Master the Basics of Aroma eTextbook

Aromatherapy Micro-Credential Basics of Aromatherapy and the Power of Smell 1st Edition

Dorene Petersen, BA, Dip.NT, Dip.Acu, RH (AHG)

PLEASE NOTE The information in this course is not intended to take the place of diagnoses or treatments by a qualified licensed healthcare provider.

Any recommendations are for educational purposes only and are believed to be effective.

However, since use of any material by others is beyond the control of American College of Healthcare Sciences, no expressed or implied guarantee as to the effectiveness of this information can be given nor liability taken.

Completion of this course does not constitute a license to practice medicine and does not entitle one who completes this course to licensure. Those who complete this course must not represent themselves as licensed medical practitioners nor claim to treat, diagnose, cure, or prescribe unless licensed and must comply with all state regulations that may apply to their practice, including any required state registration.

LAST REVISION This ACHS eTextbook was last edited and revised in September 2020.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE Copyright © 1986–2020 1st Edition All ACHS lesson materials, curriculum, manuals, handbooks, and all other materials, whether online or printed, and the online platform and content, are subject to copyright and intellectual property protection. Unauthorized use is strictly prohibited and subject to disciplinary proceedings and legal action.

This material must not be reproduced in any way without the written permission of the President of American College of Healthcare Sciences, 5005 S. Macadam Avenue, Portland, OR 97239 United States. Telephone 800.48.STUDY or 503.244.0726; fax 503.244.0727; email achs@achs.edu; on the Web at www.achs.edu.

Pursuant to the Higher Education Opportunity Act (HEOA) Section 485(a) (20 U.S.C. 1092(a)) (i), students are hereby notified that “unauthorized distribution of copyrighted

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Copyright infringement is the act of exercising, without permission or legal authority, one or more of the exclusive rights granted to the copyright owner under section 106 of the Copyright Act (Title 17 of the United States Code). These rights include the right to reproduce or distribute a copyrighted work. In the file-sharing context, downloading or uploading substantial parts of a copyrighted work without authority constitutes an infringement.

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Table of Contents PLEASE NOTE ................................................ 1 LAST REVISION ............................................. 1 COPYRIGHT NOTICE ................................... 1 Table of Contents........................................... 3 Welcome .......................................................... 4 About the Author .......................................... 5 Essential Oil of Bergamot ............................. 7 Essential Oil of Chamomile Roman ........... 19 Essential Oil of Eucalyptus .......................... 26 Essential Oil of Lavender ............................ 38 Essential Oil of Peppermint ........................ 49 Index ............................................................... 57

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Introduction

Welcome Welcome to class! We hope you’re excited to start learning in this micro-credential course!

This eTextbook is designed to complement the lectures in your online classroom.

Remember, you can access your online classroom anytime at learn.achs.edu.

Contacting ACHS If you need any assistance, please reach out to us at 800.487.8839 Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m., Pacific Time.

Measurements and Conversions We use mostly American measurements since we are based in Portland, Oregon. Your online classroom includes conversion charts to assist with making formulas.

Recommended Reading and Optional Study Kits Recommended reading and certified organic, pesticide-free botanicals, essential oils, and other raw ingredients for product-making are available from the Apothecary Shoppe College Store. For more information, please visit https://www.apothecary-shoppe.com.

One Final Note One final note before you get started. You may notice when reading this course that there is some repetition of certain material. This is a classic distance-learning technique, and it is consciously used to reinforce key points.

Also, remember that the information in this course is not intended to take the place of diagnoses or treatments by a qualified medical practitioner or naturopath. In holistic health, our focus is always to bring the body back into balance for optimal wellness. At all times, refer clients to licensed medical professionals for diagnoses or treatments of disease..

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Introduction

About the Author Dorene Petersen, BA, Dip.NT, Dip.Acu, RH (AHG), ACHS President and CEO Figure 1: ACHS President and Founder Dorene Petersen in Australia 2018 Image by American College of Healthcare Sciences. © 2018

ACHS President and Founder Dorene Petersen graduated as a New Zealand trained Naturopath from the South Pacific College of Natural Therapies in Auckland, New Zealand and ran a busy clinic for 15 years before moving to the USA. Read more about Dorene at: https://achs.edu/staff/dorene-petersen

Contributing Faculty The following faculty have edited and contributed to this course: Deborah Halvorson BA, RA Amanda Lattin, BA, MAT, Dip. Aroma., MH, RA Oleg Maksimov, PhD Arianna Staruch, ND Erika Yigzaw, B.Com, LL.B. (Hons)

Getting Started The following pages contain what are called monographs and provide detailed information about each essential oil studied in this micro-credential course. The ACHS essential oil monographs for this introductory course include the following for each essential oil studied: • • • • • • •

Latin Name Plant family Pronunciation Common Names Sources History Parts Used 5 Master the Basics of Aromatherapy and the Poewr of Smell © 2020 American College of Healthcare Sciences. All duplication prohibited.

Introduction

• • • • • • • • • • • •

Cultivation Harvesting & Production Characteristics Active Constituents Storage Therapeutic Uses Household Uses Perfumery Recommended Daily Use Cautions and Contraindications ACHS Toxic Rating Formulas

We recommend keeping this eTextbook as a handy reference tool long after you’ve completed the course.

We hope you enjoy learning to master the basics of aromatherapy and the power of smell!

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Essential Oil Monographs

Essential Oil of Bergamot

Figure 2: Bergamot Citrus aurantium var. bergamia. Image by Dorene Petersen. © 2014

Latin Name Citrus aurantium (L.) var. bergamia or Citrus bergamia (Risso)

Family Rutaceae

Pronunciation bûr´gumot

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Essential Oil Monographs

Common Names Bergamot, bergamot orange, bergamota, bergamotier, bergamoto, bergamotte, bergamotto bigarade orange, and oleum bergamotte Do not confuse bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia essential oil with the essential oils derived from bitter orange Citrus aurantium (L.) (also called petitgrain) or sweet orange C. sinensis.

Also, do not confuse it with the herb called wild bergamot Monarda spp., a tall perennial with a spiked floret of red or purple flowers. This herb is also known by the name bergamot, but it does not yield an essential oil.

Sources Bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia oil is obtained from the peel of the fruit, or from the whole fruit. It is grown near the Mediterranean, including Southern Italy, Sicily, and Spain. It is also grown and produced in Brazil.

History The oil of the bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia has a long history of use as an essential ingredient in potpourri, body powders, and perfumes. Christopher Columbus originally discovered it in the Canary Islands. By the 16th century, it was popular throughout Europe and has been mentioned in a number of old herbal texts. In Italian folk tradition, it is a remedy for fever and infection.

Parts Used Bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia oil is obtained from the peel of the inedible fruit by a method known as expression.

Bitter orange oil C. aurantium (or petitgrain) is obtained from the leaf and twigs.

Though it is not very common, it is sometimes used to adulterate neroli essential oil distilled from the flowers of C. aurantium var. amara.

Cultivation Citrus trees thrive in a warm climate and require well-drained, well-aerated, and moderately fertile soil. Bergamot trees are grafted on stubs of bitter orange. The fruit of this variety is inedible and is about the size of a big orange, but it is lemon shaped. The tree 8 Master the Basics of Aromatherapy and the Poewr of Smell Š 2020 American College of Healthcare Sciences. All duplication prohibited.

Essential Oil Monographs

is easily damaged by frost. It bears fruit when it is approximately six to seven years old. If it is grown in hot, dry summers, the ester content is increased and higher quality oil is produced. (An ester is a chemical constituent of essential oils that helps to produce a potent aroma.)

Harvesting & Production The fruit is allowed to dry and harden before processing. It is then placed in a trough, which is lined with sharp projections long enough to pierce the oil glands in the outer portion of the peel. A fine spray of water washes the oil from the mashed peel while the juice is removed by rotating it at a very high speed. This same process is repeated with the peel only. The oil is separated using a separatory funnel or an industrial application using a similar technology.

Characteristics Open your sample of bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia. See if you can identify the following. Note your own experience of the aroma, color, and feel in your notebook.

Aroma •Spicy citrus aroma Color •Greenish-yellow Feel •Thin and with a slight oily sensation when you rub it between your fingers.

Perfume blotter test •It leaves a slight yellowish stain on the perfume blotter.

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Essential Oil Monographs

Active Constituents Bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia oil contains: •

•

• •

•

Up to 50% limonene (approximately): A common terpene found in many oils, including: Citrus, peppermint M. ×piperita, caraway Carum carvi (L.), pine P. sylvestris, cardamom Eletteria cardamomum (L.), coriander C. sativum, and juniper J. communis. Terpenes are anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antiviral, and bactericidal.

Up to 40% linalyl acetate (approximately): An ester and anti-inflammatory, and a main constituent of lavender oil. The percentage of the ester linalyl acetate determines the quality of the oil. Esters are antifungal, antimicrobial, and sedative.

Up to 20% linalool (approximately): A monoterpenol with antibacterial, antifungal, vasoconstrictive, and toning properties.

Bergaptene (you may also see it spelled as bergapten): A terpene that is a skin irritant. Terpenes are anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antiviral, and bactericidal. Bergamot is also available with the color and bergaptene removed. (Bergaptene is the constituent that causes skin photosensitivity.)

Though it is not necessary to remove the color to remove the bergaptene, many cosmetic manufacturers do not like the green tinge the oil imparts to preparations. Much of bergamot oil available is bergaptene-free because of this potential irritation. If you see it listed as Bergamot BF or Bergamot FCC, it is bergaptene-free. For holistic aromatherapy purposes, it is preferable to have the bergaptene and color present, but use caution with topical application.

A range of constituents in smaller quantities.

Storage As we have learned limonene, linalool, and linalyl acetate are prehaptens. Once they are exposed to air/oxygen the prehapten is activated and forms sensitizing compounds in the essential oils. This is why it is so important to store all essential oils containing these constituents in a cool and oxygen free environment. Storage is very important for bergamot as citrus oils can oxidize quickly and spoil. Store in the refrigerator in a dark, airtight glass bottle.

Therapeutic Uses Bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia essential oil may provide support for: Abdominal cramping, abscesses, acne, anger, anxiety, bad breath, boils, sinus and head congestion, cramps, cystitis, depression, emotional imbalances, fear, frustration, halitosis, herpes 10 Master the Basics of Aromatherapy and the Poewr of Smell © 2020 American College of Healthcare Sciences. All duplication prohibited.

Essential Oil Monographs

(mouth), indigestion, infection, inflammation, insect bites, insect repellent, loss of appetite, mouth infections, oily skin, scabies, shingles, skin infections, slow circulation, sore throat, stings, ulcers (skin), varicose veins, and wounds.

Bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia is useful for several skin issues (such as abscesses, acne, and shingles) because of its analgesic1 and vulnerary actions. Bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia is also an insecticide (it can be used to destroy insects) and an insect repellent (which can help to prevent future insect bites). Mix five drops of essential oil with one ounce of base oil and apply.

For herpes, blend bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia with eucalyptus E. globulus and geranium P. graveolens for optimal effect. For herpes of the mouth, apply with a cotton ball directly. Gargle with two drops in one-half cup of warm water for a sore throat.

Bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia essential oil’s astringent action makes it useful for oily skin and varicose veins. Use a cold compress (see the Formulas section) or add two drops to a warm bath.

It is also stimulating and rubefacient, increasing circulation and bringing increased blood flow to the skin. These therapeutic actions make it helpful for slow circulation. Add five drops to one ounce of base oil and apply.

Further, bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia has an antidepressant action. Note that this action is historical and anecdotal, and has not been proven in large studies. However, a recent study with 58 hospice patients was able to demonstrate bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia essential oil’s antidepressant and analgesic actions. The hospice patients were given hand massages once a day for one week with an essential oil blend in 1.5% dilution with sweet almond oil. The essential oil blend consisted of bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia, frankincense Boswellia carterii (Birdw.), and lavender L. angustifolia essential oils in equal ratios. All patients receiving the aromatherapy hand massage reported less pain and depression.2 For depression, bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia can also be blended with rose attar R. damascena and sandalwood S. album. Add three drops to a full bath.

1 Sakurada, T., Mizoguchi, H., Kuwahata, H., Katsuyama, S., Komatsu, T., Morrone, L.A., et. al. (2010).

Intraplantar injection of bergamot essential oil induces peripheral antinociception mediated by opioid mechanism. Pharmacol Biochem Behav., 97(3):436-43.

2 Chang, S.Y. (2008). Effects of aroma hand massage on pain, state anxiety and depression in hospice patients with terminal cancer. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi., 38(4):493-502.

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Essential Oil Monographs

Bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia is considered one of the most effective oils for mental, emotional, and psychological problems. A study with 36 female high school students showed inhaling bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia essential oil daily helped with stress management when compared to inhaling a non-scented vegetable oil.3 Another study with schoolteachers also showed daily inhalation of bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia essential oil helped with lowering anxiety.4 Researchers even demonstrated in an animal study with mice that bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia essential oil’s anxiety relieving properties can be as strong as diazepam (valium).5 However, in this animal study, mice received injections of bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia essential oil and this does not mimic standard aromatherapy protocols of inhalation or topical application. Add two drops bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia essential oil to a safe diluent and mix into a warm bath or mix five drops with one ounce of base oil and apply.

Bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia is antibacterial (destroys or suppresses the growth or reproduction of bacteria) and antiseptic (prevents, resists, and counteracts decay).6 It can be dispersed in air, greatly reducing the presence of micro-organisms and is antiinflammatory (capable of counteracting or suppressing inflammation). All of these actions make it very helpful for use with infections. It is also useful for colds, flu, and coughs because of its expectorant action (encourages the discharge of mucus from bronchiopulmonary passages). For sinus and head congestion, use one to two drops on a tissue and inhale.

Bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia is useful for indigestion due to its digestive (aids in the digestion of food), carminative (stimulates intestinal peristalsis, relieves and promotes the expulsion of gas from the gastrointestinal tract), and antispasmodic (relieves nervous irritability and reduces or prevents excessive involuntary muscular contractions and spasms) actions. For indigestion, gas, or abdominal cramping, add one drop to one teaspoon of base oil and massage the stomach area clockwise.

Bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia essential oil’s aperitive (stimulates the appetite) action makes it helpful for loss of appetite. Try adding two drops to a warm bath.

3 Seo, J.Y. (2009). The effects of aromatherapy on stress and stress responses in adolescents. J Korean Acad Nurs., 39(3):357-65.

4 Chang, K.M. & Shen, C.W. (2011). Aromatherapy benefits autonomic nervous system regulation for elementary school faculty in Taiwan. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med., 2011:946537.

5 Saiyudthong, S. & Marsden, C.A. (2011). Acute effects of bergamot oil on anxiety-related behaviour and corticosterone level in rats. Phytother Res., 25(6):858-62.

6 Fisher, K. & Phillips, C. (2009). In vitro inhibition of vancomycin-susceptible and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis in the presence of citrus essential oils. Br J Biomed Sci., 66(4):180-5.

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Essential Oil Monographs

In addition, bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia essential oil’s deodorant action, along with its antibacterial action, make it helpful for halitosis, or bad breath. Put one drop in one-half glass of warm water. Stir rapidly, and then use to rinse the mouth.

Household Uses Bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia oil is added to Earl Grey tea, giving it its characteristic flavor. Hard candy is flavored with bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia for its sweet and fruity, yet refreshing flavor. It is also used to fragrance tobaccos, especially pipe tobaccos and potpourri.

In commercial foods, bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia oil is widely used as a citrus flavoring agent, including up to 0.02% in gelatins and puddings.

Bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia oil that is bergaptene-free is used in cosmetics manufacturing (up to 3% in perfumes and 0.25% in creams and lotions), in soaps, and suntan oils.

Other household and culinary uses include: •

• • • • •

Bathroom cleaner, room spray, or surface cleaner: Use two to three drops undiluted on a damp cleaning cloth to wipe surfaces; add five drops to two cups of white vinegar to make a surface cleaner; or make a paste with onehalf cup of baking soda (add enough water to form a paste, and then add eight drops of bergamot) and use to clean bathroom surfaces.

Carpet cleaner: Add eight drops of oil to one-half cup baking soda. Sprinkle on carpet: Wait 10 minutes, then vacuum thoroughly.

Clothes dryer: Add two drops to a small cloth and add to dryer.

Washing machine: Add two to five drops with softener or in the final rinse.

Refrigerator: Put one drop on a wet cloth, and then wipe down surfaces to deodorize your refrigerator.

Dishwashing liquid: Because it is an antibacterial (also called a bactericide), bergamot is useful added to dishwashing liquid: Add eight drops to a bottle of dishwashing liquid and shake before use.

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Essential Oil Monographs

Perfumery Bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia is an important and classic perfume material. It gives a delicate top note, along with strength and body, to a fragrance blend.

Unlike most citrus oils, it does have a certain fixative effect when used in high concentrations. It imparts a refreshing characteristic eau de cologne fragrance. The fresh citrus fragrance has an uplifting effect on the mind.

Oils that blend well with bergamot include: Bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia blends well with chamomile Roman C. nobile, coriander C. sativum, cypress C. sempervirens, geranium P. graveolens, jasmine J. grandiflorum, juniper J. communis, lavender L. angustifolia, lemon C. limonum, neroli C. aurantium var. amara, rose attar R. damascena, sandalwood S. album, and violet Viola odorata (L.).

Recommended Daily Use Topical application: Adults: Dilute 1 drop in 2 teaspoons (10ml) of carrier oil or another safe diluent. Use this diluted preparation over a 24-hour period in 3 to 4 topical applications, or use the complete amount for one full bath.

The dilution ratio is 0.4% to avoid photosensitivity. Rectified, furanocoumarin free bergamot essential oil can be used at higher dilution rates without risk of photosensitivity.

Note: These dilution ratios are based on the conversion of 30 drops of essential oil = 1ml.

Inhalation: Adults: Inhaled via a diffuser. Note: When diffusing, don't exceed 30-minute intervals and diffuse in well-ventilated areas.

If any adverse reactions occur, discontinue use and consult with a physician.

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Essential Oil Monographs

Cautions and Contraindications Bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia oil has Generally Recognized as Safe status (GRAS) for use in foods in the U.S., and is on the Substances Added to Food List, which means it is likely safe when consumed orally in amounts commonly found in foods. 7 8 Care should be taken with topical application as it is photosensitizing; because of the bergaptene content it can cause abnormal skin pigmentation when skin is exposed to sunlight or sunbed, and it may even lead to malignant changes in the skin.9 10 This action is intensified if the bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia is blended with alcohol.

The quantity of bergamot essential oil in a finished product intended for topical use should be 0.4%. If you do use a product that contains bergamot essential oil and it is not bergaptene-free, wait for at least 12 hours before exposing skin to the sun or using a tanning bed.11 Note, the bergamot in your Essential Oil Kit includes bergaptene, so use care when applying externally. As a general rule the color of bergamot reveals if it is bergaptene free or not. Regular bergamot is yellow-green (olive), bergaptene-free is pale yellow, almost clear.

Some authors recommend avoiding bergamot during pregnancy and nursing. However, Tisserand concludes that it can be used during pregnancy due to the low toxicity of limonene and linalool.12 He also states there is a suggestion that (+)- limonene crosses the placenta, and that it may have beneficial effects on fetal health, for example in smokers.13 ACHS recommends caution. While many things cross the placental barrier, if it is not essential to use bergamot essential oil during pregnancy why risk fetal health with a substance the effects of which are not truly known.

7 CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 13 July 2020, from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=182.20.

8 Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS) BERGAMOT, OIL (CITRUS AURANTIUM L. SUBSP. BERGAMIA WRIGHT ET ARN.). Accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 13 July 2020, from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/index.cfm?set=FoodSubstances&id=BERGAMOTOIL. 9 The Review of Natural Products by Facts and Comparisons. Wolters Kluwer Co., 1999.

10 Kejlová, K., Jírová, D., Bendová, H., Gajdoš, P., & Kolárová, H. (2010). Phototoxicity of essential oils intended for cosmetic use. Toxicol In Vitro, 24(8):2084-9.

11 Note: We do not recommend tanning beds. Read more here: http://www.skincancer.org/prevention/tanning 12 Tisserand, R. & Young, R. (2014). Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals. (2nd Ed.).

Churchill Livingstone: 212.

13 Ibid.

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As with all essential oils, bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia oil is likely unsafe when ingested by children in large amounts.14 Do not use at the same time as photosensitizing drugs, because the bergaptene content can compound photosensitizing effects and increase the risk of side effects.15 SAFETY TIP BERGAPTENE AND ANTIPLATELET ACTION Bergaptene also spelled as bergapten is a furocoumarin found in bergamot essential oil amongst others, that has demonstrated antiplatelet activity in research. 16 Any essential oil with more than 5% bergaptene should be used with extreme care and never orally where these conditions exist: anticoagulant drugs, surgery, childbirth, peptic ulcer, hemophilia or other bleeding disorders.

Always check the safety precautions for each oil and follow the administration guidelines and dose and duration. Duration of exposure is as important as concentration. This is an important safety consideration throughout your studies.

Always consider dose and duration whenever you use essential oils.

ACHS Toxic Rating The American College of Healthcare Sciences toxic rating is a II.

Formulas Indigestion/Loss of Appetite Rub Bergamot Citrus aurantium var. bergamia oil: 4 drops Chamomile Roman Chamaemelum nobile oil: 3 drops Ginger Zingiber officinale oil: 3 drops Sweet almond oil: 1 ounce (1% dilution ratio) Blend oils, then, using ¼ ounce (7.5ml) of the blend, massage the stomach and intestinal areas in a clockwise direction using small, circular movements.

14 McGuffin, M., Hobbs, C., Upton, R., & Goldberg, A. (Eds.). (1997). American Herbal Products Association’s Botanical Safety Handbook. Florida: CRC Press.

15 Vitetta, L., Thomsen, M., & Sali, A. (2003). Black cohosh and other herbal remedies associated with acute hepatitis. Med J Aust., 178:411-2.

16 Chen, I. S., Chang, C. T., Sheen, W. S., Teng, C. M., Tsai, I. L., Duh, C. Y., & Ko, F. N. (1996). Coumarins and antiplatelet aggregation constituents from Formosan Peucedanum japonicum. Phytochemistry, 41(2), 525–530. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00625-7

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Essential Oil Monographs

Varicose Veins Rub Lavender Lavandula angustifolia oil: 24 drops Bergamot Citrus aurantium var. bergamia oil: 8 drops Ginger Zingiber officinale oil: 8 drops Sweet almond oil: 2 ounces (2% dilution ratio) Blend the oils. Then use ½ teaspoon (2.5ml) of the blend to massage gently into veins, avoiding bruised or swollen areas. Use this rub two to three times per day.

Compress for Varicose Veins Ginger Zingiber officinale oil: 6 drops Bergamot Citrus aurantium var. bergamia oil: 5 drops Lemon Citrus limonum oil: 5 drops Mix essential oils with 1 ounce of sweet almond oil Filtered water: 1 cup Mix the oil mixture into boiled water that has cooled to room temperature. Wring out a square of soft cotton in the mixture and place over the affected area. Leave compress on for at least 15 minutes, and then replace.

Body Powder This body powder is a good alternative to commercial powders. (These usually contain talc or French chalk, which is finely ground magnesium silicate and can cause lung problems with prolonged inhalation. The chemical composition is similar to asbestos, a known carcinogen and lung irritant.) The cornstarch deodorizes, absorbs, and draws out moisture.

You can replace bergamot with any essential oil or a blend of your choice.

Comfrey Symphytum officinale root powder (optional): 1¼ cup White clay: 1 cup Corn starch or arrowroot powder: 1 cup Slippery elm Ulmus fulva powder (optional): ¼ cup Bergamot Citrus aurantium var. bergamia oil: 8 to 15 drops Mix the powders. Sprinkle the essential oil over the powder and mix. To begin with, the scent should be stronger than you would prefer; it will reduce as it dries out.

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Essential Oil Monographs

Sift the powders two or three times to ensure they are fine and free of lumps.17 It can be placed in body powder tubes with a shaker top. Check that it sprinkles freely from the container. If it has too much clay, it will not flow freely.

17 If you don’t have a sifter or sieve, you can stir the ingredients or gently shake the bowl.

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Essential Oil Monographs

Essential Oil of Chamomile Roman

Figure 3: Chamomile Roman Chamaemelum nobile. Image by Dorene Petersen. Š 2005

Latin Name Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. (formerly Anthemis nobilis (L.))

Family Asteraceae According to the British Pharmacopoeia, the cultivated double variety of C. nobile is the variety used for oil extraction. Do not confuse it with Blue or German chamomile Matricaria recutita (L.) or chamomile maroc Ormenis multicaulis Chamomile Roman and Blue chamomile can be easily distinguished in nature. Chamomile Roman is a perennial with scented foliage that smells extremely strong, somewhat like green Granny Smith apples. Blue chamomile is an annual and the foliage has no scent. Chamomile Roman has slightly hairy stems, while those of Blue chamomile are smooth. The flowers of Roman chamomile sit singly atop the stem, while those of Blue chamomile are on divided stems in a comb-like arrangement. Another distinct characteristic is the cone in the center of Blue chamomile which distinctly domes out, whereas chamomile Roman is flat.

(Braun-Blanq. & Maire). Chamomile maroc should not technically be called chamomile.

Botanically and chemically it is not related. It should not be considered a replacement for either C. nobile or M. recutita.

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Pronunciation ˈka-mə-ˌmī(-ə)l, -ˌmē18

Common Names Roman chamomile, English chamomile, chamomile romaine, and camomile

Sources Chamomile Roman C. nobile is grown for oil extraction in Europe, Britain, Italy, France, and the United States.

History In Egyptian times, chamomile Roman C. nobile was a sacred flower and was used as an offering to the sun god Ra. In the Middle Ages, it was used as a strewing herb, scattered through houses and along walkways to improve air quality and reduce the insect population.

Parts Used Flowers

Cultivation Chamomile Roman C. nobile is a perennial that prefers dry, sandy soil. Propagation is by seed or root cuttings.

Harvesting & Production The oil is distilled from recently dried flower heads. Once the plants start to flower, they can be harvested every two weeks.

18 Definition of CHAMOMILE. Merriam-webster.com. (2020). Retrieved 13 July 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chamomile.

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Characteristics Open your sample of chamomile Roman C. nobile. See if you can identify the following.

Note your own experience of the aroma, color, and feel in your notebook.

Aroma •A distinct, aromatic aroma and a bitter taste.

Color •It should be clear or a soft blue, because of the azulene content.

Feel •Chamomile oil dries quickly if rubbed between the fingers and has no hint of oiliness.

Perfume blotter test •It leaves no stain on the perfume blotter.

Active Constituents • • •

The three main esters are isobutyl angelate, 2-methylbutyl angelate, and methallyl angelate. Esters are renowned antispasmodics.

Chamomile Roman C. nobile oil contains chamazulene, an anti-inflammatory substance. It is often used as an ingredient in skincare preparations because of this action.

Chamomile Roman C. nobile also contains the terpene pinene, the alcohols farnesol and nerolidol, the ketone pinocarvone, and the oxide 1,8 cineol, which is antiseptic and antimicrobial, along with a range of constituents in smaller quantities.

Storage Chamazulene and alpha-bisabolol are unstable.19 Chamomile Roman C. nobile should be stored at cool temperatures and in well-filled containers protected from light.

19 Gupta, S., Srivastava, J., & Shankar, E. (2010). Chamomile: A herbal medicine of the past with a bright future (Review). Molecular Medicine Reports, 3(6). https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2010.377

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Therapeutic Uses Chamomile Roman C. nobile essential oil may provide support for: Acne, allergies, anger, anxiety, arthritis, asthma, bites, boils, burns, bronchitis, Candida, capillaries (broken), chilblains, cold sores, colic, conjunctivitis, cuts, depression, dermatitis, eczema, gastritis, headache, indigestion, infection, insect bites, insomnia, irritability, menstrual cramps, migraine, nervousness, sores, sprains, stings, stomach cramps, stress-induced asthma, teething, tinea, toothache, and wounds.

Chamomile Roman C. nobile essential oil’s analgesic (pain relieving) action makes it invaluable for pain relief from a variety of causes, including: Arthritis, burns, headaches, insect bites and stings, migraines, sprains, teething, and toothaches. For headaches and migraines, rub one drop onto the temple, avoiding the eyes, and one drop into the hollow at the base of the neck. For arthritis, burns, and sprains, apply a cold compress. For stings and insect bites, apply undiluted with a cotton ball. For teething, dilute one drop in onehalf teaspoon of vegetable glycerin and apply with a cotton ball. For older children (five years and older) and adults with toothache, apply the oil directly to gums using a sterile cotton swab.

Chamomile Roman C. nobile is antibacterial and antiseptic, making it useful for many skin problems. Its anti-inflammatory action (attributed to the chamazulene content) helps to relieve irritation, while addressing the cause. It is also vulnerary, helping to promote healing of fresh cuts and wounds. Use a warm or cold compress.

For conjunctivitis, add one drop of chamomile Roman C. nobile essential oil in one-half cup of warm water and bathe the eye. Be sure to use sterile cotton and discard after each application.

Its antifungal action means chamomile Roman C. nobile can destroy fungi or suppresses their reproduction or growth. Therefore, it’s useful with Candida overgrowth and tinea.

Add three drops to a full bath or use a foot or hand bath.

As an astringent, chamomile Roman C. nobile is also useful for any condition where you need to contract tissues and arrest discharges, such as: Allergies, broken capillaries, dermatitis, insect bites, sores, and sprains.

Chamomile Roman C. nobile is an antidepressant oil, and it can be used in cases of depression or stress-induced asthma. Add three drops to a bath.

It is also well-known for its anti-inflammatory action, which makes it a wonderful choice for counteracting and suppressing any inflammation. Chamomile Roman C. nobile is also an antispasmodic. The combination of the anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic actions makes it useful for allergies, asthma, bronchitis, and eczema. Add three drops to a full bath or use a foot or hand bath.

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Chamomile Roman C. nobile essential oil’s antispasmodic action also makes it useful with a wide range of body systems, including stomach cramps, headaches, irritability, nervousness, and stomach cramps. Add three to five drops of essential oil to a full bath.

Further, chamomile Roman C. nobile is carminative; it stimulates intestinal peristalsis and relieves and promotes the expulsion of gas from the gastrointestinal tract. Because of this action, it assists with a range of gastrointestinal problems, including colic, indigestion, gastritis, and stomach cramps. Add five drops of essential oil to a bowl of warm water and soak the feet.

In addition, chamomile Roman C. nobile is an emmenagogue; it tones and regulates the female reproductive system. This action makes it useful for amenorrhea (absence of a menstrual period), dysmenorrhea (painful menstrual period), and menopause. Add five drops of essential oil to one ounce of a base oil and massage the abdomen. Alternatively, use in a hot compress placed over the uterus.

Lastly, chamomile Roman C. nobile is also a sedative; it calms and tranquilizes the nerves. A study with 56 ICU patients showed the patients who inhaled an aromatherapy blend of lavender L. angustifolia, chamomile Roman C. nobile, and neroli C. aurantium var. amara essential oils slept better after surgery and had lower levels of anxiety.20 Use with anger, anxiety, insomnia, irritability, nervousness, or anytime you need to cultivate a calming influence. Add chamomile Roman C. nobile essential oil to a diffuser or in the bedroom; use three drops on a cotton ball placed inside a pillowcase.

Household Uses Chamomile Roman C. nobile flowers make a pleasant tea. Usually the tea is imbibed as a nightcap. It calms the nervous system, soothes digestion, and prepares you for a revitalizing night’s sleep. As an alternative, place a few drops of the essential oil on a cotton ball and place the cotton ball inside a pillowcase. In the garden, chamomile herb lawns give a sweet apple scent when walked on.

Perfumery Chamomile Roman C. nobile has a warm, sweet, herbaceous, fruity aroma, but it does not last long. It is used extensively in cosmetics, detergents, perfume, soaps, and hair care products. It is said to impart a warm, fresh note with a natural depth.

20 Cho, M.Y., Min, E.S., Hur, M.H., & Lee, M.S. (2013). Effects of aromatherapy on the anxiety, vital signs, and sleep quality of percutaneous coronary intervention patients in intensive care units. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med., 2013:381381.

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Oils that blend well with chamomile Roman include: Chamomile Roman C. nobile blends well with benzoin S. tonkinensis, bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia, citrus oils, clary sage S. sclarea, geranium P. graveolens, jasmine J. grandiflorum, lavender L. angustifolia, neroli C. aurantium var. amara, oakmoss Evernia prunastri (L.), patchouli P. cablin, and rose R. damascena.

Recommended Daily Use Topical application: Adults: Dilute 3 drops in 2 teaspoons (10ml) of carrier oil or another safe diluent. Use this diluted preparation over a 24-hour period in 3 to 4 topical applications, or use the complete amount for one full bath.

Dilution ratio 1%.

Note: These dilution ratios are based on the conversion of 30 drops of essential oil = 1ml.

Inhalation: Adults: Inhaled via a diffuser. Note: When diffusing, don't exceed 30-minute intervals and diffuse in well-ventilated areas.

If any adverse reactions occur, discontinue use and consult with a physician.

Cautions & Contraindications Roman chamomile essential oil is listed on the FDA Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) list21 and on the FDA Substances Added to Food .22 Both Roman chamomile C. nobile and Blue chamomile M. recutita essential oil contain the constituent, alpha-bisabolol, that can inhibit the activities of P450 cytochrome pathway drug metabolizing enzymes which increase the plasma level of medication. Caution should be applied if using either of the chamomile essential oils at the same time as some antidepressants, anti-nausea, anticoagulant, and anti-asthma drugs amongst others. American College of Healthcare Science recommends it is avoided during 21 CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 14 July 2020, from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=182.20.

22 Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS). Accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 14 July 2020, from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/?set=FoodSubstances&id=CHAMOMILEFLOWERAnthemisnobilis &sort=Sortterm&order=ASC&startrow=1&type=basic&search=chamomile.

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pregnancy as the P450 cytochrome pathway enzymes may naturally reduce during this time. Coupled with the fact that these enzymes also detoxify pesticides during pregnancy and any reduction of them could potentially affect fetal development.

For external applications, apply a skin patch test as it may cause dermatitis in some individuals. If a client is allergic to ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia (L.), or other members of the Asteraceae family take extra precautions.23

Toxic Rating The American College of Healthcare Sciences toxic rating is a II.

Formulas Oil for Muscle and Joint Pain Prepare an infused oil with chamomile Roman C. nobile flowers and peanut oil using the standard formula for an infusion (see recipe in Chapter Four). Use either the water bath or solar method.

Essential oil of chamomile Roman C. nobile can also be added to the final product at a 1% dilution ratio (9 drops of essential oil per 1 ounce of infused oil).

Add rosemary R. officinalis essential oil at a 1% dilution ratio (9 drops of essential oil per 1 ounce of infused oil) for additional pain-relieving effects.

Facial Oil Chamomile Roman Chamaemelum nobile oil: 3 drops Camellia oil: 2 teaspoons (1% dilution ratio) Prepare a small amount of facial oil at a time to ensure it stays fresh. Mix the oils in a small, clean glass jar (or an inert plastic jar) with a tight-fitting lid. Apply a small amount to your cleansed face and neck nightly using light upward strokes.

23 Maddocks-Jennings, W. (2004). Critical incident: idiosyncratic allergic reactions to essential oils.

Complement Ther Nurs Midwifery, 10(1):58-60.

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Essential Oil of Eucalyptus

Figure 4: Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus. Image by Dorene Petersen. © 2005

Latin Name Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.)

There are several species of eucalyptus used to produce essential oil. Some of the more common include: Eucalyptus australiana (R.T.Baker & H.G.Sm.), Eucalyptus leucoxylon (F. Muell.), Eucalyptus polybractea (R. T. Baker), and Eucalyptus sideroxylon (A. Cunn. ex Woolls).

Eucalyptus citriodora (Hook.) and Eucalyptus smithii (R.T. Baker) are two additional species, which we will study in separate monographs. In this monograph, we focus on E. globulus.

Family Myrtaceae 26 Master the Basics of Aromatherapy and the Poewr of Smell © 2020 American College of Healthcare Sciences. All duplication prohibited.

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Pronunciation ˌyü-kə-ˈlip-təs24

Common Names Gum tree, blue gum, stringy bark, and fever tree

Sources Eucalyptus is a tree native to Australia and Tasmania, although it is now found on many continents. At present, about 25 eucalyptus species are used to produce oil. Eucalyptus globulus is produced in China, Brazil, Paraguay, Australia, South Africa, and Spain.

History Eucalyptus is a Greek word meaning “well covered,” which refers to the lid-like cover of the bud. In the late 19th century, eucalyptus was frequently planted in marshy areas. Its heavy water requirements made it extremely useful in preventing the malarial fever epidemics in swampy areas. The eucalyptus tree is one of the earliest used native medicines in Australia. Parts Used Eucalyptus E. globulus essential oil is extracted by steam distillation from the fresh or partly dried leaves and twigs.

Cultivation Eucalyptus is a large tree, with varied foliage and flowers. Some species have interesting ornamental bark. It is now planted worldwide in regions with a subtropical or Mediterranean climate. Eucalyptus is a rapid grower, often reaching heights of 300 feet. Eucalyptus globulus, the blue gum, is very sensitive to abrupt weather

Figure 5: Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus flower, China. Image by Dorene Petersen. © 2014

24 Definition of EUCALYPTUS. Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 13 July 2020, from https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/eucalyptus.

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changes and frost, but it adapts very well to dry soils. The red gum Eucalyptus rostrata (Schltdl.) resists both drought and flooding and withstands extreme heat, thriving in alkaline soil. Generally, eucalyptus grows well in a variety of soil types, but it does best in a rich loam.

Harvesting & Production Eucalyptus E. globulus oil is usually harvested by hand and the trees are kept shorter and coppiced. It is steam distilled from the fresh or partly dried leaves and young twigs. The age of the leaves does not affect the composition of the oil.

Characteristics Open your sample of eucalyptus. See if you can identify the following. Note your own experience of the aroma, color, and feel in your notebook.

Aroma •Characteristic, aromatic, somewhat camphoraceous aroma, and somewhat bitter, astringent taste

Color •A colorless or pale-yellow liquid

Feel •Eucalyptus oil feels thin but slightly oily when rubbed between the fingers.

Perfume blotter test •It should evaporate quickly and leave no stain on the perfume blotter.

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Active Constituents Eucalyptus E. globulus oil contains approximately: •

• •

66-84% 1,8 cineole, also known as eucalyptol. Eucalyptol is called cajuputol when it is found in cajuput, but essentially, eucalyptol, 1,8 cineole, and cajuputol are the same constituents. 1,8 cineole is an oxide and has anti-inflammatory, mucolytic, antispasmodic, and expectorant properties including 4-15% alphapinene, 1-3% limonene, 1-3% cymene, phellandrene, and terpinene. Common monoterpene characteristics are analgesic, bactericidal, expectorant, and stimulant.

The sesquiterpene caryophyllene also has been found in eucalyptus.

Sesquiterpenes are analgesic, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, hypotensive, and spasmolytic.

A range of constituents in smaller quantities.

Eucalyptus E. globulus oil is frequently rectified, which means that the minor active constituents (such as the sesquiterpenes, alcohols, and phenols) are removed by redistillation since they may have irritant properties. If you see eucalyptus E. globulus oil described as 80/85 NF, it means the eucalyptol content is between 80-85%, the standard set by the U.S. National Formulary. It is usually standardized with either synthetic or naturally derived eucalyptol. Eucalyptus E. globulus oil is difficult to reproduce synthetically, as it contains more than 250 chemical constituents.

Storage As with all essential oils, it should be stored at cool temperatures and in well-filled containers protected from light.

Therapeutic Uses Eucalyptus E. globulus essential oil may provide support for: Abscesses, blisters, boils, bronchitis, bruises, burns, Candida, catarrh, chicken pox, chills, colds, cough, cuts, cystitis, fever, flu, headache, infection, influenza, insect bites, laryngitis, measles migraine, mucus, muscle stiffness, rheumatism, sinus congestion, sinus infection, sinusitis, skin infection, skin ulcers, sore throat, sprain, viral infection, and wounds.

Eucalyptus E. globulus is a very effective analgesic with an immediate pain relief and soothing action. A research study found inhaling diffused eucalyptus E. globulus essential oil for 30 minutes a day helped lower pain and blood pressure levels in patients recovering from

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total knee replacement surgery.25 Prepare as an ointment using one of the formulas given and apply as frequently as needed. The analgesic action of eucalyptus E. globulus is useful for sprains, bruises, stings, and headache.

Eucalyptus E. globulus is also anti-neuralgic, able to relieve neuralgia (pain that extends along one or more nerves). Prepare as an ointment using one of the formulas given and apply as frequently as needed, or use alternating hot and cold compresses.

Further, eucalyptus E. globulus is anti-rheumatic, able to prevent or relieve muscle stiffness or rheumatism. Add five drops of eucalyptus E. globulus essential oil to one ounce of base oil and massage the area or apply hot and cold compresses.

It is also an effective antibacterial (destroying and suppressing the growth and reproduction of bacteria) and antiseptic (able to prevent, resist, and counteract putrefaction). Eucalyptus E. globulus oil has been shown to be effective against the bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.26 27 28 These two common bacteria are responsible for many infections, from skin ulcers to cystitis. Eucalyptus E. globulus essential oil’s antibacterial action is useful with abscesses, cystitis, skin infections, skin ulcers, and sore throats. For abscesses or skin infections, prepare as an ointment or compress using one of the formulas given and apply as frequently as needed.

To cleanse the air in a room, use a vaporizer, diffuser, or hot water diffusing method.

For colds and flu, use eucalyptus E. globulus essential oil in a humidifier, room spray, diffuser, or bath. When adding to the bath water use three to four drops diluted with a dispersant such as whole milk or a base oil. Add the mixture once the bath is full, giving it a good swish to mix. Add two drops of eucalyptus E. globulus essential oil to a glass of warm water as a gargle for a sore throat.

25 Jun, Y., Kang, P., Min, S., Lee, J-M., Kim, H-K., & Seol, G. (2013). Effect of Eucalyptus Oil Inhalation on Pain and Inflammatory Responses after Total Knee Replacement: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013(2013).

26 Bachir, R.G. & Benali, M. (2012). Antibacterial activity of the essential oils from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed., 2(9):739-42.

27 Tohidpour, A., Sattari, M., Omidbaigi, R., Yadegar, A., & Nazemi, J. (2009). Antibacterial effect of essential oils from two medicinal plants against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Phytomedicine, 17(2):142-5.

28 Djenane, D., Yangüela, J., Amrouche, T., Boubrit, S., Boussad, N., & Roncalés, P. (2011). Chemical composition and antimicrobial effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus globulus, Myrtus communis and Satureja hortensis against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus in minced beef. Food Sci Technol Int.,17(6): 505-15.

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Eucalyptus E. globulus is vulnerary (promotes the healing of fresh cuts or wounds). Prepare as an ointment using one of the formulas given and apply as frequently as needed. This vulnerary action is useful for helping to heal abscesses, blisters, boils, burns, cuts, skin infections and ulcers, and wounds.

Eucalyptus E. globulus is antifungal, able to destroy fungi or suppress their reproduction or growth. Research has demonstrated eucalyptus E. globulus essential oil is effective against the yeast Candida albicans.29 For Candida overgrowth, add three to four drops to a bath.

Remember add the essential oil to a dispersant such as whole milk or a base oil. Add the mixture once the bath is full, giving it a good swish to mix. Also, eucalyptus E. globulus essential oil can be used in ointments for athlete’s foot or tinea.

Studies have shown that eucalyptus E. globulus essential oil and alcoholic extract have antiviral activity against the herpes virus HSV-1.30 It is demonstrated that HSV is one of the causes of encephalitis, dermatitis, and genitourinary infections, and also the probable cause of cervical cancer.31 Use a vaporizer, diffuser, compress, or hot water diffusing method as outlined above.

Along with its antibacterial, antiviral, and antiseptic actions, which help to address the cause of any respiratory problem and its related symptoms, eucalyptus E. globulus is a decongestant, or tends to reduce congestion. A decongestant action is useful for catarrh (thick phlegm), cough, excessive thin mucus, sinus congestion and infection, and laryngitis.

Prepare as an ointment using one of the formulas given and apply as frequently as needed.

Use a vaporizer, diffuser, or hot water diffusing method as outlined above.

Eucalyptus E. globulus is also an expectorant, which encourages the discharge of mucus from lung and sinus. An expectorant action can be used with bronchitis, catarrh, cough, influenza, sinusitis, and respiratory infection. Prepare as an ointment or compress using one of the formulas given and apply as frequently as needed to the chest. Use a vaporizer, diffuser, or hot water diffusing method as outlined above.

29 Tyagi, A.K. & Malik, A. (2010). Liquid and vapour-phase antifungal activities of selected essential oils against Candida albicans: microscopic observations and chemical characterization of Cymbopogon citratus.

BMC Complement Altern Med., 10(10):65.

30 Brezáni, V., Leláková, V., Hassan, S., Berchová-Bímová, K., Nový, P., Kloucek, P., Maršík, P., Dall'Acqua, S., Hošek, J., & Šmejkal, K. (2018). Anti-Infectivity against Herpes Simplex Virus and Selected Microbes and AntiInflammatory Activities of Compounds Isolated from Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Viruses, 10(7), 360. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10070360 31 Gavanji, S., Sayedipour, S. S., Larki, B., & Bakharti, A. (2015). Antiviral activity of some plant oils against herpes simplex virus type 1 in vero cell culture. Journal of Acute Medicine, 5(3), 62-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacme.2015.07.001

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For influenza, coughs and colds in adults and children over ten years of age, put one teaspoon of eucalyptus oil in a pan full of water; leave on a very low heat on a stove top in an adjacent room so the vapors waft into the bedroom. For adults vaporize for one to two hours and for children over ten reduce the time to 30 minutes. A vaporizer or diffuser that cycles on and off will work in the same fashion. This creates vapors that are high in the antiseptic essential oil. The volatile molecules disperse throughout the room and help break up the mucus, as well as reduce the coughing.

Note: prolonged inhalation is not advisable for children under ten years of age.32 Duration of exposure is as important as concentration. This is an important safety consideration throughout your studies always consider dose and duration whenever you use essential oils.

Eucalyptus E. globulus is a febrifuge, which reduces fever. This action is important for use with chills, fever, influenza, and pneumonia. Use a vaporizer, diffuser, or hot water diffusing method as outlined above.

Household Uses Eucalyptus E. globulus oil is an effective antiseptic to use around the home. Its many uses include: • • • • • • • •

Dishcloth disinfectant: Soak cloths in a bowl with one drop of eucalyptus.

Cleaner: Dissolve the sticky remnants of tape on furniture, floors, and appliances. It can, however, lift the varnish and finish from wooden furniture, so use with care.

Sanitizer: Fumigate rooms or use to sterilize toilet and bathing areas.

Floor cleaner: Add three teaspoons to a bucket of boiling water when scrubbing floors.

Spot and stain remover.

Toilet deodorizer: Place two drops in inner cardboard roll of toilet roll. Light a bulb ring in the bathroom with two drops of eucalyptus.

Shoe deodorizer: Impregnate blotting paper and leave in sports shoes overnight.

Trash cans: Add one drop directly in trashcan and wash with three drops in hot water.

32 Tisserand, R., Young, R. (2014). Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals, 2nd Edition.

[Pageburstl]. Retrieved from https://pageburstls.elsevier.com/#/books/9780702062148/ page 273

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Perfumery Eucalyptus E. globulus is a top note with high aroma intensity. It has a fresh, penetrating, woody aroma. Lemon eucalyptus E. citriodora is also used extensively in perfumery.

Eucalyptus E. globulus is relatively stable in soap, and it has the ability to lift other perfume ingredients in a soap formula.

Oils that blends well with eucalyptus include: Eucalyptus E. globulus blends well with cedarwood Atlas C. atlantica and cedarwood Virginia J. virginiana, lavender L. angustifolia, lemon C. limonum, pine P. sylvestris, rosemary R. officinalis, and thyme T. vulgaris.

Recommended Daily Use Topical application: Adults: Dilute 3 drops in 2 teaspoons (10 ml) of carrier oil or another safe diluent. Use this diluted preparation over a 24-hour period in 3 to 4 topical applications, or use the complete amount for one full bath.

Dilution ratio 1%.

Please note: Other texts may indicate E. globulus can be used at higher dilution rates. However, ACHS recommends a 1% dilution rate for a bath or whole-body application based on International Fragrance Association (IFRA) recommendations.33 Note: These dilution ratios are based on the conversion of 30 drops of essential oil = 1ml.

Inhalation: Adults: Inhaled via a diffuser. Note: When diffusing, don't exceed 30-minute intervals and diffuse in well-ventilated areas.

33 European Commission. (n.d.). Scientific committee on consumer safety SCCS: Opinion on fragrance allergens in cosmetic products [PDF]. https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_102.pdf

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If any adverse reactions occur, discontinue use and consult with a physician.

Cautions & Contraindications Eucalyptus E. globulus herb not the essential oil has US FDA approval on the list Flavoring Agents and Related Substances.34 Eucalyptus E. globulus, essential oil is on the Substances Added to Food list.35 Eucalyptol (lozenge), eucalyptol (mouthwash), eucalyptus oil (lozenge), and eucalyptus oil (mouthwash) are all listed on the New Drug FDA list called Sec. 310.545 and defined as “Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain use.36” Eucalyptol (1-8, cineole) product should be 20% and the German Commission E Monograph for eucalyptus oil recommends 5–20% for dermal applications.37 However more recently the IFRA and Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety classify eucalyptus as a top 100 substance, and skin sensitizer with a code R43. 38 A substance is classified as a skin sensitizer (R43) when there is evidence in humans that the substance can induce sensitization by skin contact in a substantial number of persons, or if there are positive results from an appropriate animal test. A response is needed in more than 30% of the animals in a test with adjuvant Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT)), or of more than 15% in a test without adjuvant (Buehler test). The general concentration limit for classification as a skin sensitizer is 1%. The Allergens in Consumer Products paper has more information on R43 and the GPMT and Buehler test. 39

34 See: FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED FOR DIRECT ADDITION TO FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=172.510 35 Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS) https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/index.cfm?set=FoodSubstances&id=EUCALYPTUSOIL 36 http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?fr=310.545 accessed 9/19-13 37 M. Blumenthal, W.R. Busse, A. Goldberg, et al.: The complete German Commission E monographs: therapeutic guide to herbal medicines. 1998, American Botanical Council, Austin, Texas.

38 European Commission. (n.d.). Scientific committee on consumer safety SCCS: Opinion on fragrance allergens in cosmetic products [PDF]. https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_102.pdf 39 Wijnhoven, S.W.P., Ezendam, J., Schuur, A.G.,van Loveren, H. & van Engelen, J.G.M (2008). Allergens in Consumer Products(RIVM Report 320025001/2008). Retrieved from National Institute for Public Health and the Environment website: https://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/320025001.pdf

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Because of the high eucalyptol (1,8 cineole) content eucalyptus E. globulus essential oil should not be applied full strength to the face, eyes, or nose. It should not be applied to the face or nose of infants or children under 10 years of age.40 Dose and duration of use are vital issues to consider when an oil has a high eucalyptol (1,8-cineole) content.

While there is no scientific evidence it is a generally accepted practice not use at the same time as homeopathic remedies, as it may limit their effectiveness.

It is also contraindicated if there is a history or diagnosis of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypersensitive clients41, or gastrointestinal inflammation, and liver and bile duct complaints.42 Note according to Tisserand this is not necessary but he goes on to say “that some essential oils may present a risk to some classes of hypertensive patient, in certain dose/route combinations, and there may be a theoretical argument for exercising caution in certain cases of hypertension and hypotension. However, until we know more about where the risks lie, there is no case for contraindication of any essential oils.” 43 ACHS recommends to always err on the side caution and avoid in cases of chronic hypertension particularly when someone is on antihypertensive medication.

It can cause stinging on the skin if applied undiluted. Eucalyptol can irritate both the skin and mucous membranes. The maximum dilution in a finished product should be 20% and the German Commission E Monograph for eucalyptus oil recommends 5–20% for dermal applications.44 However more recently the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) and Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety classify eucalyptus as a skin sensitizer with a code R43. A substance is classified as a top 100 substance, and a skin sensitizer (R43) when there is evidence in humans that the substance can induce sensitization by skin contact in a substantial number of persons, or if there are positive results from an appropriate animal test. A response is needed in more than 30% of the animals in a test with adjuvant Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT), or of more than 15% in a test without adjuvant (Buehler 40 Tisserand, R. & Young, R. (2014). Essential oil safety: A guide for health care professionals. (2nd ed.).

Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 274.

41 Ibid.

42 M. Blumenthal, A. Goldberg, J. Brinckmann: Herbal medicine, expanded commission E monographs. 2000, Integrative Medicine Communications, Newton, MA 43 Tisserand, R., Young, R. (2014). Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals, 2nd Edition.

[Pageburstl]. Retrieved from https://pageburstls.elsevier.com/#/books/9780702062148/ 44 M. Blumenthal, W.R. Busse, A. Goldberg, et al.: The complete German Commission E monographs: therapeutic guide to herbal medicines. 1998, American Botanical Council, Austin, Texas.

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test). The general concentration limit for classification as a skin sensitizer is 1%. The Allergens in Consumer Products paper has more information on R43 and the GPMT and Buehler test45.

Do not use eucalyptus E. globulus oil undiluted on wounds or skin inflammation. Do not apply full strength to the face, eyes, or nose. Even diluted it should never be applied to the face or nose of infants or children under 10 years of age. For children over the age of ten it can be applied diluted topically (not hear the face or nose) for a limit of two to three days. It must be kept out of reach of children, as should all essential oils, and never given orally to children and with extreme care in adults.

ACHS Toxic Rating The American College of Healthcare Sciences toxic rating is II.

Formulas Inhalation Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus oil: 6 drops Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil: 5 drops Pine Pinus sylvestris oil: 3 drops Lavender Lavandula angustifolia oil: 2 drops Lemon Citrus limonum oil: 2 drops Blend the oils. To prepare as an inhalation, put six cups of boiling water into a bowl and mix in two drops of the Inhalation blend.

This blend can also be added to the bath water or to a foot or hand soak. Add three drops diluted with a dispersant such as whole milk or a base oil. Add the mixture once the bath or bowl (form the hand soak) are full, giving it a good swish to mix.

Or, simply sprinkle the diluted blend of essential oils on a tissue and inhale.

Do not use this formula with children younger than ten and with children older than ten, use with extreme care. Never rub oils containing eucalyptol, also known as 1,8 cineole or cajuputol, onto a child’s chest or around his/her face and nose.

45 Wijnhoven, S.W.P., Ezendam, J., Schuur, A.G.,van Loveren, H. & van Engelen, J.G.M (2008). Allergens in Consumer Products(RIVM Report 320025001/2008). Retrieved from National Institute for Public Health and the Environment website: https://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/320025001.pdf

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Rubbing Oil Bergamot Citrus aurantium var. bergamia oil: 4 drops Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus oil: 4 drops Tea tree Australia Melaleuca alternifolia oil: 2 drops Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil: 2 drops Ginger Zingiber officinale essential oil: 1 drop Sweet almond oil: 3 ounces (100ml) (1% dilution) Warm the sweet almond oil over a water bath46 and blend with the essential oils. Use 1.5 ounces of the blend to massage painful joints with the warmed oil. Store leftover oil in a repurposed glass jar and use it for a second application.

Eucalyptus Ointment Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus oil: 30 drops Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus leaves (dried): ½ ounce Sweet almond oil: 4 ounces Anhydrous lanolin: 2 ounces Beeswax unbleached: ½ ounce (adjust for consistency) Melt the lanolin over a saucepan of simmering water (called a water bath or double boiler), add eucalyptus leaves, and simmer gently for 30 to 45 minutes. Strain the mixture through unbleached muslin, squeezing the leaves to extract all the lanolin. The water bath prevents the lanolin from burning. Grate the beeswax and add more or less depending on the firmness required. Remove from heat and add the essential oil and sweet almond oil. Pour the ointment into sterile jars, top up again, and cool before putting on the lid.

46 See the Water Bath section within the lecture called Infused, Massage, and Bath Oils in Chapter Four.

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Essential Oil of Lavender

Figure 6: Lavender flowers close up. Reproduced under license.

Latin Name Lavandula officinalis (Chaix), Lavandula angustifolia (Mill.), or Lavandula vera (DC.)

Family Lamiaceae

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Pronunciation ˈla-vən-dər47

Common Names Garden lavender and common lavender

Sources Lavandula officinalis is grown commercially for essential oil production in France, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine. The small bottles of lavender found in most aromatherapy stores may be steam distilled from either lavender L. officinalis, spike lavender L. latifolia, or lavandin L. ×intermedia. It is important to understand and recognize the differences between them as they all may be named just by the common name.

True Lavender Lavandula angustifolia (Mill.) (also known as Lavandula officinalis (Chaix)) Figure 7: Wild lavender Lavandula angustifolia growing with poppies above 1,000 meters in Provence, France. Image by Erika Yigzaw.

47 Definition of LAVENDER. Merriam-webster.com. (2020). Retrieved 8 July 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lavender.

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This is a dwarf shrub yielding a relatively small yield of oil distinguished from other lavender oils by being entirely free of camphor. Its natural habitat is restricted to a small area above a 3,281-foot (1,000 meters) altitude in the southern French Alps. Lavender L. angustifolia is the true lavender that grows wild at altitudes of 2,296 to 3,609 feet (700 to 1,100 meters) in southern France. It produces the finest essential oil, with high ester content and a sweeter aroma. The wild lavender L. angustifolia has a smaller blossom cluster than commercially grown lavender L. angustifolia. Lavandula angustifolia is often referred to in France as female lavender. It is also grown commercially and is the more usual source of the L. angustifolia you can purchase. The wild harvested L. angustifolia is very rare and only a few distillers are producing it.

You will recognize L. angustifolia by its Figure 8: High altitude wild lavender Lavandula sweeter aroma. angustifolia in Provence, France. ACHS Summer Study Abroad. Image by Dorene Petersen. © 2001

Spike Lavender Lavandula latifolia (Medik.)

This is a strong-growing shrub giving a fairly large yield of oil. You will recognize L. latifolia by the strong aroma of camphor. It occurs naturally at lower altitudes around the northern Mediterranean shore, particularly Spain and Italy. It is also grown in England, the United States, Japan, and Tasmania. Spike lavender L. latifolia oil is quite harsh and is used mainly for scenting soaps and laundry detergents. It is often referred to in France as male lavender.

Lavandin Hybrid Lavandula ×intermedia (Emeric ex Loisel.)

At medium altitudes in the south of France, the “male” spike lavender and the “female” true lavender intermingle and give rise to a very wide range of hybrids. As commonly occurs with this type of crop, the hybrid is sterile but stronger growing than either parent.

It provides very large yields of oil that is high in camphor. France produces more than 1,000 tons of this plant a year. There are several clones of the lavandin L. intermedia that are popular, including grosso, super, and abrialis. All of these produce oils with varying components, some closer to “true” lavender L. angustifolia than others. You study lavandin in a separate monograph.

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History The botanical name Lavandula comes from the Latin lavare meaning “to wash.” The use of lavender L. angustifolia as a strewing and bathing herb by the Romans is well documented. It was one of the ingredients of the Four Thieves vinegar famous in the Middle Ages. During this time, Europeans used dried lavender L. angustifolia flowers under their pillows to ward off evil spirits. It was used extensively for medicinal purposes up until the 18th century in Britain.

Parts Used The oil is distilled from the flower stalks and flowers. Higher-quality oil is distilled from just the flowers, which are stripped from the stalks before distillation.

Cultivation The plant can be grown from seed, which is referred to as population lavender L. angustifolia, and is said to give the highest-quality essential oil. It is usually propagated by cuttings or divisions. Growth can be slow and the plants do not produce any considerable quantity of flowers for about three years. It grows best in a light soil (sand or gravel) in a dry, open, sunny position. It needs good drainage, particularly in winter. It grows in soils where few plants can survive and is said to produce the best-quality oil when the soil is very poor.

Figure 9: Lavender growing in Provence, France.

ACHS Summer Study Abroad. Image by Dorene Petersen. © 2001

Harvesting & Production The flowering crops are harvested when in full bloom and during the hottest time of the day. For best results, the flowers are steam distilled with no previous drying or fermentation. Fresh lavender L. angustifolia gives a greater yield of oil with a higher ester content. Some distillers prefer to let the cut and bundled flowers and stalks dry for up to three to four days in the field before distillation to reduce the water content (hence lowering the cost of production.) Note there is also an absolute available from L. angustifolia. However, it apparently causes more skin reactions than steam distilled lavender. (See Cautions and Contraindications below.)

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Characteristics Open your sample of lavender L. angustifolia. See if you can identify the following. Note your own experience of the aroma, color, and feel in your notebook.

Aroma •Fresh. High altitude lavender has a sweeter note.

Color •The color can range from colorless to pale-yellow or yellowish-green.

Feel •It has a slick sensation when you rub it between your fingers.

It absorbs quickly.

Perfume blotter test •It does not leave a stain on the perfume blotter.

Active Constituents Lavender L. angustifolia essential oil contains: •

• •

Up to approximately 40% linalyl acetate and 4.2% lavandulyl acetate esters.

The constituents of different species differ in their content of the ester, linalyl acetate, due to altitude. If lavender is grown above 2,000 feet, the ester content is increased, producing oil that is more valuable. The esters impart important therapeutic qualities to the oil, making it an effective soothing, balancing oil with an antimicrobial action.

Up to approximately 31.5% linalool, a monoterpenol with antibacterial, antifungal, vasoconstrictive, and toning properties Up to approximately 6.7% z-beta-ocimene 42 Master the Basics of Aromatherapy and the Poewr of Smell © 2020 American College of Healthcare Sciences. All duplication prohibited.

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• •

Up to approximately 5.16% beta-caryophyllene, a sesquiterpene with antiinflammatory properties A range of constituents in smaller quantities (There will be some variation depending on the country of origin, which is of course true for all essential oils.)

As you can see in the chart below, lavender L. angustifolia and lavandin L. intermedia have quite different chemical constituent profiles. As we have learned previously, the constituent profile affects the therapeutic outcome of the oil. Lavandin L. intermedia contains both camphor and 1,8 cineole (lavender L. angustifolia usually contains none). The camphor and 1,8 cineole can be stimulating (not sedating), which is the expected outcome when using lavender L. angustifolia. This can lead to a disappointing essential oil therapy experience.

Storage As with all essential oils, it should be stored at cool temperatures and in well-filled containers protected from light.

Therapeutic Uses Lavender L. angustifolia essential oil may provide support for: Acne, anxiety, bruises, burns, cough, depression, headaches, herpes ulcers, infections, insomnia, insect bites and stings, menstrual pain, migraine, muscle spasms, nervous irritability, nervous indigestion, scalds, sores, sore throat, sprains, teething pain, and wounds.

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Lavender L. angustifolia is an analgesic, helping to relieve pain when applied topically. This analgesic action can be very beneficial in relieving the following: Bruises, headaches, insect bites and stings, menstrual pain, migraine, scalds, sprains, and teething pain. For migraines and headaches, apply full-strength lavender L. angustifolia to ear lobes and temples (avoid the eyes) and to the hollow at the base of the neck. For teething, dilute two drops in one tablespoon of sweet almond oil and apply directly to the area with a cotton ball. For bruises, a cold compress is effective. For menstrual pain, a hot compress is best.

Lavender L. angustifolia is also antibacterial48 49, antifungal50, antiseptic, and astringent, making it an excellent choice for all skin complaints, including acne, infections, sores, and wounds.

Apply full strength to the area or use a cold compress. It is also a useful ingredient in a skin toner.

As an antiviral, lavender L. angustifolia can be used to relieve herpes lesions and sore throats. For herpes of the mouth, blend lavender L. angustifolia with eucalyptus E. globulus and geranium P. graveolens for optimal effect, and directly apply with a cotton ball. Gargle with two drops of lavender L. angustifolia in one-half cup of warm water for a sore throat.

Additionally, lavender L. angustifolia is an antispasmodic, helping to relieve nervous irritability and reduce or prevent excessive involuntary muscular contractions and spasms.

For insomnia due to nervous irritability51, soak cotton balls and place under your pillowcase, or use in a diffuser.

Its antispasmodic action is also useful for a cough. Gargle with two drops lavender L. angustifolia in one-half cup warm water or apply one drop undiluted lavender L. angustifolia to the throat area (adults).

48 Jianu, C., Pop, G., Gruia, A.T., & Horhat Florin, G. (2013). Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and Lavandin (Lavandula x intermedia) Grown in Western Romania. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 15(4):772-776.

49 Yap, P.S.X., Krishnan, T., Yiap, B.C., Hu, C.P., Chan, K.G., & Lim, S.H.E. (2014). Membrane disruption and anti-quorum sensing effects of synergistic interaction between Lavandula angustifolia (lavender oil) in combination with antibiotic against plasmid-conferred multi-drug-resistant Escherichia coli. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 116:1119-1128.

50 Uniyal, V., Bhatt, R.P., Saxena, S., & Talwar, A. (2012). Antifungal activity of essential oils and their volatile constituents against respiratory tract pathogens causing Aspergilloma and Aspergillosis by gaseous contact.

Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 4(1):65-70.

51 Han-Na, J. & Hyun-Ju, C. (2012). Effects of Lavandula angustifolia Aroma on Electroencephalograms in Female Adults with Sleep Disorders. Journal of Life Science, 22(2):192-199.

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Further, lavender L. angustifolia is an excellent nervine, helping to tone and heal the nerves.

Lavender L. angustifolia essential oil’s nervine action can ease nervous indigestion, insomnia, and stress.52 Lavender L. angustifolia is also antidepressant, helping to ease feelings of depression.53 Use in a diffuser or add four drops mixed with a safe diluent in a full bath.

Lavender L. angustifolia is also an excellent sedative, helping to calm and tranquilize the nerves, which helps to relieve anxiety.54 This action of relieving anxiety is also known as anxiolytic. Be sure to use true lavender L. angustifolia, and not lavandin L. intermedia, which contains a high proportion of camphor and is a stimulant! Use in a diffuser or use four drops mixed with a safe diluent in a full bath.

Household Uses Lavender L. angustifolia oil is used extensively to fragrance soaps and air fresheners, and it can be used around the home as a very effective deodorizer and air freshener: • • • • •

Lavender L. angustifolia pillows and sachets are wonderful in linen cupboards and chests of drawers and will keep away moths and other insects while imparting a fresh scent.

For your closet, soak blotting strips in lavender and place on the shelves.

To clean carpets, add one drop of lavender L. angustifolia oil to one tablespoon of borax. Sprinkle over the carpet, wait a few minutes, then vacuum.

For a fresh scent for ironing, put four drops directly into the steamer of your iron with the water.

Lavender L. angustifolia oil can be sprayed from an atomizer or left in a saucer to help keep away ants and insects, and to disinfect the air.

Perfumery Lavender L. angustifolia has a sweet, floral-herbaceous, refreshing aroma with a pleasant, balsamic-woody undertone. The fruity-sweet top note is short lived and the base note is not long lasting.

52 Woelka, H. & Schläfkeb, S. (2010). A multi-center, double-blind, randomised study of the Lavender oil preparation Silexan in comparison to Lorazepam for generalized anxiety disorder. Phytomedicine,17(2):9499.

53 Nikfarjam, M., Parvin, N., Assarzadegan, N., & Asghari, S. (2013). The Effects of Lavandula angustifolia Mill Infusion on Depression in Patients Using Citalopram: A comparison Study. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 15(8):734-9.

54 Chioca L.R., Ferro M.M., Baretta I.P., Oliveira S.M., Silva C.R., Ferreira J., et. al. (2013) Anxiolytic-like effect of lavender essential oil inhalation in mice: participation of serotonergic but not GABAA/benzodiazepine neurotransmission. J. Ethnopharmacol., 147(2):412-8.

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Oils that blends with lavender include: Lavender L. angustifolia blends well with bergamot C. aurantium var. bergamia, citrus oils, clary sage S. sclarea, geranium P. graveolens, patchouli P. cablin, pine P. sylvestris, and rosemary R. officinalis.

Recommended Daily Use Adults Topical application: Adults: Dilute 6 drops in 2 teaspoons (10ml) of carrier oil or another safe diluent. Use this diluted preparation over a 24-hour period in 3 to 4 topical applications, or use the complete amount for one full bath.

Dilution ratio 2%.

Note: These dilution ratios are based on the conversion of 30 drops of essential oil = 1ml.

Inhalation: Adults: Inhaled via a diffuser. Note: When diffusing, don't exceed 30-minute intervals and diffuse in well-ventilated areas.

If any adverse reactions occur, discontinue use and consult with a physician.

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Cautions & Contraindications Lavender essential oil is listed on the FDA Substances Added to Food List.55 Lavender flowers and two of the constituents of lavender, linalool (linalol), and linalyl acetate, are on Substances Generally Recognized as Safe56 List (GRAS)57 Lavender essential oil may cause skin sensitivity. The potential skin sensitizing constituents are linalool and linalyl acetate which are prone to altering on exposure to air. Once oxidized linalool and linalyl acetate within lavender essential oil may cause allergic skin reactions.58 A skin patch test is recommended if lavender is to be used on a regular basis or if there is a history of allergic skin reactions.

ACHS Toxic Rating The American College of Healthcare Sciences toxic rating is II.

Formulas Lavender Ointment Lavender Lavandula angustifolia oil: 25 drops Bergamot Citrus aurantium var. bergamia oil: 10 drops Geranium Pelargonium graveolens oil: 8 drops Sweet almond oil: 2 ounces Beeswax unbleached: Âź ounce (2% dilution) Warm the almond oil over a double boiler and add the grated beeswax. Stir until the wax is dissolved, then add the essential oils. Cool before placing in jars, and to avoid condensation, leave it to completely cool before putting on the lid.

55 Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS). Accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 13 July 2020, from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/?set=FoodSubstances&id=LAVENDEROILLAVANDULAOFFICIN ALISCHAIX&sort=Sortterm&order=ASC&startrow=1&type=basic&search=lavender.

56 Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR). Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (eCFR). Retrieved 13 July 2020, from https://www.ecfr.gov/cgibin/retrieveECFR?gp=&SID=3d8c169c5de41bf23cc4dda73d62e879&mc=true&n=sp21.3.182.a&r=SUBPART& ty=HTML#se21.3.182_150.

57CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. Accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 13 July 2020, from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/cfrsearch.cfm?cfrpart=182&showfr=1.

58 SCCS (Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety). (2011). Opinion on fragrance allergens in cosmetic products [PDF file]. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_073.pd

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Surface Cleaner Use one drop lavender essential oil directly on a cloth or add eight drops to one-half gallon of hot water. Wipe down all surfaces. Be sure to wear gloves if putting hands into a bucket of essential oil and water mixture.

Lavender Room Spray Lavender Lavandula angustifolia oil: 36 drops Filtered water: 1 ounce Alcohol like vodka (from your own supplies): 3 ounces (1% dilution) Mix lavender oils and alcohol and shake well. Add to the water. Shake again and place in a spray bottle. Can double the amount of essential oil if a stronger aroma is desired. Shake well before using.

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Essential Oil of Peppermint

Figure 10: Peppermint Mentha ×piperita taken in Korea. Image by Dorene Petersen. © 2014

Latin Name Mentha ×piperita (L.)

Family Lamiaceae

Pronunciation ˈpepə(r)ˌmɪnt59

Common Names Balm mint or brandy mint 59 Peppermint - pronunciation of peppermint by Macmillan Dictionary. Macmillandictionary.com. (2020).

Retrieved 9 July 2020, from https://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/pronunciation/british/peppermint.

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Sources Peppermint M. ×piperita is cultivated in the United States, which is the largest producer.

But Eastern Europe, Bulgaria, Italy, and Morocco also produce large enough quantities to report significant exports of peppermint oil.

History The name comes from the Greek myth of the nymph Minthe. Discovered by Persephone in the arms of her husband Pluto, Minthe metamorphosed into a “sweet smelling herb to be trampled underfoot.” Other writers connect mentha with the Latin word mente, meaning “thought.” Records of the uses and preparation of mint are found in the Ebers papyrus, the oldest surviving medical text. An ingredient in the sacred incense kyphi, it was used in ancient Egypt as a ritual perfume and was cultivated by the Egyptians. The hieroglyphics found in the temple of Edfu refer to this. The Greeks and Romans crowned themselves with peppermint at their feasts and it was used to flavor both sauces and wine.

Its use was mentioned in the Icelandic Pharmacopoeias of the 13th century. However, it did not come into use in Western European Pharmacopoeias until about the middle of the 18th century. It was added to the London Pharmacopoeia in 1721.

Parts Used The oil is distilled from the leaves, flowers, and stems.

Cultivation Figure 11 Figure 64: Peppermint Mentha ×piperita distillery, USA. Image by Dorene Petersen. © 1998

Peppermint M. ×piperita is a perennial that can be propagated by seed, cuttings, or rooted runners.

Peppermint requires a rich, moist soil with good drainage. The soil pH should be neutral to slightly alkaline. It prefers full sun. Liberal use of compost is recommended and the quantity and nature of the fertilizer has a great effect on the characteristics of the oil.

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Harvesting & Production Moderate climatic stress increases the yield of the oil while reducing the amount of the herb. Environmental stress increases the sesquiterpene levels in the oil.

The leaves and flowers are harvested just before maturity, when the essential oil content is greatest. In large commercial fields in the United States the plant is harvested directly into the retort, which is a large metal box on wheels. Steam is injected directly into this vessel once it is wheeled back into the distillery.

Characteristics Open your sample of peppermint M. ×piperita var. Black Mitcham. (This variety is grown in Washington State, USA). See if you can identify the following. Note your own experience of the aroma, color, and feel in your notebook.

Aroma •Fresh, strong, somewhat grassy, mint-like, reminiscent of candy canes Color •Clear to pale-yellow or pale-olive color Feel •It feels thin, but dry when rubbed between the fingers.

Perfume blotter test •It does not leave a stain on the perfume blotter.

Active Constituents Peppermint M. ×piperita essential oil includes approximately: 51 Master the Basics of Aromatherapy and the Poewr of Smell © 2020 American College of Healthcare Sciences. All duplication prohibited.

Essential Oil Monographs

•

Up to 42.8% of the alcohol l-menthol (the main constituent of peppermint M. ×piperita oil produced in the United States). Menthol produces the characteristic cooling taste and is used extensively in commercial products, such as cough drops.

• Up to 19.4% menthone, a ketone, with anticatarrhal, cell proliferant, expectorant, and vulnerary actions • The ester, menthyl acetate, is what gives peppermint the fragrant, minty aroma. Esters are non-toxic and as we learned earlier in the chapter, they are effective for fungal and yeast imbalances.

• A range of constituents in smaller quantities

Storage As with all essential oils, it should be stored at cool temperatures and in well-filled containers protected from light.

Therapeutic Uses As you review this section, you may ask: “How can peppermint M. ×piperita oil both constrict and dilate blood vessels? How can it do two opposing things?”

Peppermint M. ×piperita oil is known as an adaptogenic oil. This means it can sedate or stimulate depending on what is needed.

Peppermint M. ×piperita essential oil is used for: Bruises, cramp, dysmenorrhea, gastritis, headache, heartburn, indigestion, insect bites, irritable bowel syndrome, itching, nausea, neuralgia, rheumatism, sciatica, shingles, seizures, spastic colon, tennis elbow, and vomiting.

Peppermint M. ×piperita is an excellent analgesic.60 You may also see it referred to as an anodyne, local, or topical anesthetic. It is also an effective antispasmodic, relieving nervous irritability and reducing or preventing excessive involuntary muscular contractions and spasms. For cramp, headaches, neuralgia, sciatica, and shingles use one to two drops of peppermint M. ×piperita essential oil mixed with a safe diluent in a full bath. For stings, bites, and itching apply full strength directly to the location.

60 Relieving pain when applied topically

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Peppermint M. ×piperita is a powerful essential oil for the gastrointestinal system. It can neutralize acid in the stomach and intestinal tract, and is an antispasmodic61 62, carminative63, and stomachic.64 In a randomized, double-blind clinical trial, the anti-emetic65 action of peppermint M. ×piperita essential oil was shown to help relieve the nausea and vomiting of chemotherapy patients in the first two hours following their treatments.66 The antibiotic action of peppermint M. ×piperita has also been shown to play a role in relieving irritable bowel syndrome and intestinal dysbiosis.67 Peppermint is also proving effective against multidrug-resistant bacteria.68 For irritable bowel syndrome69, spastic colon, gastritis, heartburn, indigestion, nausea, and vomiting use one drop of peppermint M. ×piperita essential oil in one-half glass of warm water, stir thoroughly, and sip slowly.

You can also place one drop in honey or milk on a lactose tablet. Diffusing it will also provide benefits.

A study conducted in 2012 showed peppermint M. ×piperita essential oil also has strong antifungal activity against several fungal strains, including Candida albicans and C. dubliniensis, a closely related yeast that is found in immune-compromised individuals.70 This antifungal

61 Shavakhi, A., Ardestani, S.K., Taki, M., Goli, M., & Keshteli, A.H. (2012). Premedication with peppermint oil capsules in colonoscopy: a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial study. Acta. Gastroenterol.

Belg., 75(3):349-53.

62 de Sousaa, A., Soaresa, P., de Almeidaa, A., Maiaa, A., de Souzac, E., & Assreuya, A. (2010). Antispasmodic effect of Mentha piperita essential oil on tracheal smooth muscle of rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology.,130(2):433-436.

63 Stimulating intestinal peristalsis, relieving and promoting the expulsion of gas from the gastrointestinal tract 64 Stimulating and toning the stomach 65 Prevent or stop nausea and vomiting 66 Tayarani-Najaran, Z., Talasaz-Firoozi, E., Nasiri, R., Jalali, N., & Hassanzadeh, M. (2013). Antiemetic activity of volatile oil from Mentha spicata and Mentha ×piperita in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.

Ecancermedicalscience., 7(290).

67 Thompson, A., Meah, D., Ahmed, N., Conniff-Jenkins, R., Chileshe, E., Phillips, C.O., et al. (2013).

Comparison of the antibacterial activity of essential oils and extracts of medicinal and culinary herbs to investigate potential new treatments for irritable bowel syndrome. B.M.C. Complement. Altern. Med., 13(338).

68 Yap, P.S., Lim, S.H., Hu, C.P., & Yiap, B.C. (2013). Combination of essential oils and antibiotics reduce antibiotic resistance in plasmid-conferred multidrug resistant bacteria. Phytomedicine., 20(8-9):710-3.

69 Alam, M.S., Roy, P.K., Miah, A.R., Mollick, S.H., Khan, M.R., Mahmud, M.C., et al. (2013). Efficacy of Peppermint oil in diarrhea predominant IBS—a double blind randomized placebo—controlled study.

Mymensingh. Med. J., 22(1):27-30.

70 Saharkhiz, M.J., Motamedi, M., Zomorodian, K., Pakshir, K., Miri, R., & Hemyari, K. (2013). Chemical Composition, Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activities of the Essential Oil of Mentha piperita L. I.S.R.N. Pharm., 2012(718645).

53 Master the Basics of Aromatherapy and the Poewr of Smell © 2020 American College of Healthcare Sciences. All duplication prohibited.

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action would also be beneficial for intestinal imbalances, such as irritable bowel syndrome and intestinal dysbiosis.

Peppermint M. ×piperita is rubefacient, stimulating capillary dilation causing skin redness when applied locally. It draws blood from deeper tissues and organs, and relieves congestion and inflammation. It is also a vasoconstrictor, causing constriction of blood vessels and a vasodilator, causing dilation of blood vessels. For bruises, rheumatism, and tennis elbow, apply as a compress.

Peppermint M. ×piperita is an antispasmodic, relieving nervous irritability and reducing or preventing excessive involuntary muscular contractions and spasms. For dysmenorrhea71, alternate hot and cold compresses.

The antispasmodic actions of peppermint M. ×piperita essential oil led researchers to study it for potential anti-seizure actions. An animal study found peppermint essential oil completely prevented induced seizures in mice. More research will have to be done to understand how this mechanism can be used safely for human applications.72

Household Uses Peppermint M. ×piperita is a well-known flavor. If you brush your teeth, chew gum, use mouthwash, or gargle you will know the cool flavor of peppermint. Peppermint flavoring is used extensively in many preparations. It is also a useful mosquito repellent and larvicidal73, and it is said that mice and rats dislike peppermint. An old method used to clear a building of rats was to block up their holes with rags soaked in peppermint M. ×piperita oil.

Figure 12: Peppermint Mentha ×piperita. Image reproduced under license.

Perfumery

71 Painful menstrual cycles 72 Koutroumanidou, E., Kimbaris, A., Kortsaris, A., Bezirtzoglou, E., Polissiou, M., Charalabopoulos, K., et al.

(2013). Increased seizure latency and decreased severity of pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in mice after essential oil administration. Epilepsy. Res. Treat., 2013(532657).

73 Kumar, S., Wahab, N., & Warikoo, R. (2011). Bioefficacy of Mentha piperita essential oil against dengue fever mosquito Aedes aegypti L. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 1(2):85-88.

54 Master the Basics of Aromatherapy and the Poewr of Smell © 2020 American College of Healthcare Sciences. All duplication prohibited.

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Peppermint M. ×piperita is not commonly used in perfumes, but it does give a fresh lift to colognes as a top note. The cooling effect is used in lipsticks, shaving cream, bath and shower gels, and body lotions.

Oils that blend with peppermint include: Peppermint M. ×piperita blends well with benzoin S. tonkinensis, eucalyptus E. globulus, lavender L. angustifolia, lemon C. limonum, marjoram O. majorana, rosemary R. officinalis, and sweet orange C. sinensis.

Recommended Daily Use Topical application: Adults: Dilute 3 drops in 2 teaspoons (10 ml) of carrier oil or another safe diluent. Use this diluted preparation over a 24-hour period in 3 to 4 topical applications, or use the complete amount for one full bath.

Dilution ratio 1%.

Note: These dilution ratios are based on the conversion of 30 drops of essential oil = 1ml.

Inhalation: Adults: Inhaled via a diffuser. Note: When diffusing, don't exceed 30-minute intervals and diffuse in well-ventilated areas.

If any adverse reactions occur, discontinue use and consult with a physician.

Cautions & Contraindications Peppermint essential oil is on the FDA substances that are Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) list and Substances Added to Food list.74 Peppermint essential oil may cause contact dermatitis so a skin patch test is recommended. Do not use it directly on damaged or sensitive skin without a skin patch test. Do not use peppermint with children younger than two years as it can cause a frightening cold then hot sensation if the dilution is not low enough. In amounts higher

74 Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS). Accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 14 July 2020, from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/?set=FoodSubstances&sort=Sortterm&order=ASC&startrow=1&t ype=basic&search=Melissa%20officinalis%20.

55 Master the Basics of Aromatherapy and the Poewr of Smell © 2020 American College of Healthcare Sciences. All duplication prohibited.

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than the recommended daily use, peppermint M. ×piperita oil has been known to cause allergic reactions in the mouth, neck, and throat.

Anyone with a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency should avoid peppermint oil via any administrative route as it may impact red blood cell activity.

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs or the stress of infection. It is hereditary, so is passed down in families.75 76 Anyone with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) should avoid peppermint essential oil orally (and potentially topically), as it may aggravate the condition.77 Topically for adults, use peppermint for a limited time only (i.e., no more than three consecutive weeks) and keep at a 1% dilution. Do not get it in your eyes. If you wipe your eye by mistake after handling peppermint M. ×piperita, flush copiously with cold water or milk. It will not cause permanent damage.

ACHS Toxic Rating The American College of Healthcare Sciences toxic rating is II.

Formula Migraine Rub Chamomile Roman Chamaemelum nobile oil: 10 drops Eucalyptus Eucalyptus globulus oil: 10 drops Lemon Citrus limonum oil: 10 drops Peppermint Mentha ×piperita oil: 10 drops Sweet almond oil: 2 tablespoons (2% dilution ratio) Blend the essential oils with the sweet almond oil in a small glass bowl and apply one teaspoon to shoulders, neck, and temples. Not to be used on children younger than ten.

75 Olowe SA, Ransome-Kuti O. The risk of jaundice in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient babies exposed to menthol. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1980;69(3):341–345. doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1980.tb07090.x 76 Deficiency, G. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia.

Medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 14 July 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000528.htm.

77 Jarosz, M., & Taraszewska, A. (2014). Risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease: the role of diet.

Przeglad gastroenterologiczny, 9(5), 297–301. doi:10.5114/pg.2014.46166

56 Master the Basics of Aromatherapy and the Poewr of Smell © 2020 American College of Healthcare Sciences. All duplication prohibited.

Index

Index 1,8 cineole, 29, 36, 43 A, 32 abscesses, 10, 11, 30, 31 acid, 53 acne, 10, 11, 44 Acne, 22, 43 active constituents, 29 adaptogenic, 52 age, 28, 35 air freshener, 45 alcohol, 15, 52 allergies, 22 alpha-bisabolol, 24 alpha-pinene, 29 altitude, 40, 42 analgesic, 11, 22, 29, 44, 52 anodyne, 52 Anthemis nobilis, 19 anti-allergic, 29 antibacterial, 10, 12, 13, 22, 30, 31, 42, 44, 53 anticoagulant drugs, 16 antifungal, 10, 22, 31, 42, 44, 53 anti-inflammatory, 10, 12, 21, 22, 29, 43 antimicrobial, 10, 21, 30, 42 anti-neuralgic, 30 antiplatelet, 16 ANTIPLATELET, 16 anti-rheumatic, 30 antiseptic, 10, 12, 21, 22, 29, 30, 31, 32, 44 antispasmodic, 12, 22, 23, 44, 52, 53, 54 antiviral, 10, 31, 44 ants, 45 aroma, 9, 23, 33, 40, 45, 52 aromatherapy, 10, 11, 12, 23, 39 arthritis, 22 asthma, 22 astringent, 11, 22, 44 athlete’s foot, 31 Australia, 27, 37 bacteria, 12, 30, 53 bactericidal, 10, 29 bad breath, 10, 13 bath, 11, 12, 22, 23, 25, 30, 31, 45, 52, 55 beeswax, 37, 47 benzoin, 24, 55 bergamot, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 24, 46 bergaptene-free, 10, 13, 15 beta-caryophyllene, 43 beta-ocimene, 42 bitter orange, 8 bleeding disorders, 16 blisters, 29, 31 Blue chamomile, 19

body powders, 8 boils, 10, 22, 29, 31 borax, 45 Boswellia carterii, 11 Brazil, 8, 27 British Pharmacopoeia, 19 bronchitis, 22, 29, 31 bruises, 29, 30, 43, 44, 54 Bruises, 44, 52 Buehler test, 36 Bulgaria, 39, 50 burns, 22, 29, 31, 43 C. aurantium, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 23, 24, 46 C. aurantium var. amara, 8 C. aurantium var. bergamia, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 C. sativum, 14 cajuputol, 29, 36 camphor, 40, 43, 45 candida, 22, 29, 31 Candida, 31 caraway, 10 cardamom, 10 carminative, 12, 23, 53 carpets, 45 catarrh, 29, 31 cedarwood, 33 cedarwood Virginia, 33 Cedrus atlantica, 33 Chamaemelum nobile, 19, 56 chamazulene, 21, 22 chamomile, 14, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25 chicken pox, 29 chilblains, 22 childbirth, 16 chills, 29, 32 China, 27 Citrus aurantium, 7, 8, 37, 47 Citrus limonum, 14, 33, 36, 55, 56 clary sage, 24, 46 cold compress, 11, 22, 44 cold sores, 22 colds, 12, 29, 30 colic, 22, 23 compresses, 30, 54 congestion, 10, 12, 31, 54 conjunctivitis, 22 Coriandrum sativum, 10 cosmetics, 13, 23 cough, 29, 31, 43, 44, 52 coughs, 12 cramp, 52 cramps, 10, 22, 23

57 Master the Basics of Aromatherapy and the Poewr of Smell Š 2020 American College of Healthcare Sciences. All duplication prohibited.

Index Cupressus sempervirens, 14 cuts, 22, 29, 31 Cymbopogon citratus, 31 cymene, 29 cypress, 14 cystitis, 10, 29, 30 decongestant, 31 depression, 10, 11, 22, 43, 45 dermatitis, 22 diarrhea, 53 diffuser, 23, 30, 31, 32, 44, 45 disease, 4 distillation, 27, 29, 41 dysmenorrhea, 23, 52, 54 E. citriodora, 33 Earl Grey tea, 13 Ebers papyrus, 50 eczema, 22 Egypt, 50 Egyptian times, 20 essential oil, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 51, 52, 53, 54 Essential Oil of Bergamot, 7 Essential Oil Safety, 15 ester, 9, 10, 40, 41, 42, 52 esters, 21, 42 Esters, 10, 21, 52 eucalyptol, 29, 34, 36 eucalyptus, 11, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 44, 55 Eucalyptus citriodora, 26 Eucalyptus globulus, 26, 27, 30, 36, 37, 44, 55, 56 Eucalyptus ointment, 37 Eucalyptus smithii, 26 Europe, 8, 20, 50 Evernia prunastri, 24 expectorant, 12, 29, 31, 52 febrifuge, 32 fever, 8, 27, 29, 32, 54 flu, 12, 29, 30 formula, 25, 33, 36 Four Thieves vinegar, 41 France, 20, 39, 40 frankincense, 11 fungi, 22, 31 gastritis, 22, 23, 52, 53 Generally Recognized as Safe, 15 geranium, 11, 14, 24, 44, 46 German Commission E Monograph, 35 GRAS, 15 Guinea Pig Maximization Test, 35 hand bath, 22 headache, 22, 29, 30 Headache, 52 headaches, 22, 23, 43, 44, 52 heartburn, 52, 53 hemophilia, 16 herpes, 10, 11, 43, 44 herpes ulcers, 43

hypotensive, 29 indigestion, 11, 12, 22, 23, 43, 45, 52, 53 infection, 8, 11, 22, 29, 31 infections, 11, 12, 30, 31, 43, 44 inflammation, 11, 12, 22, 35, 54 influenza, 29, 31, 32 infused oil, 25 inhalation, 12, 36, 45 Inhalation, 36 insect bites, 11, 22, 29, 43, 44, 52 Insect Bites, 52 insect repellent, 11 insecticide, 11 insects, 45 insomnia, 22, 23, 43, 44, 45 International Fragrance Association, 35 iron, 45 irritability, 12, 22, 23, 43, 44, 52, 54 irritation, 10, 22 Italy, 8, 20, 40, 50 Itching, 52 J. grandiflorum, 14, 24 Japan, 40 jasmine, 14, 24 juniper, 10, 14 Juniperus communis, 10 Juniperus virginiana, 33 kyphi, 50 lanolin, 37 laryngitis, 29, 31 Latin, 7, 19, 26, 38, 41, 49, 50 lavandin, 39, 40, 43, 45 Lavandula ×intermedia, 40 Lavandula angustifolia, 11, 23, 33, 36, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45, 47, 48, 55 Lavandula latifolia, 40 Lavandula officinalis, 38, 39 Lavandula vera, 38 lavare, 41 lavender, 10, 14, 24, 33, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45 Lavender ointment, 47 Lavender pillows, 45 Lavender Room Spray, 48 lemon, 8, 14, 33, 55 limonene, 10, 15, 29 linalool, 10, 15, 42 linalyl acetate, 10, 42 liver, 35 malignant, 15 massage, 11, 12, 23, 30 Matricaria recutita, 19 Melaleuca alternifolia, 37 menopause, 23 Mentha ×piperita, 10, 49, 53, 56 Mentha spicata, 53 mice, 54 micro-organisms, 12 migraine, 22, 29, 43, 44 migraines, 22, 44 Minthe, 50

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Index monoterpenol, 10, 42 Morocco, 50 mosquito, 54 moths, 45 mouth, 11, 13, 44 mucous, 35 mucus, 12, 29, 31, 32 muscle spasms, 43 neroli, 8, 14, 23, 24 nerves, 23, 30, 45 nervous system, 23 neuralgia, 30, 52 oakmoss, 24 Origanum majorana, 55 Ormenis multicaulis, 19 oxidation, 21 oxide, 21, 29 Pain, 25 Paraguay, 27 patchouli, 24, 46 peel, 8, 9 Pelargonium graveolens, 24, 44, 47 peppermint, 50, 51, 52, 54 peptic ulcer, 16 perfumes, 8, 13, 55 Persephone, 50 petitgrain, 8 phellandrene, 29 photosensitivity, 10 photosensitizing drugs, 16 Pinus sylvestris, 10, 33, 36, 46 Pluto, 50 population lavender, 41 potpourri, 8, 13 pregnancy, 15 Pronunciation, 7, 20, 27, 39, 49 R. damascena, 11, 24 R43, 35 rats, 54 repellent, 54 rheumatism, 29, 30, 54 Rheumatism, 52 rose, 11, 14, 24 rose attar, 14 rosemary, 33, 46, 55 Rosmarinus officinalis, 33, 36, 37, 46, 55 Rubbing oil, 37 Rutaceae, 38 S. album, 14 sachets, 45 sage, 24, 46 sandalwood, 11, 14 Santalum album, 11 scabies, 11 sciatica, 52 sedative, 10, 23, 45 seizures, 52, 54

sesquiterpenes, 29 shingles, 11, 52 Shingles, 52 sinus congestion, 29, 31 sinus infection, 29 sinusitis, 29, 31 skin, 10, 11, 15, 22, 29, 30, 31, 35, 41, 44, 54 skin infections, 11, 30 skin ulcers, 29, 30 sleep, 23 soap, 33 soaps, 45 sore throat, 11, 29, 30, 43, 44 sores, 22, 43, 44 South Africa, 27 Spain, 8, 27, 40 spasmolytic, 29 spastic colon, 52, 53 sprain, 29 sprains, 22, 30, 43, 44 stimulant, 29, 45 stings, 11, 22, 30, 43, 44, 52 stomach, 12, 53 stomachic, 53 stress, 12, 22, 45, 51 sun god Ra, 20 Surface Cleaner, 48 surgery, 16, 23, 30 sweet almond, 11, 37, 44, 56 sweet orange, 8, 55 taste, 52 tea, 23 tennis elbow, 52, 54 Tennis Elbow, 53 terpinene, 29 therapeutic actions, 11 Throat – sore, 30 thyme, 33 Thymus vulgaris, 33 tinea, 22, 31 Tisserand, 15 toothache, 22 toothaches, 22 Toxic Rating, 16, 25, 36, 47, 56 ulcers, 11, 30, 31 United States, 20, 40, 50, 51, 52 varicose veins, 11 vasoconstrictive, 10, 42 Viola odorata, 14 violet, 14 viral infection, 29 vomiting, 52, 53 vulnerary, 11, 22, 31, 52 wounds, 11, 22, 29, 31, 43, 44 Wounds, 30, 44 yeast, 31, 52, 53 Zingiber officinale, 37

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Basics of Aromatherapy and the Power of Smell 1st Edition

AUTHOR Dorene Petersen, BA, Dip.NT, Dip.Acu, RH (AHG) Dorene Petersen, President and Founder of American College of Healthcare Sciences, graduated as a New Zealand trained Naturopath from the South Pacific College of Natural Therapies in Auckland, New Zealand and ran a busy clinic for 15 years before moving to the USA. Her articles have appeared in Indian Perfumer, Perfumer & Flavorist, International Journal of Professional Holistic Aromatherapy, Alternative Therapies in Clinical Practice, The News Quarterly, and Making Scents, among others.

CONTRIBUTING FACULTY Amanda Lattin, BA, MAT, Dip. Aroma., MH, RA Amanda Lattin has a Bachelors in Chemistry, a Masters of Teaching with a concentration in Chemistry, and is a Registered Aromatherapist (RA). Amanda serves as ACHS Aromatherapy Program Chair and professor, and consults as an aromatherapy subject matter expert.

Oleg Maksimov, PhD Dr. Maksimov holds a PhD in Chemistry from the City University of New York. Dr. Maksimov has worked as adjunct faculty and subject matter expert for a number of schools, developed online courses, and has acted as a program evaluator for the American Council on Education and as a proposal reviewer for the Research Foundation of City University of New York.

Arianna Staruch, ND Dr. Arianna Staruch completed her Naturopathic physician degree at the National University of Natural Medicine. She previously worked in medical research at Sloan Kettering Cancer Center and Cornell University Medical College, both in New York City.

Erika Yigzaw, BCom, LLB Erika Yigzaw holds a Bachelors Degree (B.Com) in Commerce (Economics major); an LL.B.(first professional law degree) from the University of Otago Law School; and has completed the Master Gardener program through Oregon State University. Erika also is an advisor to the Aromatherapy Registration Council and a member of the Herb Growers and Marketers Network (HGMN) and has presented at both the national conference for the HGMN and the International Herb Association.

EDITOR Lauren Shapiro, MS Lauren Shapiro has a Masters in Writing from Portland State University and a Bachelors in English from the University of California, Santa Cruz. Ms. Shapiro previously worked in publishing and has several years’ experience as a professional editor, writer, and professor.

American College of Healthcare Sciences 5005 S. Macadam Avenue, Portland, OR 97239 800.487.8839 503.244.0727 fax achs@achs.edu email www.achs.edu