Andy Warhol

Andy Warhol Works from the Hall Collection Ashmolean Museum Ox ford

Andy Warhol

Works from the Hall Collection Ashmolean Musuem Oxford

Contents Meeting Andy Warhol

8

Norman Rosenthal

Interview

18

Alexander Sturgis and Andy Hall

Plates

23

Seriality and Appropriation

23

Portraits

75

Andy Warhol: Fame Machine 76 eric Shiner Black and White

153

Drawings

197

Checklist of the Exhibition

212

Protrait Biographies

224

Checklist of Protrait Biographies

234

Credits and Acknowledgments

236

Contents Meeting Andy Warhol

8

Norman Rosenthal

Interview

18

Alexander Sturgis and Andy Hall

Plates

23

Seriality and Appropriation

23

Portraits

75

Andy Warhol: Fame Machine 76 eric Shiner Black and White

153

Drawings

197

Checklist of the Exhibition

212

Protrait Biographies

224

Checklist of Protrait Biographies

234

Credits and Acknowledgments

236

Norman Rosenthal, The Hall Art Foundation

Meeting 8

My nerves are bad to-night. Yes, bad. Stay with me.

Speak to me. Why do you never speak? Speak.

What are you thinking of? What thinking? What?

I never know what you are thinking. Think.

– T. S. Eliot, The Waste Land, 19221 It may seem somewhat unlikely to begin a text on Andy Warhol and his relationship to Joseph Beuys with an echo of T. S. Eliot, the Boston-Brahmin poet born in St. Louis who made his career in London, albeit a London whose streets were still said to be paved with gold. Andy Warhol made his way to a golden New York in 1949 for very much the same reason. Eliot, like Warhol, had a strong poetic sense of the demotic. The Waste Land, his great poem, is full of images of everyday London street life, and as he wrote in his 1919 essay titled “Tradition and the Individual Talent”:

Curator of Contemporary Art at the Ashmolean Museum

Andy Warhol Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality.

But, of course, only those who have personality and emotions know what it means to want to escape from these things.2 By the same token, so too is painting. The Waste Land is an imaginary place ruled by the wounded Fisher King, whose task it is to preside over the Holy Grail in the company of his circle of knights. Warhol ruled over his own circle, of course, until June 3, 1968, when Valerie Solanas, the now notorious founder of the one-person Society for Cutting Up Men (S.C.U.M.), shot him. After his miraculous survival, Warhol evermore became the Fisher King of a community of media stars, sycophants, and art-world hangers-on that gravitated to the world of his, by then, legendary Factory.

The same was true of the great German artist Joseph Beuys, whom Warhol met for the first time in Düsseldorf, Germany, on May 18, 1979. As a film available on YouTube documents, almost the first thing Warhol asks his col-

league is whether he can take his photograph.3 To which, of course, the German artist assents. The photograph became the basis of a series of large portraits (plates xx).

“I like the politics of Beuys,” Warhol said. “He should come over to the U.S. and be politically active there. That would be great…. He should be president.”4 Beuys equally played the wounded king. He carried the role with considerable ostentation, and indeed, one of his great works, Show Your Wound (1974–75), consists of a pair of dissecting tables and primitive tools that resemble an operating theater.

One of Beuys’s very last works, Palazzo Regale (1985), shows him metaphorically buried like a golden king, complete with his famous fur-lined coat and golden cymbals.

For Warhol, who was instinctively an astounding colorist, gold carried implications of both death and luxury. Warhol was born almost nearly a century ago, in 1928, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to a family of immigrants from the old Austro-Hungarian Empire (now modern-day Slovakia), not that long, in fact, after the birth of Beuys, in 1921.

The world of art, even today, lives in the long, charismatic shadows of them both.

9

Norman Rosenthal, The Hall Art Foundation

Meeting 8

My nerves are bad to-night. Yes, bad. Stay with me.

Speak to me. Why do you never speak? Speak.

What are you thinking of? What thinking? What?

I never know what you are thinking. Think.

– T. S. Eliot, The Waste Land, 19221 It may seem somewhat unlikely to begin a text on Andy Warhol and his relationship to Joseph Beuys with an echo of T. S. Eliot, the Boston-Brahmin poet born in St. Louis who made his career in London, albeit a London whose streets were still said to be paved with gold. Andy Warhol made his way to a golden New York in 1949 for very much the same reason. Eliot, like Warhol, had a strong poetic sense of the demotic. The Waste Land, his great poem, is full of images of everyday London street life, and as he wrote in his 1919 essay titled “Tradition and the Individual Talent”:

Curator of Contemporary Art at the Ashmolean Museum

Andy Warhol Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an escape from emotion; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from personality.

But, of course, only those who have personality and emotions know what it means to want to escape from these things.2 By the same token, so too is painting. The Waste Land is an imaginary place ruled by the wounded Fisher King, whose task it is to preside over the Holy Grail in the company of his circle of knights. Warhol ruled over his own circle, of course, until June 3, 1968, when Valerie Solanas, the now notorious founder of the one-person Society for Cutting Up Men (S.C.U.M.), shot him. After his miraculous survival, Warhol evermore became the Fisher King of a community of media stars, sycophants, and art-world hangers-on that gravitated to the world of his, by then, legendary Factory.

The same was true of the great German artist Joseph Beuys, whom Warhol met for the first time in Düsseldorf, Germany, on May 18, 1979. As a film available on YouTube documents, almost the first thing Warhol asks his col-

league is whether he can take his photograph.3 To which, of course, the German artist assents. The photograph became the basis of a series of large portraits (plates xx).

“I like the politics of Beuys,” Warhol said. “He should come over to the U.S. and be politically active there. That would be great…. He should be president.”4 Beuys equally played the wounded king. He carried the role with considerable ostentation, and indeed, one of his great works, Show Your Wound (1974–75), consists of a pair of dissecting tables and primitive tools that resemble an operating theater.

One of Beuys’s very last works, Palazzo Regale (1985), shows him metaphorically buried like a golden king, complete with his famous fur-lined coat and golden cymbals.

For Warhol, who was instinctively an astounding colorist, gold carried implications of both death and luxury. Warhol was born almost nearly a century ago, in 1928, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to a family of immigrants from the old Austro-Hungarian Empire (now modern-day Slovakia), not that long, in fact, after the birth of Beuys, in 1921.

The world of art, even today, lives in the long, charismatic shadows of them both.

9

30

With silkscreening, you pick a photograph, blow it up, transfer it in glue onto silk, and then roll ink across it so the ink goes through the silk but not through the glue. That way you get the same image, slightly different each time. It was all so simple—quick and chancy. I was thrilled with it. –Andy Warhol

Flowers 1978

31

30

With silkscreening, you pick a photograph, blow it up, transfer it in glue onto silk, and then roll ink across it so the ink goes through the silk but not through the glue. That way you get the same image, slightly different each time. It was all so simple—quick and chancy. I was thrilled with it. –Andy Warhol

Flowers 1978

31

60

And all your life you’re taught— you’re brought up on money, on pennies and dollars, and the inflation used to come in pennies, but now a dollar is like a penny, things go up in dollars.

– Andy Warhol

Double One Dollar Bills 1962

61

60

And all your life you’re taught— you’re brought up on money, on pennies and dollars, and the inflation used to come in pennies, but now a dollar is like a penny, things go up in dollars.

– Andy Warhol

Double One Dollar Bills 1962

61

Eric Shiner

Andy Warhol: 76

Director, The Andy Warhol Museum

Fame Machine

Not one phone call. That’s what happens after being a big star the night before, not one person called all morning.

77

The Andy Warhol Diaries, Sunday, January 10, 1982

For Andy Warhol, fame was the only option.

From the age of ten, young Andy was absorbed with the concept of being famous, and his fascination with celebrity, glamour, and wealth became his primary driving force. Whenever possible, Warhol would go to neighborhood movie palaces to watch as many Hollywood films as he could, fantasizing the entire time about one day being as well known as the movie stars he envied, and yes, collected. His childhood photo album, in the collection of the Andy Warhol Museum, is in so many ways the Rosetta Stone of Warhol’s future life: pages and pages of autographed move star photos all arranged in neat grids

Photograph album (Andy Warhola’s childhood movie star scrapbook), ca. 1938–1942, leather on board, paper, assorted photographs, 29.2 x 38.7 x 2.5 cm (11½ x 15¼ x 1 in.). The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh; Founding Collection, Contribution The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc.

Eric Shiner

Andy Warhol: 76

Director, The Andy Warhol Museum

Fame Machine

Not one phone call. That’s what happens after being a big star the night before, not one person called all morning.

77

The Andy Warhol Diaries, Sunday, January 10, 1982

For Andy Warhol, fame was the only option.

From the age of ten, young Andy was absorbed with the concept of being famous, and his fascination with celebrity, glamour, and wealth became his primary driving force. Whenever possible, Warhol would go to neighborhood movie palaces to watch as many Hollywood films as he could, fantasizing the entire time about one day being as well known as the movie stars he envied, and yes, collected. His childhood photo album, in the collection of the Andy Warhol Museum, is in so many ways the Rosetta Stone of Warhol’s future life: pages and pages of autographed move star photos all arranged in neat grids

Photograph album (Andy Warhola’s childhood movie star scrapbook), ca. 1938–1942, leather on board, paper, assorted photographs, 29.2 x 38.7 x 2.5 cm (11½ x 15¼ x 1 in.). The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh; Founding Collection, Contribution The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc.

102

103

Renate Zimet

Renate Zimet

1975

1975

102

103

Renate Zimet

Renate Zimet

1975

1975

126

127

Portrait of a Lady (Martha de Henriquez)

Portrait of a Lady (Martha de Henriquez)

1980

1980

126

127

Portrait of a Lady (Martha de Henriquez)

Portrait of a Lady (Martha de Henriquez)

1980

1980

146

Arnold gave my portrait of Maria to the Shrivers and said, “I’m gaining a wife and you’re gaining a painting.” And everyone was telling me how great it was, they really loved it.

– Andy Warhol

Maria Shriver 1986

147

146

Arnold gave my portrait of Maria to the Shrivers and said, “I’m gaining a wife and you’re gaining a painting.” And everyone was telling me how great it was, they really loved it.

– Andy Warhol

Maria Shriver 1986

147

178

179

Hamburger (Positive)

Hamburger (Negative)

1985–86

1985–86

178

179

Hamburger (Positive)

Hamburger (Negative)

1985–86

1985–86

198

199

Keys 1959 ca.

198

199

Keys 1959 ca.

210

211

Unidentified Woman

Unidentified Woman

Date unknown

Date unknown

210

211

Unidentified Woman

Unidentified Woman

Date unknown

Date unknown

228

Jackie Kennedy

Marie-Chantal Miller

Jacqueline Lee “Jackie” Kennedy Onassis (1929–1994) was one of the most iconic American First Ladies. A master of social grace and style, Jackie Kennedy was celebrated for her restoration of the White House and modernization of diplomatic entertaining in Washington. She was famously by the side of her husband, John F. Kennedy, when he was assassinated on November 21, 1963, in Dallas, and refused to remove her blood-stained pink Chanel suit during the subsequent inauguration of Lyndon Baines Johnson on Air Force One. Onassis compared J.F.K.’s presidency to the mythical Camelot in a Life-magazine article published after the assassination, an association that forever branded the Kennedy administration. Warhol used photographs of her published in the news after the assassination as the source for his portraits. She had a highly publicized romance and marriage to Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis, and was a prominent New York socialite and book editor until her death in 1994. pages 00

Marie-Chantal Miller (born 1968), a.k.a. the “duty-free-shopping heiress,” is Crown Princess of Greece and Crown Princess of Denmark. She has an older sister named Pia (the ex-wife of Christopher Getty) and a younger sister named Alexandra (the ex-wife of Prince Alexander von Fürstenberg). Together, the three sisters have been famously dubbed “the Miller Sisters.” In 1984, at the age of sixteen, Marie-Chantal Miller worked for Warhol. She began a degree in the history of art at New York University in 1993, but dropped out a year later after Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece, proposed to her. She is a trustee of the Royal Academy Trust and a board director of DFS Group Ltd. (a luxury retailer for travelers which is a division of Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy).

Roy Lichtenstein

Pia Miller

Roy Fox Lichtenstein (1923–1997) was an American Pop artist. Alongside artists such as Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns, and James Rosenquist, he became a leading figure of the Pop Art movement in the 1960s. Lichtenstein favored the format of the comic strip as his main inspiration and produced hard-edged and precise compositions that often mimicked the Ben-Day dot printing process. Like many of his peers, he elevated commercial and everyday imagery by making it the focus of his work. Warhol described first seeing a painting by Lichtenstein in the early 1960s in the back room of Leo Castelli’s gallery that depicted a man on a rocket ship with a girl in the background.

Pia Christina Miller Getty (born 1966) is an American independent filmmaker. She is the oldest daughter of businessman Robert Warren Miller and the sister of Marie-Chantal of Greece and Alexandra von Fürstenberg. Together, the three sisters have been famously dubbed “the Miller Sisters.” In 1992, she married Getty Oil heir Christopher Ronald Getty, son of Jean Ronald Getty and grandson of Jean Paul Getty. They divorced in 2005.

Pia Miller is the American spokeswoman for the cosmetics company Sephora and is frequently featured in Vogue, Vanity Fair, and other society magazines.

pages 00

pages 00 pages 00

Carol Meltzer

Patty Oldenburg

Feng shui expert and style guru to the stars. Carol is the CEO and Spirit & Style Designer for the eponymous collections Black by Carole jewelry and Blue by Carole Spa and Home Accessories, designed for women who are “on the go.”

Patty (Oldenburg) Mucha (born xx) was married to Pop artist Claes Oldenburg from 1960 to 1970 and was an active performer in her husband’s happenings during the 1960s. Patty Oldenburg met Warhol at an exhibition of Claes Oldenburg’s The Store (1961).

(G. Frei and N. Printz, eds., The Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonne: Paintings and Sculpture 1961–1963. [Phaidon: New York, 2002], p. 278.)

pages 00

pages 00

229

228

Jackie Kennedy

Marie-Chantal Miller

Jacqueline Lee “Jackie” Kennedy Onassis (1929–1994) was one of the most iconic American First Ladies. A master of social grace and style, Jackie Kennedy was celebrated for her restoration of the White House and modernization of diplomatic entertaining in Washington. She was famously by the side of her husband, John F. Kennedy, when he was assassinated on November 21, 1963, in Dallas, and refused to remove her blood-stained pink Chanel suit during the subsequent inauguration of Lyndon Baines Johnson on Air Force One. Onassis compared J.F.K.’s presidency to the mythical Camelot in a Life-magazine article published after the assassination, an association that forever branded the Kennedy administration. Warhol used photographs of her published in the news after the assassination as the source for his portraits. She had a highly publicized romance and marriage to Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis, and was a prominent New York socialite and book editor until her death in 1994. pages 00

Marie-Chantal Miller (born 1968), a.k.a. the “duty-free-shopping heiress,” is Crown Princess of Greece and Crown Princess of Denmark. She has an older sister named Pia (the ex-wife of Christopher Getty) and a younger sister named Alexandra (the ex-wife of Prince Alexander von Fürstenberg). Together, the three sisters have been famously dubbed “the Miller Sisters.” In 1984, at the age of sixteen, Marie-Chantal Miller worked for Warhol. She began a degree in the history of art at New York University in 1993, but dropped out a year later after Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece, proposed to her. She is a trustee of the Royal Academy Trust and a board director of DFS Group Ltd. (a luxury retailer for travelers which is a division of Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy).

Roy Lichtenstein

Pia Miller

Roy Fox Lichtenstein (1923–1997) was an American Pop artist. Alongside artists such as Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns, and James Rosenquist, he became a leading figure of the Pop Art movement in the 1960s. Lichtenstein favored the format of the comic strip as his main inspiration and produced hard-edged and precise compositions that often mimicked the Ben-Day dot printing process. Like many of his peers, he elevated commercial and everyday imagery by making it the focus of his work. Warhol described first seeing a painting by Lichtenstein in the early 1960s in the back room of Leo Castelli’s gallery that depicted a man on a rocket ship with a girl in the background.

Pia Christina Miller Getty (born 1966) is an American independent filmmaker. She is the oldest daughter of businessman Robert Warren Miller and the sister of Marie-Chantal of Greece and Alexandra von Fürstenberg. Together, the three sisters have been famously dubbed “the Miller Sisters.” In 1992, she married Getty Oil heir Christopher Ronald Getty, son of Jean Ronald Getty and grandson of Jean Paul Getty. They divorced in 2005.

Pia Miller is the American spokeswoman for the cosmetics company Sephora and is frequently featured in Vogue, Vanity Fair, and other society magazines.

pages 00

pages 00 pages 00

Carol Meltzer

Patty Oldenburg

Feng shui expert and style guru to the stars. Carol is the CEO and Spirit & Style Designer for the eponymous collections Black by Carole jewelry and Blue by Carole Spa and Home Accessories, designed for women who are “on the go.”

Patty (Oldenburg) Mucha (born xx) was married to Pop artist Claes Oldenburg from 1960 to 1970 and was an active performer in her husband’s happenings during the 1960s. Patty Oldenburg met Warhol at an exhibition of Claes Oldenburg’s The Store (1961).

(G. Frei and N. Printz, eds., The Andy Warhol Catalogue Raisonne: Paintings and Sculpture 1961–1963. [Phaidon: New York, 2002], p. 278.)

pages 00

pages 00

229