FIRESCAPE by Ada C. Liu

FIRESCAPE Dahej, Gujarat, India

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT To my instructors and all my classmates in Landscape Urbanism of the AA, especially to the helps from Shruti Dabir and Gunjan Rustagi during the field trip in India, as well as to the great supports from my team-mate, Ayumi Nakagawa, over the year. Also, to the following individuals who provided local information to this project: Shirley Ballaney

Sr. Principal Planner HCP Design and Project Management Pvt. Ltd. (HCPDPM) Partiosh, Usmapura Ahmedabad, India

Bimal Patel

Director HCP Design and Project Management Pvt. Ltd. (HCPDPM) Partiosh, Usmapura Ahmedabad, India

Ranvir Shan

Chairman Graduate School of Design Harvard University

FIRESCAPE AA Landscape Urbanism 2012-2013 Final Project Booklet

Submitting: Ada Chang Liu, Ayumi Nakagawa Visiting Studio Master: Eva Castro Master Co-Director: Jose Alfredo Ramirez Eduardo Rico Design Tutor: Clara Oloriz Seminar Tutors: Tom Smith Douglas Spencer Architectural Association School of Architecture London, September 2013

CONTENTS 0. Introductions AA Landscape Urbanism Abstract 1. Contexts and Argument Growth of India: Global Context Growth of India: Indian Context Growth of India: Conclusion Site Overview Governmental Proposal Petrochemical Industry Risk of Fire Demolishment of Existing Fabric Fire and City Fire Resistant Landscape Vision

2. Strategy Design Strategy

3. Implementation of Strategy on Site

1. Re-connect the Existing Fabric 2.1 Escape Route Design 2.2 Escape Network System 3.1 Industrial Fire Resistant Fabric 3.2 Residential Fire Resistant Fabric 4.1 Berm Fabrication Process 4.2 Berm Section

4. Phasing Development of Dahej in Phases Developing Phases Matured Phases Growing Behaviors

61 5. Ground Construction Evolution Scale Boundary Shifting Process Study1: Role of Pond in Dahej Area Organization Structure Prototype Construction Prototype Escape Route Network Study2: Role of Pond in Urban Setting Study3: Activity around Pond Prototype Plan Development Prototype Section Development Landscape Topography, Step, and Architecture Firescape Overview 6. Appendix Appendix A: Industrial Cycle Trend Appendix B: Study Case of Fire Risk Appendix C: Fire Resistant Technique Bibliography Image Reference

AA LANDSCAPE URBANISM The discipline of Landscape Urbanism is, by definition, transdisciplinary. Whilst drawing upon the legacy of landscape design, it integrates knowledge and techniques from environmental engineering, urban strategy and landscape and political ecology. This is achieved through the use of digital design tools deploying the science of complexity and emergence. All these means are combined to project new interventions in an urbanism conceived as social, material, ecological and modulated by the spatial and temporal forces in the which it operates.

Landscape Urbanism engages both critically and opportunistically with the plans for Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor, a mega-infrastructure project linking the political and business capitals of India, We are exploring the generation of proto-strategies for new large-scale agglomerations as a means of critically addressing the phenomena of mass-produced cities.

AA Project Review 2013

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

ABSTRUCT The Firescape project explores the role of fire resistant infrastructure as a mediator to create a time- and space-sensitive model for industrial cities. Based on the specific economic and social situation in India, the Firescpape project challenges the boundary between the industry and city, in particular:

The Firescape acts as a flexible boundary that negotiates the growth of the industry and city over different stage of industrialization. The Firescape provides more than the safe city environment by separating the potential fire risk of the industry from the urban activities. It also houses public space in order to improve the local workerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life quality. Taking advantage of the exiting economic and social fabric, the Firespcape merges the traditional spatial use to the new created urban area.

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

CONTEXTS AND ARGUMENT

GROWTH OF INDIA : GLOBAL CONTEXT

India in the World Industry Map

Manufacturing as Percent of GDP 1980-2010

Since the late mid- 20th Century, a few countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa such as China, dustrial growth, fuelled by exporting to countries that have bigger economics such as U.S and the EU. These countries are those economies have not yet reached developed country status but

Percent of GDP

India and Brazil have experienced substantial in-

have outpaced their developing counterparts. These countries are undergoing rapid economic Year

growth, usually export-oriented. Their common features include 1: • A switch from agricultural to industrial

economies, especially in the manufactur

ing sector. • An increasingly open-market economy, allow ing free trade with other nations in the world. • Large national corporations operating in sever al continents. • Strong capital investment from foreign coun tries. • Political leadership in their area of influence. • Rapid growth of urban centers and population. According to the Goldman Sachs review of Emerging economics, by 2005 the largest economies in the world will be China, USA, India, Brazil and Mexico . 2

As manufacturing in most of the industrial coun

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

tires are taking less presentation of their GDP, India’s manufacturing has been growing rapidly in the last 10 years. India’s economy benefited

Source: 1. CIA World Factbook, 2013

greatly from information technology and call

2. Golden Sachs, 2005

center jobs for economic growth. Very few oth-

3. Curious Cat Investing and Econom- ics Blog, 2012 http://investing.curiouscatblog.net

er emerging economies have had alternatives to manufacturing to grow their economies quicklyIndia still is manufacturing far below their potential for several reasons: poor infrastructure, incredibly poorly functioning bureaucracy standing in the way of manufacturing business opportunities and corruption. Without addressing these issues much more successfully it is hard for me to believe they will become a serious manufacturer 3.

Devleped and Developing Countries

Advanced Economics In Transition Less Developed Least Developed

Newly Industrial Countries

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

GROWTH OF INDIA : INDIAN CONTEXT

Unstable Economy Because India increasing involve into global

For the domestic economic growth in India, the

economy, global economic fluctuation has in-

GDP growth is generally increasing over the past

creased its impact on the economy and indus-

10 years because of the exported oriented in-

tries in India. According to the ciclye of global

dustries. However, this means that the domestic

economic crisis, the frequency of the economic

economy is more fragile to protect itself from the

cirsis has become more often in this two decades

global crisis. Therefore, the future GDP growth

than before. There are 4 major international eco-

for a newly industrial country like India remains

nomic crises during 1989-2001, which also affect

uncertain.

to the other countries including India. While in the years before 1989, economic crises lasted longer but the global effect is not smaller.

PERCENTATAGE OF COUNTRIES IN DEFAULT

60%

1826-28 Argentina, Greece, Chile, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala,Venezuela, Ecuador

1837 Spain, Portugal

INDIA GDP PERCENTAGE CHANGE

Year-ended

-4

1870-1890, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Turkey, Bolivia, Uruguay, Venezuela

2001

2003

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

2005

1998 Russia, Ukraine 1989 Argentina

2000 Ecuador 2001 Argentina

Quarterly

1999

1932-1945 Austria, Germany, Italy, Greece, Hungary, Colombia, Brazil, Japan, China, Turkey

1833 Mexico

2007

0 1800

1820

1840

1860

1880

1900

1920

1940

1960

1980

2007

Diverse Decision Makers India is a diverse country with numbers of nationalities, religions and political parties. Decision making process is influenced by different powers. Similar for the future city proposal, the master plans for the future cities (most of the future townships that under proposed are driven by the growth of industry) are affected by different actors such as foreign investors and private sector to provide financial support for the infrastruc-

ture. Government that composited by different political parties could change the direction of the master plan depends on which parties in power.

Foreign

Inverster

The power for the villagers also affects the pro-

BSP

CPM BJP

Government NCP

cess of land acquisition. Even tough the master plan itself is already depends on many actors, the

Congress

change of relationship and cooperation among those actors makes the process to achieve some

Private Developer

visions of future city more complicated and uncertain.

Master Plan Villager

Land holder

Land-less Farmer

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

GROWTH OF INDIA : CONCLUSION

Future of Industrial City Cities have historically grown exponentially with industrialization; in the “developed” world, they shrank when the secondary sector declined. Compared with the past industrial economies, the next wave of manufacturing will differ greatly. Improvements in productivity and global competition mean a bleak future for large scale, low value-added, routinized production. The era where an assembly plant provided thousands of good jobs at good wages is a thing of the past other than for the lucky few. This posts a question of what need to be done for the future industrial city. One answer is to build a new industrial city focusing on small-scale craft and specialty manufacturing with high value added.

Lately, trends emerge that indicate that the age of manufacturing is not over, not even in the United States. New York City recently started a “Made in New York” campaign to emphasize its manufacturing that other cities have since adopted. Meanwhile industrial centers in the “developing” world may leapfrog straight into an era where industrial production can be made sustainable and well- integrated into cities.

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Project Intension and Application Even in this modern age of service and knowl-

Firescape Project is a experiment to explore the

edge economies, manufacturing is still essen-

relationship between industries and the city, and

tial. Clean and flexible technologies, combined

to challenge the boundary between them over

with increasing cost for transportation, will bring

the life cycle of industrialisation. Combining

manufacturing back to cities. Production facilities

landscape techniques, the Firescape project nav-

can be stacked and mixed with other uses, fitting

igates the way to lead the future industrial city in

well into an urban environment. This trend has

a developing country towards to the new model

just begun and can become much stronger. A re-

of industrial city under the current economic tur-

naissance in manufacturing and advanced tech-

bulence and complex India context. This exper-

nologies, paired with a widespread “live where

iment can also shed the light to the campaign

you work” mentality, represents important op-

of the “manufactory naissance” in the developed

portunities for future industrial cities, as well as

world.

old industrial centers.

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

SITE OVERVIEW

Port of Dahej Gujarat is one of the fast developing state located in the west of India. Dahej is an all weather direct berthing multi cargo port situated on the Southwest coast of Gujarat, in the Gulf of Cambay, at the junction of Guljaria and Ban Creek. It is a natural deep-water port with draft availability

Gujarat State

Dahej

ranging up to 25m depending upon the length of the trestle proposed for construction of a berthing arrangement. The port is about 45 kilometres from Bharuch, which is now being connected to the Port of Dahej through a broad gauge rail siding with an initial capacity of 25-30 rakes a day. Because of the well-connected transportation, a deep draft multi cargo berthing facility is being proposed with Dahej as per the directions of Gujarat Maritime Board. In addition to this there are four other port facilities at Dahej, owned by Petronet LNG Limited (including bulk terminal

Villages & Agriculture

sub-concussed at Dahej, owned by Petronet LNG Limited (including bulk terminal sub-concussed to Adani), GCPTCL, Birla Copper and Reliance Industries.

Port & Industries

Area: 180 Sq. km Focus Sector: Petrochemical & Chemical Targeting Population: 15,000

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Villages provide basic infrastructure to house the local

Most of the lands are covered by agriculture. The major

farmers and immigrated workers for the new-developed

agriculture products in Dahej are rice and cotton. How-

industries. The growth rate of the village population is

ever, the area of agriculture land is declining because of

decreasing over year because of the industrialisation in

the land acquisition for the industries.

this area.

Several jetties for import of crude material such as cop-

Industries are growing in Dahej. Currently, there are

per, gas and coal were built to support the local indus-

over 50 petrochemical industries on site. Most of the

tries.

employment is from the nearby cities. Hundreds of industries are proposed to come in the near future.

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

GOVERNMENT PROPOSAL

Petrochemical Industrial City The industries employ large number of workers

ment of facilities for petroleum, chemicals and

out of Dahej. However, local infrastructure and

petrochemicals. PCPIR located at Dahej, is spread

housing are under developed. This results in an

over the blocks of Vagra and Bharuch, South Gu-

increasing heavy daily commute. New townships

jarat.

and infrastructure are demanded to cater the

Future GPCPIR is estimated to sustain 1,400, 659

rapid growth of the industries. Facing the pres-

residing population. Infrastructure Development

sure of the growing industries and demand of

will achieve USD 727 billion. Leading by the an-

local new townships, the local government pro-

chor tenant: the ONGC Petro additions Limied

posed a industrial city of 453 sq kilometre.

(OPaL), investment that already committed was

Gujarat PCPIR (GPCPIR) is a specifically delineat-

USD 205 billion.

ed Investment Region planned for the establishArea: 453 Sq. km Focus Sector: Petrochemical & Chemical Targeting Population: 1,400,659

Labour & Materials

Imported Materials

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Contraditions Local accommodation and infrastructure is unmatched with the development of the industries. Common housing near industrial construction in Dahej is simple temporary shelters which does not provided proper lighting and water. Most of the employees of the industries in Dahej is from the near by cities. Typical travelling time to work at Dahej is about one hour for one trip by bus provided by the industries, or private motorcycles. The Industries is growing rapidly in Dahej. Largescale industrial facilities such as coal track were built to transport material more efficiently. Major infrastructure was built to connect to the nearby cities.

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Petrochemical Industry Petro-related Industry & Cargo Green Space

open sapce: 50%

Residential Area Commercial Area

Industrial Town Organisation: Jurong Island, Singapore Singapore is a small country with only 700 square

rcial area, a large piece of linear green space that

kilometres, but with good condition of cargo

acts as a buffer separates the industries with the

port. Limited by the area and dense population,

dense residential area and

a 70 hectares artificial island: Jurong Island was

Open space for buffer is about 50% of the area

built to create a petrochemical hub of Singapore.

of the whole island.

Jurong Island is 40 kilometres away from the city

The accessibility of petrochemical industries is

center. All the toxic and flammable industries are

also limited to only industrial employees and

located on the island with underground pipelines

guests for security reason.

and storage for petrochemical material storage and transportation. Petro-relative manufactory, ship building industries and logistic facilities are located near the harbour of Singapore, facing the Jurong Island. Between the industries and comm-

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

commercial area.

Composition of Industries: Chemical Industry Park, Shanghai, China. Detail study of the industries organisation within the Chemical Industry Park shows that factories that produce lower value product have lager industrial pot, fewer employment, and higher flammability level than factories that produce higher value products. Petrochemical industries can be groups into the following 4 types based on the value of product, size, employment and flammability.

Type 0 Industry

Type 1 Industry

Type 2 Industry

Type 3 Industry

Hydrocabon Feedstock

Large Scale Intermediate

Medium Scale Intermediate

Small Scale Intermediate

Building Block

Oil Refinery

Fertiliser

Engineering

Plastic

Chemical

Gas Cracker

Size

Employment

Product Value

Flammable Level

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

RISK OF FIRE

Fire Accidents of Petrochemical Industry A main issue of petrochemical industry to the city and peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life is the risk of fire and explosion. Depends on the fire caused by different types of petrochemical a factory, the level of fire and explosion varies. The reasons for fire and explosion accidents of petrochemical industries could be resulted from the inefficient fire alarm, fail administration, operation mistake, etc. Even though the fire speculated technology is increasing, fire accidents happen every year. In the past 15 years, 123 major fire and explosion accidents of petrochemical industries resulted over 150 dead and billions of cost of the industries. For example, a recent fire accident happened in a fertilizer factory in Taxes, U.S. caused 16 dead, 150 injured, and over 150 buildings in the surrounding neighbourhoods (including industrial and residential buildings) destroyed and damaged. Petrochemical industries required special spatial arrangement in the city because of its risk of fire and explosion.

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

DEMOLISHMENT OF EXISTING FABRIC

Separation of Industries and City

Typical Industrial City

Considering the risk of fire and other toxic emission of the petrochemical industries. A typical way to arrange a petrochemical industrial city is

Industry

City

to isolate the industries area from the city. From the study case of Jurong Island in Singapore and Chemical Industry Park in Shanghai, the separation between the industries and the city is evident. For example, the Chemical Industry Park is located near a port 45 kilometres away from the Shanghai city center; While the Jurong Island is an isolated island 40 kilometres away from Singapore. This spatial arrangement is efficient for industrial production, but it requires large area of empty space for the agglomeration of industries. It In most of the case, water, green space and agriculture lands can be a buffer between industry district and the other city facilities to ensure the safety of urban facilities and peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life from the risk of fire and explosion, as well as other dangerous emission of petrochemical industries.

picture of Chemical Industry Park in Shanghai (top), and Jurong Island in Singapore (down)

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Relocation of Local Villagers

Governmental Master Plan on Dahej

Following the typical way of arranging the petrochemical industry in the city, the governmental master plan proposes a industry district in the

Industry

City

west of Dahej near the river port, while a new township is proposed on the east side of Dahej port. The separation of the industry and city required a

Number of DemolisingVillage: 40

demolishment of around 40 villages on site. The

Relocating Population: 15,000

demolishment is affected over 15, 000 villagers and total areas around 200 square kilometres. These proposal associated land acquisition and land compensation. However, land acquisition and compensation in India has been the main conflict in the process of industrialisation in India. Unfair land acquisition process and compensation caused farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; protest and social instability.

Farmers marched 22 kilometers to New Delhi in Oct, 2012

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

FIRE AND CITY

Bousaihaku (n.d.) Fire after Earthquake, [drawing] (Bousaihaku)

City Fabric Developed with Fire Preventing Technique In the city of Edo (todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Tokyo, Japan), frequent

To deal with the fire, the government introduced

occurring of city-scale fire was one of the main

fire resistant landscape in addition to creation of

issues. As a fact, Saito and Tabata (1992) explain

fire fighters association and architecture regu-

that city-scale fire happened 89 times during the

lation. The fire resistant strategy was composed

Edo Period of 286 years, which means once in 3

of three elements; open flat area, expansion of

years.

road, and embankment.

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

In a modern city, one of the strategies to deal with fire is to create fire resistant landscape between neighbourhoods. First, cluster is created by identifying community group. Each cluster can be modified to around 65 hector, and fire resistant landscape is introduced between those clusters. Then, the expanded roads are introduced as fire resistant landscape. In this way, when fire happens in one cluster, the road can prevent it for the fire to move into the next cluster.

Embankment was introduced to enforce the fire resistance of open spaces and expanded roads in the city of Edo. One example is Hakugin-cho embankment. It was 1050m in length, 20-30m in width, about 7.2 meter high, and it had plantation of top. Santo and Tabata (1992) explain that this embankment was set to specifically protect adjacent merchant district. Some of the embankment still exists today, and they offer recreational space for citizens.

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE

Conventional Buffer

Residential Area

Proposed Buffer

Low Risk Industry

Emergency

Daily

High Risk Industry

Residential Area

Emergency

pollution

Daily

park / garden / market plaza

From the previous study, two major fire resistant techniques were identified. The First one is landscaped berm. Fire resistant berm can perform better than conventional buffer in case of fire emergency, and it also can provide urban park on its residential side slope for daily use.

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Berm

High Risk Industry

Emergency Escape Area Hierarchy

Industry Cluster

Residential Cluster A

Daily Use

sport

urban park

community garden

street market

playground

community garden

street market

plaza

Residential Cluster B

plaza

Second technique is escape route network. This is composed of different levels of refuge area and network. Safety level of Refuge area was identified in relationship to its size, distance from urban setting, and other conditions such as whether if the area has water resource or not. This technique makes sure that infrastructure system develops in a way that it performs properly in case of emergency.

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

Considering the different stages of industrialization, FIRESCAPE aims to design the model for industrial cities that is sensitive to the moment of negotiation between industry and urban development, integration of traditional culture and new urban environment, and separation of fire risk and urban activity.

STRATEGY

DESIGN STRATEGY

SEZs

Low Fire Resisting Techniques

Highway

Petrochemical Industrial City

Medium Exisitng industries

Conventional Buffer High

LANDSCAPE TECHNIQUE

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

INDUSTRY GROWTH ATTRACTION

GROWTH RATE

By using the Fire Resisting Landscape Techniques, the Firescape project explores possible ways to develFire Resisting Techniques

op industrial city for Dahej. In order

R I I R

to meet the governmental target of the future city of Dahej, the project follows the quantity requirement for industrial development in Dahej, but explores a way that can handle

Conventional Buffer

Fire Resisting Techniques

Conventional Buffer

the different growth rate as well as

growth direction to challenge the orR I I I R R

ganization of conventional industrial cities.

Fire Resisting Techniques

Conventional Buffer

R R R I I I R R R I

CITY ORGANISATION

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGY ON SITE

1. RE-CONNECT THE EXISITNG FABRIC

Conection level High

Low

5 km

Connectivity of Existing Villages Because the growth of industries directly link to the transportation connectivity, to take advantage to the existing infrastructure and social fabric, we started to look at the connectivity of the local villages. The numbers of the circle around the villages shows the level of connectivity of each village.

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Connection Method

Model A

Model B

Model C

Residential Area Industrial Area

Existing Condition

Firescape Proposal

5 km

Proposed Residential Area Village

Governmental Master Plan

Assume that poor connected villages will tend to attach the closest better-connected villages to form village clusters. The area in yellow shows residential area around village clusters as the future residential areas to meet the targeted area for residential landuse and the rest area will be for the industries to develop.

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

2.1 ESCAPE ROUTE DESIGN

Exisitng Pond Proposed Residential Area Pond in Proposed Industrial Area Pond in Proposed Residential Area

Highway & River

Escape Route

Pond Connction

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

5 km

Pond Connection Because the industries are flammable, we use escape route technique to form the major road infrastructure for the whole area in case emergency. This drawing shows the direct connection of each pond as future refuge for fire escape.

Exisitng Pond Proposed Residential Area Pond in Proposed Industrial Area Conection Junction in Proposed Industrial Area

Highway & River

Escape Route

Pond Connction

5 km

Escape Route Formation To provide transportation for industrial material transportation and safety of people, the escape route is located in the future industrial area. Here we try to find the efficient way to connect industrial refuge area to the external network.

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

2.2 ESCAPE NETWORK SYSTEM

Emergency Refuse Area Hierarchy

Daily Use of Refuse Area

Primary Escape Network

Secondary Escape Network Thirdly Escape Network

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

To Muler: 24km

To Amod: 32km Varaga

Ankot

Aragama

Kadodara

Atali Dahej

Jolva

Bhelsli

To Bharuch: 28km

Navetha

5 km

Highway & River

Escape Route System

Escape Route

This drawing is showing the system of escape network from the local refuge area around each pond to the external network through the escape routes.

Pond Connction

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

3.1 INDUSTRIAL FIRE RESISTANT FABRIC

Firebreak Breaking down the continuing flammable fabric is a common technique to prevent fire spread in the accidents. Typical example appears in the forest management. A large piece of forest usually is break down by many small pieces to provide access to many locations in the forest for management (plant, trim and harvest). More importantly, when fire happens this breaking down roads help to prevent fire spread from one small piece to the others, therefore, reduce the cost in fire accidents. Navalcan, Portugal

Firebreaks in Industrial Area

Pond in Porposed Industrial Area

Proposed Industrial Refuge Area

Industrial Plot

Direct Connetion between Ponds

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Proposed Fire break Roads for Industries

Firebreaks in the industrial area are used as roads that specifically need to be kept clean and clear in order to prevent fire spread in accidents. First, consider the easy water access of existing water recourse for fire extinguish and peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s safety. Second, the radian layout also serves as a guide for people to escape in the emergency case. The existing ponds in the proposed industrial area can be naturally transform into greeneries for entertainment use for the workers in normal time. During fire emergency, they serve as refuge areas. Their center location in the radiant layout informs the refuge area by the daily use of them as greeneries or daily gathering points.

Industrial Road Industrial Refuge Area

0.3-0.4 0.08-0.2

0.5-0.8 0.2-0.3

Tpye 2 Industry

5 km

Industrial Fabric

Width of Fire-proof Streets Tpye 0 Industry

Tpye 1 Industry

Tpye 3 Industry

As roads can help to prevent fire spread, the major roads for industrial area are designed to ensure safety of industrial refuge area. And its radiate layout also suggests the location refuge area for emergency use by daily use of the infrastructure.

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

3.2 RESIDENTIAL FIRE RESISTANT FABRIC Primary Network

PEDESTRIAN

BIKE

3.5M

Primary network connect pond in residential area to the pond in industrial area. This connection is critical in fire emergency to transfer people to refuge area, hospital and other civil facilities in the city.

CAR (4 LANE)

12.8M

Secondary Network

CAR (4 LANE)

BIKE

12.8M

BIKE

PEDESTRIAN

3.5M

BIKE

3.5M

BIKE

3.5M

CAR (2 LANE)

6.4M

PEDESTRIAN

BIKE

3.5M

CAR (2 LANE)

BIKE

6.4M

BIKE

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

CAR (2 LANE)

PEDESTRIAN

6.4M

PEDESTRIAN + BIKE

3.5M

Thirdly network is mainly for pedestrian and bike to support the very local use in the India context. People are encouraged to use non-automobile vehicle in each neighborhood.

3.5M

BIKE

3.5M

BIKE

12.8M

PEDESTRIAN

PEDESTRIAN + BIKE

CAR (4 LANE)

PEDESTRIAN

BIKE

3.5M

PEDESTRIAN + BIKE

3.5M

Secondary network is to connect each village into a larger city networks in the residential area. It also connects to the residential ponds as refuge areas to the rest of the city.

3.5M

Thirdly Network

PEDESTRIAN

BIKE

PEDESTRIAN

BIKE

PEDESTRIAN

3.5M

PEDESTRIAN + BIKE

CAR (2 LANE)

6.4M

BIKE

PEDESTRIAN

3.5M

5 km

Residential Fabric For the residential network we also have three hexarchies. The primary road connects the residential refuge area to the industrial refuge area for escaping to the external connection. The secondary and thirdly roads to connect residential refuge areas to the rest of the residential areas. And they are focus on daily use within the residential areas. LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

4.1 BERM FABRICAITON PROCESS

Protective Berm

Proposed Buffer Residential Area

Berm

Flamerable Industry

Emergency

Daily

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

park / garden / market plaza

When the industrial fabric and residential fabric meet to each other, there are berms in between to separate the fire to spread from industries into the residential area.

Entrance of Industry

Entrance of Industry Main Berm Orientation

Berm Orientation People’s Movment

100

200

1.Movement Analysis People movement between industries and residential area are analysed to help to shape the berm’s placement.

100

200

Entrance of Industry Berm Orientation 0

2.Movement Negotiation The main orientation of the berm negotiates the movement of people and the protective function of the berm.

100

200

3.Berm Orientation The berm orientation is negotiated with the people’s movement. 0m

Near Primary Rd:1 Berm Outline

Btw Primary and Thirdly Rd:

Entrance of Industry

1-3 Near Thirdly Rd:3

Berm Orientation 0

100

200

4.Berm Outline Based on the orientation of the berm, the mesh suggested the possible outline of the berm.

100

200

0 m

5.Path Different hierarchies of the roads decide the number of the path that is required for urban activities.

100

200

6.Berm Plan Finally the berm is created based on the movement and function of both industrial use and urban use. LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

4.2 BERM SECTION

We design a flatter slope of the berm facing the residential sides to provide more urban land use and steeper slope on the industrial side to prevent peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s activity in case of fire emergency from the industries. Here are some sections example on one of the berm.

a a b c d

100

200

Park

Plaza

Residential Side

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Market

Farm Garden

Industry Side

Agriculture

Short Grass

Fireproof Pavement

2.00 2.00

10.00

2.00

10.00

FARM GARDEN

COMMUNITY FARM GARDEN FARM GARDEN OMMUNITY 2.00 Residential Side Activity Catalog RM GARDEN 2.00 2.00

2.00

10.00

2.00

10.00

2.00

10.00

2.00

10.00

2.00

10.00

5.00

Park

COMMUNITY

PARK NO MARKET

15 degree slope

COMMUNITY PARK MMUNITY RK

2.00

5.00

4.00

2.00

5.00

2.00

5.00 10.00

2.00

NO MARKET 10.00

4.00

10.00

4.00 4.00

15.00

4.00

2.00

CAFE

2.00

CAFE

4.00

PLAZA

AZA

4.00

1.50

CAFE 1.50

4.00

15.00

4.00

15.00

1.50

4.00

15.00

HIGHER LEVEL OF RURAL AGRICULTURE HIGHER LEVEL OF RURAL AGRICULTURE

Farm Land

2.00

2.00 2.00

15.00

FARM LAND FARM LAND

2.00 2.00

10.00 10.00

2.00

10.00

2.00 2.00

10.00 10.00

2.00 2.00

10.00 10.00

2.00 2.00

10.00 10.00

FARM LAND

10.00

Garden

1.50

LOWER LEVEL OF RURAL AGRICULTURE LOWER LEVEL OF RURAL AGRICULTURE

HORICULTURE HORICULTURE

10.00 10.00

1.50

Horiculture LOWER LEVEL OF RURAL AGRICULTURE 2.00 2.00

COMMUNITY COMMUNITY FARM GARDEN FARM GARDEN

10.00

15.00

Plaza with Cafe

10.00

4.00

2.00

1.50

PLAZA

Agriculture

4.00

2.00

Plaza

RURAL RURAL AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE

NO MARKET

WHEN MARKET HAPPENS PUBLIC MARKET

BLIC MARKET

5.00

WHEN MARKET HAPPENS

CAFE PUBLIC MARKET

2.00

5.00

WHEN MARKET HAPPENS

30 degree slope

2.00

FARM GARDEN

COMMUNITY FARM GARDEN

2.00

10.00

FARM GARDEN FARM GARDEN

10.00 10.00

10.00

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

COMMUNITY COMMUNITY PARK PARK 2.00 2.00

2.00 2.00

5.00 5.00

2.00 2.00

5.00 5.00

PHASING

DEVELOPMENT OF DAHEJ IN PHASES

chemical industry, we know that types of industries changed over time. In general, industries that produce lower value per products and higher risk to the city (such as type 0 and

Chemical

industries. From the research on industrialization and petro-

Type 3 Industry

are significantly effect the city that developed based on the

Small Scale Intermediate

employments, investment, and impact on the environment

Engineering

The industrial types with different requirements on areas,

1 industry in Dahej) will be replaced by the industries that

cess that driven by the development and changes of the industries. This development and changes are recorded by the fire resisting landscape techniques, which are the berms.

Plastic

Instead of seeing a city as an object, we see Dahej as a pro-

Type 2 Industry

velop to a matured phase.

Medium Scale Intermediate

(such as type 2 and 3 industry in Dahej) as the industries de-

Fertiliser

produce higher value per products and lower risk to the city

Because type 2 and 3 industries required less land and more employment, the total industrial land use will decrease. This abandon industrial lands will be turned into residential de-

Oil Refinery

dustry works with the city, similar to how the river pattern

Building Block

boundary changes. The city landscape records how the in-

Large Scale Intermediate

defend the new developed residential area each time this

Hydrocabon Feedstock

al lands use changes over time, new berms will be built to

Type 1 Industry

boundary of between industrial land use and non-industri-

Type 0 Industry

velopment to house more employment in the design. As the

Size

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Gas Cracker

records the flooding history of itself.

Employment

Product Value

Flammable Level

Industrial Development City Development Year

Developing Phases Phase 1 2020

Phase 2 2030

Matured Phases Phase 3

Phase 4

Phase 5

2040

2050

2060

Buffer Development

Industry Land Use Boundary

Type 3 Type 2 Type 1

Type 0

Village

12%

8% 17%

9% 12%

15%

11%

17%

New Township

4% 12%

10% 9%

NonIndustry Land Use

13%

23%

52%

Agriculture 40%

68%

42%

31%

10%

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

DEVELOPING PHASES The industries grow from the existing

Berm Location

Phase 1 (2020)

Berm Location

Phase 2 (2030)

Berm Location

Phase 3 (2040)

industrial location near the port. Residential clusters near the new development industrial area are full developed. As the growth of the industrial fabric and residential fabric, berms grow when the residential area tough the industrial area in order to prevent fire accident. In Phase 3, the proposal achieves the governmental master plan standard in terms of quantity.

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

MATURED PHASES Original Boudary

15 Degree 30 Degree 40 Degree 45 Degree 55 Degree

Boudary of Expanded Residential Area

Phase 4 (2050)

Type 3 Industry

Boudary of Expanded Industrial Area

New Boundary Type 2 Type1 Industry Industry Type0 Industry

In Phase 4, Lower value industries shrink. The surrounding residential area expands to the previous industrial area. Higher value Industries, however, expand into the surrouding residential area. Industrial Area

Residential Area Core Block

Boudary of Expanded Residential Area

Phase 5 (2060)

Boudary of Expanded Industrial Area

Periphary Block New Berm

Old Berm

In Phase 5, as more residential area are in demand, more lower value industries turn into residential. LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

GROWING BEHAVIORS

74.74 hectare 14.22 hectare 25.5 hectare 111.35 hectare 169.45 hectare 53.98 hectare

1001.35 hectare

109.2 hectare 13.7522.5 hectare hectare99.15 hectare 91.55 hectare 161.69 hectare 143.03 hectare

613.69 hectare 192.39 hectare

101.43 hectare 28.72 hectare 51.99 hectare

358.13 hectare 111.06 hectare

102.99 hectare 112.59 hectare 22.53 hectare 63.31 hectare 208.91 hectare

844.62 hectare

147.85 hectare

953.89 hectare 483.81 hectare

103.18 hectare

255.11 hectare

198.38 hectare

408.15 hectare 167.05 hectare

196.54 hectare

423.95 hectare 175.17 hectare

428.22 hectare 186.02 hectare

196.91 hectare

78.2 hectare

125.57 hectare 47.16 hectare

108.21 hectare 198.84 hectare 59.27 hectare 64.45 hectare

44.0822.43 hectare hectare 61.9 hectare 9.37 hectare

82.08 hectare 61.64 hectare 152.58 hectare 191.94 hectare

197.33 hectare

45.85 hectare

152.99 hectare 27.21 hectare 49.89 hectare 63.09 hectare 31.4 hectare 95.38 hectare 95.12 hectare79.03 hectare 33.63 hectare 86.05 hectare 44.42 hectare 79.05 hectare 58.95 hectare 38.6 hectare87.35 hectare 225.22 hectare 23.55 hectare 72.6 hectare 22.89 hectare 188.65 hectare 68.3422.86 hectare hectare 46.21 hectare

91.42 hectare 30.2 hectare 53.66 hectare 2.47 hectare 55.85 hectare 27.09 hectare 66.62 hectare 85.27 hectare 65.68 hectare

114.7 hectare 60.61 hectare 11.41 hectare 383.59 hectare 2.08 hectare 110.5 hectare 17.18 hectare 14.47 hectare 6.35 hectare 18.5928.67 hectare hectare 2.17 hectare 28.55 hectare 13.33 hectare 18.51 7.14hectare hectare 22.8 hectare 6.58 hectare 11.44 hectare 352.33 hectare 67.39 hectare 8.55 hectare 43 hectare 94.01 hectare 47.37 hectare 22.24 hectare 66.74 hectare 305.83 hectare 41.48 hectare 109.91 hectare 27.64 hectare 32.89 hectare 156.78 hectare

162.15 hectare

19.54 hectare 77.28 hectare 121.97 hectare 128.46 hectare

103.89 hectare

328.78 hectare

37.73 hectare 91.42 hectare 69.89 hectare 42.02 hectare50.52 hectare

217.04 hectare

15.13 hectare 111.09 hectare 54.8 hectare 15.62 hectare 53.09 hectare 35.94 hectare 13.47 hectare

30.45 hectare

305.89 hectare

120.4 hectare 108.42 hectare 68.56 hectare

152.82 hectare 622.09 hectare

59.6260.47 hectare hectare 82.36 hectare

166.23 hectare

50.37 hectare

33.08 hectare 35.13 hectare

92.06 hectare 77.91 hectare 10.99 hectare 73.85 hectare 22.51 hectare hectare 60.6285.38 hectare 44.41 hectare 98.07 hectare 10.29 hectare 9.94 hectare 123.58 hectare 10.18 hectare 5.62 hectare 162.47 hectare 104.77 hectare 11.94 hectare 24.04 hectare 73.11 hectare 6.31 hectare 24.33 hectare 235.61 hectare

124 hectare

42.44 hectare

35.91 hectare 77.93 hectare 20.06 hectare 95.1 hectare 198.62 hectare

276.87 hectare

226.75 hectare178.63 hectare 120.66 hectare 24.73 hectare

199.19 hectare 164.71 hectare 74.14 hectare 137.07 hectare 48.33 hectare 34.82 hectare 140.9 hectare 124.44 hectare 116.19 hectare 20.73 hectare

107.96 hectare 190.86 hectare

187.75 hectare

108.82 hectare 12.25 hectare 27.69 hectare

22.83 hectare 84 hectare 110.3 hectare

68.47 hectare

23 hectare 178.13 hectare 148.72 hectare

231.1 hectare135.85 hectare 477.52 hectare

153.67 hectare 180.56 hectare

37.21 hectare 89.33 hectare 114.13 hectare 41.39 hectare 177.31 hectare 38.64 hectare

133.03 hectare

627.21 hectare

221.65 hectare

323.34 hectare 75.6 hectare 133.13 hectare

467.83 hectare

409.02 hectare

845.91 hectare 151.67 hectare

332.11 hectare 520.47 hectare

137.08 hectare 21.54 hectare

263.94 hectare 715.35 hectare

157.98 hectare 98.66 hectare

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

116.23 hectare 156.7 hectare 202.56 hectare

191.94 hectare

113.51 hectare 184.09 hectare

18.23 hectare 49.63 hectare 22.23 hectare 38.35 hectare 10.37 hectare 52.87 hectare

338.63 hectare 183.75 hectare 112.23 hectare

139.29 hectare 33.94 hectare 105.59 hectare

189.84 hectare

96.1 hectare 77.51 hectare

427.85 hectare

111.84 hectare

9.59 hectare 81.56 hectare 158.65 hectare

68.68 hectare

241.3 hectare 183.43 hectare

100.82 hectare 15.63 hectare

146.81 hectare 36.65 hectare 104.26 hectare 247.47 hectare 129.15 hectare 44 hectare 85.44 hectare

116.01 hectare 154.71 hectare 84.81 hectare 113.96 hectare

182.62 hectare 109 hectare

55.09 hectare 391.47 hectare 68.18 hectare 82.92 hectare 126.06 hectare 302.97 hectare 61.05 hectare 36.08 hectare 22.7 hectare 58.96 hectare 29.31 hectare 528.68 hectare 30.88 hectare 66.96 hectare86.07 hectare 48.85 hectare 153.23 hectare 9.94 hectare 70.38 hectare 23.37 hectare 131.03 hectare 24.02 hectare 382.8 hectare 21.32 hectare 24.52 hectare 53.76 hectare 43.03 hectare 14.46 hectare 8.39 hectare 172.71 hectare 36.19 hectare 53.12 hectare 22.02 hectare 40.36 hectare

121.55 hectare

244.67 hectare

239.79 hectare 117.44 hectare

466.56 hectare

104.27 hectare 187.17 hectare 123.02 hectare 88.48 hectare 186.93 hectare 104.06 hectare 42.37 hectare 76.57 hectare 20.53 hectare 78.16 hectare 105.65 hectare 15.39 hectare 49.47 hectare

601.7 hectare

101.52 hectare 53.19 hectare

111.74 hectare 88.87 hectare

211.22 hec 1

31.6466.4 hec

120.09 hectare 37.

161.57 he 31.89 hectare

168

83.8 hectare

154 29.2 hectare

39.77

1. Incremental Growth

139.29 hectare 119.19 hectare 48.45 hectare 67.63 hectare 94.4 hectare 59.19 hectare

86.01 hectare

123.1 hectare

153.37 hectare 12.64 hectare 221.97 hectare 79.84 hectare

61.54 hectare 52.04 hectare 181.75 hectare 25.06 hectare 56.07 hectare 100.06 hectare 56.03 hectare 25.39 hectare 45.85 hectare 125.52 hectare 90.9 hectare 34.4 hectare 60.79 hectare

144.11 hectare

58.08 hectare 34.41 hectare

36.06 hectare 98.74 hectare 166.93 hectare

250.54 hectare

28.29 hectare 57.65 hectare 159.07 hectare

281.71 hectare

39.08 hectare 78.06 hectare 369.52 hectare 85.52 hectare

75.22 hectare 102.63 hectare

268.41 hectare

25.92 hectare

59.64 hectare 70.8 hectare 26.2 hectare 118.57 hectare

14.35 hectare

4.33 hectare e 32.34 hectare 7 hectare

96.21 hectare 48.45 hectare

713.1 hectare

273.46 hectare

55.96 hectare

75.18 hectare 75.12 hectare

88.18 hectare

217 hectare 29.76 hectare

42.08 hectare 151.86 hectare 120.28 hectare

124.3 hectare

409.02 hectare

496.69 hectare

68.63 hectare 47.74 hectare 37.05 hectare 89.05 hectare

73.57 hectare

75.64 hectare 168.51 hectare 27.49 hectare

263.33 hectare

210.02 hectare 52.25 hectare 72.44 hectare 244.24 hectare 61.46 hectare 94.37 hectare 42.65 hectare 128.21 hectare 5.24 hectare 32.22 hectare 94.49 hectare 6.57 hectare 40.28 hectare 84.94 hectare

55.13 hectare

255.4 hectare 65.47 hectare 106.96 hectare48.44 hectare

98.51 hectare

377.51 hectare

40.8 hectare

102.62 hectare

34.54 hectare 84.52 hectare

28.53 hectare 111.34 hectare 48.53 hectare

220.2 hectare

e .65 hectare 54.97 hectare ectare

153.3 hectare 90.74 hectare

ctare 126.53 hectare

8.87 hectare

135.99 hectare

96.33 hectare

267.59 hectare

45 hectare ctare 15.32 hectare 48.62 hectare

2. Steady Growth

207.64 hectare

145 hectare 45.32 hectare 80.68 hectare 37.04 hectare 57.47 hectare 99.53 hectare 36.03 hectare 77.49 hectare 38.85 hectare 39.57 hectare 133.14 hectare

99.05 hectare 121.37 hectare 106.99 hectare

710.17 hectare

715.76 hectare

371.18 hectare

123.81 hectare

3. Increasing Growth

249.79 hectare 359.4 hectare

190.82 hectare

198.29 hectare 193.46 hectare 138.91 hectare 1023.79 hectare

2.66 hectare 185.09 hectare

68.76 hectare 117.61 hectare 59.47 hectare 96.82 hectare 25.03 hectare 43.53 hectare 67.24 hectare 130.09 hectare 159.46 hectare 147.78 hectare 106.27 hectare

156.12 hectare

75.09 hectare 133.58 hectare 63.6 hectare 44.97 hectare 23.98 hectare

4. Competitive Growth

5. Linear Growth

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

GROUND CONSTRUCTION

EVOLUTION Built environment and infrastructure in the city are more then

1. Incremental Growth

physical facility to support the development of the city. They

Ref:340

Ref:336

53.19 hectare

167.05 hectare

Ref:341

101.52 hectare

Ref:339

111.74 hectare

Ref:295

Ref:334

88.87 hectare

175.17 hectare

also record the paths of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s development.

Ref:337

Ref:332

182.62 hectare

196.91 hectare

Ref:338

109 hectare

Ref:331

Ref:325

391.47 hectare

302.97 hectare

Ref:326

61.05 hectare

The development of the burg cities are the typical example

Ref:330

528.68 hectare

Ref:328

601.7 hectare

Ref:297

383.59 hectare

Ref:296

down and grow by multiplying its structure when population mained as part of the new structure of the city.

131.03 hectare

382.8 hectare

to show how a ancient defensible city scape can be break increase over time. However, the previous structure still re-

Ref:329

Ref:327

94.01 hectare

2. Steady Growth Ref:139

96.33 hectare

Ref:122

Inspired by this structure, the groundwork creates the city

36.06 hectare

Ref:121

166.93 hectare

Ref:138

98.74 hectare

Ref:123

28.29 hectareRef:137 57.65 hectare

Ref:120

159.07 hectare

Ref:136

369.52 hectare

Ref:124

75.22 hectare

prototypes to achieve the demand of city expansion and fire

Ref:125

102.63 hectare

Ref:118

281.71 hectare

Ref:119

220.2 hectare

Ref:126

377.51 hectare

Ref:117

resisting urban environment.

263.33 hectare

Ref:116

496.69 hectare

Ref:114

217 hectare

Ref:115

Start from the phase 4 of the mater plan, the demand of hous-

273.46 hectare

ing and the shifting of industries create the opportunity to turn the previous industrial land into residential area. New

3. Increasing Growth

Ref:346

74.74 hectare

berms are created to protect the expanded residential area.

Ref:347

1001.35 hectare

Ref:345

613.69 hectare

The process of the groundwork for the new berm creates dif-

Ref:348

192.39 hectare

Ref:344

358.13 hectare

Ref:343

111.06 hectare

ferent spatial conditions, while recording the path of develop-

Ref:294

844.62 hectare

Ref:342

953.89 hectare

Ref:335

483.81 hectare

Ref:293

408.15 hectare

ment on the site.

Ref:340

Ref:336

53.19 hectare

167.05 hectare

Ref:339

111.74 hectare

Ref:295

88.87 hectare

Ref:338

109 hectare

4. Competitive Growth

Ref:239

139.29 hectare

Ref:232

116.23 hectare

Ref:231

202.56 hectare

Ref:233

Ref:230

Ref:228 12.25 hectare 27.69 hectare

108.82 hectare

Ref:229

Ref:234

37.21 hectare

89.33 hectare

Ref:226

Ref:227

41.39 hectare

177.31 hectare

Ref:225

38.64 hectare

Ref:235

323.34 hectare

Ref:223

75.6 hectare

Ref:224

133.13 hectare

Ref:222

Ref:221

845.91 hectare

467.83 hectare

Ref:220

191.94 hectare

Ref:219

520.47 hectare

Ref:217

466.56 hectare

5. Linear Growth

Ref:159

268.41 hectare

Ref:181

14.35 hectare

Ref:180 Ref:177

154.33 hectare

29.2 hectare

Ref:179 Ref:178

32.34 hectare

39.77 hectare

Ref:158

72.66 hectare

Ref:157

185.09 hectare

Ref:156

117.61 hectare

Ref:154

68.76 hectare

Ref:152

59.47 hectare

Ref:155

96.82 hectare

Ref:153

43.53 hectare

Ref:151

Ref:140

25.03 hectare

67.24 hectare

Ref:149

130.09 hectare

Ref:150

147.78 hectare

Ref:148

159.46 hectare

Ref:147

156.12 hectare

Ref:144

106.27 hectare

Ref:146

75.09 hectare

Ref:145

133.58 hectare

Ref:143

63.6 hectare

Ref:142

44.97 hectare

Ref:141

23.98 hectare

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Ref:341

101.52 hectare

SCALE 0m

Industries

Residential Area

100

200 m

Industrial Area Residential Area Core Block

New Berm Old Berm Periphary Block

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

STUDY 1 : ROLE OF POND IN DAHEJ AREA Network Structure

Local context was analysed so the groundwork provides not only safety, but environment that is familiar to the area. We found out that People in Dahej often use pond as community centre. Interestingly, even a city can be observed as aggregation of those pond-cantered community. Vadadla

Main Circulation

Housing Distribution

Religious Space

Greenary

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Dahej

City of Bharuch Population: 168,729 Area: 50 sq km

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

BOUNDARY SHIFTING PROCESS Original Groundwork

Residential

Boundary

Industry

Residential

Boundary

Industry

Residential

Boundary

Industry

Step 1 Groundwork

Step 2 Groundwork

Residential Development

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Step 3 Groundwork

Residential

Boundary

Industry

Residential

Boundary

Industry

Residential

Boundary

Industry

Residential Development

Step 4 Groundwork

Residential Development

Step 5 Groundwork

Residential Development

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE Road Layout Option 1 Berm Area

Berm Area

Road Layout Option 2 Berm Area

Berm Area

1. The main connection from the cell to the nearest highway was determinate, which also act as the division of soil excavation in different phases.

Road Requirement on Berm Berm Height 10m

Rd lengh 114 m Max. Rd Slope 5 Rd lengh 114 m

Berm Width Rd le 11 ngh 4m

Berm Width

t gh len Rd 14 m 1

Berm Width

2. Adopting the option 2 of the road layout. The basic orientation of the road network in the cell is created. 68

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

3. Based on the main orientation of the road network, father subdivision of blocks and roads are developed.

5. Soil from most of the blocks are excavate for the construction of the new berms, which will create pond. The location of pond are located in the conjunction of the main connection for share water resource in the fire emergency.

10948 m3

29975 m3 12182 m3 23036 m3 2425 m3 19482 m3

86847 m3 6884 m3

11394 m 3

15983 m 3

17940 m3

4. The soil demand for different phases of berm construction determined the way to combine some of the blocks into one. The green lines indicate the main connections of the cell.

6. According to the excavation process, the shapes of ponds are created.

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

PROTOTYPE CONSTRUCTION Orginal

The observation and cut and fill operation informed the ground organization which is going to be constructed through the process of boundary shifting.

Industry

Residential

Step 1 Prototype B-1

10m

Prototype B-1

20m

B-1-1

30m

B-1-4 B-1-2

Residential

Industry

The new berm is created through three construction layers. This creates three types of ground prototype with different step width. The width is corresponding to the amount of soil which is required for construction of each layer of the berm.

B-1-3

Step 2 10m

Prototype B-2

20m

B-2-1 B-1-1 B-2-2 Residential

30m

B-1-4 B-1-2

Industry

B-2-3

B-2-4 B-1-3

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Prototype B-2

Step 3 10m

Prototype B-3

20m B-2-1 B-3-1

B-2-2 Residential

Prototype B-3

B-1-1

B-3-2

30m

B-1-4 B-1-2

Those three ground types can collect rain water at its lowest point. We label those ground conditions as prototype b.

Industry

B-2-3

B-2-4 B-1-3

Step 4 10m

A-1 (1)

Prototype A-1

20m B-2-1

A-1 (2) B-3-1

B-1-1 B-2-2

Residential

B-3-2

30m

B-1-4 B-1-2

Industry

B-2-3

Prototype A-1

The prototype A provides soil to reform the previous industry side of existing berm. This prototype can happen at once or incrementally depends on several factors, such as available budget, need for housing, and need for urban park.

B-2-4 B-1-3

Step 5 Prototype A-2 10m

20m

A-1 (1) A-1 (3) B-2-1 A-1 (4) A-1 (2) B-3-1

B-1-1 B-2-2

Residential

B-3-2

30m

B-1-4 B-1-2

Industry

B-2-3

Prototype A-2

B-2-4 B-1-3

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

PROTOTYPE Type A Prototype A-1

Ground Section

Residential

Boundary

Industry

Boundary

Industry

Prototype A-2 A-1 (3)

Ground Plan

A-1 (1) Residential

A-1 (4) A-1 (2)

Building on the Ground

Residential

Existing Berm

Residential Area Prototype A

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Prototype B-1

Prototype B-2

Pro

ototype B-3

Type B - 1

10m

Ground Section

Ground Plan

B-1-4

Type B - 2

20m

B-2-2

Type B - 3

30m

B-3-1

Circulation

Industry

Newly Constructed Berm

PrototypeA is the ground condition that was created through the cut and fill to reform the slope of existing berm. Since the amount of soil excavation is small in this prototype and it does not create specific ground condition, any conventional housing type can be constructed on the ground. In contrast, prototypeB contains specific ground condition that was created as a result of cut and fill operation to construct new berm. LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

ESCAPE ROUTE NETWORK

[Emergency Escape Area Hierarchy]

[Daily Use]

sport

Industry Cluster

Residential Cluster A

urban park community street garden market

plaza

Residential Cluster B

level 2 playgroundcommunity street garden market

plaza

level 1 plaza

Existing Village Centre (level 2)

Prototype B Pond (level 1)

The ponds constructed through the ground excavation can be used as water resource in case of emergency. The escape area network connects those pond and centre of existing village which performs as higher level of refuge area.

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Level 1

Escape Route Network

Level 2 Refuge Area

Level 1

newest boundary oribinal boundary

Berm

oribinal boundary

newest boundary

Infrastructure

Existing Village

New Residential

A-1

Ground Construction

B-1

B-3 B-2

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

STUDY 2: ROLE OF POND IN URBAN SETTING

Name: Banganga Tank Location: Munbai, India Built Year: 1127 AD System: Spring fed Function: Cultural Hub 76

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Everyday Use Banganga tank is located near the historical district where some of the village housing has insufficient tap water. Direct circulation between each village building and the pond is observed in everyday use for collecting tank water and washing.

residential

Religious Use Because the Tank in India is a religious holy place, many temples from different religions are located near the pond. During traditional and religious events, people from the city come to the temple and then reach to the tank. The tank as a attraction point in the city is observed in during the religious use.

residential religous centre

Event / Tourism The linear connection from main transportation center to the tank is observed in international events such as music festival or touristic activities. bus stop temporary retail LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

STUDY 3: ACTIVITY AROUND POND Relationship between pond, step, building and activities that is specific in Banganga Tank Section was analysed.

Tourist/ Event Use

temporary retail display pods dry clothes

Everyday Use

play ground

walking

seating praying

Religious Use

washing bathing

pond

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

building

Tourist / Event Use

Everyday Use

Religious Use

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

PROTOTYPE PLAN DEVELOPMENT

Event Circulation

Outline of building

Everyday Circulation

Circulation in Relatonship to Pond Everyday Event / Tourist 80

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Outline of Building

Location of Temporary Retail (along tourist circulation)

public open space (adjacent to public facilities)

Religious Centre (at attracting point)

Plantation (to provide shading to public space)

Retail (along busy circulation path)

Water Feature

Program Distribution Temporary Retail Commercial Religious

Public Space Use Open Space Water Tank Plantation LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

PROTOTYPE SECTION DEVELOPMENT To create ground that can house observed activities, landscaped topography, stepping to pond, and architecture form were developed. Also it was made sure that each level of ground has small retention pond. They are connected to the main pond through the pumping system for them to function as water resource in case of fire.

b c

event deck ecological pond social gathering

washing gathering

rooftop cafe temporary retail

seating sky bridge

oversee deck

play ground

jogging praying washing

bathing

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Temporary Retail Religious

Commercial

Built Surface Tourist Circulation

Circulation Path

Rooftop Terrace

Open Space Busy Traffic

Attracting Point

Greenery

Open Space

Ground

Step

Pond

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

LANDSCAPED TOPOGRAPHY, STEP, AND ARCHITECTURE

open space

terrace

pond

religious centre pond

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

14.0

13.4 15.5

14.2

5.0

B-3-3

3.2

A-2 (2) A-1 (1)

A-2 (1)

A-1 (2)

B-3-2 9.88

B-1-6

10.0

10.3

B-2-3

B-1-3 B-1-4

B-3-2

B-2-2

B-2-1

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

B-1-1

8.2

6.5

B-2-3 B-3-1

B-2-4

B-1-4

B-2-2

B-1-3

B-2-1

11.1

13.0

12.0 12.1

B-1-2

B-1-1

13.2 13.3

10.2

7.0 15.0

8.56

B-1-2

17.5

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

APPENDIX

APPENDIX A: INDUSTRIAL CYCLE TREND Trend of Industralisation Mid 1800

Mid 1900

1980

2013 Financial & Service Industry Prosperous Regentrification

Manufacturial Fall

Infrastructurial Boom Manufacturial Boom

Manufactury Crisis Change of Industries

China

Infrastructurial Boom Manufacturial Boom

Infrastructurial Boom Industrial Boom

India

Textile Industiral Fall

Time

History Record of Industrialisation

Shift of Industries Compared with the trend of industrialisation in UK, China, and India, different types of industries dominate different stages in the life cycle of industrialisation. In the later phase of Industrialisation, higher value industry plays a main role in the economy. Based on this observation, the Firescape project predicts that Dahej will face a industry shifting as the industry developed to-

Service & Finance Industry

ward matured stage.

Lower Value Manufactory

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Higher Value Manufactory

Predition of Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Industrial Trend Mid 1800

Mid 1900

1980

2013

Infrastructurial Boom Industrial Boom Textial Industiral Fall

Shifting of Industries

Historial Record: Prediction Trend:

Time

Predition of Industry Shifting in Dahej 2040

2013

2055

Governmental Master Plan

Firescape Proposal LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

APPENDIX B: STUDY CASE OF FIRE RISK

San Juanic, Mexico City. 1984 (Type 0 Industry)

200 200m m

$$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$Injured: $$ $$5,000-7 $$ $$,000 Dead: 300-400 Affacted Area: 60,000 sq m Cost: 41 billion

Phillis Complex 66, Huston, 1989 (Type 1 Industry)

$$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ 200 200m m

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Injured: 314 Dead: 26 Affacted Area: 40,000 sq m Cost: 360 million

$$$$ $$

$$$$ 200 m 200 m

Formosa Plastics Corporation, Illinois, 2004 (Type 2

$$$ $$$

200 m 200 m

Injured: 13 Dead: 7 Affacted Area: 30,000 sq. m Cost: 145 million

Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Gujarate Namada Valley, Fertilisers Co, India, 2010 (Type 3 Industry)

200 m 200 m

$Injured: $ $ 16 Dead:7 $ Affacted $ $ Area: 2,4000 sq.m Cost: 95 million

Industrial Area Affected Circle

Green Space

Explosion Circle

Residential Area

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

APPENDIX C: FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUE [ Passive Fire Resistant Technique ] Size of Open Space with Fire Preventing Functions in City of Edo

Fire Extinction Factor in Tokyo Earthquake Fire 1923

The illustration shows that passive fire extinction factor played bigger role than human factor in city scale fire accident.

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

[ Active Fire Extinction Preparation ] Location of Cistern for Residential Housing

Water Supplies for Fire Fighting Besides the use of passive fire resistant technique throughout various scales, active fire extinction preparation was introduced to small scale design in order to take advantage of pond surrounding community structure.

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

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FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

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LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

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FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013