Manchester Bird Sanctuary Report, 2003-2004

ACAPSAI NTJOHN

MANCHESTERBI RDSANCTUARY REPORT, 20032004

Acknowledgements

The Atlantic Coastal Action Program (ACAP) Saint John successfully completed the study of the Manchester Bird Sanctuary due in part to funds received from the Environmental Trust Fund from the New Brunswick Department of Environment and Local Government and from in-kind support from the City of Saint John. Gratitude is imparted to the residents in the Manchester area, especially Mrs. Wyn Miller, Mr. Kenneth Watkins, and Ms Janet Whitehead. For his expertise as a bird expert, ACAP thanks Hank Deichmann. For assistance with mapping gratitude is also imparted to John Ellefsen at the GIS Department of City Hall. For his assistance with the history of the Manchester Sanctuary, ACAP would like to thank Bernie Morrison at the Parks and Commission Department of Saint John. ACAP thanks Stephen Clayden at the New Brunswick Museum, and Dr. Kate Frego for all the botanical expertise and assistance. Gratitude is also imparted to Lacey Mckenna and Chris Bates who helped as field assistants through out the summer.

Cover bird: Chipping Sparrow (ŠBio.Davidson.edu) 1

Abstract The Manchester Bird Sanctuary is an urban green space located in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. The Atlantic Coastal Action Program (ACAP Saint John) identified and delineated habitat types suitable for use by wildlife, particularly birds. The sanctuary supported 48 species of birds, including upright-perching water birds, owls, hawk-like birds, pigeon-like birds, swallow-like birds, tree-clinging birds, and perching birds. It was found that the sanctuary was comprised of six habitat types; spruce stand, mixed woods stand, balsam fir stand, fern-sphagnum area, grass field, and an escapee plant species area. It is recommended that there be no development or ‘enhancements’ to the natural state of the area.

Background The Manchester Bird Sanctuary (45-15-00.36N, 66-07-14.91W, 2529768.56N, 7361152.47E) is a 4.65 hectare plot of land located at 263 Manchester Avenue, southwest of the Manchester Dever Road Intersection on the west side of Saint John New Brunswick (Figure 1). A. Carle Smith donated the land to the City of Saint John in June of 1975. Mr. Smith pursued many interests and became a self-taught authority on nature, geography, politics and local history. The sun porch of his house, at 264 Manchester Avenue West, provided an ideal setting where he enjoyed the wildlife in the sanctuary. Mr. Smith and his mother, Mrs. H.L Smith, were active conservationists concerned about vanishing species, which was evident when Mr. Smith stipulated in his will that; “Three (3) parts to the City of Saint John in Trust to be invested by it as it shall see fit and the income thereof to be applied for the purposes of preserving and maintaining the wild life sanctuary”.

Figure 1. Manchester Bird Sanctuary in Saint John, New Brunswick.

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According to Carle Smith, life would be “pretty dull” if human beings were the only creatures on earth. The 4.65 hectares of woodland was officially registered as the Manchester Bird Sanctuary in 1951. Mr. Smith’s philosophy was, “surely it is not the desire of a majority of the population that man should be the only creature to inhabit this planet. That being the case, the only answer is for the setting up of more wildlife sanctuary in the neighbourhood of our cities”. Mr. Smith was concerned about urban expansion within the region when he set aside the woodland as a sanctuary: “Until a few years ago it was possible for many kinds of wildlife to find shelter almost in city limits. But a drive around the district shows how the picture has changed... Progress has its price. A number of small sanctuaries scattered through the district would serve to prevent many familiar species of birds and animals from becoming rare in our area”. Carl Smith frequently spotted many species of birds such as Blue-jays (Figure 2), Chickadees, Nuthatches, Long-tailed Sparrows, the occasional Canadian Jay, as well as mammals such as squirrels, raccoon, porcupine, and skunks. Carle Smith called squirrels the “clowns of the forest with their miniature quarrels among themselves and their acrobatics make them fascinating to watch”. Carle Smith fought for the conservation of nature with his pen and with his voice has succeeded for a small set of animals and plants.

The purpose of this study was to explore the Manchester Bird Sanctuary and to discover the types of habitat that supported bird nesting and survival. Each habitat essentially provided different resource materials for food and shelter for the birds. According to bird enthusiast Hank Deichmann, there are approximately forty-eight species that visit, live, or breed within this sanctuary.

Figure 2. Blue-jay.

(© Ron Le Valley)

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Methods The study was conducted in the summer of 2003 beginning in June and terminating in September.

Baselines were constructed using two perpendicular lines starting at the point furthest from Manchester Avenue. Line A ran parallel with Manchester Avenue down a slope to the corresponding perpendicular boundary line (line B, parallel with Edgehill Row). Line A was taken out with the bearing 64 degrees NE (with declimation 18 degrees). Line B was taken on the bearing of 11 degrees NE and it was taken out for 280 meters (property dimensions attained by the GIS unit of the City of Saint John). Along Line B, fifty meters were subsequently marked.

At each demarcation, a perpendicular line was taken out, parallel to Line A on the bearing 69 degrees. Each fifty metres on these parallel lines were marked to form a grid. (NB: not all plots were 50 by 50 as the property is not a rectangle).

Each plot was examined on a walkthrough to determine habitat type based on floral composition.

The floral composition was inventoried considering the overhead canopy, sub-canopies, shrub layer, and herb or ground vegetation. An estimate of the percentage cover was taken for the major species of the habitat and a presence status was indicated for the lesser common species.

Observed fauna were also recorded. The physical description recorded any signs of major disturbance, any favourable conditions for bird nesting, and any other organisms or characters that defined the habitat-type. The co-ordinates were taken on a global positioning system (GPS) and added to a map of the area.

With the help of Hank Deichmann, visiting or residing birds were determined by their calls and songs. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds and other avian books were used to determine bird ecology. Samples of vegetation were collected to make herbarium specimens for future reference. Unknown plant species were also collected for identification using Hal Hinds’ Flora of New Brunswick, Cobb’s Field Guide to Ferns, and Peterson’s Field Guide to Trees and Shrubs. In addition, herbarium specimens and expertise were offered by Stephen Clayden at the New Brunswick Museum, and Dr. Katherine Frego at the University of New Brunswick, Saint John campus.

Avian ecology Birds are an essential part of our natural environment. They serve as pollinators in the forest ecosystem and control insect populations. Birds also have an aesthetic value with their unique mixture of colours, shapes, and motions and are famous for their variety of characteristic sounds.

Birds are grouped together based on similarities of appearance, behaviour or habitat (Bull and Farrand, 1977). The bird groups present in the Manchester Bird Sanctuary are upright-perching water birds, owls, hawk-like birds, pigeon-like birds, swallow-like birds, tree-clinging birds, and perching birds.

Upright perching water birds are usually seen perching on rocks or trees at the edge of the water.

In most cases, their feet are located further back on the body giving the bird a distinctive posture when perching such as the Double-crested Cormorant. Owls are small to large in size with large round heads, loose, fluffy plumage and disk-like faces. Many are nocturnal, and are usually seen roosting quietly in trees during the day. Hawk-like birds have sharply hooked bills for tearing their prey and are often viewed soaring high in the air. These birds vary in size and may have rounded wings such as the Sharp-shinned hawks or pointed wings such as the falcon. Tree4

clinging birds include the woodpeckers and nuthatches generally seen climbing on the trunks of trees in search of insects hidden in the bark. Perching birds make up a large group that includes most of the songbirds, as well as cuckoos, kingfishers and hummingbirds. Their size varies from three-inch hummingbirds and kinglets to large crows and ravens. These birds live in a wide range of habitats and show an even greater variety of patterns and colours.

Many different bird species occur in the same geographical area but live in essentially different habitats (Farb, 1963). In choosing a habitat, birds select for two benefits: feeding advantages associated with the area and, and the reduced risk of predation (Farb, 1963). Bird species nest and feed in evergreen, deciduous, mixed forests, or even grass-fields. Preference of habitat is due to the contents of the floor in each forest. The deciduous (leaf-dropping trees) forest floor consists of rich, loose humus with an abundance of creatures (Farb, 1963). Birds such as the Broad-winged Hawk and the Cape May Warbler (Figure 3) are found in deciduous habitats. The evergreen forest floor has accumulated needle leaves that form a thick layer that slowly decomposes and contains fewer insects and smaller animals. The Gray Jay, Winter Wren, and the White-throated Warbler occupy coniferous habitats. Birds can sometimes occupy mixed woods (Bull, and Farrand, 1977). The Blackburnia Warbler and the Purple Finch are known to occupy mixed woods that have maple, spruce, birches, etc. Even within each forest type, birds can choose different density areas; for example the Winter Wren prefers dense tangles and thickets in coniferous forest while the Cape May Warbler prefers more open areas (Bull and Farrand, 1977).

Bird species tend to arrange themselves in layers in the forest ecosystem. Birds of different species usually feed on different food or search for it in different places. As a result, several species can nest in the same area without competing (McCormick, 1966). Birds such as the Redeyed Vireo feed in the forest canopy, picking insects from leaves, thrushes such as the Hermit (Figure 4) eat earthworms, caterpillars and other insects of the forest floor. Woodpeckers dig insects and grubs from the bark and wood of trees, while owls prey on mice, birds, insects and small animals (McCormick, 1966).

Mature forest systems offer excellent resources for the survival of birds. Mature forests have a mix of both new and older vegetation in addition to dying and decomposing vegetation. In such a system, new and older vegetation provides food such as cones and berries, while decomposing vegetation can provide nutrients to the soil to continue plant growth. Dead vegetation on trees can provide both shelter for birds, as well as habitat for insects that many birds relish.

Birds of the Manchester Bird Sanctuary In total, there were 48 species of birds identified as utilizing habitat in the Manchester Bird Sanctuary (Appendix I). Species from all categories of bird types were identified; however, it is unlikely that water-oriented species like the Black Duck or the Double-crested Cormorant were more than transient visitors. The majority of the birds present were smaller songbirds, predominantly warblers and sparrows. The diversity of bird species likely reflects the availability of distinctly different habitats within the area.

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Figure 3. Cape May Warbler (Š Bob Lewis)

Figure 4. Hermit Thrush (Š Peter LaTourrette)

Habitat types Six distinct habitat types were identified within the sanctuary. The habitats ran as a spectrum from a spruce stand to a mixed woods stand, to a Balsam fir stand, to a grass field, with a fern area in low elevation and an escapee plant species area adjacent to neighbouring homes (Figure 5).

Spruce Stand Located furthest from Manchester Avenue, the southwest end of the sanctuary was dominated by large red spruce trees. The red spruce located in the steepest region (45 degree tilt) of the sanctuary, were typically more than a meter apart (Figure 6). A spruce stand covered approximately 50 by 50 meters and supported other tree species such as white birch, balsam fir, and quaking aspen. However these other species only comprised about seven percent of the trees in this area. The spruce trees typically had 20 to 50 percent of their branches remaining, with the lowest branches as high as 10 metres off the ground. These tall spruce trees formed a canopy that allowed only patches of direct sunlight to reach the floor of the forest, which likely constituted to the scarcity of ground level vegetation. This forest floor was dominantly covered with spruce needles and cones. Floor vegetation that was observed included wild sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis), Wild Lily-of-the valley (Maianthemum canadense), and witch-hazel (Viburnum lantana). There was also a younger generation of spruce seedlings (3-5 years old) scattered in groups of 5-7 seedlings. Scattered patches of moss also occurred on tree roots.

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Mixed woods Escapee Plants

North

Spruce

Grass field Balsam

Fern / Sphagnum

Old gas pipeline road Figure 5. Vegetation stand types in the Manchester Bird Sanctuary, Saint John, New Brunswick.

Figure 6. A spruce stand in the Manchester Bird Sanctuary, Saint John, New Brunswick. The view is looking downhill.

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Mixed woods The western edge of the spruce stand transformed into a mixed woods stand. This stand is situated both on a slope and the flat area following the slope. This entire stand extended approximately 150 meters (not continuously) along the A baseline.

The mixed stand was dominated by spruce, but there were also white birch, balsam fir, and quaking aspen, which together composed about 35 % of the mixed woods area (Figure 7). Spruce trees throughout the stand were as tall as 20 metres with a range in diameters from 9-35cm. All of the spruce tree branches were closer to the forest floor than in the spruce stand, approximately three to five metres off the ground. Trees were spaced closer together in the mixed stand (0.5 metre at a minimum) than in the spruce stand.

The slope of the mixed woods stand was not as steep as the spruce stand. The upper half of the sloped forest floor cover was dominated with needles and cones, and thus less vegetation. There was sparse ground vegetation of Wild Lily-of-the valley and Sarsaparilla. Balsam firs were the most prevalent trees close to each other (minimum of 0.3 metres). Trees on the upper slope tended to be damaged from wind and rain exposure. On the lower slope, there was an open canopy that allowed for growth of vegetation. Trees were spaced further apart, about 1 to 2 metres. The ground vegetation included: Sarsaparilla, Blue-bead lily (Clintonia borealis), Bunch-berry (Cornus canadense), Goldthread (Coptis trifolia), Wild Lily-of-the-valley, Wood Sorrel (Oxalis montana), and Twistwood (Viburnum lantana). The slope area allowed for a partial view of distant mixed wood areas and the lower fern-sphagnum habitat.

Figure 7. Mixed woods on sloping ground in the Manchester Bird Sanctuary, Saint John, NB. The slope gave way to flat land that covered approximately 75% of the sanctuary. In addition to the upper canopy of trees and the ground vegetation, there were more vegetative levels that increased in density and cover. Present was a thicker moss layer, a prevalent shrub layer, a distinct sub canopy of balsam fir and an evident higher canopy of red spruce. Although maple 8

and birch trees were present, their existence did not comprise a significant percentage of the tree cover. The moss layer occurred more often in patches on the forest floor and on live and fallen trees. This area had ground vegetation such as Sarsaparilla, Blue-bead lily, Bunch-berry, Goldthread, Wild Lily-of-the-valley and Wood Sorrel. In addition, it was evident there was a crossover of wetland species at the lower edge of the mixed woods. The wetland species present were club-moss from the family Lycopodiaceae, blueberry shrubs (Vaccinium spp.), and several species of ferns: Cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinamomea), and Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum). Spruce was the dominant species in the mixed forest. The ratio of other species such as balsam fir, birch and maple varied among each other in this area. In addition to common trees such as birch and fir was White Cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Red spruce seedlings, aged 4-7 years, were found in patches.

Moving east, the vegetation became more dense. Moss carpeted more areas and trees were numerous and closer together (1-3m). Balsam fir saplings increased in size and formed small, scattered thickets. There were also scattered patches of individual species of ferns. Moss continued to cover a large area comprised of abundant debris. There was an island of sphagnum, ferns, grasses, and Wood Sorrel that carpeted the forest floor. This was a distinct feature as it was in the middle of a mixed forest. There were also tiny puddles of water within the sphagnum island as a result of run-off from the higher land.

Conifer Stand- Balsam Fir The mixed forest transformed into a balsam fir stand of 75 metres along the B baseline. In addition to the balsam fir, the stand was covered approximately 30% by red spruce. The Balsam fir stand was divided into open and closed canopy. Groups of older fir trees were spaced approximately 4-5 metres apart (Figure 8). The spacing allowed for growth of ground vegetation beneath the trees. The young fir grew in close approximation (0.5 metres) to each other (Figure 9) with a height range of 1.5-3.5 meters and a diameter at breast height range of 10-18cm. The younger trees had a closed canopy that allowed for little vegetation on the ground.

Figure 8. Example of large spacing between older fir trees in Manchester Bird Sanctuary.

Figure 9. Close proximity spacing of young fir trees in Manchester Bird Sanctuary.

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Fern-sphagnum area This habitat type was very distinct from those previously mentioned, with dense moist ground vegetation. The floor was dominated (75%) by moss and sphagnum giving a “carpet� appearance (Figure 10). Ferns were the dominant vascular plant species covering 80-90% of the area. There were small fields of Goldthread approximately one by four metres. There were also clumps of alders (Figure 11) and blackberry bushes spaced 7 m apart. Soft humus covered the area and was easily disturbed with movement on its surface. Run-off water was retained in small pools (20cm to 50cm). There was also evidence (faeces) of rabbits in the area and mockingbirds were seen on snags.

Figure 10. Ferns and sphagnum moss in Manchester Bird Sanctuary.

Figure 11. An alder thicket in Manchester Bird Sanctuary.

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Grassland The grassland habitat occurred as an open field running adjacent to Manchester Avenue.

Approximately 75% of the area was grass (Figure 12.), with the remainder comprised of clumps of alder trees and blackberry bushes (Appendix II). These clumps are scattered but remain in one half of the grass field. The grass field was dominated (80%) by Canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea) with Common Timothy (Phleum pratense) being the second most common grass.

The grassland had a few electrical polls that bordered its edges. There was also an old trail that was remnant of the pipeline road.

Figure 12. Grass field in Manchester Bird Sanctuary. The old gas pipeline road is clearly visible.

Escapee Plant species This area is found adjacent to the mixed forest and the balsam fir thicket. The area was divided into two sections by a six-foot ravine that contained mineral soil and was covered by large, fallen trees (Figure 13). This dense area was a mixture of a variety of escapee plants including Common Barbery (Berberis vulgaris), Ox eye daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) and roses (Rosa spp.) (Figure 14; Appendix II). These plants are mostly shrubs. There were a few tall trees (Balsam fir, Striped maple, Speckled alder, Red spruce, and American ash), but little canopy shade. The density of plants on either side of the ravine hid woody debris and blackberry bushes that made movement difficult. The floor was also densely covered by moss.

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Figure 13. Ravine dividing the Escapee Plant habitat in Manchester Bird Sanctuary.

Figure 14. Mixture of forest plants and escapee ornamental plants in Manchester Bird Sanctuary.

Fauna The Manchester Bird Sanctuary provides habitat for a variety of mammals. Squirrels were observed on numerous occasions, and there was obvious evidence of rabbits, raccoons, and deer (Figure 15). Although there were no direct sightings or evidence, it is highly likely that this urban green space also supports skunks, foxes, voles, and mice, as well as garter snakes and toads. The importance of maintaining this area for the utilization of birds, mammals and reptiles cannot be stressed enough.

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Figure 15. A footprint made by a white tailed deer on the old pipeline road, in the Manchester Bird Sanctuary.

Human Encroachment Evidence of human activities in the sanctuary was largely limited to its outer boundaries. Old campfires, litter and garbage were not uncommon (Figure 16); however, the overall aesthetic appearance of the area was quite high. The core regions of the sanctuary appear undisturbed by human activities, which has likely had a favourable effect on the number of bird and mammal species utilizing the area. A new subdivision has been planned for development along the northwestern edge of the sanctuary. The effect of the inevitable increased human activity in close proximity to the sanctuary will undoubtedly have a negative effect on the amount wildlife present.

Figure 16. Garbage located along the periphery of the Manchester Bird Sanctuary.

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Recommendations ACAP Saint John believes the Manchester Bird Sanctuary has the diversity of habitat and the total area (space) needed to maintain an abundance of wildlife within the urban environment, and hereby makes the following recommendations; -

Adopt a “leave as is” philosophy. This project has clearly demonstrated that the sanctuary has sustained itself for over six decades, with a diversity of habitat suitable for the different life stages of various birds and mammals;

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Resist the urge to ‘improve’ existing habitat by clearing out woody debris or thinning areas of dense foliage. These habitats provide protection for many species of wildlife;

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Avoid trimming and thinning the edges of the sanctuary in an attempt to improve human access. The dense foliage along the periphery of the sanctuary actually acts as a barrier, helping to keep human activities within its core to a minimum. Likewise, there should be no attempts to construct walking trails within the sanctuary;

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Annual clean-ups of human debris from of the edges of the property should be conducted to maintain a more pristine appearance, and to foster civic pride in the area. A green space void of litter and debris will be less prone to abuse and neglect by local residents;

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Signs should be posted to educate the public about the importance of preserving this area.

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A small lookout point with an interpretative panel should be constructed on Edgehill Row, overlooking the sanctuary. The structure would also recognize the generous contribution made by A. Carle Smith to the citizens of Saint John.

Reference Anonymous. “Land Gift Accepted”. Evening Times Globe. June 10 1975.

Bull, J and J. Farrand Jr. The Audubon Society to North American Birds. Alfred A. Knopf: New York. 1977.

Childs, G. “To Preserve NB Wildlife: Neighbourhood Sanctuaries Advocated” Evening Times Globe. September 26 1961.

Cobb, B. A Field Guide to the Ferns and their related families of Northeastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin: Boston. 1963.

Evans, V. “History of A. Carle Smith” Unpublished Farb, P. Life Nature Library: The Forest. Stonehedge: New York 1963 Hinds, H. Flora of New Brunswick: A Manual for Identification of the Vascular Plants of New Brunswick. Second edition. Robinson & Greenwood: New Brunswick. 2000 McCormick, J. Our Living World of Nature: The Life of the Forest. McGraw-Hill: New York 1966 Petrides, G.A. Peterson Field Guides to Trees and Shrubs. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin: Boston 1986.

Ringius, G.S, and R.A Sims. Indicator Plant Species in Canadian Forests. Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada: Ottawa. 1997.

Service New Brunswick Real Property Map: Manchester Bird Sanctuary.

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Appendix I. List of bird species utilizing the Manchester Bird Sanctuary. Common names, scientific names and the occurrence status of each species are provided.

Manchester Sanctuary Bird List Status Com= common C=confirmed O= likely occurs, status not determined, however not common V= most likely a visitor, or peripheral, in the nearby housing area W= most likely in winter, unlikely in summer

Scientific Name

Common Name

Status

Phalacrocorax auritus Ardea herodias Anas rubripes Accipiter striatus Buteo platypterus Philohela minor Larus argentatus Larus marinus Zenaida macroura Bubo virginianus Strix varia Aegolius acadicus Archilochus colubris Picoides pubescens

Double-crested Cormorant Great Blue Heron Black Duck Sharp-shinned Hawk Broad-winged Hawk American Woodcock Herring Gull Great black-backed Gull Mourning Dove Great Horned Owl Barred Owl Nor. Saw Whet Owl Ruby-throated Hummingbird Downy Woodpecker Alder Flycatcher Hairy Woodpecker Pileated Woodpecker Black-capped Chickadee Tree Swallow Barn Swallow Gray Jay Blue Jay Common Raven Boreal Chickadee Red-breasted Nuthatch Winter Wren

V V V O O O/V V V V(for nesting) V V V N (for nesting) V VC V V formerly O, Com V V V C V W V, W V

Empidonax alnorum Picoides villosus Dryocopus pileatus Parus atricapillus Iridoprocne bicolor Mirundo rusticca Perisoreus canadensis Cyanocitta cristata Corvus corax Parus hudsonicus Sitta canadensis Troglodytes troglodytes

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Regulus satrapa Catharus guttatus Bombycilla cedrorum Vireo olivaceus Debdroica petechia Dendroica pensylvanica Dendroica magnolia Dendroica tigrina Dendroica coronata Dendroica virens Dendroica fusca Setophaga ruticilla Dendroica dominica Cardinalis cardinalis Spizella passerina Melospiza melodia Zonotrichia albicollis Junco hyemalis Quiscalus quiscula Carpodacus purpureus Carduclis flammea Hesperiphona vespertina

Golden-crown Kinglet Hermit Thrush Cedar Waxwing Red-eyed Vireo Yellow Warbler Chesnut-sided Warbler

O, C O V V, C V, C V O,C

Magnolia Warbler Cape May Warbler O Yellow-rumped Warbler W, O Black-throated green Warbler O, Com Balckburnian Warbler O American Redstart V, C Common Yellow-throat V,C, Com Northern Cardinal V,C Chipping Sparrow V, C Song Sparrow V, C White-throated Sparrow O, Com Dark-eyed Junco V Common Grackle O, C Purple Finch V Common Redpoll W Evening Grosbeak V, W

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Appendix II. Plant species identified within the Grass Field and Escapee Plant habitats of the Manchester Bird Sanctuary, respectively.

Habitat type: Grass field Trees Alnus incana (L.) Moench (Speckled Alder) Shrub Rubus spp.( Blackberry) Grass, sedge, rush Carex crinita Lam.(Fringed Sedge) Carex stipata Muhl. (Stalk-grain Sedge) Phleum pratense L. (Common Timothy) Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P. Beauv (Tufted Hair Grass) Phalaris arundinacea L. (Reed Canary Grass) Rheum rhaponticum L. (Rhubarb) Ground vegetation/ Herbs Vicia cracca L (Cow Vetch) Habitat type: Escapee Plant species area Trees Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.(Balsam Fir) Acer pensylvanicum L.(Striped Maple) Alnus incana (L.) Moench (Speckled Alder) Picea rubens Sarg.(Red Spruce) Sorbus americana Marsh.(American Mountain Ash)

Fern Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.)Moore (Hay-scented Fern)

Shrub Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.(Blueberry) Berberis vulgaris L.(Common Barbery) Achillea millefolium L. (Yarrow) Lotus corniculatus L.(horned) (Bird’s Foot Trefoil) Melilotus albus L. (Sweet Clover) Lychnis flos-cuculi L. (Ragged Robin) Leontodon autumnalis L (Fall Dandelion) Vicia cracca L (Cow Vetch) Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. (Ox Eye Daisy) Rheum rhaponticum L.(Rhubarb) Spiraea alba Du Roi (Meadow-sweet) Rosa spp. (Rose) Viburnum lantana L.(Twistwood)

Grass, sedge, rush Phalaris arundinacea L. (Reed Canary Grass) Deschampian spp.

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