroo St., then a left on Koala Ave.”
v.
“Drive past the McDonald’s, then turn toward the KFC.”
w.
“The grocery store is east of the bank and north of the soccer field.”
x.
“The grocery store will be on your right after you pass the high school.”
y.
“You will drive 3.2 miles down Kangaroo St. and 1.8 miles down Koala Ave.”
Which cultural groups are the most likely to perceive colors differently? z.
Culture A, which has six color terms, and Culture B, which has seven color terms.
aa.
Culture E, which has a color term for yellow but not green, and Culture F, which has a color term for green but not yellow.
bb.
Culture J, which calls green nol, and Culture K, which calls green burou.
cc.
Culture N, which describes the sky as blue, and Culture O, which describes a grassy field as blue.
dd.
Culture S, which would categorize magenta as red, and Culture T, which could categorize magenta as either red, purple, or pink.
A person says, “There is more space between the numbers 50 and 60 than between the numbers 10 and 20.” This represents a ________ understanding of numbers, which is common among ________.
ee.
linear; adults in industrialized cultures
ff.
linear; young children in industrialized cultures
gg.
logarithmic; adults in industrialized cultures
hh.
logarithmic; young children in industrialized cultures
ii.
logarithmic; both adults and children in industrialized cultures
46.
How might different cultures have come to think so differently about their worlds? Demonstrate your understanding of the origins of analytic and holistic thinking by explaining their historical underpinnings and relationships to other cultural concepts that reinforce them.
47.
Draw a landscape scene containing at least a building, a tree, an animal, and the moon. State whether your picture reflects the artistic approach more characteristic of American or East Asian art, and identify and describe at least two features that demonstrate this.
48.
Eric and Andy are sitting on a park bench, watching people. They decide to play a game in which they try to explain the behaviors of the people around them (e.g., why did that person kick the dog?). Given that Eric is an analytic thinker and Andy is a holistic thinker, draw a graph that represents what proportion of their attributions you expect to be dispositional attributions. For this question, just graph the expected pattern of results; exact numbers are not important.
49.
The following is a graph showing an increase in the popularity of the Spotify music streaming service between the years 2013 and 2019. Complete the graph by drawing two lines, one corresponding to what a dialectical person would predict will happen between 2019 and 2025 and one corresponding to what a nondialectical person would predict will happen between 2019 and 2025.
50.
Your Math professor, Dr. Corey, requires that all students give a class presentation where they solve a mathematical problem on the board and describe their reasoning to the class as they write. Dr. Corey states that explicitly verbalizing one’s reasoning helps students better understand how to solve the math problem. Based on research on cultural understandings of the association between talking and thinking, do you agree with Dr. Corey’s assumption? Why or why not?
51.
Why is implicit communication more common and comfortable in high-context versus low-context cultures? Explain your rationale and support it with both an anecdotal example and the findings from one research study.
52.
A cognitive psychologist is teaching a course in which he teaches that humans have cognitive abilities that exist at birth: It does not matter what language a person speaks, because language has minimal impact on people’s psychology. Critique this psychologist’s perspective by providing empirical evidence showing three domains that are affected by the language that one speaks.
Answer Key chapter 9
1. Answer:
C
2. Answer:
E
3. Answer:
B
4. Answer:
C
5. Answer:
C
6. Answer:
B
7. Answer:
A
8. Answer:
A
9. Answer:
D
10. Answer:
C
11. Answer:
C
12. Answer:
C
13. Answer:
D
14. Answer:
C
15. Answer:
D
16. Answer:
E
17. Answer:
A
18. Answer:
B
19. Answer:
B
20. Answer:
D
21. Answer:
E
22. Answer:
B
23. Answer:
D
24. Answer:
C
25. Answer:
D
26. Answer:
C
27. Answer:
C
28. Answer:
B
29. Answer:
A
30. Answer:
A
31. Answer:
A
32. Answer:
C
33. Answer:
E
34. Answer:
B
35. Answer:
A
36. Answer:
B
37. Answer:
D
38. Answer:
E
39. Answer:
D
40. Answer:
C
41. Answer:
E
42. Answer:
D
43. Answer:
C
44. Answer:
E
45. Answer:
D
46. Answer:
Answers will vary, but should include some reference to (a) Greek and Chinese scientific and philosophical traditions, (b) social/situational experiences in individualistic and collectivistic cultures, and (c) independent and interdependent self-views.
47. Answer:
Answers may vary.
48. Answer:
Students’ graphs should be similar to the following figure.
49. Answer:
The nondialectical line should be a linear continuation of the line. The dialectical line should go in the opposite direction of the nondialectical line (i.e., negative slope) or have a weaker slope.
50. Answer:
Answers will vary but could include a discussion of the findings from Kim (2002; see also Figure 9.13) with an emphasis on the finding that Asian American’s performance on the IQ items declined when they were asked to talk aloud.
51. Answer:
Answers may vary.
52. Answer:
Answers will vary but may refer to the research evidence showing that language influences how people perceive color (especially the categorical perception of colors), odors, memory for unintentional behaviors, spatial perception of objects and time, and/or numerical cognition.
Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 10 1.
2.
3.
Which of the following descriptions of an emotional experience is consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotions? a.
Ryan thinks he is in love with Cheryl because she makes him happy every time he sees her.
b.
Ryan is happy because it is one of the basic emotions.
c.
Ryan feels sadness because his longtime pet has just died.
d.
Ryan feels excitement because his heart started racing after having held his breath for a minute while under water in the pool.
e.
Ryan thinks he feels fear instead of excitement because his heart started racing after he encountered a shark during his dive and he knew that the shark was dangerous.
According to the James-Lange theory of emotions, which of the following precedes an emotion in a scenario where Ed meets his boss for the first time? f.
the assumptions that Ed makes about past experiences with his previous bosses
g.
how Ed interprets his profuse perspiration on seeing his boss
h.
the profuse perspiration that Ed experiences on seeing his boss
i.
how Ed appraises an event, but only if the event is relevant to other people
j.
the disgust that Ed experiences on seeing his boss
Leslie is going on a date with Jessica. While planning the date, Leslie thinks, “I really want Jessica to feel happy with me.” Leslie decides to take Jessica to watch a highly rated comedic film. Jessica feels very happy because the film was so funny but attributes her happiness to Leslie instead. Which of the following explains Jessica’s attribution of her happiness to Leslie?
4.
5.
k.
James-Lange theory of emotion
l.
linguistic relativity of emotional experience
m.
universal emotions
n.
two-factor theory of emotions
o.
facial feedback hypothesis
Davina was walking on the street when she happened to glance into a flower store. Upon seeing a particular flower through the window, she noticed that her heart rate sped up. To Davina, an increased heart rate means that she is excited, so she concluded that she must be feeling excited right now. A two-factor theorist would ________ with her conclusion because ________. p.
disagree; emotions cannot be determined solely from interpreting physiological reactions
q.
disagree; she lacks the experience to determine what her physiological reactions mean
r.
disagree; increased heart rate has nothing to do with being excited
s.
agree; increased heart rate is always indicative of excitement
t.
agree; seeing flowers always leads one to have excited feelings about them
Schachter and Singer’s (1962) study of emotions found that people u.
sense clear physiological indicators of anger but not of euphoria.
v.
attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations.
w.
who took epinephrine felt the strongest emotions.
x.
with independent views of self attend more to their bodily sensations than those with interdependent views of self.
y.
have an accurate understanding about the link between their physiological states and their emotions.
6.
7.
8.
Based on the results from Schachter and Singer’s (1962) experiment on the twofactor theory of emotions, under which of the following situations would Darryl feel the most agitated? z.
when he is with someone who is trying to get him to feel angry
aa.
when he is with someone who is trying to make him feel euphoric
bb.
when he ingests a stimulant that he was told would make him feel aroused
cc.
when he eats a sugar pill that he was told would make him feel aroused
dd.
when he ingests a stimulant that he was told would not affect his arousal
Research suggests that the emotion of ________ is also universal but is expressed with the whole body, not just the face. ee.
contempt
ff.
shame
gg.
embarrassment
hh.
pride
ii.
interest
You have a set of photographs of Fore people from Papua New Guinea displaying happiness, disgust, sadness, and fear. You present these photographs to groups of participants from the United States, Argentina, and Japan and ask them to identify which emotion is being expressed. Which of the following results is most likely? jj.
People from all cultural groups will be able to identify emotions correctly in the majority of the photographs.
kk.
People from all cultural groups will struggle to accurately identify emotions in the photographs because they picture people from an unfamiliar culture.
ll.
People from the United States will accurately identify emotions in significantly more photographs than people from Japan and Argentina.
9.
10.
mm.
People from Japan will accurately identify emotions in significantly more photographs than people from Argentina and the United States.
nn.
People from Argentina will accurately identify emotions in significantly more photographs than people from Japan and the United States.
The basic emotions can best be characterized as a.
nonuniversals.
b.
at least existential universals.
c.
at least functional universals.
d.
ritualized displays.
e.
display rules.
You conducted a study testing whether people can accurately identify the emotions happiness and sadness depicted in photographs of different emotional expressions. Your findings show that people in the United States and the United Kingdom accurately identified these emotions in over 90% of your photographs. Your colleague tells you that this study is weak evidence for universal facial expressions and that you should conduct a follow-up study. Which of the following variations would provide stronger evidence that facial expressions of emotions are universal? f.
You enroll twice as many participants in Study 2 as you did in Study 1.
g.
In Study 2, you recruit participants from the United States and United Kingdom as well as Japan and South Korea.
h.
In Study 2, you recruit participants from the United States and United Kingdom as well as a small-scale, less industrialized cultural group in Indonesia.
i.
In Study 2, you recruit participants from the same cultures (the United States and United Kingdom) but expand your set of photographs to include emotional expressions of surprise and fear.
j.
You present twice as many emotion photographs in Study 2 as you did in Study 1.
11.
12.
13.
Because Mariana, a Brazilian woman, had a terrible morning, she was very angry when she got to work at the office. As a result, her facial expression greatly resembled the basic anger expression. She walked by two coworkers on her way to her desk: Felipe (who is Brazilian) and Satoru (who is Japanese). Which of the following is most likely to occur? k.
Both coworkers are equally likely to recognize that Mariana is angry.
l.
Neither coworker will recognize that Mariana is angry.
m.
Felipe is more likely than Satoru to focus on Mariana’s eyes in determining her emotional state.
n.
Satoru is more likely than Felipe to recognize that Mariana is angry.
o.
Felipe is more likely than Satoru to recognize that Mariana is angry.
The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues—an expression not recognized elsewhere—reflects p.
feelings of sadness.
q.
a basic emotion.
r.
a reflexive emotional expression.
s.
a ritualized display.
t.
an accessibility universal.
An expression that is considered a ritualized display is best categorized as a(n) u.
functional universal.
v.
existential universal.
w.
nonuniversal.
x.
accessibility universal.
y.
human universal.
14.
15.
16.
Joon-ha, a Korean child, is trying to facially express that he is upset. Which of the following people would be best at identifying that Joon-ha is upset? z.
Person A, who is American
aa.
Person B, who is also feeling upset
bb.
Person C, who is able to ignore contextual cues
cc.
Person D, who is Korean
dd.
Person E, who is expressing sadness
Real smiles engage muscles around the mouth and eyes, whereas fake smiles only engage muscles around the mouth. Given what you know about cultural variations in which parts of a facial expression are observed, which of the following people will have the most difficulty distinguishing between a real and fake smile? ee.
Margo, who lives in a culture where people are encouraged to disguise their emotions
ff.
Julia, who lives in a culture where people are encouraged to express their emotions
gg.
Kady, who lives in a culture where people are encouraged to display positive emotions more than negative emotions
hh.
Rachel, who lives in a culture where people display negative emotions more than positive emotions
ii.
Alice, who lives in a culture with a lot of ritualized displays
Kartika believes that people should have emotional “smoothness.” This means that she jj.
feels no emotions.
kk.
transitions easily from one emotion to another.
ll.
has emotional highs and lows.
mm.
tries to avoid strong displays of emotions.
nn.
thinks that people should consistently feel positive emotions.
17.
18.
19.
Countries that have a more heterogenous history of immigration are more likely to have cultural display rules that encourage people to oo.
conceal emotions.
pp.
express emotions.
qq.
express emotions, but less intensely.
rr.
conceal positive emotions but express negative emotions.
ss.
conceal negative emotions but express positive emotions.
Shawn displays something that can be characterized as being a ritualized display of excitement. What does this imply? tt.
Shawn had to practice a lot to be able to make this display.
uu.
Shawn did not need to learn to make this display.
vv.
Shawn dampened his expression of excitement so as to not upset those around him.
ww.
People from other cultures likely cannot recognize that Shawn is excited.
xx.
This display of excitement involves Shawn’s whole body.
Imagine a study-abroad program in nursing that includes students from several cultures that are quite different from one another. Which of the following statements accurately reflects how the heterogeneity of this student program will likely influence how the students communicate their emotions? a.
The students will choose to present themselves modestly by dampening the intensity of their emotions.
b.
In an attempt to foster social harmony, the students will conceal their negative emotions and express their positive emotions.
c.
The students will choose to compete against each other by expressing more positive emotions when they succeed but dampening their negative emotions when they fail.
20.
21.
d.
To ensure that they understand each other clearly, the students will choose to express their emotions.
e.
The students will choose to highlight their personal successes by expressing more pride and less shame.
Identify the response that most accurately completes the following statement: In cultures where expressing anger has more (versus less) potential to disrupt social harmony, people f.
express anger less.
g.
experience anger less.
h.
experience anger less and express it less.
i.
experience anger more but express it less.
j.
experience anger less but express it more.
A classroom of European Canadians and Chinese Canadians students is watching a movie that is intended to induce a lot of anger. According to research on cultural differences in anger responses, one would expect k.
cultural group differences in the intensity of their facial expressions, but not in their emotional experiences.
l.
that the Chinese Canadian students will not show any physiological anger response, whereas the European Canadian students will.
m.
cultural group differences in the rate at which their physiological responses will return to baseline.
n.
that the Chinese Canadian students will show more of an extreme physiological response, despite reporting being less angry than the European Canadian students.
o.
that the Chinese Canadian students’ physiological responses will fluctuate much more than the European Canadian students’ physiological responses.
22.
23.
24.
Mike is a Chinese Canadian who was just shoved in the mall by a stranger. Compared to a European Canadian who experiences the same thing, Mike is p.
more likely to dampen his physiological response to this event.
q.
less likely to be embarrassed by the event.
r.
more likely to understand what happened to him.
s.
less likely to understand why the man shoved him.
t.
more likely to openly express his angry emotions.
Your health psychology professor says, “Suppressing intense emotions will negatively affect your health.” Do you agree? u.
Yes, research shows that suppressing emotions is associated with higher blood pressure for both North Americans and East Asians.
v.
No, research shows that suppressing emotions is unrelated to physical health outcomes for both North Americans and East Asians.
w.
It depends; research shows that suppressing negative—but not positive—emotions is associated with poorer health for both North Americans and East Asians.
x.
It depends; research shows that suppression is associated with poorer health for North Americans, but unrelated to health for East Asians.
y.
It depends; research shows that suppression is only associated with poorer health if suppression is a difficult or uncommon strategy for regulating emotional experiences.
Mototeru is a Japanese teenager who reports feeling very positive emotions. According to research by Kitayama and colleagues (2000) on emotions associated with happiness, what other emotions is Mototeru likely experiencing for him to feel such positive emotions? z.
positive interpersonally engaged emotions
aa.
negative interpersonally disengaged emotions
bb.
positive interpersonally disengaged emotions
cc.
negative interpersonally engaged emotions
dd.
25.
26.
27.
both positive interpersonally engaged and disengaged emotions
Hideki, who is from Japan, is asked to describe his reactions to winning this year’s baseball championship game. Which of the following statements will be interpreted by the Japanese as expressing the most emotion? ee.
“I can’t believe it. It is so exciting!”
ff.
“I’m so happy. I can’t wait to celebrate with my family!”
gg.
“I’m so relieved. The game was so close!”
hh.
“I feel great because I played my best!”
ii.
“I’m elated. I can’t wait for next season!”
As an American exchange student in Japan, Daniel is trying to understand the cultural differences that he is noticing. In particular, he finds that his new Japanese friend Michiru, has very different emotional experiences than his European American friends back home. Based on research regarding cultural differences in emotional experiences, which of the following is the likeliest difference for him to notice? jj.
Michiru experiences more respect than his European American friends.
kk.
Michiru experiences a broader range of emotions than his European American friends.
ll.
Michiru feels better than his European American friends when he is experiencing respect for other people.
mm.
His European American friends experience both more shame and more anger than Michiru.
nn.
Michiru reports feeling more intense positive feelings than his European American friends.
According to research by Mesquita (2001), comparisons of Surinamese and Turkish immigrants to Holland with mainstream Dutch citizens of Holland reveal that
28.
29.
oo.
Surinamese and Turkish immigrants express more relational concerns than Dutch citizens.
pp.
Surinamese and Turkish immigrants display their emotions more intensely than Dutch citizens.
qq.
Surinamese and Turkish immigrants are less happy than Dutch citizens.
rr.
Surinamese and Turkish immigrants express more distinctiveness concerns than Dutch citizens.
ss.
Surinamese and Turkish immigrants experience more interpersonally disengaging emotions than Dutch citizens.
Which of the following statements about shame is true? tt.
Emotional experience in Turkey is associated with maintaining face.
uu.
Emotional experience in Japan is associated with defending one’s honor.
vv.
The Japanese are more likely to experience shame but not anger.
ww.
People in Turkey are likely to experience anger but not shame.
xx.
People in Turkey and Japan have the same emotional experience.
Which of the following conclusions about the relationship between language and emotion is INACCURATE given the research evidence summarized in the textbook? a.
There is large variation in the number of emotion words across different languages.
b.
Cross-cultural variation in emotion words suggests that cultures disagree about what constitutes a basic emotion.
c.
Cultures vary in how they perceive distinctions and similarities between different emotions
d.
The evidence coalesces to suggest that descriptions of emotions do not impact one’s feelings of emotions.
e.
All of these conclusions are accurate.
30.
31.
32.
A person from the United States may understand what amae means but may not experience it in the same way as a person from Japan. This is because f.
people from the United States are uncomfortable being dependent on others.
g.
people from the United States rarely behave inappropriately toward close others.
h.
people from the United States engage in fewer gestures that affirm closeness within a relationship.
i.
the behaviors that elicit amae mean different things to people in the United States and Japan.
j.
the behaviors that elicit amae are absent from American culture.
Which of the following statements about language and emotional descriptions is true? k.
All languages have at least 20 different emotion words.
l.
All languages include a word for fear.
m.
All languages distinguish between the emotions of sorrow and anger.
n.
If an emotion word has no equivalent in English, English-speaking people are unable to feel that emotion.
o.
If an emotion word has no equivalent in English, it is likely that Englishspeaking people will experience that emotion differently.
Which of the following situations would predict greater subjective well-being for Alex, who is from a collectivistic culture? p.
Alex participates in an activity he enjoys.
q.
Alex feels a great deal of excitement.
r.
Alex has a vast network of friends.
s.
Alex abides by his culture’s norms.
t.
Alex receives a prize from his school’s prize drawing.
33.
34.
35.
Citizens of the country Esperana report low levels of happiness, something the Esperana government wants to change. Which of the following initiatives would be least likely to increase citizens’ happiness? u.
government programs to ensure that the everyone has access to health care
v.
community task forces aimed at reducing neighborhood crime
w.
programs that encourage attendance at religious services
x.
a special investigator to reduce corruption within the government
y.
town hall meetings to allow civil discussion, including dissenting opinions about government policies
Which of the following statements about subjective well-being across cultures is true? z.
Nation-level factors—such as degree of corruption—have limited effects on individual-level satisfaction.
aa.
Good luck is an important part of the definition of happiness in all cultures.
bb.
The more a country deters crime through severe punishments, the happier its citizens will be.
cc.
Greater equality of opportunity in a country is associated with greater subjective well-being.
dd.
The magnitude of the relationship between money and happiness is greater in countries where resources are readily available.
Based on research about the different roles and functions of happiness across cultures, how can one categorize the assumption that people necessarily want to be happy? ee.
It is an accessibility universal.
ff.
It is a naïve pursuit.
gg.
It is a nonuniversal.
36.
37.
38.
hh.
It is a functional universal.
ii.
It is an existential universal.
The relation between money and happiness is that jj.
there is no relation between money and happiness.
kk.
people who are richer than their neighbors are happier but absolute levels of money do not predict happiness.
ll.
money does predict happiness consistently across all levels of personal income.
mm.
money is positively related to happiness in poor countries but negatively related to happiness in rich countries.
nn.
money is positively related to happiness at very low levels of wealth but this relationship is weaker in developed countries which have higher levels of wealth.
Don is from an individualistic culture and Juan is from a collectivistic culture. According to a study by Suh and colleagues (1998) on the relationship between life satisfaction and positive affect, which of the following scenarios regarding subjective well-being is to be expected? oo.
Having more money makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
pp.
Experiencing more positive affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
qq.
Experiencing less negative affect makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
rr.
Having more extreme emotional experiences makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
ss.
Having more harmonious interpersonal relations makes Don happier than it makes Juan.
Recall that Oishi (2002) asked European American and Asian American participants to report their satisfaction every day for a week (actual satisfaction)
and also asked them to recall how satisfying the week was after it was over (retrospective satisfaction). Which of the following statements accurately describes the results of this study?
39.
tt.
Both groups of participants reported having a moderately satisfying week in terms of their actual and retrospective satisfaction.
uu.
Whereas the European Americans reported similar levels of actual and retrospective satisfaction, the Asian Americans retrospectively recalled their week as more satisfying than they actually reported.
vv.
Whereas the Asian Americans reported similar levels of actual and retrospective satisfaction, the European Americans retrospectively recalled their week as more satisfying than they actually reported.
ww.
Whereas the European Americans reported higher actual versus retrospective satisfaction, the Asian Americans reported higher retrospective versus actual satisfaction.
xx.
Whereas the Asian Americans reported higher actual versus retrospective satisfaction, the European Americans reported higher retrospective versus actual satisfaction.
As described in the textbook, when asked to think back over their lives, European Americans recall their past experiences as more satisfying than do Asian Americans. Which of the following conclusions accurately describes why this cultural difference occurs? a.
European Americans and Asian Americans struggle differently with remembering past events.
b.
European Americans and Asian Americans possess different theories of an ideal life.
c.
European Americans and Asian Americans place different degrees of importance on past versus future life experiences.
d.
European Americans and Asian Americans differ in the degree to which they feel positive emotions.
e.
European American and Asian American cultural environments are different in the amount of positive versus negative experiences they offer.
40.
41.
42.
Your friend Lon is from an interdependent, collectivistic culture. Knowing this, which of the following statements would you expect Lon to convey to describe his personal theory of satisfaction? f.
“In my ideal life, I would be happy all the time.”
g.
“I either experience positive emotions or negative emotions. I rarely feel mixed emotions.”
h.
“When I reflect on my past, I focus on my positive life experiences.”
i.
“It is valuable to achieve a balance between positive and negative life experiences.”
j.
“I would prefer to experience negative emotions, since they help you learn more about yourself.”
Your literature professor says, “The great Russian authors engaged in a lot of selfreflection. That is why they were all depressed.” Is this statement true? Why or why not? k.
Yes, research shows that Russians engage in more self-reflection than North Americans and that this high level of self-reflection is associated with greater depression.
l.
No, research shows that self-reflection is associated with greater depression among North Americans but not Russians.
m.
No, research shows that self-criticism, but not self-reflection, is associated with greater depressive symptoms among Russians.
n.
It depends; research shows that, for Russians, greater self-reflection is related to more depression, but only among Russians who have a strong distrust of others.
o.
It depends; research shows that, for Russians, greater self-reflection is related to more depression but only when they reflect on negative aspects of the self.
Research shows that the correlation between experiencing positive emotions and experiencing depression is ________ for European Americans and ________ for East Asians. p.
negative; positive
43.
44.
q.
positive; negative
r.
negative; null
s.
positive; null
t.
null; negative
You ask your classmate Bohai, who is originally from Taiwan, about his interests. Given what you know about cultural influences on ideal affect, how would you expect Bohai to respond? u.
“The last 5K race I ran was exciting; I was the fastest in my age group.”
v.
“I love the beach; the sound of the waves is so soothing.”
w.
“I couldn’t imagine life without my pets; they help boost my mood when I’m feeling down.”
x.
“I read every science fiction novel I can get my hands on; they are filled with action and adventure.”
y.
“I just saw a documentary on tap dancing; I was so interested that I signed up for lessons.”
You are illustrating a book for preschool-aged children that depicts a day in the life of Mojo the monkey. Your publisher wants you to create different illustrations for copies of the book marketed in the United States and China. Based on research on culture and emotion, books marketed in the United States should ________, whereas books marketed in China should ________. z.
depict Mojo feeling shame; depict Mojo feeling anger
aa.
depict Mojo meditating; depict Mojo jumping
bb.
depict Mojo expressing a wide range of emotions; depict Mojo expressing primarily happiness
cc.
depict Mojo with large eyes and a large smile; depict Mojo with small eyes and a small smile
dd.
depict Mojo feeling happy among family; depict Mojo feeling happy among friends
45.
Two friends from two collectivistic cultures, Jorge (who is Latin American) and Sayako (who is Japanese), are visiting club booths at school to decide what clubs to join. Based on research regarding preferences for emotions, which of the following scenarios is likeliest to happen? ee.
Both Jorge and Sayako will choose a Zen meditation club that promotes serenity and calmness.
ff.
Jorge will choose a Zen meditation club that promotes serenity and calmness and Sayako will choose a rollerblading club that offers awards to members that win races.
gg.
Jorge will choose a choir club that features a lot of energetic and exciting music, and Sayako will choose a Buddhist reading club that features a lot of calming books.
hh.
Jorge will choose an action movie club that features a lot of fast-paced action movies and Sayako will choose a horror movie club that watches movies that slowly build tension and fear.
ii.
Both Jorge and Sayako will choose a high-tempo salsa dance class that promotes excitement and exhilaration.
46.
Your mother is suggesting that people’s emotions come about simply due to the physiological signs that people experience. Each emotion is accompanied by its own specific set of physiological signs. By reading those signs, we are able to identify our emotional states. As a person who subscribes to the two-factor theory of emotions, based on empirical findings, do you agree with what your mother said? Why or why not?
47.
What features of an individual or features of the photographed target would increase the likelihood that the individual will accurately identify the emotion expressed on the face of the photographed target? Discuss at least one factor and support your response with empirical evidence.
48.
In a debate with your friend, he says he believes that Asian Canadians actually experience the same emotions with the same intensity as do European Canadians. He believes that even when Asian Canadians say that they are experiencing an
emotion less intensely, they actually feel the emotion as intensely as European Canadians. Critique your friend’s claim by providing empirical evidence to support your perspective.
49.
There are four people participating in a study, two Japanese participants (Masatoshi and Hitoshi) and two European American participants (Mason and Harry). They are all discussing their recent emotional experiences. Masatoshi and Mason both report experiencing a lot of respect for others, and Hitoshi and Harry both report experiencing a lot of pride. Based on this information and empirical evidence on cultural differences in emotional experiences, draw a graph that shows the extent to which each person feels positive feelings in general.
50.
Subjective well-being is linked to many important consequences and is correlated with many other variables. Draw a graph representing the relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and subjective well-being. In your graph, the units for GDP should be in terms of percentage of the GDP of the United States.
51.
Wanda (a European Canadian) and her roommate Eun-mi (a Korean Canadian) are discussing which course they should enroll in next semester. For each student, describe how her emotional experiences are likely to influence their choice of courses. Next, describe in sufficient detail one reason why their emotional experiences may differently shape their decisions in this scenario.
52.
Methamphetamine is a drug that enhances mood and increases energy, putting users into an excitatory state. Morphine is a drug that slows heart rate and respiration rate, putting users into a more sedated but euphoric/positive mood state. Applying what you know about the empirical evidence on cultural differences in ideal affect, draw a graph that shows the likely drug preference of Doo-sam (a South Korean) and Tommy (a European American), respectively, for methamphetamine and morphine.
Answer Key chapter 10
1. Answer:
D
2. Answer:
C
3. Answer:
D
4. Answer:
A
5. Answer:
B
6. Answer:
E
7. Answer:
D
8. Answer:
A
9. Answer:
C
10. Answer:
C
11. Answer:
E
12. Answer:
D
13. Answer:
C
14. Answer:
D
15. Answer:
B
16. Answer:
D
17. Answer:
B
18. Answer:
D
19. Answer:
D
20. Answer:
C
21. Answer:
C
22. Answer:
A
23. Answer:
D
24. Answer:
A
25. Answer:
B
26. Answer:
C
27. Answer:
A
28. Answer:
C
29. Answer:
D
30. Answer:
D
31. Answer:
E
32. Answer:
D
33. Answer:
C
34. Answer:
D
35. Answer:
E
36. Answer:
E
37. Answer:
B
38. Answer:
C
39. Answer:
B
40. Answer:
D
41. Answer:
B
42. Answer:
C
43. Answer:
B
44. Answer:
D
45. Answer:
C
46. Answer:
Answers will vary.
47. Answer:
Answers may vary. In general, the research discussed in the textbook suggests that a individual will be more likely to accurately identify emotions in the face of a photographed target if (a) the individual and photographed target are from the same culture or speak the same language; (b) the individual and target are from the same culture and the photograph only depicts the target’s eyes; (c) the individual and target are from the same culture and the target is expressing fear; (d) the individual is from a lower socioeconomic status background; (e) for an individual from Japan, the photograph includes the target’s eyes; (f) if, for an individual from the United States, th photograph includes the target’s mouth.
48. Answer:
Answers will vary.
49. Answer:
The students’ graphs should resemble the following figure.
50. Answer:
Students’ graphs should be similar to the following figure. The key is that the inflection point should be at 40%.
51. Answer:
Answers will vary but can reflect the fact that Wanda’s enrollment decision is more like to be guided by her anticipated enjoyment or interest in the course topic, whereas Eun mi’s decision is more likely to be guided by her perception of the value or usefulness o the course material. Students may explain this difference in decision as influenced eith by Wanda receiving more positive benefits from pursuing enjoyable coursework than Eun-mi or Eun-mi experiencing fewer negative consequences from pursuing a challenging course that she may fail.
52. Answer:
Students’ graphs should be similar to the following figure.
Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 11 1.
2.
3.
Given what you know about universal bases of attraction, which of the following products or services is least likely to increase perceived attractiveness crossculturally? a.
makeup that covers skin blemishes
b.
photo-editing software that can mix different body shapes together
c.
creams that get rid of acne and pimples
d.
laser procedures that remove scars
e.
photo-editing software that can mix different faces together
According to evolutionary theory, facial features such as clear complexion and bilateral symmetry are considered universally attractive because f.
most of the people with which we regularly interact possess these features and familiarity fosters attraction.
g.
they indicate that a person has the financial resources to afford nutritious food and health care to ensure good health in the future.
h.
they are believed to indicate a person’s good health and therefore imply that future offspring are also likely to be healthy and survive.
i.
it is easier to mentally process faces with these features and this ease of understanding fosters attraction.
j.
cultures around the world similarly value these features and communicate those values from one generation to the next.
People from non-Western cultures view the ideal female body to be _______ than what is typically preferred among Westerners. k.
thinner
l.
heavier
4.
5.
6.
m.
more muscular
n.
taller
o.
shorter
Which of the following characteristics would one think is attractive, regardless of his or her culture of origin? p.
blemish-free skin
q.
athletic body types
r.
people who are moderately similar to each other
s.
people who are greatly different from each other
t.
a body that is very average in terms of how much body fat one has
Every day Jinro purchases coffee from the same café and every day he notices the shop owner cleaning tables. The more he is exposed to this shop owner, the u.
more likely it is that he will become bored with this person and ignore them.
v.
more it is that he will like this person if he is from a collectivistic culture, whereas the reverse will hold true if he is from an individualistic culture.
w.
more likely he will be to confuse the shop owner with other employees at the café.
x.
more pleasant affect he will experience when he sees this person.
y.
less he will like this person if he is from a collectivistic culture, whereas the reverse will hold true if he is from an individualistic culture.
According to the propinquity effect, which of the following people are most likely to become friends? z.
Jaedong and Fox, who live in neighboring apartment units but rarely see each other
aa.
Betty and Bulma, who attended the same college
7.
8.
9.
bb.
Amy and Alyssa, who interact with each other at the bus stop every day
cc.
Malcolm and Maurice, who both drive the same model of car
dd.
Lara and Lindsay, who are both psychology majors
Which of the following can be considered an accessibility universal? ee.
arranged marriage
ff.
simpático
gg.
the mere exposure effect
hh.
market pricing
ii.
love marriage
According to the mere exposure effect, we come to like a person more the more we are exposed to them. This happens because increased exposure jj.
increases our familiarity with the person.
kk.
leads us to perceive ourselves as more similar to the person.
ll.
makes it easier to identify the various positive qualities the person possesses.
mm.
makes us want to interact with the person in the future.
nn.
makes us more willing to self-disclose personal details, which fosters intimacy and liking.
How does the propinquity effect differ from the mere exposure effect? a.
The propinquity effect argues that we like people we interact with frequently whereas the mere exposure effect argues that a single interaction is enough to foster liking.
b.
The mere exposure effect has been found with both humans and animals; however, the propinquity effect occurs only with humans.
c.
The mere exposure effect describes how the propinquity effect occurs.
10.
11.
12.
d.
The propinquity effect is a more powerful influence on liking than the mere exposure effect.
e.
The propinquity effect and the mere exposure effect both describe the same psychological phenomenon.
Which of the following conclusions accurately reflects the cross-cultural research on the similarity-attraction effect? f.
The Japanese and North Americans are attracted to similar others to the same degree.
g.
Compared to North Americans, the similarity-attraction effect is either absent or relatively weaker for the Japanese.
h.
The similarity-attraction effect is consistently stronger among the Japanese compared to North Americans.
i.
Whereas Americans are attracted to similar others, the Japanese are attracted to dissimilar others.
j.
The Japanese do show a similarity-attraction effect but only when considering similarity in social background.
Homare is a Japanese student and Heidi is a Canadian student. They are both trying to make new friends. Given the findings from research comparing Japanese and Canadians, we would expect that k.
Heidi, more than Homare, will like a person who is similar to her.
l.
Homare, more than Heidi, will prefer a person with similar personality traits.
m.
Heidi, more than Homare, will prefer a person with a similar social background.
n.
Homare, more than Heidi, will like a person who is similar to him.
o.
Heidi and Homare will both like people who are similar.
Given the research discussed in the textbook, which of the following people is most likely to be attracted to a person with the same religious and political beliefs?
13.
14.
15.
p.
Michelle, who was born and raised in the United States
q.
Michiko, who was born and raised in Japan
r.
Myung-Sook, who was born and raised in South Korea
s.
All three women will be attracted to a similar other.
t.
None of these three women will be attracted to a similar other.
Sending your boss a Christmas card after he has first sent you one would best be seen as an example of u.
communal sharing.
v.
authority ranking.
w.
equality matching.
x.
market pricing.
y.
vertical collectivism.
You and a friend run into each other on the street, and you see that he is carrying a fish that he has just caught. You would love to take that fish home and cook it to make your wife happy. You and your friend agree that the fish is equivalent to the corn you are carrying in your bag. The two of you then exchange the fish for the corn before heading off to your respective homes. What is this an example of? z.
authority ranking
aa.
communal sharing
bb.
market pricing
cc.
equality matching
dd.
big-gun diplomacy
An example of equality matching is ee.
family members who eat meals together.
16.
17.
ff.
a landlord charging his tenants monthly rent.
gg.
roommates who take turns cleaning the apartment.
hh.
a neighborhood library where people can donate or take as many used magazines as they like.
ii.
a boss treating his employees to lunch.
The following statements depict recent events occurring within the Choi family household, which includes Yoon-ja (the mother), Tae-woo (the father), and Eun-mi (the daughter). Which statement reflects an authority ranking relational model within the family? jj.
Tae-woo, Yoon-ja, and Eun-mi worked together to plant a new vegetable garden.
kk.
Yoon-ja surprised Tae-woo with his favorite dessert, so the next day Tae-woo bought Yoon-ja a bouquet of her favorite flowers.
ll.
Yoon-ja agreed to give Eun-mi $20 if she washed all the windows in the house.
mm.
Tae-woo took away Eun-mi’s phone as punishment for missing curfew.
nn.
Eun-mi was considering quitting the soccer team so she asked her parents for advice.
Based on what you know about the meaning of friendship across cultures, how do you think Kofi, a Ghanaian, would most likely respond when asked what he thinks of a person with a lot of friends? oo.
“I would like to meet this person as he or she must have a lot of positive qualities.”
pp.
“I doubt this person really has a lot of friends—that doesn’t seem possible in today’s world.”
qq.
“This person is foolish. It would be too much responsibility to support all these friends.”
rr.
“This person is delusional. Realistically, he or she probably has an average number of friends.”
ss.
18.
19.
20.
“More friends means a wider variety of experiences. This person is probably very interesting.”
Which of the following statements is Addae, a Ghanaian, most likely to make regarding the experience of enemyship in Ghana? tt.
“Popular people with lots of friends are least likely to be the target of enemies.”
uu.
“Most Ghanaians don’t think they have enemies; this isn’t a common belief.”
vv.
“You can choose not to have enemies—just don’t interact with those people!”
ww.
“Enemies happen when friendships turn sour.”
xx.
“Ignorance and prejudice about different groups is one of the main reasons why people have enemies.”
You are friends with Natalia, who has recently moved from Russia. The two of you are discussing your upcoming cultural psychology final exam. Given what you know about cultural differences in advice giving, you can expect that Natalia will give you advice on studying for your exam a.
but only after you ask for it.
b.
even if you don’t ask for it.
c.
in private.
d.
in public.
e.
that is better quality than advice you would receive from a North American friend.
North Americans are less concerned about enemies than West Africans. Why is this? f.
Since violent crime rates are lower in North America than in West Africa, North Americans do not need to worry about people harming them.
21.
22.
g.
North Americans are less competitive than West Africans, so it is less likely that a North American will make enemies with people they beat in competitions.
h.
North Americans view relationships in terms of choice more than West Africans; consequently, North Americans can more easily distance themselves from someone they dislike or who dislikes them.
i.
The individualistic emphasis on autonomy in North American cultures makes North Americans less socially sensitive and consequently less likely than West Africans to realize they have enemies.
j.
Compared to West Africans, North Americans are more motivated to understand their enemies and potentially turn them into friends; consequently, North Americans view their enemies as more interesting than threatening.
Lumusi is a Ghanaian teenager who reports having more enemies than Lisa, who is an American teenager. According to research discussed in the textbook on Ghana, which of the following explains why Lumusi reports having more enemies than Lisa? k.
There is more conflict in their lives, so Ghanaians need to be more wary about enemies.
l.
Ghanaians have more relationships than Westerners, so it follows that they will also have more enemies.
m.
Enemies are desirable in Ghanaian contexts, so people there seek them out.
n.
Ghanaians are more likely than Westerners to have relationships with people they did not choose and subsequently cannot avoid.
o.
Lumusi may report having more enemies but she actually does not.
The belief that attractive people have more desirable qualities than unattractive people is more common in p.
low- versus high-relational-mobility cultures.
q.
high- versus low-relational-mobility cultures.
r.
low- versus high-residential-mobility cultures.
23.
24.
25.
s.
high- versus low-residential-mobility cultures.
t.
cultures that encourage rather than discourage equality matching.
Joachim feels that there are few opportunities for him to make new friends and that he is permanently connected to the friends he has. Knowing this, you can expect that u.
Joachim only has positive relationships.
v.
Joachim’s social circle is much larger than it would have been if he felt that there were many opportunities for him to make new friends.
w.
Joachim will exert a lot of effort to maintain his friendships.
x.
Joachim only has negative relationships.
y.
Joachim won’t care that much about how similar he is to his friends.
A person says, “I do not need to maintain my friendships. I know that they will always be friends with me, and I will always be friends with them.” According to the textbook, this person is likely to z.
engage in market pricing relationships.
aa.
have more friends than enemies.
bb.
not care much whether a friend is like him or her.
cc.
be naïve and immature.
dd.
be in a relationship characterized by equality matching.
You are likely to find high levels of residential mobility in cultures that are also characterized by ee.
more equality matching relationships.
ff.
more communal sharing relationships.
gg.
high relational mobility.
26.
27.
28.
hh.
low relational mobility.
ii.
the relational style of simpático.
How does the similarity-attraction effect relate to the conditionality of one’s relationships? jj.
Both account for communal sharing.
kk.
Both are accounted for by relational mobility.
ll.
The similarity-attraction effect causes greater conditionality of one’s relationships.
mm.
The similarity-attraction effect has a negative relationship with conditionality.
nn.
There is no relationship between them.
Greater residential mobility is associated with oo.
stronger preference for local stores than national chain stores.
pp.
higher crime rates.
qq.
viewing the self in terms of one’s group membership more than one’s personality traits.
rr.
regular attendance at local sporting events, regardless of how the team is performing.
ss.
fewer employment opportunities.
Jeremiah has moved around to 10 different states in the United States within five years due to his job. This means that, compared to someone who has not moved around at all before, Jeremiah will tt.
see his personality traits as more fluid and dependent on specific relationships.
uu.
be more open to trying out different local coffee shops.
vv.
be more unconditionally committed to the local sports team.
29.
30.
31.
ww.
buy more things from national chain stores.
xx.
experience less similarity-attraction effect.
Marco, who is Latin American, scores very highly on a measure of simpático. Given what you know about this concept, which of the following statements is also likely to be true of Marco? a.
Marco prefers to work alone because being sociable is draining.
b.
Marco is motivated by self-enhancement more than self-improvement.
c.
Marco’s interactions with friends involve many displays of warmth and affection.
d.
Marco is easygoing with friends but more likely to express negativity toward strangers.
e.
Marco prefers a communal sharing relational model in the workplace.
Given what you know about the cross-cultural research examining simpático, what would you expect to occur within an interaction between Fernando, who is Latin American, and Frank, who is European American? f.
Fernando will express more negative attitudes than Frank.
g.
Fernando will talk more and make more eye contact than Frank.
h.
Fernando will enjoy the interaction more than Frank.
i.
Fernando will perceive the interaction as more smooth and natural than Frank.
j.
Fernando will perceive the interaction as more valuable than Frank.
Which of the following reflects simpático? k.
Rose loves to meet new people.
l.
Maria provides unsolicited advice to her friends.
m.
Teresa is very competitive at work.
32.
33.
34.
n.
Narcisa readily expresses her opinions.
o.
Mercedes is a gracious and welcoming host.
Romantic love, which is discussed within the context of monogamous human relationships in the textbook, exists because it was evolutionarily advantageous for our ancestors. Is this true or false? Why? p.
True: More children from parents who experienced romantic love survive to pass on their genes, compared to children of parents without romantic love.
q.
False: Romantic love hinders an individual’s ability to spread his or her genetic material.
r.
True: Romantic love led people to become more skilled hunters and gatherers, allowing for greater survivability.
s.
False: Someone experiencing romantic love was more likely to hunt more dangerous prey than someone not experiencing romantic love.
t.
True: Romantic love meant more sex with more partners, and this meant a greater number of viable babies.
Romantic love was evolutionarily advantageous because it u.
brought parents closer together to ensure survival of the child.
v.
allowed people to exercise personal agency.
w.
was a necessary foundation in order for the marriage to succeed.
x.
promoted relational mobility.
y.
led to greater social complexity.
Romantic love is z.
a recent phenomenon in some human cultures.
aa.
something that appears to exist in all cultures.
35.
36.
bb.
a product of individualism and a concern with meeting an individual’s unique needs.
cc.
something that grows with age until the birth of children.
dd.
a product of collectivism and a concern with accommodating both parties in a relationship.
Josie, who is from the United States, has been living in Taiwan for over a year. She has made several Taiwanese friends and has a Taiwanese romantic partner. Given what you know about cultural differences in intimacy, you can expect that ee.
Josie will disclose more personal information to her romantic partner than her romantic partner discloses to her.
ff.
Josie’s romantic partner will devote more time and attention to her and comparably less to parents and friends.
gg.
Josie’s friends will prioritize their relationship with her more than their relationships with other friends.
hh.
Josie’s friends will disclose more personal information to her than she discloses to them.
ii.
the amount of information that Josie, her friends, and her relationship partner disclose to each other will be relatively similar.
Previous research indicates that _______ is more important for relationship satisfaction among East Asians than Westerners, while _______ is more important for relationship satisfaction among Westerners than Asians. jj.
intimacy; passion
kk.
commitment; passion
ll.
intimacy; commitment
mm.
passion; commitment
nn.
commitment; intimacy
37.
38.
39.
Which of the following is associated with greater commitment in romantic relationships? oo.
a country’s degree of individualism
pp.
high relational mobility
qq.
viewing others in terms of their personal dispositions
rr.
greater idealization of one’s romantic partner, but only among Asians
ss.
greater idealization of one’s romantic partner, but only among Westerners
Which of the following is true about mate selection in small-scale societies? tt.
The most common form of marriage is parents, individuals, and other family members collectively discussing and deciding on an acceptable match.
uu.
The most common form of marriage is parents choosing the partner, with the individuals unable to object.
vv.
Parents exert more influence over the marriages of daughters than of sons.
ww.
On average, individuals have more say in whom they marry than their parents or kin do.
xx.
One type of mate selection process involves parents and kin exerting an equal amount of influence.
Arranged marriages a.
are associated with unhappy marriages for both men and women.
b.
are increasing in frequency throughout the world.
c.
are unusual in preindustrial societies.
d.
are less common in cultures with nuclear families as opposed to extended families.
e.
prevent love from developing.
40.
41.
42.
Priya, an Indian woman, and Gopal, an Indian man, have been in an arranged marriage for 12 years. Seema, who is also an Indian woman, and Arun, who is also an Indian man, have been in a love marriage for 12 years. Based on research by Gupta and Singh (1982), which couple will report feeling the most love for each other? f.
Priya and Gopal
g.
Seema and Arjun
h.
Priya and Gopal, but only if they had some say in choosing their partner
i.
Seema and Arjun, but only if their families supported their decision to marry
j.
The couples will report feeling equal amounts of love.
The founder of a new society wants to create a social system in which arranged marriages are the norm, rather than love marriages. In order for this founder to be successful, which of the following must this new society have? k.
strong ties within nuclear families
l.
a great deal of relational mobility
m.
a strong belief that marriage helps people achieve personal fulfillment
n.
large kin groups with strong ties within them
o.
a system of relationships characterized by market pricing
Empirically, arranged marriages are terrible because no one is ever satisfied with their marriages. Is this true or false? Why? p.
False: They at least start out with more marital satisfaction than people in love marriages.
q.
True: Arranged marriages signal a lack of personal agency, leading to unhappiness.
r.
False: Only women have marital dissatisfaction in arranged marriages.
s.
True: Arranged marriages have always been rare in human history because our ancestors understood that it leads to marital dissatisfaction.
t.
False: Arranged marriages that last over 10 years have greater marital satisfaction than love marriages.
43.
Given the widely different standards of attractiveness around the world, one cannot say that universal standards of attractiveness exist. Is this true or false? Why?
44.
You are a resident assistant at your university. After reading about the propinquity effect for this class, you decide to plan some activities to help facilitate friendships among the students living on your floor. Describe at least one activity that you believe will increase liking and friendship in your residence. Be sure to explain why you believe it will be effective.
45.
Miranda is trying to examine what physical attributes are perceived to be attractive by different cultures around the world. She has a list of four attributes: having facial symmetry, having a thin body, having blemish-free skin, and having a face with extreme facial features. She travels around the world to ask people from different cultures whether they think each attribute is attractive. Based on empirical evidence about culture-perceived attractiveness, draw a graph that shows a pattern of results that portrays the proportion of cultures that would find each attribute attractive.
46.
Given what is discussed in the textbook, draw a line graph to show what the relationship would look like for the following pairs of variables: (1) relational mobility and independent/interdependent self-construal; and (2) relational mobility and residential mobility.
47.
Differentiate between how someone from a high-relational-mobility context views his or her social relationships compared to someone from a low-relational-mobility context.
48.
Based on the textbook, draw a line graph to show the relationship between residential mobility and the likelihood that relationships within the culture are characterized by market pricing.
49.
Thalia and Maksim are from a low-relational-mobility culture, and Jamisha and Lavar are from a high-relational-mobility culture. Describe how relational mobility will impact intimacy, passion, and commitment within these two romantic relationships.
50.
As discussed in the textbook, relationship researchers have identified three different periods of U.S. history that are characterized by three views on the function of marriage. Explain these three different functions of marriage as well as how they correspond to cultural values and lifestyles common during that period.
Answer Key chapter 11
1. Answer:
B
2. Answer:
C
3. Answer:
B
4. Answer:
A
5. Answer:
D
6. Answer:
C
7. Answer:
C
8. Answer:
A
9. Answer:
C
10. Answer:
B
11. Answer:
A
12. Answer:
A
13. Answer:
C
14. Answer:
C
15. Answer:
C
16. Answer:
D
17. Answer:
C
18. Answer:
D
19. Answer:
B
20. Answer:
C
21. Answer:
D
22. Answer:
B
23. Answer:
E
24. Answer:
C
25. Answer:
C
26. Answer:
B
27. Answer:
B
28. Answer:
D
29. Answer:
C
30. Answer:
B
31. Answer:
E
32. Answer:
A
33. Answer:
A
34. Answer:
B
35. Answer:
A
36. Answer:
B
37. Answer:
E
38. Answer:
C
39. Answer:
D
40. Answer:
A
41. Answer:
D
42. Answer:
E
43. Answer:
Answers will vary.
44. Answer:
Answers will vary, however the explanation should emphasize how the activity fosters regular interaction (essential component of the propinquity effect) and familiarity (the mechanism underlying the mere exposure effect).
45. Answer:
Students’ graphs should be similar to the following figure.
46. Answer:
Students’ graphs should be similar to the following figure.
47. Answer:
Answers will vary.
48. Answer:
Students’ graphs should be similar to the following figure.
49. Answer:
Answers will vary. The textbook generally emphasizes that low (versus high) relational mobility is associated with less intimate selfdisclosures, weaker feelings of passion, and stronger feelings of commitment (including less divorce and less idealization of one’s partner) in close relationships.
50. Answer:
Answers will vary. The three functions, in chronological order are: (1) marriage as a way to secure basic needs, consistent with the cultural focus on establishing a foundation for a new nation; (2) marriage as a means of meeting emotional needs (e.g., belonging, companionship), a response to the anonymity of urban life and growing divisions between gender in terms of the nature of their labor; (3) marriage as a means of achieving personal fulfillment (especially self-expression), consistent with increased educational, occupational, and economic opportunities and the availability of choices for women.
Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 12 1.
2.
3.
Which of the following describes secularization theory? a.
With increased secularization comes greater reliance on capitalism.
b.
Decreased attendance at religious services is the cause of longer lifespans.
c.
Longer lifespans is the cause of decreased attendance at religious services.
d.
Religion is being used less often to make sense of the world, while rational and scientific explanations of phenomena are increasing.
e.
Decreased religiosity in one region of the world leads to increased religiosity in a different region of the world.
According to the secularization theory, which of the following findings seem the likeliest? f.
a decline in the use of the ethic of divinity to determine morality
g.
94% of Americans reporting belief in some form of deity
h.
a move toward a balance between the use of ethic of community and ethic of autonomy
i.
meritocracy gaining appeal as a principle for fair distribution
j.
an increase in the belief that one’s thoughts have nothing to do with morality
In order to compare morality across cultures, three friends first try to think about how morality should be measured. Blake believes morality should be measured by amount of money donated to charity, Thea believes morality should be measured by percentage of people who attend a religious service, and Garrett believes morality should be measured by lowest numbers of people who are in prison per capita. Cultural research suggests that the three friends should discuss
4.
5.
k.
empirical evidence showing that donating to charity is a more objective standard of morality than the other two proposed measures.
l.
empirical evidence showing that low numbers of people in prison per capita is a more objective standard of morality than the other two proposed measures.
m.
which of these measures is the most indicative of the ethic of autonomy.
n.
which of these measures best captures all five moral intuitions.
o.
that it may be difficult to compare morality objectively across cultures given that they all have such different standards for what is considered moral.
Sara believes it is possible to objectively determine whether some cultures are morally superior to others. What is the strongest reason why Sara’s view might be considered problematic? p.
It is difficult to determine the appropriate standards with which to objectively compare the morality of different cultures.
q.
There are no cultural differences in Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning.
r.
We can only objectively morally compare cultures in terms of moral intuitions, but nothing else.
s.
Some cultures do not use the ethic of autonomy at all.
t.
Secularization theory suggests that morality cannot be measured.
While traveling in China, a businessman contemplated whether to circumvent China’s “Great Firewall” to access censored websites such as Facebook and YouTube. Which of the following reasons would he use to make the decision, based on Kohlberg’s preconventional moral reasoning? u.
“I will try to circumvent the ‘Great Firewall’ because there is no way that I will get caught.”
v.
“I will not try to circumvent the ‘Great Firewall’ because it is against the law.”
6.
7.
8.
w.
“I will not try to circumvent the ‘Great Firewall’ because my friends would think that it is wrong.”
x.
“I will try to circumvent the ‘Great Firewall’ because the only law I abide is that which was created by God.”
y.
“I will try to circumvent the ‘Great Firewall’ because it infringes on my rights to freely explore the Internet.”
At Kohlberg’s preconventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when he z.
refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.
aa.
decides to give money to the poor because his mother always tells him to help others.
bb.
chooses to do community service because he is likely to receive an award for doing so.
cc.
participates in a protest even though he may lose his job if his boss finds out about his involvement.
dd.
helps his cousin with homework rather than his little sister.
At Kohlberg’s conventional level of moral development, someone is considered moral when she ee.
refrains from stealing from a store because it is illegal.
ff.
decides to give money to the poor because it is very exciting.
gg.
chooses to do one of two community service activities because she is more likely to receive an award doing the chosen activity.
hh.
participates in a protest even though she may lose her job if her boss finds out about her involvement.
ii.
helps her cousin with homework rather than her little sister.
Corinne believes it would be immoral for a brother and sister to kiss intimately if their relationship caused harm to anyone. This is an example of
9.
10.
11.
jj.
the morality of personal choice.
kk.
preconventional moral reasoning.
ll.
conventional moral reasoning.
mm.
postconventional moral reasoning.
nn.
the ethic of divinity.
The postconventional level of moral development is most closely associated with what code of ethics? a.
justice
b.
community
c.
divinity
d.
autonomy
e.
orthodoxy
Cross-cultural tests of Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning reveal that f.
conventional reasoning is not evident in many folk village populations.
g.
in Western urban environments, all adults reason in postconventional moral terms.
h.
adults in folk village populations most commonly reason in preconventional terms.
i.
in all cultures, people reason in preconventional terms before they reason in conventional terms.
j.
in many cultures the ethic of autonomy is not a moral principle.
Which of the following codes of ethics emphasizes people’s role in a social hierarchy? k.
ethic of autonomy
12.
13.
14.
l.
ethic of justice
m.
ethic of community
n.
ethic of divinity
o.
ethic of authority
Which of the following is immoral according to the ethic of community? p.
Marian stabs Roland in the arm.
q.
Horatio has surgery to install extra eyes in his face.
r.
Peter throws a plastic bottle into the trash because he couldn’t find a recycling bin.
s.
Andrea cannot see the movie she wanted to watch because she was late getting to the theater.
t.
Jack disobeys his father’s commands.
According to studies of immorality and thought, what will a Jewish person think of a man who is thinking about cheating on his wife? u.
The man deserves to be punished.
v.
The man has violated the ethic of divinity.
w.
The man has violated the ethic of autonomy.
x.
The man has failed to achieve purity.
y.
The man has not violated a moral code as long as he does not act on his thoughts.
Larry is a member of a recreational club in his community, and the club requires its members to pay annual dues. However, Larry wants to change the club’s policy so that dues are optional because he believes that members should contribute dues to the club based on their personal choice rather than a mandated rule. Larry’s reasoning is consistent with which code of ethics?
15.
16.
z.
ethic of autonomy
aa.
ethic of justice
bb.
ethic of community
cc.
ethic of equality
dd.
ethic of divinity
A bus driver is on her typical route with a busload of passengers when it begins to rain. The rain is so heavy that the route becomes dangerous, and she needs to drive very slowly to make sure she can see the road. She considers turning back to the bus station so that she can park her bus and at least try to get back home herself safely. However, she decides to keep driving on her route because she feels responsible to get her passengers to their destinations. What code of ethics is the bus driver exemplifying? ee.
ethic of autonomy
ff.
ethic of justice
gg.
ethic of community
hh.
ethic of equality
ii.
ethic of divinity
Based on research about morality among Hindu Indians and Americans, which of the following would you expect to occur? jj.
Eric, an American, is more likely than Rahul, an Indian, to view a duty to help a stranger in need as a moral imperative.
kk.
Rahul, an Indian, is less likely than Eric, an American, to be concerned about reporting a crime that he has just witnessed.
ll.
Rahul, an Indian, is more likely than Eric, an American, to feel that attending a friend’s graduation celebration is a moral issue and should be legitimately regulated.
mm.
Rahul, an Indian, is more likely than Eric, an American, to base his morality largely on whether something is natural or not.
nn.
17.
18.
19.
Eric, an American, is more likely than Rahul, an Indian, to base his morality on whether something is a social obligation.
The moral reasoning of people of orthodox religious sects tends to fit the best with oo.
the ethic of community.
pp.
preconventional moral reasoning.
qq.
the ethic of autonomy.
rr.
postconventional moral reasoning.
ss.
the ethic of divinity.
Confucian scholars in 17th-century Korea were concerned about Catholic converts teaching Koreans to not respect their ancestors, thus ignoring their obligations as dictated by the laws of nature. This way of thinking indicates concerns borne out of tt.
the ethic of community.
uu.
preconventional reasoning.
vv.
conventional reasoning.
ww.
the ethic of divinity.
xx.
the ethic of autonomy.
Researchers studied how people in the United States and Brazil respond to scenarios of people engaged in disgusting behaviors (such as having sex with dead chickens) and found that a.
lower–socioeconomic status (SES) Americans were unique in that they did not view these behaviors as immoral.
b.
Brazilians, regardless of social class, did not tend to view these behaviors as unique.
c.
upper-SES Americans were more likely than upper-SES Brazilians to view these behaviors as immoral.
20.
21.
22.
d.
lower-SES Americans and lower-SES Brazilians were similar in that both groups tended to view the actions as immoral.
e.
upper-SES Brazilians viewed these behaviors to be more immoral than lower-SES Brazilians.
Shweder believed that Kohlberg’s model of moral development was relevant to which code of ethics? f.
ethic of autonomy
g.
ethic of justice
h.
ethic of community
i.
ethic of equality
j.
ethic of divinity
What was a key problem with Kohlberg’s model of moral development according to Shweder? k.
There should be four levels in Kohlberg’s model instead of only three.
l.
Kohlberg’s model is only relevant to the ethic of autonomy.
m.
The three levels do not follow the same sequence in Zambia as they do in North America.
n.
Kohlberg’s model is only relevant to the ethic of community.
o.
There are cultures in which the average adult reasons at the preconventional level.
An orthodox Baptist and a progressive Baptist are watching news coverage of China’s ban on pornography. According to research on orthodoxy/progressiveness and morality, which of the following dynamics is likeliest to be true in this scenario? p.
The progressive Baptist is more likely to say, “That ban is immoral because it infringes on people’s abilities to act as autonomous individuals to decide what is acceptable.”
23.
24.
q.
The orthodox Baptist is more likely to say, “That ban is immoral because pornography helps couples fulfill their sexual obligations to each other.”
r.
The progressive Baptist is more likely to say, “That ban is immoral because it is restricting the portrayal of the natural, God-given act of sex.”
s.
The orthodox Baptist is more likely to say, “That ban is immoral because it is a person’s own responsibility to figure out what material is appropriate.”
t.
The progressive Baptist is more likely to say, “That ban is immoral because it encourages people in marriages to commit adultery, thus succumbing to the sin of lust.”
According to the textbook, progressive and orthodox religious groups are fundamentally different from each other in terms of how they reason about moral issues. Is this true or false? u.
False: They both heavily rely on the ethic of divinity.
v.
True: They are at different levels of Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning.
w.
False: Neither of them moralize thoughts.
x.
True: They abide by different codes of ethics when reasoning about moral issues.
y.
False: They are at the same levels of Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning.
Which of the following moral stances would be the most likely for someone who is very liberal in North America? z.
“Pornography should be banned outright because it promotes one of God’s sins.”
aa.
“There is nothing you can offer me that would make me want to leave my company and join yours.”
bb.
“I am willing to die for my country if someone chooses to attack it.”
cc.
“The most important thing is to obey what my father says.”
dd.
25.
26.
27.
“This is wrong because some groups are not being treated fairly.”
What is the relationship between politically conservative views and morality? ee.
The more conservative one is, the less one is concerned about all five moral intuitions.
ff.
The more conservative one is, the more one is concerned about purity.
gg.
The more conservative one is, the less one is concerned about loyalty to the ingroup.
hh.
Conservatism predicts greater concern about avoiding harm and protecting fairness, but is not related to any of the other moral intuitions.
ii.
Conservatism is unrelated to the moral intuitions.
According to research on political identity and morality, which of the following is true in North America? jj.
People who are the most conservative value the ethic of divinity the most.
kk.
The extent to which people respect hierarchy is unrelated to their political identity.
ll.
People from most political identities value protecting fairness less than they do avoiding harm.
mm.
People who are very conservative have less variability in their endorsement of different ethics compared to people who are very liberal.
nn.
People from all political identities value all aspects of the ethic of autonomy more than any other codes of ethics.
Which of the following was a central belief that grew from the Protestant Reformation? oo.
People have a distant relationship with God.
pp.
People are inherently good.
28.
29.
30.
qq.
People should live it up without concern for moral acts since their fate has been predetermined.
rr.
People must have an intermediary to communicate with God.
ss.
People must work hard at their callings.
A study comparing Protestants and non-Protestants in their interactions with others in a working context found that Protestants tt.
paid more attention to relational cues than non-Protestants, regardless of condition.
uu.
did not work as hard at the task compared with non-Protestants.
vv.
worked harder at the task than non-Protestants when it was an enjoyable task but the two groups did not differ in their work when it was a serious work task.
ww.
paid less attention to relational cues than non-Protestant men in a serious work task.
xx.
worked less hard than non-Protestants when it was a serious work task.
The idea that every individual has a “calling” came from which religious belief? a.
the Protestant belief in capitalism
b.
the Catholic belief in confession
c.
the Calvinist belief in predestination
d.
the Catholic belief in inherent goodness
e.
the Protestant belief in an individualized relationship with God
Which of the following is empirical evidence in support of Weber’s theory on Protestantism and Capitalism? f.
Male American students made more creative sculptures when they thought about inappropriate sexual behavior than when they did not.
31.
32.
g.
Americans, compared to Indians, preferred job candidates who discussed topics unrelated to work.
h.
Protestant Americans attended to both work-relevant and relational cues during a work task.
i.
Protestants were less likely than Catholics and Jews to have sexual anxieties.
j.
Protestants with sexual anxieties were less productive in their careers than Protestants without sexual anxieties.
Jon, a Catholic, and Michael, a Protestant, walk into a bar. They start discussing everything from social issues to psychological research, and they agree that they have many similarities and many differences. Based on the textbook’s research on Catholics and Protestants, which of the following is likely similar or different between the two of them? k.
Both Jon and Michael, equally find overweight people to be lazy.
l.
Michael is much more individualistic than Jon.
m.
Jon has a high-status nonmanual occupation, while Michael does not.
n.
Michael is more accepting of overweight people than Jon.
o.
Jon was self-reliant at a much younger age than Michael.
Based on Sanchez-Burks’s (2005) research on relational styles and work, how does religion affect relational styles? p.
Protestantism leads people to work harder, regardless of condition, than non-Protestants.
q.
Protestants work harder than non-Protestants, but only when they are reminded of their religion.
r.
Protestantism leads people to work as hard as non-Protestant people do; however, they do so without attending to their relationships, regardless of condition.
s.
Protestantism leads people to attend less to relationships than do nonProtestant religions when engaged in a work task.
t.
33.
34.
35.
Protestants have less fun than non-Protestants when engaged in a casual task.
Which of the following beliefs is most consistent with Weber’s theory on Protestantism and Capitalism? u.
“Thinking about God makes me feel guilty about spending so much time at work.”
v.
“My religious beliefs are private and irrelevant to my job.”
w.
“Religion fosters competition between groups, and that competition fuels capitalism.”
x.
“God wants me to take my work seriously.”
y.
“The decline of Protestantism in America will ultimately benefit the economy.”
What is one distinction between predestination and calling? z.
The two words are synonyms.
aa.
Predestination refers to a goal that one works toward in one’s lifetime; calling refers to the way by which one achieves the goal.
bb.
Predestination refers to what one has to do to go to heaven; calling refers to the fact that one is preordained to go to heaven.
cc.
Predestination refers to when one will die; calling refers to what a person does in life to prepare for his or her death.
dd.
Predestination refers to something after death; calling refers to something before death.
Research has shown that which religious tradition emphasizes morality in thought, in addition to in behaviors? ee.
Catholicism
ff.
Protestantism
gg.
Judaism
36.
37.
38.
hh.
Orthodox Judaism but not Progressive Judaism
ii.
Buddhism
Secularization is inconsistent with which of the following claims? jj.
the perspective of academics that religious orthodoxy is decreasing
kk.
Nietzsche’s view that “God is dead”
ll.
Huntington’s thesis that cultural and religious conflict would be the fundamental source of conflict in the future
mm.
Weber’s thesis that ideological and economic conflict would be the fundamental source of conflict in the future
nn.
Freud’s views that the unconscious mind is the primary driver of behavior
Daniel, who is Jewish, and Patrick, who is Protestant, notice a girl at a convenience store staring longingly at a bag of candy, as if she is thinking of stealing it. She holds the bag of candy for a moment and looks like she’s about to make a run for the store exit. What are Daniel and Patrick likely to think about this incident? oo.
Daniel is more likely than Patrick to believe that the girl should try not to think about stealing.
pp.
Daniel is more likely than Patrick to think that the girl has not done anything wrong if she only thought about stealing and has not actually stolen anything.
qq.
Patrick is less likely to believe that thinking about stealing will lead the girl to actually steal.
rr.
Patrick is more upset about people stealing than Daniel is.
ss.
Patrick is more likely than Daniel to engage in postconventional moral reasoning.
How do the Yasawans from Fiji consider intentions when making moral judgments?
39.
tt.
They rely heavily on intention to determine morality.
uu.
They believe that it is important to think carefully about the reasons for others’ behaviors before making a moral judgment.
vv.
They consider intentions even more heavily than people from Western societies when making a moral judgment.
ww.
They view bad actions as immoral whether they are intentional or not.
xx.
They believe intentions need to be discussed openly rather than assumed when making moral judgments.
Janice knocks over Brad’s cup of water all over his book by accident, and now Brad is furious that his book is sopping wet. Janice doesn’t think Brad should feel very upset because she didn’t knock over his water cup intentionally, but Brad insists that he has every right to be upset with Janice, whether she meant to do it or not. Which of the following is true about Brad’s response? a.
In Western societies, Brad would be encouraged to feel less upset because Janice did not intend to make his book wet.
b.
In Fiji, Brad would not feel upset because Janice did not intentionally make his book wet.
c.
In Western societies, Brad would feel more upset because it is assumed that bad actions are immoral regardless of intentionality.
d.
In Fiji, Brad would not feel upset because it is assumed that bad actions are unintentional.
e.
In Western societies, Brad would feel upset because Janice is discussion her intentions openly.
40.
“It is valid to suggest that some cultures are morally superior to others.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Explain your conclusion by basing it on evidence from one of the moral psychological models discussed in your textbook.
41.
Choose two of Shweder’s codes of ethics. Then give an example of an action that would be considered immoral according to one of the codes of ethics but would be considered moral under the other code of ethics.
42.
Create a diagram that shows how the different levels of Shweder’s different codes of ethics and the five different moral intuitions are related to each other.
43.
Create a moral scenario and explain how it would be considered either moral or immoral for (a) one of Kohlberg’s three levels of moral reasoning, (b) one of Shweder’s three codes of ethics, and (c) one of the five moral intuitions.
44.
An adherent of an orthodox religion is debating abortion with an adherent of a progressive religion. They each provide a certain number of justifications for their perspectives. In the space that follows, for each religious adherent, graph out how many statements one would expect to correspond to each moral intuition based on the relationship between codes of ethics and moral intuitions.
45.
Choose two of the five moral intuitions. Then give an example of an action that would be considered immoral according to both moral intuitions.
46.
In a political pamphlet being handed out to students on campus, the writer is suggesting that capitalism is a product of the trades and activities of Islamic merchants. According to Weber’s thesis that capitalism grew out of a belief system rooted in cultural ideas of the 16th and 17th centuries, do you agree or disagree with the pamphlet? Why or why not?
47.
Oliver unintentionally backs up his car into Tina’s bicycle, smashing one of her tires. Tina thinks about slashing one of the tires on his car to get revenge but decides against it. How would a Jewish person and a Yasawan person from Fiji view the morality of Oliver and Tina’s behaviors, and why? Draw a figure illustrating the immorality of Oliver’s and Tina’s actions from the perspectives of (a) a Jewish person, (b) a Protestant person, and (c) a Yasawan person from Fiji.
Answer Key chapter 12
1. Answer:
D
2. Answer:
A
3. Answer:
E
4. Answer:
A
5. Answer:
A
6. Answer:
C
7. Answer:
A
8. Answer:
B
9. Answer:
D
10. Answer:
D
11. Answer:
C
12. Answer:
E
13. Answer:
E
14. Answer:
A
15. Answer:
C
16. Answer:
C
17. Answer:
E
18. Answer:
D
19. Answer:
D
20. Answer:
A
21. Answer:
B
22. Answer:
A
23. Answer:
D
24. Answer:
E
25. Answer:
B
26. Answer:
D
27. Answer:
E
28. Answer:
D
29. Answer:
E
30. Answer:
A
31. Answer:
B
32. Answer:
D
33. Answer:
D
34. Answer:
E
35. Answer:
B
36. Answer:
C
37. Answer:
B
38. Answer:
D
39. Answer:
A
40. Answer:
Answers will vary.
41. Answer:
Answers will vary. For example, engaging in warfare would violate ethic of autonomy s harms others, but could be considered moral under ethic of community if one is willing their lives to protect their community.
42. Answer:
Students' diagram should be similar to the following diagram.
43. Answer:
Answers will vary. Example scenario: Jacob hires his nephew instead of a more qualif applicant, even though it is against company policy. (a) It is immoral according to conventional level because it is against company policy; (b) it is moral according to eth community because Jacob is showing loyalty to his family member; (c) it is immoral according to the protecting fairness moral intuition because the rights of his nephew in relation to the rights of the more qualified applicant were not weighed fairly.
44. Answer:
Students' graphs should be similar to the following figure. The key distinction is that th purity intuition is the only one where the orthodox adherent should “outscore” the progressive adherent.
45. Answer:
Answers will vary. For example, punching one’s boss would violate the avoid harm mo intuition because it harms the person, and it also violates the respecting authority mor intuition because the boss is one’s superior.
46. Answer:
Answers will vary.
47. Answer:
Oliver should be judged harshly by a Yasawan person because the Yasawan weigh intentions less heavily when judging morality. Tina should be judged harshly by a Prot person because Protestants weigh thoughts heavily when judging morality.
Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 13 1.
2.
Research on obesity rates and genetically based skin color illustrates different types of biological change because a.
genetically based skin color demonstrates culture-gene coevolution but obesity rates do not.
b.
obesity rates demonstrate variable effects of genes across cultures and genetically based skin color demonstrates the same effects of genes across cultures.
c.
obesity rates demonstrate an evoked cultural response but genetically based skin color does not.
d.
obesity rates show how distal causes can lead to biological changes and genetically based skin color shows how proximal causes can lead to biological changes.
e.
obesity rates demonstrate culture-gene coevolution but genetically based skin color does not.
Any changes in biological characteristics within a culture must have occurred through long periods due to genetic evolution because cultural changes cannot account for biological changes. Do you agree with this statement? f.
No: Obesity rates have risen faster than can be explained by changes in the genetic makeup of a population.
g.
Yes: The epidemiological paradox suggests that genetic changes primarily drive biological changes.
h.
No: The fact that European Americans have better health than Hispanic Americans is evidence that cultural changes can account for biological changes.
i.
Yes: The French paradox suggests that the lower obesity rates in France than in the United States can be attributed to genetic differences between the two populations.
j.
3.
4.
5.
No: The fact that Melanesians live in different locations than people from Equatorial Africa but still have similar skin colors means that culture cannot account for biological changes.
The fact that the amount of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) that reaches different parts of the world has led to the evolution of differences in skin color is an example of which of the following? k.
acquired biological differences
l.
existential universal
m.
distal cause
n.
nonuniversal
o.
proximal cause
On Planet X, some areas receive very little ultraviolet radiation (UVR). What skin color would you expect the people of Planet X to have if they live in those areas? p.
always light
q.
always dark
r.
light unless their diet contains a lot of Vitamin D
s.
dark unless their diet contains a lot of Vitamin D
t.
light unless their diet contains a lot of Vitamin A
The fact that people from some cultures lack an enzyme that allows them to digest milk reflects the fact that u.
cultural practices can affect human evolution.
v.
cultural practices are shaped by the local geography.
w.
people from different cultures differ more in terms of their genes than they do in terms of their cultural practices.
x.
this inability is due to a proximal cause.
y.
6.
7.
genetic differences are difficult to overcome.
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the cultural practice of yam farming and a genetic mutation related to sickle-cell anemia? z.
Yam farming had environmental consequences that increased malaria rates, which in turn selected for the genetic mutation related to sicklecell anemia.
aa.
Yam farming improved the quality of the local diet, which decreased malaria rates, and that in turn selected for the genetic mutation related to sickle-cell anemia.
bb.
The genetic mutation related to sickle-cell anemia compromised the average health of the population, leading people to farm yams in order to improve their diet.
cc.
The genetic mutation related to sickle-cell anemia protected people against malaria, allowing them to engage in sedentary agricultural practices such as yam farming.
dd.
Yam farming and the genetic mutation related to sickle-cell anemia arose separately, but each one influenced the other in a cycle of mutual constitution.
Which of the following examples best illustrates culture-gene coevolution? ee.
A population began farming a healthier strain of rice, but it contains a mild toxin. This led the population to develop a genetic mutation that allows people to safely digest the toxin.
ff.
A population could not bury its dead because the climate was too cold, making the ground too hard to dig. This led the population to develop a funeral ritual of offering its dead to the animals.
gg.
The average height of a country has increased within a year due to an influx of very tall immigrants, carrying with them their genes for height.
hh.
A population lives in a very cold climate that has constant snowstorms, which has led to the development of a genetic mutation that causes people to have a lot of body fat to keep warm.
ii.
8.
9.
The average body-mass index (BMI) of a population has improved in a year due to the population drinking more red wine and having a more positive attitude about food.
As described in the textbook, certain populations engaged in farming practices that ended up increasing rates of malaria. Which of the following statements best describes the importance of this finding to the study of culture and biology? jj.
Since high malaria rates select for the gene responsible for sickle-cell anemia, this finding demonstrates that cultural practices can affect the genetic risk for certain diseases.
kk.
Since malaria has a high mortality rate, this finding demonstrates that cultural practices can lead to the gradual elimination of a particular group for biological reasons.
ll.
Since malaria is carried by certain livestock, this finding demonstrates that biological diseases are affected by cultural norms regarding how near to livestock one should live.
mm.
Since malaria is a genetic disease, this finding demonstrates that cultural practices can be strong enough to change the prevalence of genes that cause malaria.
nn.
Since the prevalence of malaria leads to more traditional healers claiming they can help malaria sufferers, this finding demonstrates that biological diseases can change health beliefs.
You read a newspaper article arguing that since ethnic groups with different cultural practices also differ genetically, apparent cultural differences are best understood as actual genetic differences. Based on existing research, what would be the best argument against this position? a.
The article is incorrect because in fact there is no evidence that ethnic groups differ in any way that can be linked to genetics.
b.
The article is incorrect because the genetic differences between human groups are no larger than the differences between chimpanzee groups.
c.
The article is incorrect because immigrants and their children tend to show response patterns influenced by their local cultural contexts.
d.
The article is incorrect because the principle of culture-gene coevolution dictates that cultural effects supersede genetic effects.
e.
10.
11.
12.
None of the above: The article is correct.
One group of people has developed special lungs to breathe underwater while another group has not, but with training, everyone can develop those special lungs to breathe underwater. What is this an example of? f.
distal cause
g.
innate biological variation
h.
accessibility universal
i.
sexual selection
j.
acquired biological variation
Research reveals that the French paradox (the tendency for French people to have low body fat percentages despite eating a diet high in fat) is due, in part, to the French k.
consuming less red wine.
l.
consuming fewer calories.
m.
going to the gym more often.
n.
avoiding high-fat foods.
o.
having a different sense of humor.
Molly and Marvin live in two different societies and they both want to eat some nuts. Based on Rozin and colleagues’ research on portion size, what is the best predictor of how much they will eat? p.
the average size of the nuts that grow locally
q.
the average size of the nut packages that are sold in local stores
r.
the extent to which people in each society are raised to eat nuts
s.
the extent to which their friends are also eating nuts
t.
13.
14.
15.
The best predictor will depend on the local cultural context.
You try to portray people’s attitudes about dogs using a Chernoff figure. After averaging all their responses, you find that the Chernoff figure for your sample has a very small face with very small and unhappy features. What does this figure represent? u.
Your sample prefers smaller dogs.
v.
Your sample cares very little about dogs.
w.
Your sample does not like smaller dogs.
x.
Your sample is annoyed by the questions.
y.
Your sample has negative attitudes toward dogs.
Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that the fact that z.
obesity is largely the result of genetics.
aa.
obesity rates are unrelated to a country’s gross domestic product (GDP).
bb.
cultural differences in obesity are largely a product of the percentage of fat in diets.
cc.
people from “heavier” cultures tend to have more children than those from “lighter” cultures.
dd.
None of these statements is correct.
A certain country has been experiencing huge gains in its economy. Based on research about economic effects covered in this textbook, which of the following is the most likely consequence of these gains? ee.
On average, hours of sleep per night will decrease.
ff.
On average, rates of aggressive surgical interventions will increase.
gg.
On average, newborns in that country will grow up to be taller.
16.
17.
18.
hh.
On average, collectivism in that country will increase.
ii.
On average, rates of myopia will decrease.
Over the last 50 years, the average height of the people from the reclusive country of Druidia has been increasing. Based on data profiled in the textbook, which of the following is likeliest to be associated with this increase? jj.
an influx of genetically tall people into the country
kk.
genetic changes over the last 50 years
ll.
the country undergoing an industrial revolution
mm.
more people moving into cities, leading to more calories being consumed per person
nn.
improved diet during infancy and adolescence
Researchers are trying to understand why the people of Oculus have such good vision, especially since their ancestors only two generations ago were unusually myopic. Which of the following explanations is the most plausible? oo.
Levels of individualism rapidly increased during this time.
pp.
One generation ago, people starting spending more time outdoors.
qq.
The education level rapidly increased during this time.
rr.
One generation ago, people started spending more time swimming.
ss.
The prevalence of genes for good vision rapidly increased during this time.
Which of the following statements regarding height is FALSE? tt.
As a country’s wealth increases, the average height of the country’s population also increases.
uu.
As a country’s wealth inequality increases, the average height of the country’s population also increases.
19.
20.
vv.
As a country’s caloric consumption increases, the average height of its population also increases.
ww.
As a country’s diet becomes more nutritious, the average height of its population also increases.
xx.
As a country’s dairy consumption increases, the average height of the country’s population also increases.
Which of the following statements best describes the sleep pattern in medieval Europe? a.
It matches the pattern found for American adults in a room that is kept dark the majority of the time.
b.
It is highly similar to the pattern still observed among adults in today’s Japan.
c.
It can still be observed among people imprisoned in rooms that are kept permanently bright.
d.
It has persisted to the modern age in Western societies, explaining why they differ from Japan.
e.
It is no longer observed in any society that still exists, due to the cultural shifts of modernity.
Which of the following statements best reflects research on cultural differences in sleep patterns among European Canadians, Asian Canadians, and the Japanese? f.
Japanese people sleep more efficiently than European Canadians.
g.
Japanese people sleep less than European Canadians.
h.
European Canadians report feeling more tired during the day than the Japanese.
i.
Asian Canadians sleep less than European Canadians.
j.
Asian Canadians sleep more efficiently than European Canadians.
21.
22.
23.
You are advising the medical staff at a U.S. hospital about the psychological and cultural factors that research shows are associated with positive health outcomes. Which of the following practices would you recommend for American patients during their stay? k.
organizing activities in order to increase emotional arousal
l.
providing social support without being asked
m.
giving patients control of when the plants in their room are watered
n.
assigning patients an advisor familiar with traditional healing
o.
ensuring access to a diet rich in lactose
Which of the following people may have particularly bad health outcomes? p.
Crystal, who recently moved to the United States from Mexico
q.
Lisa, who recently settled in Florida after leaving New York
r.
Ronaldo, who is low SES but lives in a high-SES neighborhood
s.
Fernando, who has always lived in a low-SES neighborhood
t.
Varun, who lives near his large extended family in California
Lara has a low socioeconomic status (SES) and lives in a low-SES neighborhood. Larry has a low SES but lives in a high-SES neighborhood. (Note that low SES here means a maximum of $30,000 per year.) Which of the two people will likely have a longer life expectancy? u.
Larry will have a longer life expectancy.
v.
Lara will have a longer life expectancy.
w.
They both will have the same life expectancy.
x.
Whoever has more money will have a longer life expectancy.
y.
The answer cannot be determined from the information given.
24.
25.
26.
The fact that people who move to New York City are at increased risk of heart disease is an example of which of the following? z.
nonuniversal
aa.
existential universal
bb.
acquired biological differences
cc.
proximal cause
dd.
distal cause
The relation between income and health can be summarized as follows: ee.
Absolute income predicts health outcomes for low levels of income, whereas income relative to those around one predicts health outcomes for high levels of income.
ff.
There is a linear relation between absolute income and health, but a curvilinear relation between relative income and health.
gg.
Income is largely unrelated to health once you control for dietary practices.
hh.
Wealthy people have poor health because of all the stress they experience.
ii.
More wealth will always cause more happiness, which causes people to be healthier.
A researcher wishes to study the link between SES and health outcomes. Based on existing research, what comparison would most likely yield group differences between high and low SES? jj.
She should study high- and low-SES people who differ in their access to quality health care.
kk.
She should study high- and low-SES people with diseases that respond well to treatment.
ll.
She should study high- and low-SES people that differ in the danger level of their jobs.
27.
28.
29.
mm.
She should study high- and low-SES people who have diseases with genetic causes.
nn.
She should study high- and low-SES people who differ in terms of life stress.
Research discussed in the textbook reveals that the relation between socioeconomic status and health is explained by oo.
cognitive deficits.
pp.
relative deprivation for income.
qq.
levels of stress.
rr.
education levels.
ss.
All of these options are correct.
Which of the following is the best explanation for why European Americans have better health outcomes than African Americans for most diseases? tt.
fewer genetic risk factors among European Americans than African Americans
uu.
fewer discrimination experiences for European Americans than African Americans
vv.
higher SES for European Americans than African Americans
ww.
the long period of time that has now elapsed for African Americans since their migration to the United States
xx.
None of the above; African Americans have better outcomes for most diseases.
A researcher is conducting some of the first health investigations in a society that has not yet been widely studied. There is a minority group that experiences considerable discrimination and social disadvantage and that also has higher rates of hypertension than the majority. Based on existing research, what is the most plausible hypothesis?
30.
31.
a.
Discrimination against people in this minority group leads to poor-quality medical care for people at risk for hypertension.
b.
Discrimination against people in this minority group leads to stress that in turn creates risk for hypertension.
c.
Discrimination against people in this minority group leads to selective pressure on the genes responsible for hypertension.
d.
Discrimination against people in this minority group leads physicians to incorrectly overdiagnose hypertension.
e.
Discrimination against people in this minority group interacts with genes predisposing people to stress to increase rates of hypertension.
Which of the following is the best example of the “salmon bias”? f.
An immigrant grandmother has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and decides to head back to her home country to live out her last days.
g.
A child of immigrant parents desires to congregate close to his heritage culture due to familiarity and a need for social connection.
h.
A long-term immigrant repeatedly chooses to use her vacation time to visit the country of her birth even though she could travel anywhere she likes.
i.
Just as indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest prefer to eat Pacific salmon, so too other people prefer to eat familiar foods from their heritage culture.
j.
An immigrant mother in the late stages of pregnancy decides to return to her home country to have her child.
According to the so-called epidemiological paradox, which of the following people is most likely to have the best health outcome? k.
Maribel, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Puerto Rico 1 year ago
l.
Hans, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Germany 10 years ago
m.
Juan, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Mexico 5 years ago
32.
33.
n.
Simone, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Puerto Rico 10 years ago
o.
Marisol, who immigrated to the United States mainland from Mexico 10 years ago
Which of the following is an example of the “epidemiological paradox”? p.
Ideas usually thrive in areas of high density, but some ideas persist even in areas of low density due to lack of exposure to new ideas that could displace them.
q.
Ideas tend to spread from person to person in patterns that resemble contagious diseases, but some ideas do not spread to other cultural groups even when they are useful.
r.
Although some remedies work well to stop communicable diseases in some regions, the same remedies are much less effective in other regions.
s.
Even though diseases generally have higher incidence rates in hotter regions of the world, some countries (e.g., Australia) experience relatively few epidemics per year.
t.
Immigrants to the United States from certain countries (e.g., Mexico) can have lower SES than locally born people but still have better health.
Traditional societies share at least one similarity with the modern practice of scientific medicine, specifically, u.
a belief that organ deterioration is at least partially responsible for illness.
v.
a class of people who are responsible for studying the cause of illnesses.
w.
a belief that stress is at least partially responsible for illness.
x.
a class of people who are primarily responsible for treating illnesses.
y.
a belief that some illnesses are ultimately impossible to explain.
34.
35.
36.
37.
Which of the following beliefs would be unusual for a practitioner of traditional Chinese medicine? z.
Illnesses are often caused by witchcraft.
aa.
Some people can suffer from “liver fire.”
bb.
Illnesses are often caused by imbalances.
cc.
Some people can be treated with acupuncture.
dd.
Illnesses are often caused by an unhealthy lifestyle.
The belief that illnesses are caused by ghosts ee.
was historically common but is now rare.
ff.
is a common culture-bound delusion.
gg.
is the most widespread theory of disease.
hh.
is central to traditional Chinese medicine.
ii.
is increasing worldwide over time.
Eric’s medical results show that there is an infection in his pancreas. What is his American physician most likely to do in response to these results? jj.
consult an interdisciplinary team for a second opinion
kk.
prescribe vitamins and lots of rest
ll.
recommend antibiotics or surgery
mm.
look elsewhere for the cause of the infection
nn.
take a “wait-and-see approach” before intervening
Paul has returned home from a trip during which he got sick and needed to visit a local doctor. The doctor told him he should take vitamins and get plenty of rest. Hearing this story, his friend Martin says: “That’s interesting—I recently had the same symptoms and my doctor immediately put me on medication.” Of the five possible explanations that follow, which one is best?
38.
39.
oo.
Paul and Martin live in an individualistic culture but Paul was visiting a collectivistic culture.
pp.
Paul and Martin live in the United States but Paul was visiting France.
qq.
Paul and Martin live in a Western society but Paul was visiting a traditional society.
rr.
Paul and Martin live in France but Paul was visiting Japan.
ss.
Paul had a female physician while traveling; Martin’s regular physician is male.
Dr. House is a medical doctor in the United States. He is giving a seminar on health-related behaviors both to doctors from other countries and ordinary American citizens. Which group is most likely to agree with Dr. House? tt.
the doctors from other countries
uu.
the ordinary American citizens
vv.
Neither will agree with him.
ww.
Both groups will equally agree with him.
xx.
The answer cannot be determined from the given information.
A researcher conducts a series of in-depth health studies in a society where health beliefs have not been examined before. In her notes, she writes: “It is interesting that the metaphors they use to describe the body resemble a blend of American and Chinese metaphors.” Which metaphor would be consistent with this statement? a.
The body is like a machine inhabited by ghosts that need to be honored through rituals.
b.
The body is like an integrated system of opposing forces that need to be kept in balance.
c.
The body is like a machine that needs to be protected from dangerous external influences.
d.
The body is like an integrated system that needs to be supported by moral behaviors.
e.
40.
The body is like a machine powered by energy sources that need to be kept in balance.
Your friend is experiencing stomachaches and goes to see a doctor. The doctor tells your friend that the problem is the result of forces being out of balance in his body, and gives him a remedy that is designed to bring those forces back into balance. What type of doctor is she most likely to be? f.
sub-Saharan African
g.
indigenous
h.
American
i.
French
j.
Chinese
41.
Cereans are an alien race living on a distant planet called Alderaan, whose bodies function the same way as humans’ bodies do. A galactic scholar has been learning about the Cereans’ evolutionary history. The following is an excerpt from the scholar’s work: The Cereans first appeared approximately 50,000 years ago. Throughout their evolutionary history, they have lived in a region on Alderaan that gets very little sunlight, resulting in very little exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). The Cereans have never migrated elsewhere. Approximately 10,000 years ago, they discovered a food source that provides an ample supply of Vitamin D for their dietary needs. Based on this scholar’s work, draw a line graph that approximates the expected relationship between the Cereans’ evolutionary history, starting with -50,000 (meaning when Cereans first appeared) and ending at 0 (meaning now), and their skin tone (a smaller value means lighter skin tone; a higher value means darker skin tone).
42.
Donald makes the following argument: “The human brain and body has basically been the same for millennia; cultures can change from one generation to the next. So of course cultures are different from each other—but it doesn’t make sense that culture would affect human biology.” Evaluate Donald’s argument, making reference to the relevant literature.
43.
Alice complains about how it is unfair that French people eat fattier foods but they have better cardiovascular health than Americans do. Alice is a European American and blames this difference on genetic differences between European Americans and French people. Based on existing psychological research, please provide two alternative explanations that contradict Alice’s statement?
44.
A collection of societies uses seashells as currency. A large-scale survey suggests that one hundred seashells is the threshold that separates people who are wealthy from people who are not wealthy. Draw a line graph that depicts the expected relationship between the average number of seashells per person and a society’s general health outcome as a dependent variable (for which a higher score means better health outcomes).
45.
Dana is a health researcher who lives in a country that has experienced waves of refugees from Atlantis over the past decade. Although the Atlanteans arrive with many socioeconomic disadvantages, they actually tend to have better health outcomes compared with the local population. Dana wishes to understand this phenomenon but there are no studies yet; she decides to consult the research literature from other societies where a similar pattern has been observed in hopes of finding evidence for explanations that might generalize to the Atlanteans. Provide your research recommendations: (1) what literature she should consult; (2) what hypotheses should be high priority for testing because there is supportive evidence in this literature; and (3) what hypotheses should be low priority because they were tested but not supported in this literature?
46.
You are trying to convince your parents that studying psychology is not a waste of time. Your parents, on the other hand, complain that psychology is not an exact science due to its subjectivity. They contrast it to modern medicine, which they think is an objective science, such that all doctors agree on all things medicine related. Your parents are, of course, wrong—but how are they wrong? Cite two pieces of evidence from the textbook to support your claim.
Answer Key chapter 13
1. Answer:
C
2. Answer:
A
3. Answer:
C
4. Answer:
C
5. Answer:
A
6. Answer:
A
7. Answer:
A
8. Answer:
A
9. Answer:
C
10. Answer:
E
11. Answer:
B
12. Answer:
B
13. Answer:
E
14. Answer:
E
15. Answer:
C
16. Answer:
E
17. Answer:
B
18. Answer:
B
19. Answer:
A
20. Answer:
B
21. Answer:
C
22. Answer:
C
23. Answer:
B
24. Answer:
D
25. Answer:
A
26. Answer:
E
27. Answer:
E
28. Answer:
B
29. Answer:
B
30. Answer:
A
31. Answer:
C
32. Answer:
E
33. Answer:
D
34. Answer:
A
35. Answer:
C
36. Answer:
C
37. Answer:
B
38. Answer:
B
39. Answer:
E
40. Answer:
E
41. Answer:
Students' graphs should be similar to the following figure. What matters is that there should be an inflection point around the –10,000 mark to reflect that the skin tone would have changed in response to the infusion of Vitamin D in their diet.
42. Answer:
Answers will vary, but students should discuss culture-gene coevolution, how cultural practices can place direct or indirect selective pressure on the genome (e.g., lactase persistence, sickle-cell anemia), and examples of physical variation across cultures (e.g., cultural effects on obesity and height).
43. Answer:
Drinking more wine should be acceptable as one alternative explanation, but it is up to individual instructors to determine whether eating fewer calories per day and positive attitudes toward food count as two different explanations or count as being subsumed under one alternative explanation.
44. Answer:
Students' graphs should be similar to the following figure.
45. Answer:
Students should identify the epidemiological paradox among Latinos in the United States along with the following hypotheses for immediate testing: (a) Atlanteans have healthier habits; (b) Atlanteans place a high value on family and community support; (c) Atlanteans emphasize positive emotions, which are associated with better health. Students should mention other hypotheses that should not be tested right away because there is no support for them: (d) only healthy Atlanteans were able to migrate; and (e) Atlantean immigrants return to Atlantis when they are old or ill.
46. Answer:
Answer should involve: (1) cultural differences in metaphors about the human body; and (2) the stronger correlation between the views of doctors and laypeople from the same culture than between doctors from different cultures.
Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 14 1.
2.
3.
As discussed in the textbook, which of the following questions represents a difficulty with defining a psychological disorder across cultures? a.
People in different cultures prefer different treatments for psychological disorders.
b.
A diagnostic category from one culture may not make sense when studied in another culture.
c.
Apparent cultural differences in these disorders contradict the universality of the brain.
d.
There is now evidence showing that psychological disorders are absent in some societies.
e.
Symptoms differing across cultures makes it hard to see that underlying causes are actually the same.
One way of defining mental illness across cultures is to focus on behaviors that are rare and impairing. What is the most significant flaw with this definition? f.
Many forms of mental illness are actually quite common.
g.
The disorders that are observed in one culture may not be observed in others.
h.
Many forms of mental illness do not cause impairment.
i.
This definition does not address the problem of somatization.
j.
The definition does not address mutual constitution of culture and mental illness.
A researcher wants to study hikikomori in Japan, France, Russia, and Canada. She starts with the Japanese criteria and translates them into French, Russian, and English. What is the main problem with this approach?
4.
5.
k.
Translations of psychological terms across languages are invalid.
l.
The hikikomori category may not have the same meaning outside Japan.
m.
The survey may not reach sufferers who are completely isolated.
n.
The category of hikikomori is only valid in interdependent societies.
o.
The resulting measure will not be sufficiently reliable.
Which of the following is an accurate comparison between bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa? p.
The age at which people first develop these disorders has decreased over recent years.
q.
The prevalence rates for both disorders are consistent across different parts of the world.
r.
Bulimia nervosa is associated with religiously motivated reasons for altering eating behavior but anorexia nervosa is not.
s.
Bulimia nervosa has consistent prevalence rates across cultures, while rates for anorexia nervosa vary.
t.
Rates of bulimia nervosa have increased rapidly in recent years, while rates of anorexia nervosa have remained unchanged.
Koro is manifested by a u.
male who feels extreme anxiety that his penis may be perceived as being extremely small.
v.
female who is deathly afraid of the cold and bundles herself up in as much clothing as possible.
w.
male who goes on a rampage and kills anyone he sees but remembers nothing from the episode.
x.
female who is deathly afraid that her nipples are shrinking into her body.
y.
male who has a morbid fear that someone has put a curse on him and that the curse must be lifted to save his life.
6.
7.
8.
Which of the following statements best characterizes ataques de nervios? z.
It is a Puerto Rican variant of panic disorder.
aa.
Diagnosis requires convulsions, heart palpitations, or rising heat.
bb.
It is especially common after an experience of violence.
cc.
The typical onset is sudden and occurs immediately after a stressful event.
dd.
It is more common among men than women.
What cultural characteristics are thought to predispose certain communities to show cases of amok? ee.
beliefs in witchcraft and sorcery
ff.
rapidly changing cultural norms
gg.
high value placed on masculine aggression
hh.
rapidly rising territorial anxiety
ii.
high value placed on lack of confrontation
Warren lives in an aboriginal nation comprised of many islands. He is about to travel to another island to meet his girlfriend, but in his haste, he forgot to pray to the local gods. After his trip, he falls terribly ill and feels very tired. These symptoms compel his village doctor to diagnose him with jj.
malgri.
kk.
ataques de nervios.
ll.
dhat.
mm.
latah.
nn.
voodoo death.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Which of the following is an example of a culture-bound syndrome? a.
arachnophobia
b.
hysteria
c.
hebephrenia
d.
dementia praecox
e.
melancholia
Which of the following people have agonias? f.
Person A becomes increasingly panicky as he senses that his penis is shrinking into his body.
g.
Person B worries about catching a cold and dresses in inappropriately warm clothing.
h.
After becoming increasingly frustrated, Person C explodes with uncontrolled anger and violence.
i.
Upon feeling anxious, Person D felt a burning sensation, a loss of breath, and difficulty sleeping.
j.
Person E thinks that he has overused his brain by thinking too much and is now panicky and irritable.
Despite malgri, agonias, koro, and dhat all being described very differently, they all share one underlying similarity. Is this true or false? k.
True: They are all impossible to treat.
l.
True: They all have disappeared over time.
m.
True: They all share the element of anxiety.
n.
True: They all carry religious connotations.
o.
False: They share no underlying similarities.
According to research, what cultural shift has been directly associated with changing rates of eating disorders?
13.
14.
15.
p.
rising levels of intelligence over the 20th century (i.e., the Flynn effect)
q.
transformations in the self-concept from interdependence to independence
r.
changes in norms about the ideal body as reflected in cultural products
s.
rising rates of migration from societies with different norms around food
t.
changes in gendered norms about appropriate social behavior
Compare anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Which of these disorders is culture-bound, and why? u.
bulimia nervosa, because it requires the ready availability of laxatives
v.
anorexia nervosa, because it requires religious norms that promote fasting
w.
anorexia nervosa, because it requires the norm that a thin body is beautiful
x.
bulimia nervosa, because it requires a surplus of food and privacy
y.
both disorders, because they require an independent self-construal
Depression is a condition that is z.
found in every culture that has been explored.
aa.
largely absent in China.
bb.
a culture-bound disorder.
cc.
found at similar rates in the population in all industrialized societies.
dd.
largely absent in rural societies.
Li presents to a clinic in China, where he reports a somewhat depressed mood but also fatigue, insomnia, dizziness, and pains. Clinicians are most likely to consider which of the following diagnoses? ee.
psychasthenia
16.
17.
18.
ff.
mixed anxiety-depression
gg.
hysteria
hh.
atypical depression
ii.
neurasthenia
Wendy, an American patient with depression, reports feeling suicidal, with a depressed mood and trouble sleeping. She is prescribed antidepressants. Weiwei, a Chinese patient with depression, is jj.
less likely to report sleep complaints.
kk.
less likely to report depressed mood.
ll.
more likely to take antidepressants.
mm.
more likely to become suicidal.
nn.
more likely to also have schizophrenia.
Gregory has been diagnosed with depression by his psychiatrists; however, he does not really report experiencing a negative affect. He primarily experiences stomach and sleep problems. Which of the following most accurately characterizes Gregory’s experience? oo.
externalization
pp.
derealization
qq.
psychologization
rr.
collectivization
ss.
somatization
Stephen and Jon are both diagnosed with a form of anxiety disorder. The difference between them is that Stephen’s primary symptoms are feeling anxious, mood fluctuations, and other mental issues. Jon’s symptoms, on the other hand, are discomfort in the chest, headaches, and diarrhea. Which of the following best explains the differences in the symptoms that the two are suffering?
19.
20.
21.
tt.
Jon’s anxiety disorder is less severe than Stephen’s.
uu.
Jon’s anxiety disorder is more severe than Stephen’s.
vv.
Stephen is concerned about how others might see him, while Jon is not.
ww.
Stephen is East Asian, and Jon is North American.
xx.
Stephen is experiencing psychologization, whereas Jon is experiencing somatization.
Your textbook argues that depression is culturally universal. What aspects of this disorder are known to be universal? a.
the specific symptoms that are experienced when depressed
b.
the lifetime prevalence rates of major depression
c.
the degree of impairment caused by a depressive episode
d.
the definition of major depressive disorder as found in DSM-5
e.
Many symptoms of depression are reported worldwide.
Considering the cross-cultural prevalence for unipolar depression and bipolar disorder, the rates are f.
more variable across cultures for unipolar depression.
g.
more variable across cultures for bipolar disorder.
h.
similarly invariable for both disorders across cultures.
i.
highly variable for both disorders across cultures.
j.
increasing in their variability over time for both disorders.
One possible mechanism thought to explain higher rates of somatization in certain cultures is k.
the tendency in some cultures to focus attention away from emotions.
l.
the social stigma associated with somatic symptoms in some cultures.
22.
23.
24.
m.
offense caused to others by somatic symptoms in interdependent cultures.
n.
the good prognosis for somatic symptoms in the developing world.
o.
decreased emotional responses to certain stimuli in some cultures.
Prevalence rates of social anxiety disorder p.
are largely constant across industrialized societies around the world.
q.
are higher in interdependent cultural contexts.
r.
are lower among East Asians than among North Americans.
s.
have been increasing in the West over the past few decades.
t.
are the same in urban and rural contexts.
When comparing Minako, a Japanese person, with Erica, an American, which of the following will likely be true? u.
Minako will be more likely to develop social anxiety disorder than Erica.
v.
Compared to Minako, Erica will be more likely to develop social anxiety disorder.
w.
Compared to Erica, Minako is less likely to be treated negatively by others if she shows certain symptoms of social anxiety.
x.
Minako will develop taijin kyofusho.
y.
Compared to Erica, Minako will be more likely to seek professional help if she develops social anxiety disorder.
Which of the following statements about social anxiety disorder is true? z.
Social anxiety appears limited to particular cultures and historical periods.
aa.
East Asians are much more likely to seek treatment for social anxiety.
25.
26.
27.
bb.
Socially anxious people in East Asia usually spend months or years isolated at home.
cc.
East Asians score higher than North Americans on trait measures of social anxiety.
dd.
Interdependence is associated with lower social anxiety in East Asians and North Americans.
Taijin kyofusho includes a number of social concerns. Some of these concerns are infrequently reported outside of Japan, including ee.
fear that one’s body odor is offensive to others.
ff.
avoidance of conflict with others.
gg.
fear that one is being followed by others.
hh.
avoidance of contact with others.
ii.
fear that public praise will bring shame.
Social anxiety disorder and the offensive subtype of taijin kyofusho differ in which of the following ways? jj.
The two disorders respond to different classes of medication.
kk.
The two disorders differ in terms of their main preoccupation.
ll.
Taijin kyofusho is better understood as a psychotic disorder.
mm.
Social anxiety symptoms are less offensive to other people.
nn.
None of the above is correct.
One foreign country has four aboriginal tribes. The Kohlrabis live in the rain forest, culturally quite distant from the mainstream culture. The Brackens live along the coast and now have very few connections to their traditional past. The Horabs live in the prairies and have always been culturally very similar to the mainstream culture. The Lithes live in the mountains and have maintained strong connections with their traditional past. Based on Chandler and colleagues’ (2003) research on
Canadian First Nation youths, which tribe would one expect to be associated with higher youth suicides?
28.
29.
oo.
the Kohlrabis
pp.
the Brackens
qq.
the Horabs
rr.
the Lithes
ss.
Chandler’s research does not address this issue.
Researchers are called to investigate the high rate of suicide in a little-known and isolated cultural minority group. Little else is known about this community, so the researchers decide they should start by considering the existing literature on culture and suicide. Based on this literature, which of the following explanations is plausible? tt.
There may be a series of copycat suicides taking place in this community.
uu.
This community may have lost contact with traditional beliefs and practices.
vv.
The culture of this community may promote suicide under certain circumstances.
ww.
The religion of this community may not have strong prohibitions against suicide.
xx.
All of the above statements are plausible.
Suicide rates a.
vary across cultures as much as they do because definitions of suicide also vary.
b.
among adolescents worldwide is the highest in Japan.
c.
in the United States are among the highest in the world.
d.
in most cultures tend to decrease as people age.
e.
increase among the elderly in many cultures.
30.
31.
32.
The textbook discusses the fact that the likelihood of developing schizophrenia has clear genetic factors. According to the textbook, if Maria has schizophrenia, what are the chances that her twin sister, Anca, will also have schizophrenia? f.
There is no chance: Only one of the twins can have schizophrenia.
g.
precisely 50% .
h.
greater than 50% but less than 100% .
i.
less than 50% but greater than 0% .
j.
Rates change depending on the type of schizophrenia.
John argues, “Schizophrenia is a universal disorder but that doesn’t mean it’s identical everywhere!” What evidence could John cite in support of his claim? k.
evidence that schizophrenia responds to antipsychotic medication but the prognosis is better in WEIRD cultures
l.
evidence that people with schizophrenia have the same symptoms everywhere but the symptoms have different meanings
m.
evidence that schizophrenia has a strong genetic basis but also different symptoms in different cultures
n.
evidence that rates of schizophrenia rates have shifted over time but follow the same pattern in every culture studied
o.
There is no evidence he could use. These studies are invalid because so many patients were excluded in each culture.
Which of the following statements about studies assessing rates of schizophrenia across countries is true? p.
Incidence rates of schizophrenia do not vary much from country to country.
q.
Patients with schizophrenia in less-developed countries tend to fare better over time than those from more developed countries.
r.
People who presented with psychotic symptoms that were inconsistent with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were not included in the studies.
33.
34.
35.
s.
Subtypes of schizophrenia vary substantially from country to country.
t.
All of these statements are true.
According to the textbook, which of the following patients with schizophrenia is going to have the best outcome? u.
Vanness, who lives with his family in a more developed society
v.
Jordan, who lives by himself in a more developed society
w.
Malcolm, who lives by himself in a less-developed society
x.
Latiri, who lives with her family in a less-developed society
y.
None of the above, as sociocultural influences vary across subtypes of schizophrenia.
Patients with schizophrenia living in less-developed societies should move to more developed societies if they want to have the best prognosis. Is this true or false? z.
True: More developed societies have better therapeutic techniques to manage schizophrenia.
aa.
False: That is only the case with catatonic schizophrenia.
bb.
True: Recognition of the biological components of schizophrenia allows more developed societies to better handle schizophrenia.
cc.
False: The prognosis for schizophrenia is better in less-developed societies than in more developed societies.
dd.
True: Both Naikan and Morita therapies from more developed societies are more effective at treating schizophrenia than religious therapies from less-developed societies.
Explorers discover a previously unknown hunter-gatherer society on a small Pacific island. A few people on this island have symptoms consistent with schizophrenia but they are not particularly impaired and often recover quickly. Based on the existing literature, which of the following explanations is the most plausible?
36.
37.
ee.
The inhabitants have low rates of the gene that predisposes for schizophrenia.
ff.
People with schizophrenia in this society tend to fit the catatonic subtype.
gg.
In this society, sufferers are socially shunned, which motivates them to improve.
hh.
In this society, the symptoms of schizophrenia are consistent with local norms.
ii.
The inhabitants have discovered an herbal remedy that mimics antipsychotic medication.
Compared to North Americans, distressed East Asians are likely to seek help jj.
more often.
kk.
more explicitly.
ll.
less frequently.
mm.
less persistently.
nn.
in the same way.
Susan is having a tough time but fortunately has a strong social network made up of friends from a variety of cultural backgrounds. Whom should she call if she wishes to hear some words of comfort? oo.
Amy, an American woman with a strong independent self-concept
pp.
Junko, a Japanese woman with a strong interdependent self-concept
qq.
Raisa, a Russian woman with a strong orthodox faith
rr.
Greta, a German woman who is staunchly atheist
ss.
She can call any of these women, as providing comfort is a cultural universal of friendship.
38.
39.
40.
You are a therapist who is hoping to treat a patient by asking him to understand his own past, to accept that his past is a part of him, and to learn to feel gratitude toward those around him. What type of treatment is this? tt.
cognitive behavioral therapy
uu.
client-centered therapy
vv.
Naikan therapy
ww.
Morita therapy
xx.
psychoanalytic therapy
As a Morita therapy practitioner, you want to raise the popularity of your therapeutic approach by teaching others about it. In your lectures to others, you are most likely to say, a.
“It is important that clients see how much kindness they have received from those around them.”
b.
“Ultimately, our goal is always to help clients get rid of their symptoms.”
c.
“It is important that clients see their symptoms as an important part of their own existence.”
d.
“Clients will benefit from being empowered to engage in primary control.”
e.
“Therapists must help clients to bring the clients’ ara, emi, and ori into alignment.”
As a Naikan therapy practitioner, you want to raise the popularity of your therapeutic approach by teaching others about it. In your lectures to others, you are most likely to say, f.
“It is important that clients see how much kindness they have received from those around them.”
g.
“Ultimately, our goal is always to help clients get rid of their symptoms.”
h.
“It is important that clients see their symptoms as an important part of their own existence.”
41.
42.
43.
i.
“Clients will benefit from being empowered to engage in primary control.”
j.
“Therapists must help clients to bring the clients’ ara, emi, and ori into alignment.”
When comparing Morita therapy and Naikan therapy, which of the following is true? k.
Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy does not.
l.
Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy encourages one to exercise primary control.
m.
Naikan therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Morita therapy encourages one to exercise primary control.
n.
Naikan therapy is more difficult and more expensive than Morita therapy due to different demands on the therapist.
o.
Both Naikan therapy and Morita therapy have been successfully used in Western cultures to reform prison inmates.
Andrelle is a therapist who wants to be culturally competent in treating her client, L.C. This means that Andrelle must p.
examine L. C. purely from the perspective of L. C.’s cultural background.
q.
always perceive L. C. as being a typical member of L. C.’s cultural group.
r.
interpret L. C.’s symptoms from Andrelle’s own cultural perspective.
s.
consider how L. C. manages multiple cultural influences.
t.
disregard her own cultural background in preparing for her work with L. C.
Which of the following therapists is most accurately being described as demonstrating cultural competence?
44.
45.
u.
Therapist A has spent many years learning about the values and beliefs of different cultures.
v.
Therapist B works as a licensed clinical psychologist as part of a cultural consultation service.
w.
Therapist C is familiar with how culture shapes both his own perspective and that of his clients
x.
Therapist D has been well trained in both Morita therapy and Naikan therapy and uses them regularly.
y.
Therapist E works as a medical anthropologist as part of an established cultural consultation service.
Gennady is a Russian migrant to England who is anxious and seeking psychotherapy. He is fluent in both Russian and English, considers himself to be a traditional Russian male, but says he is generally comfortable with English people. The clinic coordinator is trying to assign him to a clinician. Based on the research, who is likely to be the most effective? z.
Anna, a Russian therapist who grew up in Moscow and moved to England in her 20s
aa.
Beatrice, a Canadian therapist who has a good understanding of empirical research in cultural psychology
bb.
Cindy, an English therapist who has a good understanding of her own cultural influences
cc.
Daria, a Belorussian therapist who received psychotherapy training in Russia
dd.
Any of these therapists should be equally effective.
Your sister just got a new job. Her role is to be a surrogate sister for a teenage boy who has not unlocked himself from his room for a year. Ultimately, her job is to try to get the boy to get out of the house. What condition does this boy have? ee.
taijin kyofusho
ff.
dhat syndrome
gg.
hikikomori
hh.
susto
ii.
amaterasu
46.
A clinician uses two different forms of therapy to treat patients with anxiety and depression: Therapy 1 emphasizes bed rest, manual activities, and manual labor; Therapy 2 emphasizes thinking about how much one has benefited from the kindness of others. Patients with each disorder either received Therapy 1 or Therapy 2. The clinician found that Therapy 1 can effectively treat anxiety but Therapy 2 cannot. On the other hand, both therapies can effectively treat depression. Draw a bar graph that reflects the proportion of patients with each disorder that were cured by each therapy. In your graph, use the proper labels corresponding to each therapy.
47.
An economics professor controversially argues that it is to the benefit of all cultures around the world to become more Westernized and developed due to the huge economic benefits that Westernization and development bring, with no negative repercussions: Everyone is richer and happier. From a mental health perspective, do you agree with this position? Why or why not? In your response, include two pieces of evidence to support your claims.
48.
There are three camps of people in discussing anorexia nervosa: the “cultural” camp says that it is a culture-bound syndrome, the “universal” camp says that it is a universal syndrome, and the “integrationist” camp says that both labels apply to this condition. Evaluate which position best characterizes current research on anorexia nervosa.
49.
Should anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa be considered culture-bound syndromes? Take a position on each of these two eating disorders and justify your position with reference to the research literature discussed in the textbook.
50.
Jack and Jill have both been diagnosed with a psychiatric condition: Jack has depression and Jill has neurasthenia. They each have 10 symptoms that led their
clinicians to give them these diagnoses. Draw a bar graph reflecting the expected pattern of how many somatic symptoms and psychological symptoms Jack and Jill each have. (Note: the overall pattern matters; exact numbers do not.)
51.
Should social anxiety disorder and taijin kyofusho (TKS) be considered a single disorder or two separate disorders? Discuss the evidence supporting each of these two positions with reference to the research literature discussed in the textbook.
52.
The country of Adanac has two indigenous populations, Eerc and Tignilt, along with a large population of colonizers. Before colonization, the Eerc and Tignilt were culturally very similar to each other, and the suicide rates of both populations were steady at around 1%. After colonization, the Eerc have rejected the vastly different culture of the colonizers, insisting on maintaining their own culture. On the other hand, the Tignilt have increasingly adopted more aspects of the colonizers’ culture so that many elements of their original culture has faded over time. Based on research on suicide rates discussed in the textbook, draw a line graph to depict the suicide rates of the Eerc and Tignilt people before and after the time when colonization began.
Answer Key chapter 14
1. Answer:
B
2. Answer:
B
3. Answer:
B
4. Answer:
A
5. Answer:
D
6. Answer:
C
7. Answer:
E
8. Answer:
A
9. Answer:
B
10. Answer:
D
11. Answer:
C
12. Answer:
C
13. Answer:
D
14. Answer:
A
15. Answer:
E
16. Answer:
B
17. Answer:
E
18. Answer:
E
19. Answer:
E
20. Answer:
A
21. Answer:
A
22. Answer:
C
23. Answer:
C
24. Answer:
D
25. Answer:
A
26. Answer:
B
27. Answer:
B
28. Answer:
E
29. Answer:
E
30. Answer:
D
31. Answer:
C
32. Answer:
E
33. Answer:
D
34. Answer:
D
35. Answer:
D
36. Answer:
C
37. Answer:
A
38. Answer:
C
39. Answer:
C
40. Answer:
A
41. Answer:
A
42. Answer:
D
43. Answer:
C
44. Answer:
C
45. Answer:
C
46. Answer:
Students’ graphs should be similar to the following figure.
47. Answer:
Acceptable answers include the following: higher anorexia and bulimia rates in more Westernized cultures; higher suicide rates associated with Westernized indigenous and Micronesian populations; poorer prognoses for schizophrenia in developed societies; and Ethan Watters’s (2010) argument that increased exposure to Western psychopathologies has led to the exportation of such psychopathologies in environments where they had not previously existed.
48. Answer:
According to the textbook, the third position is the best because there is evidence for both sides, depending on the framing of the condition.
49. Answer:
Support for eating disorders as culture-bound syndromes comes from the large increase in prevalence rates over the past half-century, reduction in the average age of onset over a similar period, links between eating disorders and changing cultural norms, higher prevalence of eating disorders in the West (especially bulimia), and different motivations in different parts of the world specifically for anorexia. Arguments against are weaker, but a nuanced answer addressing both the case for and against might mention the observation of anorexia across very different societies and that different diagnostic rates might be linked in part to the diagnostic criteria used in different parts of the world (especially whether the fear of weight gain is a necessary symptom).
50. Answer:
Students’ graphs should be similar to the following figure.
51. Answer:
One might take the position that the two diagnoses should be considered a single disorder because both involve anxiety surrounding social fears (sufficient to cause distress and/or impairment), they involve many overlapping symptoms, and they respond to the same antidepressant medications. On the other hand, one might argue that the two diagnoses should be considered different disorders because the underlying fear is different (fear of embarrassing the self versus fear of offending others) and some of the key symptoms are different (e.g., for TKS, concerns about body odor, sweating, blushing, eye and gaze).
52. Answer:
Students’ graphs should be similar to the following figure. The inflection point exists only for the Tignilt at the moment when colonization began.
Name: ___________________________ Class: _________________ Date: __________
chapter 15 1.
2.
3.
Social loafing is a.
more common in individualistic cultures because people in individualistic cultures tend to be less concerned about their connections with others.
b.
more common in collectivistic cultures because people in collectivistic cultures don’t want to stand out.
c.
more common among women in individualistic cultures and men in collectivistic cultures.
d.
more common among men in individualistic cultures and women in collectivistic cultures.
e.
equally common in collectivistic and individualistic cultures.
Angela is putting a team together for a group project in Canada. Leila is putting a team together for a group project in Turkey. Social loafing is likely to be reduced f.
in both Angela’s and Leila’s groups if people are rewarded on the principle of equality
g.
in both Angela’s and Leila’s groups if the teams are composed of friends.
h.
in both Angela’s and Leila’s groups if the teams are all women or all men
i.
in Leila’s group (but not Angela’s) if the team is made up of people from diverse backgrounds
j.
in Angela’s group (but not Leila’s) if the teams are composed of both men and women.
In a study comparing Chinese, American, and Israeli managers, the greatest amount of work was done by
4.
5.
k.
Israeli and American managers working alone and Chinese managers working in groups.
l.
Israeli, Chinese, and American managers when they each worked in groups.
m.
American managers working alone, Israeli managers working with outgroup members, and Chinese managers working with ingroup members.
n.
American managers working alone, Israeli managers working with ingroup members, and Chinese managers working with any group.
o.
American managers working alone and Chinese and Israeli managers each working with ingroup members.
Joseph is the star of his basketball team in America. Deng is the star of his basketball team in China. If both Joseph and Deng’s outstanding performance lead to a win for their team, we would expect that p.
Joseph will feel more positively about his team than Deng feels about his.
q.
Joseph will feel more negatively about his team than Deng feels about his.
r.
Joseph will be more paternalistic toward his teammates than Deng will.
s.
Joseph will work harder for his team than Deng will.
t.
Deng will be more likely than Joseph to believe that salaries of team members should be based on equity.
If a work team succeeds, everyone will be given a bonus prize that will be split evenly. If a worker believes in ________, he or she will likely ________. u.
equality; engage in social loafing
v.
equity; engage in social loafing
w.
antisocial punishment; punish anyone who engages in social loafing
x.
altruistic punishment; punish anyone who shows signs of social striving
y.
distributive justice; punish anyone who shows signs of social striving
6.
7.
8.
You are assembling two work teams. Group A is composed of European Americans; Group B is composed of a mixture of European Americans, Black Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos. Based on the research on diversity in the workplace, for a task that requires clear communication among team members, we might expect Group ________ to excel. For a task that requires group members to have group cohesion, we might expect Group ________ to excel. z.
A; A
aa.
A; B
bb.
B; A
cc.
B; B
dd.
Groups A and B will do equally well at both tasks.
You are assembling two work teams. Group A is composed of European Americans; Group B is composed of a mixture of European Americans, Black Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos. Based on the research on diversity in the workplace, for a task that requires a lot of coordination among team members, we might expect Group ________ to excel. For a task that requires group members to develop a creative new way to completely reorganize the factory floor, we might expect Group ________ to excel. ee.
A; A
ff.
A; B
gg.
B; A
hh.
B; B
ii.
Groups A and B will do equally well at both tasks.
Ron, an American manager, is most likely to value a creative idea that is ________, and Tomo, a Japanese manager, is most likely to value a creative idea that is ________. jj.
brilliant; new
9.
10.
11.
kk.
practical; appropriate
ll.
destructive; generative
mm.
novel; useful
nn.
aesthetically pleasing; efficient
Kamala is a researcher who follows a common practice of defining a nation’s creativity by the number of patents granted. Brianna follows a different practice, defining a nation’s creativity by the number of “world-changing” innovations it has made in the past 100 years (as judged by experts in the field). Brianna’s and Kamala’s conclusions about the most creative country in the world will be a.
the same.
b.
different.
c.
the same for the period up until World War II.
d.
the same up until the “tax cut revolution” of the 1980s.
e.
the same up until the “patent litigation boom” of the 1970s.
A study of the historical record in Chinese and North American cultures shows that the relationship between creativity and mental illness is f.
weaker for Chinese geniuses than North American geniuses.
g.
stronger for Chinese geniuses than North American geniuses.
h.
no different for Chinese and North American geniuses.
i.
no different for Chinese and North American geniuses up until World War II.
j.
no different for Chinese and North American geniuses when they are primed with collectivism.
________ leads the world in the number of patents, because they concentrate on ________. This is consistent with ________.
12.
13.
k.
Switzerland; areas of their expertise; their emphasis on efficiency
l.
The United States; making important breakthroughs; their emphasis on individualism
m.
Japan; making incremental improvements; their emphasis on the usefulness aspect of creativity
n.
Germany; engineering; their emphasis on precision
o.
China; using their connections to get products and processes patented; the concept of guanxi
You are leading a group of researchers from Japan and the United States that is attempting to come up with a new invention based on current designs for the car so your company can submit a patent. Based on cultural differences in creative thinking, which of the following is the most likely to happen? p.
Japanese researchers’ preference for the status quo will lead them to think that current car designs are sufficient; American researchers will focus on making only slight adjustments to make cars more functional.
q.
Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making revolutionizing changes to current car designs.
r.
Japanese researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to current car designs; American researchers will want the status quo and keep current car designs.
s.
Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making minor adjustments to current car designs to make cars more functional.
t.
Japanese researchers will focus on making minor adjustments to cars to make them more functional; American researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to them.
Yasmin is an executive at a company, and she wants to hire the most creative applicant for a new position. She decides to hire someone from an individualistic culture because she feels that individualists are more creative than collectivists. You ________ with her statement because ________. u.
agree; the higher need for uniqueness among individualists makes them generally more creative than collectivists
14.
15.
v.
disagree; being more concerned about improving the lives of others makes collectivists generally more creative than individualists
w.
agree; the higher level of analytic thinking among individualists makes them generally more creative than collectivists
x.
disagree; individualists and collectivists are better at different types of creative thinking
y.
agree; having less naïve dialecticism makes individualists generally more creative than collectivists
According to the GLOBE project, team-oriented leaders tend to be particularly popular in ________ and relatively less popular in ________. z.
Latin America; North America
aa.
Latin America; the Middle East
bb.
North America; East Asia
cc.
South Asia; southern Europe
dd.
English-speaking countries; French-speaking countries
Manager A likes to make decisions on his or her own and tries to make sure others do not have too much influence on his or her behavior. According to the GLOBE Survey, Manager A demonstrates ________ leadership and would be a good fit in ________. ee.
autonomous; Eastern Europe
ff.
autonomous; Latin America
gg.
charismatic/value-based; Eastern Europe
hh.
charismatic/value-based; Eastern Europe
ii.
paternalistic; Latin America
16.
17.
18.
19.
An employee is having some problems in his personal life. Seeing this, his boss steps in and tries to help him through the difficulties. This boss’s behavior is an example of ________ leadership and would be most appropriate in ________. jj.
paternalistic; Australia
kk.
paternalistic; Brazil
ll.
participative; Australia
mm.
participative; Brazil
nn.
team-oriented; Brazil
The president of Company A cares mostly about staying in power and not being fired. This president demonstrates ________ leadership and will likely be least effective in ________. oo.
self-protective; Finland
pp.
self-protective; Pakistan
qq.
autonomous; Finland
rr.
autonomous; Pakistan
ss.
humane-oriented; Pakistan
The high salaries of CEOs in the United States are likely to be derived from American ideas about tt.
equity.
uu.
seniority.
vv.
paternalism.
ww.
education.
xx.
democracy.
Shira wants to be a global leader for her multicultural team. To accomplish this, she should
20.
21.
22.
a.
conform to each employees’ cultural expectations.
b.
ignore cultural differences between group members.
c.
always follow the principle of need.
d.
be nonjudgmental and tolerant of ambiguity.
e.
ensure everyone understands that she has seniority.
A ringi system is the least compatible with f.
participative leaders.
g.
autonomous leaders.
h.
team-oriented leaders.
i.
paternalistic leaders.
j.
the process of nemawashi.
The preference in India for allocations based on ________ would be consistent with ________ leadership. k.
need; paternalistic
l.
merit; self-protective
m.
seniority; team-oriented
n.
wasta; humane-oriented
o.
equity; autonomous
Which of these concepts are the most alike in their meanings? p.
guanxi and jeitinho
q.
wasta and nemawashi
r.
guanxi and wasta
23.
24.
25.
s.
jeitinho and nemawashi
t.
dugri and nemawashi
If Adam firmly believes in following rules and regulations, he is most likely to be disturbed by u.
ideas of distributive justice.
v.
participative leadership.
w.
nemawashi.
x.
jeitinho.
y.
non-zero-sum games
The CEO of Company A has to decide whether the company should concentrate on its online business or its brick-and-mortar business. The CEO of Company A decides to call a meeting and have advocates for each side make their best arguments. Across town, a rival, Company B, has to make the same decision. Instead of calling a meeting, the CEO of Company B informally talks with employees, trying to build a consensus before an official decision is reached. The process of Company A is ________; the process of Company B is ________. z.
likely to go poorly in China; likely to go well in Japan
aa.
reliant on jeitinho; reliant on guanxi
bb.
likely to go poorly in Asia; paternalistic
cc.
reflective of meritocracy; engaged in by self-protective leaders
dd.
characteristic of humane-oriented leaders; reflective of nemawashi
In cultures that are collectivistic, rewards tend to be distributed according to principles of ee.
equity.
ff.
equality.
26.
27.
28.
gg.
nemawashi.
hh.
equality for ingroup members and equity for outgroup members.
ii.
equity for ingroup members and equality for outgroup members.
You live in a culture in which people grow their own food and rarely have to buy food from others. One day, a researcher from the United States asks you to play the dictator game with a stranger. You are given $50 and you must decide how much to give to the stranger. Based on all the information given in this question, which of the following amounts are you NOT likely to give? jj.
$0
kk.
$5
ll.
$13
mm.
$15
nn.
$25
Inderjit, an Indian villager, came across a pot of gold while working in the fields. Based on the research on culture and justice, how is he most likely to distribute this gold after he brings it back to his village? oo.
People who contribute the most to the village will receive more pieces of gold,
pp.
People who need more money will receive more pieces of gold.
qq.
People who are older will receive more pieces of gold.
rr.
The gold will be distributed equally to everyone in the village.
ss.
The gold will be distributed based on a lottery system.
You and Abdul are making sandwiches to sell to people waiting in line for a concert. You make and sell 10 sandwiches. Abdul makes and sells 20 sandwiches. The profit from your venture is $120. According to the principle of ________, your share of the profit is ________.
29.
30.
31.
tt.
equity; $60
uu.
need; $40
vv.
distributive justice; $60
ww.
equality; $60
xx.
compromise; $50
Daisuke is vice president (VP) of a large Japanese company with three vice presidents. He has been twice as productive as the other two vice presidents. Based on the research on distributive justice, if the company has a $90,000 bonus to distribute among the three VPs, Daisuke will likely receive a.
$30,000.
b.
$45,000.
c.
$60,000.
d.
$90,000.
e.
Extra nonmonetary compensation (such as an extra month of vacation, use of the company car, a larger office).
Which of the following concepts tend to go together? f.
just world beliefs and global leadership
g.
just world beliefs and principles of equity
h.
just world beliefs and principles of equality
i.
principles of equity and humane-oriented leadership
j.
tolerance for ambiguity and altruistic punishment
In research by Murphy-Berman and colleagues with American and Indian participants, the researchers found that Americans’ favorite solution for rewarding employees was to reward on the basis of ________ and their least favorite solution was to reward on the basis of ________. For Indians, their most favorite solution
for rewarding employees was based on ________ and their least favorite solution was based on ________.
32.
33.
34.
k.
equity; equality; need; equity
l.
equity; equality; equality; equity
m.
equity; need; need; equity
n.
equality; need; need; equity
o.
equality; equity; equality; need
It is likely that the general goal of fairness is ________ and the way fairness is implemented is ________. p.
universal; universal
q.
universal; nonuniversal
r.
nonuniversal; nonuniversal
s.
universal; almost universally driven by the principle of equality
t.
universal; primarily driven by the principle of equity
In dictator games, participants from the main monotheistic religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) are likely to be u.
more generous than average.
v.
less generous than average.
w.
more generous than average, unless the games are played anonymously.
x.
less generous than average, unless the games are played multiple times.
y.
less generous than average after writing an essay arguing that there is only one true deity.
In a dictator game played among anonymous participants, Americans tend to be
35.
36.
z.
more generous than people from small-scale societies.
aa.
less generous than people from small-scale societies.
bb.
equally generous as people from small-scale societies.
cc.
more generous than people from small-scale societies if they are female but less generous than people from small-scale societies if they are male.
dd.
more generous than people from small-scale societies if they are female but less generous than people from small-scale societies if they are male.
In a dictator game played among anonymous participants, ________ tend to be more generous. ee.
farmers who grow their own food
ff.
people high on openness to experience
gg.
people who live in market economies
hh.
people who live in dictatorships
ii.
people who do not understand the concept of money
Yasmeen is an Indian professor and Jasmine is an American professor. They teach the same class at the same school by alternating the weeks when they lecture, and they also share the same office during office hours. Both teachers are in their shared office listening to students plead their cases to get some extra points for their essays. Under which of the following circumstances would Yasmeen be more willing to give extra points than would Jasmine? jj.
if the student’s claim was “I deserve these few points because I worked really hard and spent a lot of sleepless nights doing practice questions”
kk.
if the student’s claim was “I think I should be given these few extra points because I am a better student than the grade indicates”
ll.
if the student’s claim was “I need these few extra points to get the position I’m looking for in this animation firm”
37.
38.
39.
mm.
if the student’s claim was “I should get these few extra points because my friend Ryan got a few extra points as well”
nn.
if the student’s claim was “The essay was not fair because it did not ask us to write about something we were actually interested in”
In playing a public goods game, Horatio keeps punishing Yorick, who had previously punished Horatio, even though Yorick is now cooperating. The goal is for everyone to get as much money as possible. Which of the following is a predictor of Horatio’s behavior? oo.
He is from a WEIRD culture.
pp.
He also engages in altruistic punishment.
qq.
He is from a culture with weak rule of law.
rr.
He is in the conventional level of Kohlberg’s model of moral reasoning.
ss.
He abides by the code of divinity.
Juan is walking down the street when he sees someone cheat an old woman at the market. Juan finds the cheater and loudly criticizes him in front of everyone at the market. According to the terminology from the text, Juan is engaging in tt.
altruistic punishment.
uu.
antisocial punishment.
vv.
equisocial punishment.
ww.
a dictator game.
xx.
a coordination game.
After being yelled at, the cheater in the previous question decides to accuse Juan of being a violent psychopath and yells at him in front of everyone at the market. According to the terminology from the text, the cheater is a.
engaging in altruistic punishment.
b.
accusing Juan of playing the dictator game.
40.
41.
42.
c.
engaging in antisocial punishment.
d.
accusing Juan of wasta.
e.
engaging in what Brazilians call “stoning the square.”
According to economists who study economic games, the key to the development of cooperation in humans is f.
antisocial punishment.
g.
asocial punishment.
h.
altruistic punishment.
i.
cross-contingent bilateral punishment.
j.
cross-contingent multilateral punishment.
Antisocial punishment is an example of a(n) k.
meritocracy.
l.
nonuniversal.
m.
public goods game.
n.
code of autonomy.
o.
accessibility universal.
One would expect antisocial punishment to be least likely in p.
cultures of honor.
q.
Eastern European countries (as compared to Western European countries).
r.
places where citizens work together for the common good.
s.
places that are high in competitiveness.
t.
places with high levels of corruption.
43.
44.
45.
46.
All other things being equal, you would expect antisocial punishment to be more common in u.
individualistic cultures.
v.
honor cultures.
w.
societies with low power distance.
x.
achievement-oriented societies.
y.
dignity cultures.
Corruption tends to be high in places with z.
a medium level of power distance.
aa.
high levels of individualism.
bb.
high levels of market integration.
cc.
high levels of egalitarianism.
dd.
high levels of collectivism.
Psychologists sometimes study dishonest behavior in the lab. One piece of evidence that the results are valid and generalizable is ee.
the fact that they use real money.
ff.
the manipulation of both antisocial and altruistic punishment.
gg.
levels of cheating in the lab correlate with levels of corruption in a country (as rated by the World Bank).
hh.
individual differences that show up in lab data are also found in reports by the participants’ peers.
ii.
the high levels of emotion that participants show.
Cooperative norms in children tend to emerge when there is a high
47.
48.
jj.
degree of concern with ingroup harmony and games are non-zero-sum.
kk.
degree of concern with ingroup harmony and games are zero-sum.
ll.
level of antisocial punishment and games are non-zero-sum.
mm.
level of antisocial punishment and games are zero-sum.
nn.
degree of concern with intergroup harmony and a high degree of antisocial punishment.
Joe is a negotiator for a company that makes computer chips. He has to negotiate with suppliers from Taiwan and suppliers from the United States. To get the best deal for his company, he might need to ________ to his U.S. supplier and ________ to his Taiwanese supplier. oo.
express anger; express anger
pp.
express anger; make an apology
qq.
make an apology; express anger
rr.
make an apology; make an apology
ss.
neither express anger nor make an apology; neither express anger nor make an apology
Pria is vice president of a large international conglomerate that has offices all over the world. She needs to negotiate with her distributors in Japan and her distributors in North America. To get the best outcome for all parties, she should send her ________ to negotiate with the Japanese distributors and her ________ to negotiate with her North American distributors. tt.
North American team; North American team
uu.
North American team; Japanese team
vv.
Japanese team; North American team
ww.
Japanese team; Japanese team
xx.
European team; European team
49.
Negotiations between people who are previously unacquainted are likely to take longer in a.
East Asia.
b.
Western Europe.
c.
Northern Europe.
d.
North America.
e.
English-speaking countries.
50.
In the context of group performance, how might principles of equity impact social loafing, and why?
51.
To what extent would it be beneficial to have a creative team in the workplace comprised of people from Japan and the United States? Conversely, how might such a cross-cultural creative team be problematic and how could those problems be prevented or addressed?
52.
Your graduate school supervisor, Dr. Schick, wants to accept the most creative graduate student into the program. To that end, Dr. Schick proposes that the school administers a measure of individualism/collectivism to graduate students, so that he can accept highly individualistic applicants with the assumption that they are more creative than highly collectivistic applicants. Based on research on culture and creativity, do you agree with Dr. Schick’s assumption? Why or why not?
53.
Lab experiments are sometimes criticized for not being generalizable to the real world. What is some evidence from cross-cultural research that demonstrates that lab experiment are generalizable?
54.
Compare and contrast guanxi and wasta.
55.
Japan is often considered a hierarchical culture, but its work culture also has egalitarian aspects. Explain how Japan’s work culture could be considered egalitarian.
56.
You work for a North American company and are about to send your negotiator to East Asia. What advice do you give him or her to ensure the best outcome?
57.
Why do negotiations between previously unacquainted parties typically take longer in East Asia?
58.
Why might Western-style free markets and guanxi be conceptually opposed? Conversely, why might the concepts be less opposed than one might originally think?
59.
In what ways are competition and generosity opposed? In what ways do norms of competition and generosity go together?
60.
In trying to summarize research on punishment and cooperation for your supervisor, you decide to draw a line graph that separately predicts cooperation within a culture based on a culture’s willingness to engage in (a) antisocial punishment and (b) altruistic punishment. Draw such a line graph.
Answer Key chapter 15
1. Answer:
A
2. Answer:
B
3. Answer:
E
4. Answer:
B
5. Answer:
B
6. Answer:
A
7. Answer:
B
8. Answer:
D
9. Answer:
B
10. Answer:
A
11. Answer:
C
12. Answer:
E
13. Answer:
D
14. Answer:
B
15. Answer:
A
16. Answer:
B
17. Answer:
A
18. Answer:
A
19. Answer:
D
20. Answer:
B
21. Answer:
A
22. Answer:
C
23. Answer:
D
24. Answer:
A
25. Answer:
D
26. Answer:
E
27. Answer:
B
28. Answer:
D
29. Answer:
A
30. Answer:
B
31. Answer:
C
32. Answer:
B
33. Answer:
A
34. Answer:
A
35. Answer:
C
36. Answer:
C
37. Answer:
C
38. Answer:
A
39. Answer:
C
40. Answer:
C
41. Answer:
B
42. Answer:
C
43. Answer:
B
44. Answer:
E
45. Answer:
C
46. Answer:
A
47. Answer:
B
48. Answer:
C
49. Answer:
A
50. Answer:
Principles of equity imply that people should be rewarded according to their inputs. Thus, people will find it unfair if they believe they have put in great effort and are rewarded no more than others are. As a result, they will “loaf” and not put in maximum effort, doing less than if the inputs and rewards were theirs alone.
51. Answer:
It may be good because people are bringing diverse perspectives to the table. Further, the Americans would be likely to concentrate on the novel aspect of creativity, whereas the Japanese might concentrate on its useful aspects. However, as with other cross-cultural teams, there may be a fair share of conflict due to miscommunication, stereotyping, and ethnic polarization. The group leader should make it clear that both diversity and merit are valued, should use explicit strategies to minimize miscommunication, and should try to build a unifying team identity.
52. Answer:
Answers will vary.
53. Answer:
Cross-cultural research shows that dishonesty in lab studies predicts national-level corruption (as rated by the World Bank). Lab experiments involving concepts of creativity as emphasizing either usefulness or novelty seem to be reflected in patterns of innovation (incremental versus breakthrough) in the economies of Asia and North America, respectively. Lab experiments showing American preferences for equity seem to be reflected in real-world disparities in income.
54. Answer:
Both involve using connections, though wasta is more likely than guanxi to imply corruption.
55. Answer:
All persons at the same level of seniority tend to be rewarded equally (principle of equality for ingroup members). Also, the practice of nemawashi involves proposals that can come from any level of the organization and an attempt is made to build consensus among all interested parties.
56. Answer:
You must build a trusting relationship. Interpersonal harmony is important. Search for a common connection in your social and business networks. Do not get angry. To reestablish trust, don’t be afraid to apologize. Be patient. Think of this as a non-zero-sum game. Treat this as a long-term relationship, not as a single interaction.
57. Answer:
First, the parties must build a trusting relationship; each party needs to make sure that their counterpart is not treating this deal as a shortterm, or one-time interaction. Second, East Asian negotiators have many constituencies that have to be consulted and considered.
58. Answer:
Markets value the rational and efficient use of resources, meaning that loyalty and allegiances may be ignored or treated as only one factor in making decisions about who to buy from, sell to, cooperate with, and so on. Guanxi, on the other hand, emphasizes loyalty, allegiances, and mutual connection to a network. The two might be less opposed than one might originally expect because taking a long-term view of the relationship with a counterparty that one can depend on may be a very rational, efficient strategy when one considers doing business over a long-time horizon.
59. Answer:
Competition can lead to selfishness. However, competition is also the basis of market economies, which tend to produce more generous allocations (or at least closer to “fair” 50-50 allocations) in anonymous dictator games.
60. Answer:
Students’ graphs should be similar to the following figure.