pACKInG HAppIneSS Adam Blaney 06092109 [Re_Map]
contentS Preface
Sceneraio development
Super graphic
Material ecology
Optimised selection
Spatial development
Optimised selection process
Facade generation
Flow diagram
Facade prototype
Selecting sites
Balloon packing
Site
Automating packing
Form generation solar envelope
Printing panels
Solar envelope process
Panel production
Shade [in]tolerent areas
Acoustic control
Solar envelope process vertical limit
Fractal landscape
Initial massing model
Initial plans & sections
Defining attributes
Fractal development
Programme ratio
Scenario development
Programme analysis
Landscape model
Programme location
Panel prototype
Fractal units
Finalising the scenerio
The grid Optimally packing optimum forms Packing potentials Solar envelope packing Analogue packing Solar envelope packing density Automated packing Planning logic Swarm growth
PRefAce
The discourse of this project looks to develop a vertically high density social housing scheme which is centred on optimising happiness. Vertical high density reduces the ecological and physical footprint of the intended scheme. This generates more land to regenerate the urban condition of the area being explored. The programme selection will be based on ratios to produce scenarios that yield varying happiness results. Mapping methodologies and initial proposals were carried out in the previous project fractal happiness. The trajectory of this research will look to establish an architectural system that optimises happiness. A system will be explored because of its inherent flexible qualities and the feedback loops it generates. These feedback loops are essential as the proposed architectural system will aim to constantly improve state of happiness defined within each LSOA in Fractal happiness. To attain a flexible system multiple process will have to be identified, computational design methodologies will facilitate this flexible system approach, this results in an end solution that can be applied to any context and maintain contextual specificity. Computational means of design will allows for multiple scenarios to be generated each with its own repercussion on the LSOA happiness system. The computational processes will provide the generative design system which will create the architectural construct. Regeneration of the urban context will be dependent on the scenarios developed within the generative design process. Prototypes will be developed throughout the discourse of this project to establish viable means of design and fabrication to produce an architectural solution that can meet varying demands of each user. Material ecologies will be explored to refine these prototypes to establish an architectural solution that is based on optimised programme ratios as well as material efficiencies. The end result of this scheme will be the development of one scenario out of a potential limitless amount at an instance in time.
SelectIng SIteS In the previous portfolio as site was selected based on its proximity to the least happy LSOA. This sustains a singular development. A classification of sites is needed to define areas required for the generative architectural process. All of the sites below are devoid of happiness within the urban context explored [they provide no value to the happiness system]. It is necessary to utilise these sites for the generative process as they do not add anything positive into the ‘happiness system’. If all of the sites are developed then areas of containing the lowest happiness value are targeted for regeneration. The cellular grid aids this selection for regeneration as it is a comparative system within the LSOA. The cellular grid can then provide the most appropriate are for a user to live according to their specified happiness attribute selection.
Sites devoid of happiness
Major transport axis
Arbitrary cell selected. Actual cell would be selected based on users criteria as previously explained
OptImISed SelectIon An optimum area is defined based on a users attribute selection. Defining this higherachy of attributes eliminates cells that do not meet these requirements. The cells are eliminated based on existing programme / conditions specific to that cell. The cell dimensions used here are 200 meters x 200 meters, this size is arbitrary and may alter due to other factors that inform it. INTERFACE List preferences in decreasing value (1 = highest 13 = lowest) Basic human needs Food
2
Exersion
3
Sex
1
Shelter
2
Security of body
4
Health
1
Excess human needs Existing urban condition
Employment rate
5
Education
7
Green space
6
Bars
8
Restaurants
1
Shopping
3
Leisure
9
Cells die if they do not meet criteria more effectively then others (exersion and food)
Apply selection Run
LSOAs are grided in order to define area selection, comparative processing of cells attributes
Refining cell selection exersion and food
Predominant identified
Optimum area defined based on the selected criteria of the most valued attributes (food, exersion and low crime rates)
programme
/
attributes
based
on
An optimum area has been defined based on the users requirements. The next step requires potential areas for [re]generation. This involves highlighting sites in close proximity devoid of happiness / have no happiness value.
OptImISed SelectIon PRoceSS This process resembles that of the first cellular grid to compare happiness, the output in this case is to define the most appropriate area based on the attributes assigned as previously explained. In terms of computation data processing is carried out for each cell and compared to each other, those that don’t meet the criteria die. This is only representing the process of defining the optimum site based on the user’s criteria. Only 3 attributes have been chosen, the actual model would process all of the data for each attribute. Bad
Good Again a gradient key is used to graphically represent the data
Security of body (crime rate scores)
Scale 1 : 10000
Final scores processed to highlight site based on criteria
9.8
11.3
6.6
6.6
3.2
6.7
(all scores added potential score out of 20)
Exertion scores)
(gym
access
Food (allotment scores)
access
- 1.5
- 4.8
8.0
7.3
3.3
8.8
- 4.2
- 5.5
5.8
5.0
5.0
7.1
- 3.7
- 2.9
3.8
2.9
3.1
6.7
Area defined
Scale 1 : 2500 Area defined needs to be evaluated to see if there is a site devoid of happiness for generating architecture. If no sites devoid of happiness regeneration strategies are applied
SIte This site was chosen as it is the closest to the least happy LSOA area which is devoid of happiness. The happiness state of the LSOA was derived in the previous happy mapping exercise carried out in Fractal happiness. This site also has good transport links as it is located just off one of the main transport axis Victoria Road. This facilitates access to the site and increases the happiness of the whole LSOA system based on commuting times to access the implemented programme.
Housing typology
Panoramic view Least happy LSOA
Site limits and programme
existing
Industrial units
Residential Industrial Commercial
The site panoramic highlights low level industrial units surrounding the whole site apart from the east. The site topography generally flat and vehicular access routes are already existing from the surrounding industrial units.
Physical site model - This topography of the site was generated digitally and the physically produced using a CNC machine. This will aid site access and appropriate level changes.
FoRm GeneRAtIon - SolAR envelope A generative process is required for producing the architectural form within the system, this is because there are multiple sites as previously highlighted. A generic process that can be applied to each site generates architectural formations that all have the same trajectory. The sites devoid of happiness need a contextual optimised form generation process. The work of Dr Craig Martin and his work with synergy crystal outlines a process in which an optimised solar envelope is generated specific to the site being developed. The formal generation of the solar envelope is a series of Boolean intersections into a volume located on the site [images A - C are taken from Dr Craig Martins synergy crystal research]. This process is further outlined in later pages. The significance of this process is that it is procedural and can therefore be automated. Images D -F are taken from the research paper Evo Devo by Sean Ahlquist and Moritz Fleischmann, a genetic algorithm is implemented resulting in the final forms E & F being produced, again these forms are a production of the same process of multiple Boolean intersections. Automating this process generates a potential optimised system in which the urban context can be regenerated by computationally generative process to achieve a context which is optimised to obtain solar gains.
B
A
C
D
E
A - Solar forms for Equinox collated, Boolean interested, and evaluated on a pyramidal grid relating to hourly and seasonal periods of solar and shade access. B - Winter shade niche de-contextualised within hourly periods of access. C- Winter shade zones and Solar Envelopes aligned. (images A, B & C taken from SYNBIOCITY: SELF-PERPETUATING SOLAR NICHE WITHIN THE FIRST SHOCK CITY by Dr Craig Martin) D - Procedural process in which form production is automated, a genetic sequence is established producing infinate possibilites that are optimised to the condtions. E - Tower form produced from above methodolgy F - Multiple forms created based on grid manipulation of an apartment (D,E & F Material and space, Synthesis strategies based on evolutionary development biology. S. Ahlquist & M. Fleischmann. 2008)
SolAR envelope pRoceSS Below is the process applied to develop an optimum solar envelope specific to the sites solar conditions. Angles for altitude and azimuth were used of set times of day (09:00, 12:00 & 15:00) for winter, equinox and summer solstice. These angles were projected from the surrounding context to produce the inflicted shaded areas, these were then Boolean intersected with the architectural volume. Solar study of shadows inflicted on the site throughout the day at seasonal periods. Scale 1 : 8000
Shade tolerent Site Shade intolerent
Summer solstice
Summer shadow study
Equinox shadow study
Winter shadow study
09:00
09:00
09:00
12:00
12:00
12:00
15:00
15:00
15:00
Volume removed by shadows footprint taken for multiple times of day and season
09:00
09:00
09:00
12:00
12:00
12:00
15:00
15:00
15:00
Equinox
Winter solstice
SHAde [In}toleRent AReAS Below are the areas that have been highlighted as shade tolerant or intolerant. This informs the vertical limits of the solar envelope with respect to the suns altitude at certain times of day in specific seasonal periods. Residential, green space and allotment areas have been defined as shade intolerant areas. Industrial and commercial areas have been defined as shade tolerant areas. The shade intolerant areas will be the factor that controls the vertical limits of the envelope.
Shade intolerent areas
Shade tolerent areas
Optimised hybrid form solar implications for all solar times mapped
Summer 09:00
Summer 12:00
Summer 15:00
Equniox 09:00
Equniox 12:00
Equniox 15:00
Winter 09:00
Winter 12:00
Winter 15:00
SolAR envelope pRoceSS veRtICAl lImIt The verticle limit process is outlined below. Angles for altitude and azimuth were used of set times of day (09:00, 12:00 & 15:00) for winter, equinox and summer solstice. These angles were projected from the surrounding shade intolerent urban context to produce a vertical limit. These angles fromed planes to intersect with the archtiecural volume.
Summer
form justification scale 1 : 12000 09:00 noon 12:00 noon 15:00 noon
Equinox
form justification
scale
1
:
12000
09:00 noon 12:00 noon 15:00 noon
Winter
form justification
scale
1
:
12000
09:00 noon 12:00 noon 15:00 noon
A hybrid solar envelope can be produced from each solar season, an amalgamation of all forms and Boolean intersecting these forms with one another will produce the hybrid.
All forms combined and Boolena intersected to produce hybrid optimised solar envelope Summer 15:00 Summer 12:00 Summer 09:00 Equniox 15:00 Equniox 12:00 Equniox 09:00 Winter 15:00 Winter 12:00 Winter 09:00 Boolean intersecting all forms with one another has produce the below hybrid form. This is the optimised solar envelope, specific to the site. This envelope is the maximum volume which can then be populated by individual programme volumes. This volume will also need top down planning ideologies applied in order to ensure happiness is maximised.
mASSIng model An initial massing model was fabricated to address issues of scale within its context. The model was digitally fabricated. The digital hybrid form was scaled and sectioned into 3mm segments using the ‘Contour’ command in Rhino and each section was numbered for reference when fabricating. The sectioned pieces were then laser cut and laminated together. The resolution of this model depends on the segment thickness and the resultant material it is to be fabricated from. The shadows produced represent afternoon shadows during the equinox season. North facing overview
South facing view reveals scale of the proposed development.
South facing overview
North facing view reveals scale of the proposed development.
Segment pieces referenced for ease of fabrication.
This elevation receives constant solar exposure due to its south facing orientation. This yields potentials to incorporate a solar facade to generate renewable zero carbon electricity.
DefInIng AttRIButeS Existing urban programmes within the LSOA and the cellular model defines the happiness state of the area. For clarity the existing programme and non physical data will be defined as to which attribute it impacts, if the attribute is effected by proximity this will also be stated. Attribute
Existing programme or data
Proximity or data
Basic human needs
Basic human needs
Basic human needs
Food
Allotments, Grocery shops
Proximity shortest distance in area to desired programme
Exersion
Gym
Proximity shortest distance in area to desired programme
Sex
Underage pregnancy
Data specific to area
Shelter
Homeless popoulation
Data specific to area
Security of body
Crime rate
Data specific to area
Health
Health
Data specific to area
Excess human needs
Excess human needs
Excess human needs
Employment
Un / employment rate
Data specific to area
Income
Prosperity, house prices
Data specific to area
Education
School statistics, qualification %
Data specific to area
Green space
Green space
Proximity shortest distance in area to desired programme
Bars
Bars
Proximity shortest distance in area to desired programme
Restaurants
Restaurants
Proximity shortest distance in area to desired programme
Shopping
Shopping
Proximity shortest distance in area to desired programme
Leisure
Leisure
Proximity shortest distance in area to desired programme
PRogRAmme SelectIon The programme selected is based on basic human needs, the various programmes selected address eash factor of basic human needs. An optimised ration for the programme needs to be derived. A ratio can be flexible and can be specific to its occupants. Basic human needs
Programme
Food
Allotments
Shelter
Apartments
Security of body
Planning policy
Sex
GP practice
Health Green space Exertion
Programe selection is based on the basic human needs and what programme and factors / ratios generate the greatest possible happiness yield.
Food Allotments
Shelter Social housing
Exertion Green space
Sex Health clinic
Security of body [Planning policy]
A programme was generated that maximally met basic human needs requirements, as excess needs are not seen to be necessary according to Freudian criteria. The generative process addresses basic human needs while in the greater system / regenerative process can accommodate for excess human needs and programmes.
HAPPIneSS RAtIO Pakistani Indian Black White Average
4.2 3.0 1.8 2.3 2.8
Apartment area is based on constituent parts. This internal furnishings plus the circulation space around these inform the room dimensions. The total room dimensions plus corridors inform the total apartment area. This process allows for an optimised area for each user and does not require an average flat size. The catalogue for constituent parts is recorded in later pages.
Average family size
5.0m 2
250m2
102 - 127
21. 5
152 - 178
[An area of 100m would sustain a families food requirments produced from an allotment]
2
[20 standard (300 sq. yd) plots per 1,000 households. N S A L G recomends]
203 - 229 254 -304
Minimum area per family
40m2 of open space per household, divided between parks, sports areas, green corridors, semi-natural space and civic space.
or 40m
Planting depths [mm]
Average allotment area
20m
2
2
Minimum area per house hold
20m2 per household of informal play / recreation space and equipped play areas. [http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/55971/0015781.pdf]
GPs per 10,000 population England Patients per GP Average daily contact 36 to 45 10 minutes per consultation Average 44.4 hours per week
1
:
5.0m
2
2
: 40 or 20m
:
0.002
2001 5.8 1724
2002 5.9 1694
2003 6.1 1639
2004 6.3 1587
2005 6.5 1538
2006 6.5 1538
2007 6.5 1538
550
:
2750m
2
:
22000m
2
:
1
SHADe [In]toleRAnt SPecIeS A study of programmes that are shade [in]tolerant generates a hierarchy and informs the spatial arrangement within the solar envelope. The main programme study is represented below for the shade tolerance study, secondary programme such as plant rooms bin rooms will all be classified as shade tolerant. These programmes can function without natural lighting.
Species / programme
Shade [in]tolerant intolerant tolerant
Hierachy
Bi products
Bi products key
Smell
Noise
Biohazard
Food
Wild life
Moisture
Heat
ReQuIRementS
Requirements key
Fertilizer
Artificial Light
Energy
Day light
Tools
Heat
Water
Ventilation
Strategies will have to be implemented to meet the requirements for each programme, these requirements will have to be attained via mechanical means or passive / natural means. The proposed scheme will try to maximise and utilise passive means to regulate the schemes climate as much as possible. Potentials to integrate a solar facade have already been addressed due to the south facing orientation of the scheme, thermal mass may also be used to moderate temperature control.
PRogRAmme LocAtIon Now that an optimised solar form has been derived and areas that become shaded have been mapped, this can be combined with the programme shade tolerance study to make initial spatial organisation steps. Below is a physical model that makes initial strategies at spatial organisation of programme and form. Again the solar envelope was digitally fabricated using a laser cutter and stacked together. The envelope form has been further refined to allow vehicular access and house potential programme on the ground floor where the envelope is excavated.
Bins
Plant rooms
Service cores
GP clinic
Overview of shade tolerant programme location
Reception
Solar envelope 1
Solar envelope 2
Solar envelope location in which apartment units are to be organised
A series of close up images highlight scale of individual programme blocks with regards to the surrounding industrial context
FRActAl UnItS A catalogue of constituent parts that make up a single room dimensions have been recorded. The number of rooms required which its dimensions are based on its constituent parts plus corridor area makes the total apartment area. This approach produces efficiency in apartment requirements for individual users. A minimum and maximum dimension is provided for each user demographic and the user can then select an area and a height within these minimum and maximum dimensions. Below is a catalogue for an able body user, the dimensions were based on lifetimes homes and primary research. Constituent part Number
Kitechen
1 1 450 x 370 x 250 2 450 x 2100
Sink Work top
Work top a Work top b
7 300 x 450 x 320
a b c d e f g
Oven Hob Fridge freezer Table Area minimum Area maximum
1 1 1 1
Utility
500 x 500 x 400 250 x 320 600 x 400 x 1300 400 x 400 x 600 5.3 m² 12.9 m²
1 1 550 x 550 x 800 1 400 diameter x 500 800 x 500 x 2700 1.4 m² 2.5 m² 1 1 1100 x 500 x 800 0 300 x 300 x 480 1 400 x 300 x 550 1 600 x 300 x 400 5.5 m² 9.2 m² 1 1.5 m² 2.4 m² 1 1 600 x 1400 x 450 0 600 x 500 x 2000 1 490 x 350 x 120 1 360 x 500 x 300 1 400 x 60 x 600 1 300 x 550 x 470 1 300 x 300 x 400 3.3 m² 5.3 m² 0 1 500 x 500 x 2000 1 490 x 350 x 120 1 360 x 500 x 350 1.3 m² 2.3 m² 1 1 900 x 1900 x 30 1 450 x 500 x 1800 1 400 x 600 x 680 1 80 x 100 x 450 6.3 m² 10.7 m² 1000
Washing machine Boiler Storage Area minimum Area maximum Living room Sofa Chair Coffe table TV stand Area minimum Area maximum Balcony Area minimum Area maximum Bathroom Bath Shower Sink Toilet Towel dryer Shelf Washing basket Area minimum Area maximum Wetroom Shower Sink Toilet Area minimum Area maximum Bedroom
Corridor
Dimensions (mm) Max
Choice
650 x 600 x 330 700 x 3400
540 x 430 x 300 600 x 2500 600 x 1400
Cupboard / s
Cupboard Cupboard Cupboard Cupboard Cupboard Cupboard Cupboard
Min
Bed Wardrobe Desk Side table Area minimum Area maximum Width Overall minimum area Overall maximum area
650 x 800 x 650
1100 x 900 x 600 800 x 650 700 x 900 x 2000 1500 x 700 x 750 Suggested area 10.4 m² Suggested height 2.7 m
300 x 550 x 400 650 x 550 x 400 300 x 650 x 550 650 x 650 x 550 650 x 800 x 550 650 x 800 x 550 650 x 800 x 550 900 x 800 x 550 700 x 550 750 x 600 x 1700 1000 x 600 x 650 Selected area 10.5 m² Selected height 2.8 m
650 x 650 x 850 600 diameter x 1200 1000 x 1000 x 3000 ² Suggested area 1.4 m Suggested height 2.7 m
600 x 600 x 800 600 x 1200 800 x 800 x 2800 ² Selected area 1.8 m Selected height 2.8 m
2000 x 650 x 1200 700 x 700 x 500 1200 x 600 x 600 1500 x 500 x 600 Suggested area 7.8 m² Suggested height 2.7 m
1700 x 600 x 1100
²
900 x 500 x 550 1000 x 400 x 400 Selected area 8.1 m² Selected height 2.8 m
Suggested area 1.8 m Suggested height 2.7 m
Selected area 2.3m² Selected height 2.8 m
900 x 1900 x 600 800 x 800 x 2000 600 x 500 x 250 380 x 580 x 400 650 x 80 x 1500 500 x 1000 x 600 550 x 550 x 600 ² Suggested area 4.7 m Suggested height 2.7 m
750 x 1800 x 600 500 x 500 x 200 380 x 550 x 320 600 x 80 x 1500 400 x 750 x 550 420 x 350 x 500 Selected area 4.9m² Selected height 2.8 m
800 x 800 x 2000 600 x 500 x 250 380 x 580 x 400 Suggested area 1.3 m² Suggested height 2.7 m 1600 x 2000 x 700 1300 x 700 x 2000 600 x 1700 x 720 220 x 250 x 550 Suggested area 10 m² Suggested height 2.7 m 2000
1600 x 2000 x 700 1300 x 600 x 2000 1100 x 500 x 700 170 x 170 x 500 Selected area 10 m² Selected height 2.8 m Selected width 1300
34.4 m² 81.6 m²
Generating the overall apartment volumes will be automed, these unique volumes based on users and programatic requirements are then ‘packed’ optimally into the solar envelope. (please refer to packing process for more information) Automated unit
Users final desired unit 12 meters
Volume 336m
19 meters
Volume 1001.3 m
2.8 meters
Area 120m
3.1 meters
Area 323 m
10 meters
3
2
17 meters
3
2
THe GRID Each apartment typology is broken down by its constituent parts as catalogued in fractal units. A minimum and maximum dimension is taken for all of these constituent parts specific to the defined occupant’s able body, Disabled and OAP. This is combined with circulation space required and a minimum and maximum unit dimension is produced in which users can define their own apartment dimensions. Each unit is based in a 200mm x 200mm grid which informs its overall dimensions and the apartments are therefore in integers of 200mm. This modularisation allows for mass customisation whilst maintaining efficiency with regards to both production and scalability. In essence this is a fractal system. The reason for a 200mm integer is based on the thickest internal wall dimensions. 200mm x 200mm grid which dictates the units dimensions. An optimum orientation can be defined with further development with regards to solar access when required. I.e. 08:00 - 09:00 solar access to bedrooms, 12:00 - 18:00 solar access to living room etc.
Able bodied aparment unit
OAP aparment unit
The dimensions for both an able bodied user and OAP user are identical, the able bodied user must have a duplex as they are more mobile, this reduces the footprint size and increases density.
Minimum apartment area
Maximum apartment area
Proposed apartment area
Kitchen
Bedroom
Wetroom Bathroom Utilityroom Livingroom Note - Initial proposal above generated un-uniformed footprints, this has a detrimental effect on construction efficiency, further developments will retain uniform box apartments.
Disabled aparment unit
A disabled user has a single story unit, the circulation space around constituent parts is much greater allowing ease of access, this results in a greater footprint.
optImAlly packIng optImum foRmS A process need to be developed in which the apartment units can be organised within the optimised solar envelope. A process needs to be defined as there is the potential to apply this to multiple sites, this develops an architectural system with the potential to automate the solar form generation and the automation of filling it with the apartment units. Packing is a computational process that can achieve this flexibility when planning multiple scenarios. A computational process can then generate infinite scenarios with no extra work. Packing is an operation described by Aranda and Lasch in tooling (among many others). It automates spatial arrangement based on simple rules to generate an optimally packed volume. Below are the individual sized units based on the user and programmatic requirements to be packed into a solar volume.
Apartment units Recipe for packing 1. Create a shape of random size 2. Pick a random point 3. a) If the shape is inside another shape, or overlaps another shape, throw it away and go back to step 1. b) If not, place it, Go to step 1. [Taken from Aranda and Lasch Tooling pamphlet]
Above opposite right objects are overlapping this is not correct, opposite right all objects do not overlap this is correct. The packing operation will continue to pack as many objects until it cannot pack any more into the defined volume or area.
Solar volume Pack rat developed for grasshopper. These both automate packing cubes into a defined region. The density of packing can’t be controlled in Packrat, this therefore limits solar access to the adjacent apartments.
Automated packing processes, Algorithmic architecture by Kostas Terzidis. Randomised location of each cube, number of cubes and size of cubes can be controlled, this method of packing address density and user requirements and is more sensitive then the Packrat process.
Log cabin is a speculative project by Aranda and Lasch. The packing operation makes up the facade based on radom sized circels.
PACkInG PotentIAlS Precedent analysis below reveals the potentials in automating a packing process. Automating processes by utilising a computers assets enables emergent potentials to design solutions. A computer processes information based on set parameters to generate a solution. Multiple parameters can be added, as a result this increases the sensitivity of the model but increases processing time. Once the computational system / framework is generated infinite design solutions can be produced by altering the parameters, this process of design results in no extra effort from the designers behalf to generate multiple design solutions. It simply redefines what needs to by designed. 0 - 14 Tower in Dubai utilises a circle packing strategy to generate a punctuated concrete exo-skeleton. This exo-skeleton frees up the internal configuration as no structural columns are required. The varying apertures also control solar access to the internal spaces.
The above script is a definition used to produce the circles below within Grasshopper. Grasshopper is a parametric design plugin in for Rhino.
0 -14 tower by Reiser + Umemoto
Infinite random circle packing arrangement possibilities.
0 - 14 tower and the above script only address packing potentials within a 2d plane, in order to address packing potentials of a 3d solar volume a process has to be defined which meets this requirement. Sky village is a research project by MVRDV enabled by computational design processes. A computational methodology is facilitated by the data collection. The data collection form the parameters of the system in which design scenarios are then generated. This produces a feedback loop within the system as a cause and effect is produced. A 3d form is generated via the packing of standardised units within a defined volume.
Sky Village - MVRDV
Aggregate by Aranda and Lasch is an automated design formation which is then digitally fabricated. This control in scale, orientation and tilling reveal the potentials to control the internal configuration of materials makeup. Molecular control optimises a design strategy at all levels, producing homogenous materials that can meet multiple demands. This is a current research agenda being explored by Neri Oxman and her Material ecology explorations.
Aggregate - Aranda and Lasch
SolAR envelope PACkInG Ensuring there is enough green space, each apartment block is allocated a minimum amount of at least 20m. This amount is a variable itself and was defined in the programme analysis. The process below looks to automate this assignment of green space and how this spatial organisation may also be automated.
Solar envelopes to be packed
Apartment unit with assigned green space area assigned Apartment 2
Green space allocated 20m - 40 m
2
Total volume offset for packing
Neighbourhood between service cores and every floor, a neighbourhood is defined to ensure the green space is easily accessible for all occupants, A data processing loop would have to carried out in the syntax to count the number of apartments and resultant green space required in the far right volume.
Total solar envelope with volume between service cores highlighted
Volume floors
Numerber of units in neighbourhood multiply X the amount of assigned green space
Re pack units into neighbour hood volume. Aparment squares + new total green space area
20m2- 40m2
split
into
Volume of single floor to get count of units packed into this volume
Total green space assigned to neighbourhood
Defining how the apartment blocksare packed relative to one another’s position, neighbouring apartment ensures there is no over lapping. Again defining this packing process looks to automate the spatial organisation. This has significance as the density of packing can be performance driven in terms of how much solar gains are attained, this performance criteria therefore effects the density of the packed solar envelope and informs the amount of sun available to allotment areas. Apartment Allotment
AnAlogue PACkInG A manual packing process was carried out to explore the potentials in solar access and eventual formations. It address previous massing issues of scale as the volume is populated by multiple apartments, the envelope will not been read as a solid mass. The packing process also generates passive ventilation and cooling gains for the apartment units.
Solar envelope vacuum formed in which blocks will be packed manually. The manual packing process will help to inform the finalised automated process with regards to neighbouring packing vicinity.
The finalised packed volume highlighted circulation issues. The next stage to develop this process will be to pack the apartment units around circulation cores and planes to address accessibility issues for OAP and disabled users.
PACkInG DenSItY The packing density of the apartment units will be informed by three factors, solar access, public and private access / site lines. The distance x between apartment units informs the amount of light accessible to the apartment units below, this in turn informs the apartments internal configuration based on a hierarchy system of how much light a programme needs at certain times of day. Solar access
Summer
Equinox
Distance x
Winter The shadow study [right] address the resultant shadows produced by apartments, this study informs a minimum packing distance which grants solar access to surrounding apartments. The resultant shadows produced are created by apartment units of 3 meters in height as this is the maximum height of the apartments. A ratio will be defined between the minimum height of 2.7 meters to 3 meters based on 100mm increments.
15:00
12:00
09:00
15:00
12:00
09:00
15:00
12:00
09:00
Summer 09:00 12:00 15:00
Shadow length [mm] 3486 1925 3050
Equinox 09:00 12:00 15:00
7095 4055 5983
Winter 09:00 12:00 15:00
41147 12438 41147
The ratio defined below is based on the shadows produced at 09:00 and 15:00 in winter months as these times produce the greatest shadow lengths. The resultant shadows cast can inflict up to 1.5 meters on a neighbouring apartments facade.
1500mm
2700mm 16584mm
3000mm
1500mm 20464mm
100mm 20464mm
Further development into this spatial configuration can be centred around light access to specific rooms at certain times of day, i.e. 08:00 to 09:00 light accesses a bedroom. This increase in detail based on an internal hierarchy of programme and programme orientation based on solar needs of the apartments themselves will result in greater packing efficiency, if the later can be incorporated into a computational design process, then a performance driven packing solution will be produced.
AutomAtIng PAckIng PRoceSS The packing process was carried out in Max script, this is the scripting interface for 3ds max. This process of design is computational and automates the design task, it generates possible digital formations based on the variables sated in the syntax. The script itself essentially generates a number of boxes that have 1 of 4 potential states. These states are; 1 Able body 2 Disable 3 OAP 4 Green space Depending on which state the box is determines the dimension of the boxes. The dimensions of these boxes are randomised between a range of minimum and maximum values, the range is in integers of 200mm as previously explained. The Able body boxes range from length 5400 to 7000 width 5400 to 7000 height 5600 to 6000, Disable range from length 9000 to 10000 width 8400 to 11000 height 2700 to 3000, OAP range from length 5400 to 8600 width 5400 8600 to height 2700 to 3000 and green space from length 4500 to 10000 width 4500 to 10000 height 3000, [note the height will be reduced to 500 but for the packing process it is 3000 to ensure solar and user access]. In order to control the position of the boxes a negative of the solar volume is generate. This informs where the boxes can be placed, if the apartment boxes intersect with any of the negative space geometries it cannot be placed there. The script them places a box randomly within a set of defined 3d co-ordinates, if it intersects with any other apartment of negative geometry it is omitted, if it does not intersect with anything it is placed and another box then has the chance to be added.
Negative space, omits boxes that intersect with it
Negative space volumes made transpar- Solar volume is populated by various ent for graphic representation clarity apartment and green space units.
PAcking ScenARIoS The variables that have been defined above are the volume the apartments can occupy, the dimensions of the apartments, and the apartment typologies to be packed. Altering these variables generates an infinite number of potential scenarios with not extra effort as the packing process is now automated. This process can then become ‘fitness’ based, each scenario can be evaluated to a set of criteria, the fittest scenario out of x number is then chosen for further development. If the generative process is combined with the ‘fitness criteria’ then this computational design process is a genetic sequence, multiple design are produced. Each design solution is a generation, as the generation number increases its fitness also increase, each generation evolves to become fitter according to the criteria. This is further explained in Paul Coates Programming Architecture. Below are multiple scenarios, generating multiple scenarios would have only been possible by incorporating computational processes, this methodology opens up potentials to planning policy, housing typologies and design strategies among others A viedo of this process is attached on the CD.
32 units packed
35 units packed
Only able body apartments units packed 35
38 units packed
Only disable apartments units packed 29
40 units packed
40 units packed
Only OAP body apartments units packed 38
43 units packed
Only apartments units packed 34
units
For the purpose of the thesis a hybrid scenario of all units is selected for further development. This process addresses the issues of generating multiple solutions for all of the areas previously mapped that are devoid of happiness.
PLAnnInG LoGIC A planning logic must be applied to apartment typologies that can meet specific demands of the user. Below are the demographics which the scheme cators for. These users impose unique demands on their own apartment, this is catered for by allowing them to select their own apartment sizes. This also has ramifications on the spatial organisation. Rules must be imposed to govern this planning logic. Able bodied / Bachelor
OAP
Disabled
Duplex
Single floor
Single floor
Rules OAP apartments on the same level as circulation routes Disabled apartments on the same level as circulation routes Green space on the same level as circulation routes Able body apartments can be any where between planes [This process is animated on the attached CD]
SolAR HIeRARCHY Defining a solar hierarchy within the apartment themselves informs the orientation of the apartment within the whole system, this ensures maximal access to solar gains is ensured for each apartment within the whole system. Defining these perameters informs the above planning scenario. Hypothetical apartment organisation based on solar access. Format will vary based on solar Solar hierarchy access Priority 1 - 6
Percentage access 0 - 60%
Living room
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60%
Kitchen
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40%
Bedroom / s
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30%
Bathroom / s
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15%
Corridor
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5%
Utility
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Variables
Living room 60%
Bedroom 30%
Bedroom 30%
Bathroom 15%
Corridor 5% Kitchen 40%
Utility 0%
Bathroom 20%
SwARm gRowtH
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As all of the generative topics explored are procedural then there is the possibility to automate these processes. Swarm growth looks at self generation on a targeted site devoid of happiness. Swarm intelligence may be a possible mediator to facilitate this idea, this is explored in the below project Swarm Urbanism by Kokkugia. Swarm intelligence can act as an unbiased intelligence system based on defined parameters. An architectural system that is physically responsive or can self generate [assemble and dissemble [logic matter by Skylar Tibbets] based on growth system such as crystal growth patterns can generate an architectural environment that is in physical flux. This physically responsive attribute produces an urban condition that is only physical when required. A swarm intelligence system may govern this with emergent properties. This maintains an optimised urban context with regards to material efficiencies and an agenda, in this case happiness can always be optimised due to a fluctuating context informed by an alternating programme and its physical requirements.
Sites highlighted that are devoid of happiness
Existing site condition
Speculative development looking at the emergent properties of swarm intelligence. [De]attractors determine the swarm migration, de-attractors may be sites devoid of happiness, the aim is therefore to alter them into significant nodes of attraction.
Optimal solar form contains growth
specific
to
Site selected for inital [re]generation
site Units containing specific programme generates with solar envelope constraints
As the units generate, the happiness ratio is maintained, the growth is dependent on Solar form is maxed out, next site is population number ie increase population increase units / growth. targeted for [re]generation
SPATIAL DeveLOPmenT Inital 3d organisations performed from the packing alogrithm are represented below, further development is required to spatially organise each unit. The images represent a solar study of the resultant packed solar volume. The density of the packing of the apartment units allows for solar access to all units. Further development is required to inform internal configurations of each apartment. This will in turn inform the overall organisation and puncture the circulation plates to allow greater solar access.
The perforated skeletal structure reduces the sense of mass as the proposed scheme is not a solid object, this contextualises the proposal with regards to the low level industrial units surrounding the site and the housing estate south of the site.
A series of internal images highlight the internal spatial qualities generated by the packed units, further development for public space and void areas need to be defined for increased solar access. The images adopt the graphical stylings of archigram, this is to instil a sense of utopia within the images. Archigram proposed a new technocratic future which is identified within their architectural proposals and illustrations. The generative processes and material ecologies proposed within this scheme highlight a potential reprocessing of architectural potentials.
ScenARIo development 0.1
Ground floor plan scale 1 : 500 B
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A scenario has now been chosen for further development. Top down planning strategies will now be implemented on the chosen scenario to further refine its architectural formation. The initial stages of this will address planning strategies and orientation. Developments with regards to an apartments and auxiliary programme material selection need to be explored. The ground floor needs further development to implement an environment for the public domain, this will look to induce an environment that is conducive to generating a community spirit for reasons previously outlined. Initial developments to the scenario are schematic plans and sections that will then be further developed to address the later points of material and public domain. 1 - Reception / deli 2 - Security office 3 - Public land scape 4 - Service cores 5 - Storage 6 - Outdoor cinema 7 - Projection booth 8 - Female public toilets
9 - Plant room 10 - Bins 11 - Male public toilets 12 - Bins 13 -Badmington Courts 14 - Basket Ball area 15 -Plant room 16 - Female changing room
17 - Male changing room 18 -GP waiting area 19 - GP reception 20 - GP toilets 21 - GP clinics 22 - Tennis court
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ScenARIo development 0.1
Ground floor plan scale 1 : 500
This plan indicates the above structure and the seating arrangement of the outdoor cinema.
ScenARIo development 0.1
First floor car park scale 1 : 500
ScenARIo development 0.1
Basement car park scale 1 : 500
ScenARIo development 0.1
First floor scale 1 : 500
ScenARIo development 0.1
First floor roof plan scale 1 : 500
ScenARIo development 0.1
Second floor plan scale 1 : 500
ScenARIo development 0.1
Second floor roof plan scale 1 : 500
ScenARIo development 0.1
Third floor plan scale 1 : 500
ScenARIo development 0.1
Third floor roof plan scale 1 : 500
ScenARIo development 0.1
Roof plan scale 1 : 500 B
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ScenARIo development 0.1
Section AA 1 : 500
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ScenARIo development 0.1
Section BB 1 : 500
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ScenARIo development 0.1
Elevation A 1 : 500
B The south facing elevation of the building incorporates a solar facade to generated carbon free energy for its occupants. The solar cones are based on the research of CASE. The solar facade is a series of actuated cones. The cones can alter their pitch can the row of cones can alter their orientation. This ensures maximal solar gains for energy production. The cones themselves are transparent allowing solar access to the building.
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mAteRIAl ecology The apartment unit’s material manifestation will explore potentials in developing novel materials that are centred around material ecologies. Material ecology is a research topic that is explored by Neri Oxman. The purpose is to generate synthetic homogenous materials that mimic biological constructs. The analytical break down of biological constructs informs the production of homogenous synthetic materials that can meet multiple requirements. Material ecologies again this is of significant interest as novel processes are developed to generate these novel materials. A biological construct is self organised at molecular levels to generate an optimised form. To replicate this efficiency with synthetic fabrication novel processes must be developed to attain molecular efficiencies. Currently this cannot be explored but highlights avenues of exploiting internal material compositions to attain an optimised final material. Components that make up the apartment such as its skin and internal walls will look to attain these material ecology properties. This will optimised a component that is specific to the apartment location within the scheme and meet the users requirements. Again a process is required that allows infinite variation to meet specific demands required. Explorations into computational process and digital fabrication will be identified to physically produce novel homogenous materials. Establishing this system will yield a material plate that has varying qualities. The apartment skin has already been explored with the digital fabrication and casting of the voronoi prototype in Fractal happiness. The varying depths of the skin can regulate solar access. An internal wall now needs to be generated that does not negate the material properties of the skin. Further prototypes will be generated utilising computational means and digital fabrication techniques to attain this. These investigations will then be documented and physically produced. These prototypes will then be depicted in more detailed drawings and montages to generate a spatial quality feeling for the proposed scheme.
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1 - Nano structure of an egg shell membrane. Its fibrous structure provides protection to the contained embryo, it is also porous allowing for gaseous exchange and it also insulates the contained embryo. 2 - Voronoi screen developed previously in Fractal happiness. Its varying depths and the translucent qualities of the resin regulate the solar access that the apartment would receive. 3 - Monocoque 2 by Neri Oxman explores structural efficiencies. “Monocoque stands for a construction technique that supports structural load using an object's external skin.” Further development with the initial voronoi skin prototype developed in Fractal happiness has the potential to produce an apartment structure that doesn’t require any extra structural members apart from the skin. [http://web.media.mit.edu/~neri/site/projects/monocoque2/monocoque2.html]
FAcAde GeneRAtIon The casting study of the voronoi screen revealed potentials of a facade system being integrated from this approach. The facade with its varying depths of each cell and aperture control would regulate solar access. This would passively control the internal climate of each apartment. This process allows for an optimised facade configuration with regards to its location within the whole scheme. Below explains how the facade formations are controlled. [The below definition is generated in grasshopper a parametric plug-in for rhino]. This computational process can generate multiple facade formations without requiring additional work.
Controls the radius between each cells structure. Controls the size of the top aperture, if this is combined with the offset bottom slider the angle at which the cells form is controlled. Controls the thickness of the screen [nb these slider values can be altered within the programme] A series of points are defined [Number of apertures required]
A boundary is defined [facade dimensions required]
All components are the selected to ‘bake’ to digitally produce the intended screen in rhino. Further manipulation may then occur in rhino such as the varying depths of each cell.
Default screen for comparision
Random series of points densify. This results in greater structural rigidity at these points. Point position is manually controlled
Control of the cells apertures results in structural thickness control. The offset bottom slider in this case was reduced resulting in thinner structural connections between neighbouring cells.
5 points added within defined boundary, this results in a sparsely populated form. Adding fewer points and controlling the lower aperture [offset bottom slider] results in less structure being produced. This allows greater amounts of solar access.
The offset bottom slider was increased in this example, this resulted in thicker and therefore more robust structural members being produced between neighbouring cells.
12 points added. This results in more structure being produced between neighbouring cells. As a result it is structurally more robust but limits solar access.
FAcAde PRototype The voronoi cast experiment revealed potentails to apply it as an architectural skin for each apartment. Below are a series of images highlighting the material qualities of the voronoi skin system. The process in how this component was manufactured is recorded in Fractal happiness. The properties of resin though would have to be refined as it is a toxic substance if sanded or melted. New resin compounds that address this are explored in the link http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/01/110113082625.htm. A composite would be generated to provide more structural robustness, structural robustness is an aspect that has been explored by the Monocoque 2 project by Neri Oxman.
VeRnACULAR DeveLOPmenT The apartment units themselves are bespoke and unique to the occupant. Various vernaculars are proposed that can accommodate individual taste but are centred around material ecologies and the work explored by Neri Oxman. Facades components support their own weight, control light access and internal thermal climates.
BAlloon PAckIng Foam Wall by AMO is a material development that explores a perforated surface. The initial explorations were analogue in nature and eventually digitised. The wall is based on sphere packing into a defined volume, these volumes generate negative space in which a casting material can material is poured. It may also be produced by 5 axis CNC milling. The wall properties explores an optimised condition between solid and void. The sphere size and intersections generating void spaces control light access. An internal wall substance to the apartments based on these perforated parameters will facilitate the voronoi skin development to allow solar access. For these reasons individual explorations will look to produce a perforated surface. The perforations can also dampen acoustic reverberation.
AutomAtIng pAckIng Automating the balloon casting experiment will generate a material and process that is highly flexible with regards to production and uniqueness [the former will be discussed later]. By automating the balloon casting process more control is generated to the user by controlling sphere size, number of spheres, sphere densification and overall wall dimensions. Automating this process therefore generates infinite possibilities without any extra work, each user can alter these parameters to produce a wall that is optimised for their requirements. Grasshopper a parametric plug-in for rhino has been utilised to automate the sphere packing processes. Control of minimum sphere and Resultant sphers maximum sphere radius and Number of sphere to have a Box / required wall random radius between these dimensions values. Boolean difference between spheres and box
Sphere number control in X, Y and Z direction [The position of the spheres is randomised]
Point attractors set to control sphere densification. Sphere sizes can be increased or reduced in size when within a set vicinity of these attractor points.
The dimensions of the wall can vary to the users requirements.
Number of spheres that populate the wall impacts on the walls transparency
Size of the sphere that populate the wall again impacts on the walls transparency
PRInIntIng pAnelS 0.1 A physical prototype of one of infinite sphere panel arrangements was 3d printed, this addressed the limitations on physically producing the sphere panels. The below left image is the computer generated model that was finally produced, the image on the right highlights the limitations as to how many and the size of the spheres that populate the panels before the panels lose structural integrity, this addresses the limitations between solar access and structural integrity.
PRInIntIng pAnelS 0.2 A physical prototype of the sphere panes was produce to reveal lighting qualities. The multiple random radiuses of spheres that generated voids within the box result in varying thicknesses. These varying thicknesses result in the materials opacity varying from completely opaque to translucent.
pAneL PRoductIon Now that the generative process has been defined using computational processes, integration of digital production technologies highlights potentials of further revealing material properties. Gramazio and Kholer explore digital production technologies by utilising a robotic arm as a tool to fabricate. The arm is limited by its axis parameters but may be used for multiple applications from reductive to additive. Reductive processes are dependent on the existing material qualities being excavated. Additive processes such as stereolithography reveal potentials in controlling a materials internal composition, this is limited by the resolution the printing process can physically produce. Both the additive and reductive process can automated, reductive process though allow for a variation in material palate. Once the generative and digital fabrication system is defined any material can by processed to produce the digital form. Experiments producing the sphere panels using a 3 axis cnc machine have been carried out to explore its limitations. The 3 axis cnc machine can only move parallel to its confined x, y and z axis, because of this the spheres that perforate the material cannot surpass its centre point to penetrate the surface, the material can then the flipped over and machined again in order to achieve intersecting spheres.
Additive processes reveal internal composition control of a materials makeup, this control would generate overall materials that are optimised at all scales to meet multiple requirements. Internal compositions can be controlled via tilling systems to generate internal lattice structures. Multiple parameters can then be applied to the lattice system. Subterrain by Neri Oxman engages with a materials makeup and composite properties in order to accommodate / endure greater imposed loads, this production exploration has produced a structurally optimised material. The method of production utilised was a cnc milling process.
Subterrain
Subterrain
Moth wing
Fresh snow
FRActAl LAnDSCApe A fractal system for a public landscape generates a scalable system that can mediate and induce a community spirit within the occupants. Again this system will be computationally explored, this process will generate an multiple solution to a specific requirement. This process further facilitates the development of an architectural system to optimise happiness. Scalable units populate a landscape informing programme. The scale of a singular unit must be defined by its requirements, the fractal system cannot be infinite in a range of scales for this reason, specific dimensions will optimally meet the required programme demands. The system will produce tessellation of a catalogue of fractal units to optimally meet the demands imposed by its inhabitants.
Landscaped areas / Event areas
Proposed events Outdoor market produce from allotments and local farmers
Winter garden daily social area
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Outdoor cinema screenings
Fractal pool - Aranda and Lasch, this is a theoretical landscpe proposal, the fractal system is scalable and can meet multiple demands imposed on the landscape by increasing the units dimensions when required.
FRActAl DeveLOPMenT The ground floor landscape development is based on a fractal system. This allows for an expandable system within the defined areas to accomodate or develop desired scenarious. Shown below are the three units within the fractal system and the resoloution of there corresponding plan;
Designated landscape area
Resoloution of 400 x 400 grid
Resoloution of 800 x 800 grid
Resoloution of 1200 x 1200 grid
The 400mm x 400mm [left] units are designed for single seating, the 800mm x 800mm units [middle] are designed for couple seating and the 1200mm x 1200mm units are grassed and designed for group seating [right]. The units do not act in isolation, they are in a neighbourhood of units and the total number within that neighbourhood can be altered based on social requirements. The landscape acts to mediate between different social groups whilst providing individual space. The varying heights of the units are a set 100mm intervals from - 300 mm to 1000mm, this is randomised to generate a synthetic topography. Control of the neighbourhood is generated by utilising a cellular automata system, this computational process analyses the number cell typologies within a defined neighbourhood [t ypologies are a - individual seating b - couple seating c – group seating]. A criteria can then be defined as to how many typologies are within that neighbourhood. This is a flexible process and can generate multiple scenarios. Below are images representing a predominantly green space scenario.
ScenARIo development 0.2
Ground floor landscape 1 : 500
LAndScApe VISuAlS
A series of images below highlight the artificial topography generated by the process explained previously. The tactile landscape controls and mediates social interaction between the various demographics that reside within the scheme. It looks to catalyse and instil a community spirit within the scheme. This is one instance of a possible infinite solutions, this is possible because flexible computational processes.
lAndScApe model
A single plate from the digital landscape model was physically produced using a CNC machine. The model is at 1 : 100, this is so the resolution was not lost in production. Montages represent the socail activies taht may occur within the public green space areas, the negative space between each unit form the cicurlation routes.
PAnel PRototype
1 : 1 prototypes of the sphere panels were produced to investigate the robustness of the material when excavated. These models were produced by using a hot wire and excavating blue foam, the prototypes maintained their structural robustness but this process addresses issues of finishing. The end product maintains the same lighting qualities as the 3d printed model but the finishing is at a lower standard. Further finishing work will have to be carried out to produce a final prototype. This may be bypassed by maintain digital fabrication processes to produce a highly finished prototype.
The varying depths excavated using the hot wire has revealed varying light qualities of the opaque foam, manual control renders it impossible to control the depth of excavation and therefore it is impossible to control the resultant light qualities. The Experiment with this material has established it is still possible to achieve various lighting qualities. With the integration of digital design and fabrication process and optimised panel can be produced based on solar access.
Final panel prototype at 1 : 1, the perforations produced via the manual process are to great but it has still generated a tactile material that has surpassed its original state with regards to material properties gained from the above process.
OAP ApARtment plAn
Scale 1 : 50
OAP ApARtment SectIon
Scale 1 : 50
ApARtment Axo
FInAl model A final model was produced to convey the spatial complexity of the finalised scenario, it conveyed at a diagrammatic scale the proposed spatial qualities of the scheme. The production of the final model utilised digital fabrication technologies to ensure accuracy and quality. A laser cutter was used to cut and etch the floor plates, this referenced each apartment and green space for ease of construction. 3d printing technology produced the programme blocks, service cores and green spaces. This technology allowed for great detail that could not have been achieved by hand at this scale.
VISuAlISAtIonS The graphic style of the images resembles Archigrams proposals from the 1960s / 70s with the ideology of a utopian urban context. The art work of Syd Mead proposes a science fiction utopia, again the images can not reflect this motif as they are not set within a futuristic context. The images below refrain from Archigrams proposals of a technocentric future, technological advancements in day to day life are not at the fore front of this scheme and are therefore not included. For this reason the people selected are from the 1960s /70s due to the community spirit of this generation. The technological advancements in post war Britain did not generate this communal spirit, it was the social housing schemes and the policies implemented before the right to buy scheme. The scheme proposed looks to instil a community spirit by generating a hybrid of public and private facilities and how these private spaces are organised. A series of images have been produced to resemble a utopian development along with ones that highlight the spatial qualities generated by the architectural processes explored throughout this portfolio.
Spatial
Community
AcknowledgementS
I would like to thank all of the staff involved at the MSA for 5 years studying. In particular I would like to thank Nick Dunn, Richard Brook, Vikram Kaushal and Danny Richards for their help and support throughout the course of the BArch programme. I would also like to thank all of my student piers in particular the [Re_Map] unit and Ka Yin Man. I would also like to thank Jim Backhouse for his continuous help to fabricate all of the prototypes developed. I would like to thank my family and friends for all of their help and support throughout my life. Finally I would like to dedicate this body work to my grandmother who passed earlier this year.